ASN-FWD: Shrinking the IPv4 Share on the Forwarding Information Base

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The document proposes ASN-FWD, a technique to shrink the IPv4 share of forwarding information base (FIB) tables by using 32-bit autonomous system numbers (ASNs) combined with IP prefixes for longest prefix matching. This allows more efficient use of limited FIB space. The approach was tested on a prototype that added optional headers to IPv4 packets without changes to routers or end systems. Experimental results showed that TCP and UDP communications functioned normally with ASN-FWD packets traversing the public internet between networks. The technique could help address scalability issues and facilitate IPv4 to IPv6 transition while maintaining backward compatibility.

Engineering Technology

ASN-FWD: Shrinking the IPv4 Share on the
Forwarding Information Base
Marta C. C. Lacerda (UFU)
Marcos Siqueira (Unicamp)
Paulo R. S. L. Coelho (UFU)
Luis F. Faina (UFU)
Lásaro Camargos (UFU)
Christian E. Rotenberg (Unicamp)
Rafael Pasquini (UFU)

ASN-FWD: Shrinking the IPv4 Share on the
Forwarding Information Base
Agenda
ù Introduction
ù Design Goals
ù Filling the FIB
ù Preparing IPv4 Packets for ANS-FWD Operation
ù Experimental Results
ù On the ASN-FWD Deployment Time Window
ù Conclusion and Future Work

Introduction
ASN-FWD: Shrinking the IPv4 Share on the
Forwarding Information Base

Foward Information Base
ASN-FWD: Shrinking the IPv4 Share on the
Forwarding Information Base
BGP
RIB
FIB
IPv4 Packet
DST
IP
Source
Destination
Creates the packet
Longest Prefix Match

IPv4 to IPv6 Transition
ASN-FWD: Shrinking the IPv4 Share on the
Forwarding Information Base
Network Layer
IPv4 IPv6
Most of current high
capacity routers present FIB
memory capacity up to
1M IPv4 entries
Default
512K IPv4 entries
+
256K IPv6 entries

BGP Reports [1]
ASN-FWD: Shrinking the IPv4 Share on the
Forwarding Information Base

Last Decade
Main contributing factors
•Mobility
•Multi-homing
•IPv4 Provider Independent
Some Proposals
•HIP [4]
•LISP [5]
•Viaggre [6]
•Smalta [7]
ASN-FWD: Shrinking the IPv4 Share on the
Forwarding Information Base
Clean slate and evolutionary proposals.
Lack of deployability in either cases
Routing architecture changes
New addressing schemes
New infrastructure devices

Autonomous Systems
ASN-FWD: Shrinking the IPv4 Share on the
Forwarding Information Base
AS1
AS3 AS4AS2
AS5
BGP
sessions
AS Numbers
of 32 bits

ASN-FWD
ASN-FWD: Shrinking the IPv4 Share on the
Forwarding Information Base
Autonomous System Number-based ForWarDing
FIBs use 32-bit-long ASN x IP Prefixes
Currently, the ASNs represents +/- 10% of total IPv4 Prefixes
Insertion of Adaptation-Boxes inside AS
(carrier grade boxes)
Insertion of 8 bytes per IPv4 packet
(optional header)

Design Goals
• No changes in the software of routers
• No changes in routing protocols currently used in
Internet
• No changes in the protocol stack of end hosts;
• Compatible with current CDN
• Seamless communication among AS with and
without support to ASN-FWD
• Backward compatibility with all IPv4-based
applications
ASN-FWD: Shrinking the IPv4 Share on the
Forwarding Information Base

Design Goals
6. No need for a centralized solution;
7. No dependence on DNS structure;
8. Compatible with current CDNs;
9. Seamless communication among AS with and
without support to ASN-FWD;
10.Backward compatibility with all IPv4-based
applications.
ASN-FWD: Shrinking the IPv4 Share on the
Forwarding Information Base

ASN-FWD
Example Network Scenario
ASN-FWD: Shrinking the IPv4 Share on the
Forwarding Information Base

Filling the FIB
ASN-FWD: Shrinking the IPv4 Share on the
Forwarding Information Base

Filling the FIB
ASN-FWD: Shrinking the IPv4 Share on the
Forwarding Information Base
Use of 11/8 to disseminate ASNs.
Currently, there is no ASN higher than 224.

Preparing IPv4 Packets for
ASN-FWD Operation
ASN-FWD: Shrinking the IPv4 Share on the
Forwarding Information Base

Experimental Results
• Prototype developed using libipq [15]
• Intel Core2 Quad CPU Q9550 2.83GHz with 4GB of
RAM
• Intel Core i7-2640M 2.8 GHz with 6GB of RAM
• Open SuSE 12.2 with Linux Kernel 3.4.47
• VirtualBox 4.2.12
• Considered TCP and UDP transmissions
• wget
• netcat
ASN-FWD: Shrinking the IPv4 Share on the
Forwarding Information Base

Experimental Results
• Base box
• libapq + Linux
• VirtualBox
• Client
• wget (TCP) + netcat (UDP)
• ASN-FWD packets sent through the public Internet
• Federal University of Uberlândia (RNP Backbone)
• ASN – 200.19.151.21
• IPs – 200.19.151.32/30
• CPQD - Brazilian operator
• ASN/IP – 189.15.69.57 (used a single IP)
ASN-FWD: Shrinking the IPv4 Share on the
Forwarding Information Base

Experimental Results
ASN-FWD: Shrinking the IPv4 Share on the
Forwarding Information Base
End-to-end path of the experiments collected with traceroute.

Experimental Results
ASN-FWD: Shrinking the IPv4 Share on the
Forwarding Information Base
TCP log using wget – From the operator network to the university.

Experimental Results
ASN-FWD: Shrinking the IPv4 Share on the
Forwarding Information Base
TCP log using wget – From the university to the operator network.

Experimental Results
ASN-FWD: Shrinking the IPv4 Share on the
Forwarding Information Base
UDP log using netcat – From the operator network to the university.

Experimental Results
ASN-FWD: Shrinking the IPv4 Share on the
Forwarding Information Base
UDP log using netcat – From the university to the operator network.

Experimental Results
ASN-FWD: Shrinking the IPv4 Share on the
Forwarding Information Base

On the ASN-FWD Deployment Time
Window
ASN-FWD: Shrinking the IPv4 Share on the
Forwarding Information Base

Conclusions and Future Work
• Shrinks the IPv4 share on FIB
• Offers backward compatibility to legacy applications
• Minimally invasive
• Transparently developed on top of standardized mechanisms
• Optional IP headers
• BGP messages
• FIB generation functions
• Packets’ forwarding mechanisms
ASN-FWD: Shrinking the IPv4 Share on the
Forwarding Information Base

Conclusions and Future Work
• Requires IP-to-ASN mapping
• Developed by using information currently available in
BGP
• Can also be adopted for IPv6 traffic forwarding
• SDN investigations
• OpenFlow match + encap/re-write actions
• Host-based approaches in data center scenarios
ASN-FWD: Shrinking the IPv4 Share on the
Forwarding Information Base

Questions
ASN-FWD: Shrinking the IPv4 Share on the
Forwarding Information Base
Lásaro J. Camargos
lasaro@facom.ufu.br
Rafael Pasquini
pasquini@facom.ufu.br

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2. ASN-FWD: Shrinking the IPv4 Share on the Forwarding Information Base Agenda ù Introduction ù Design Goals ù Filling the FIB ù Preparing IPv4 Packets for ANS-FWD Operation ù Experimental Results ù On the ASN-FWD Deployment Time Window ù Conclusion and Future Work

3. Introduction ASN-FWD: Shrinking the IPv4 Share on the Forwarding Information Base

4. Foward Information Base ASN-FWD: Shrinking the IPv4 Share on the Forwarding Information Base BGP RIB FIB IPv4 Packet DST IP Source Destination Creates the packet Longest Prefix Match

5. IPv4 to IPv6 Transition ASN-FWD: Shrinking the IPv4 Share on the Forwarding Information Base Network Layer IPv4 IPv6 Most of current high capacity routers present FIB memory capacity up to 1M IPv4 entries Default 512K IPv4 entries + 256K IPv6 entries

6. BGP Reports [1] ASN-FWD: Shrinking the IPv4 Share on the Forwarding Information Base

7. Last Decade Main contributing factors •Mobility •Multi-homing •IPv4 Provider Independent Some Proposals •HIP [4] •LISP [5] •Viaggre [6] •Smalta [7] ASN-FWD: Shrinking the IPv4 Share on the Forwarding Information Base Clean slate and evolutionary proposals. Lack of deployability in either cases Routing architecture changes New addressing schemes New infrastructure devices

8. Autonomous Systems ASN-FWD: Shrinking the IPv4 Share on the Forwarding Information Base AS1 AS3 AS4AS2 AS5 BGP sessions AS Numbers of 32 bits

9. ASN-FWD ASN-FWD: Shrinking the IPv4 Share on the Forwarding Information Base Autonomous System Number-based ForWarDing FIBs use 32-bit-long ASN x IP Prefixes Currently, the ASNs represents +/- 10% of total IPv4 Prefixes Insertion of Adaptation-Boxes inside AS (carrier grade boxes) Insertion of 8 bytes per IPv4 packet (optional header)

10. Design Goals • No changes in the software of routers • No changes in routing protocols currently used in Internet • No changes in the protocol stack of end hosts; • Compatible with current CDN • Seamless communication among AS with and without support to ASN-FWD • Backward compatibility with all IPv4-based applications ASN-FWD: Shrinking the IPv4 Share on the Forwarding Information Base

11. Design Goals 6. No need for a centralized solution; 7. No dependence on DNS structure; 8. Compatible with current CDNs; 9. Seamless communication among AS with and without support to ASN-FWD; 10.Backward compatibility with all IPv4-based applications. ASN-FWD: Shrinking the IPv4 Share on the Forwarding Information Base

12. ASN-FWD Example Network Scenario ASN-FWD: Shrinking the IPv4 Share on the Forwarding Information Base

13. Filling the FIB ASN-FWD: Shrinking the IPv4 Share on the Forwarding Information Base

14. Filling the FIB ASN-FWD: Shrinking the IPv4 Share on the Forwarding Information Base Use of 11/8 to disseminate ASNs. Currently, there is no ASN higher than 224.

15. Preparing IPv4 Packets for ASN-FWD Operation ASN-FWD: Shrinking the IPv4 Share on the Forwarding Information Base

16.

17. Experimental Results • Prototype developed using libipq [15] • Intel Core2 Quad CPU Q9550 2.83GHz with 4GB of RAM • Intel Core i7-2640M 2.8 GHz with 6GB of RAM • Open SuSE 12.2 with Linux Kernel 3.4.47 • VirtualBox 4.2.12 • Considered TCP and UDP transmissions • wget • netcat ASN-FWD: Shrinking the IPv4 Share on the Forwarding Information Base

18. Experimental Results • Base box • libapq + Linux • VirtualBox • Client • wget (TCP) + netcat (UDP) • ASN-FWD packets sent through the public Internet • Federal University of Uberlândia (RNP Backbone) • ASN – 200.19.151.21 • IPs – 200.19.151.32/30 • CPQD - Brazilian operator • ASN/IP – 189.15.69.57 (used a single IP) ASN-FWD: Shrinking the IPv4 Share on the Forwarding Information Base

19. Experimental Results ASN-FWD: Shrinking the IPv4 Share on the Forwarding Information Base End-to-end path of the experiments collected with traceroute.

20. Experimental Results ASN-FWD: Shrinking the IPv4 Share on the Forwarding Information Base TCP log using wget – From the operator network to the university.

21. Experimental Results ASN-FWD: Shrinking the IPv4 Share on the Forwarding Information Base TCP log using wget – From the university to the operator network.

22. Experimental Results ASN-FWD: Shrinking the IPv4 Share on the Forwarding Information Base UDP log using netcat – From the operator network to the university.

23. Experimental Results ASN-FWD: Shrinking the IPv4 Share on the Forwarding Information Base UDP log using netcat – From the university to the operator network.

24. Experimental Results ASN-FWD: Shrinking the IPv4 Share on the Forwarding Information Base

25. On the ASN-FWD Deployment Time Window ASN-FWD: Shrinking the IPv4 Share on the Forwarding Information Base

26. Conclusions and Future Work • Shrinks the IPv4 share on FIB • Offers backward compatibility to legacy applications • Minimally invasive • Transparently developed on top of standardized mechanisms • Optional IP headers • BGP messages • FIB generation functions • Packets’ forwarding mechanisms ASN-FWD: Shrinking the IPv4 Share on the Forwarding Information Base

27. Conclusions and Future Work • Requires IP-to-ASN mapping • Developed by using information currently available in BGP • Can also be adopted for IPv6 traffic forwarding • SDN investigations • OpenFlow match + encap/re-write actions • Host-based approaches in data center scenarios ASN-FWD: Shrinking the IPv4 Share on the Forwarding Information Base

28. Questions ASN-FWD: Shrinking the IPv4 Share on the Forwarding Information Base Lásaro J. Camargos lasaro@facom.ufu.br Rafael Pasquini pasquini@facom.ufu.br

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