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AI in Healthcare
Vaikunthan Rajaratnam
Senior Consultant Hand Surgeon,
KTPH, Singapore,
Adjunct Professor & UNESCO Chair Partner,
Asia Pacific University of Technology and
Innovation, Malaysia.
Dong Chaoyan
Assistant Director, Education Office,
Sengkang General Hospital
Singapore
Pre-Workshop Survey
https://tinyurl.com/AIHPKK23
Your interactions
Use this to
engage with
each other
Use this to
engage with
each other
http://tinyurl.com/AIHPNHG
Warning:
Unprecedented Levels of Productivity
and Inspiration Ahead!
Please be advised:
The content of this workshop is so intensely engaging and
empowering in the realm of AI in healthcare that it
carries a high risk of sparking a newfound addiction to
productivity and innovation. Attendees may experience
an irresistible urge to apply transformative skills and
insights in their professional practice, leading to
significant advancements in healthcare. Proceed with
enthusiasm and caution – you're stepping into a world of
exhilarating empowerment!
Embrace the journey, but don't say we didn't warn you!
Disclaimer
• I am not an AI expert, nor do I possess coding knowledge specific to the underlying mechanisms of AI models;
• My expertise lies in the utilisation of these models, such as ChatGPT, based on my extensive experience as a
user within the fields of healthcare, medical education, and related research, rather than their technical
development or underlying algorithms.
• This workshop is intended solely for educational and informational purposes in AI and healthcare.
• The views expressed herein are my own, borne from extensive experience in surgery, medical education, and
instructional design, and do not necessarily reflect those of any associated institutions.
• While I endeavour to provide accurate and up-to-date information, no guarantee is given regarding its applicability.
• Participants acknowledge and assume responsibility for using the information provided by engaging in this
workshop.
Vaikunthan Rajaratnam
Innovative Digital Learning
Centre
Artificial Intelligence Innovative Designs
for Education (AIDE) Framework
• Tools for Effective Academic Courses and Holistic Teaching
• MOE Malaysia
AI TEACH
• For students in middle school
• Indigenous School, Malaysia
AI LEARN
• Gerontological Optimization through Learning and Digital Assistance
AI GOLD
• Learning Designs
• APU, Malaysia, NHG, Singapore
AI LD
• Health Professional
• Perdana University , Malaysia, BDSSH, Bangladesh
• NHG, Singapore, Sengkang, Singapore
AI HP
• Research
• Perdana University, Malaysia, Sengkang , Singapore
• University of Eswatini (Africa)
AI RE
•Academic Writing
• APU, Perdana University, Malaysia
• University of Eswatini (Africa)
AI AW
• Leveraging Efficiency in Administrative Proficiency
• MOE, Dubai
AI LEAP
Achievements
• 2700 participants have been trained and
reached with the following breakdown:
• 1200 participants in workshops: AI-AW,
AI-RE, AI-LD, AI-TEACH & AI-LEAP, AI-
HP, AI-LEARN)
• (APU & Non-APU)
• Malaysia (602)
• Singapore (222)
• Dubai (50)
• Eswatini (114)
• Spain (40)
• Bangladesh (50)
• Laos (40)
• India (40)
• Cambodia (49)
GENERATIVE AI AT APU
• Brown Bag Series- 750
• Four Brown Bag sessions (3 in
APU, 1 in Eswatini)
• Conferences - 250
• UK-Malaysia Conference on Gen-
AI (MOSTI) - 100 participants
• Roundtable on Gen-AI and
Education (SEAMEO & UNESCO
Bangkok) – 100 participants
• ELTC Conference in Subang Jaya
on Assessments- 50
• ICERI Spain = 50
Introduction to AI in
Healthcare:
Opportunities and
Challenges
AI technologies have the potential to
revolutionise healthcare by enhancing
diagnosis, treatment planning, and research.
AI won't replace you, but
someone empowered by AI
undoubtedly will
http://tinyurl.com/AIHPNHG24
Healthcare
Management
Predictive
medicine
Early Disease Detection
Personalized Treatment Plans
Chronic Disease Management
Genomic Medicine and Genetic Risk Prediction
Drug Response Prediction
Epidemic Outbreak Prediction
Hospital Readmission Prediction
Patient data and diagnostics
Clinical
decision-
making
Challenges
Golhar, S. P., & Kekapure, S. S. (2022). Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare—A Review. International Journal of Scientific
Research in Science and Technology, 9(4), 381–387. https://doi.org/10.32628/IJSRST229454
Governance
Model for AI
S. Reddy, S. Allan, S. Coghlan, and P. Cooper, ‘A governance model for the application of AI in health care’, J. Am. Med. Inform. Assoc., vol. 27, no.
3, pp. 491–497, Mar. 2020, doi: 10.1093/jamia/ocz192
Rahman, N., Thamotharampillai, T., & Rajaratnam, V. (2023). Ethics, guidelines, and policy for technology in healthcare. In
Medical Equipment Engineering: Design, Manufacture and Applications (pp. 119–147). IET Digital Library.
https://doi.org/10.1049/PBHE054E_ch9
Introduction to Generative AI
Introduction to Generative AI
Artificial
Intelligence
Enables machines
to mimic human
intelligence and
perform tasks that
typically require
human intelligence
• Machines learn from data
• recognize patterns
• make decisions, and
• solve problems without explicit
programming
• Algorithms and statistical models
• analyse large amounts of data
• generate insights and predictions.
• Narrow AI
• designed for specific tasks like image
recognition or natural language
processing, and
• General AI
• aims to possess human-like intelligence
across a wide range of tasks.
What is Generative AI?
Understanding Language
• Reads and comprehends human-written
text.
Generating Text
• Writes human-like text, from answers to
creative content.
Conversation
• Capable of engaging in text-based
conversations with users.
Applications
• Used in virtual assistants, education,
content creation, and more.
Not a Human
• Generates text through algorithms,
without feelings or consciousness.
How Does Generative AI Work?
Don’t cry ………..”
“ Don’t cry over….”
• It starts by absorbing large
datasets to learn patterns
and structures.
Data
Learning
• Utilizes algorithms to
analyse and understand
these patterns.
Pattern
Recognition
• After learning, it can
create new, similar yet
original outputs.
Content
Generation
• AI refines its outputs by
learning from evaluations
and adjustments.
Feedback-
Based
Refinement
• AI evolves, improving its
output quality and
relevance.
Continuous
Adaptation
• Judgment
• Informed decisions.
• Understanding underlying principles
• Applying insights in practical contexts.
Wisdom
• Interpreting
• Understanding information.
• Contextualised
• Patterns are recognise
• Meanings are derived
Knowledge
• Organized or contextualised
• Clarity
• Meaning ("who," "what," "where," and
"when,")
Information
• Raw facts
• Figures
• Collection of quantitative or
qualitative values.
Data
• Accuracy, relevance, and ethical guidelines.
• Application respects user intent and ethical
Wisdom
• Synthesise coherent and contextually
appropriate responses.
• Trained patterns and models
Knowledge
• Processing and organising data
into structured form.
• Understanding grammar, syntax,
and semantics of language.
Information
• Massive unstructured
text data
• Diverse source
Data
• Relevant
• Accurate
• Coherent
Quality of
Response
• Clarity
• Specificity
• Relevance
Quality of
Prompt
• Ability to interpret
• Training
• Design
• Current context.
Model
Understanding
Generative AI Basic functions
Understanding Generative AI
Advanced
language model
developed by
OpenAI.
Generates
human-like
text based on
the prompts.
Quality vs
prompt.
Quality of Response ∝ Quality of Prompt × Model Understanding
Quality of Response is the measure of how relevant, accurate, and coherent the response is.
Quality of Prompt represents the clarity, specificity, and relevance of the prompt given to the model.
Model Understanding , model's ability to interpret the prompt, including its training, design, and current context.
Prompt
Generation Steps
Review
prompt
Crafting a
good
prompt
Clear and
Specific.
Specify
type of
Response
Content &
Context
Defined: Is the
research content well-
specified and
delineated?
Understandable: Can
the content be easily
comprehended by
researchers?
Background: Does it
provide sufficient
context for research
settings?
Ethical &
Legal
Privacy: Ensures no
disclosure of personal
data.
Regulation: Adheres to
research data
protection laws?
Ethics: Is it in line with
research ethics and
values?
Validation &
Reliability
Evidence-Based: Are
the instructional
methods rooted in
research?
Peer-Reviewed: Has
the content been
vetted by research
experts?
Current: Is the
material regularly
updated to reflect the
latest educational
standards?
Usability
Accessible: Is the
content user-friendly
for educators and
learners?
Applicable: Is it
appropriate for the
educational
objectives?
Practical: Does it
provide actionable
strategies for teaching
and learning?
Tool: Prompting
"prompting" refers to the input or
question that you provide to the
model. The model takes this prompt
and generates a response based on
the information it has been trained
on.
• Initial Statement or Question
• Context
• Intended Output
• Tone or Formality
• Specificity
• Instructions for Response Format
Prompt Generation
•Identify the specific information or
assistance
Define the
Objective:
•Use clear language and avoid ambiguity.
•Include essential details without over-
complicating the prompt.
Be Clear and
Precise:
•Provide relevant background or context
to guide the response.
Consider
Context:
•Specify the desired tone (formal, casual)
or style (e.g., summary, explanation) if
it matters for your use case.
Set the Tone
and Style:
• If seeking specific information, formulate your
prompt as a direct question.
• Self-Reflective
Ask Direct
Questions:
• Craft the prompt neutrally to prevent biased or
skewed responses.
Avoid Bias and
Leading
Questions:
• Experiment with different phrasings and
observe how slight changes can affect
the response.
• Refine the prompt
Test and Refine:
• Ethical guidelines and does not request or
reveal sensitive or private information.
Consider Ethical
and Privacy
Concerns:
Bad Prompts Comments Good Prompts Comments
Tell me about heart
problems.
Too vague, lacks
focus and context.
Summarize the diagnostic criteria for
Congestive Heart Failure according to
the latest ACC/AHA guidelines.
Specific, focused, and
references a reputable
source.
What drugs are good
for high BP, diabetes,
and heart issues?
Overly complex,
risks dangerous
oversimplification.
List the first-line antihypertensive
medications according to the latest
guidelines.
Focused on a single
condition, asks for
evidence-based
treatment.
What's the best
treatment for a 45-
year-old male named
John Smith with
these symptoms?
Contains potentially
identifiable
information, risking
patient
confidentiality.
What are the treatment options for a
45-year-old male presenting with
these generic symptoms?
Generalized and
anonymized,
preserving patient
confidentiality.
Response Validation
RI meets AI
• Review response - meets your requirements.
• No access to real-time data
• Vaildate Validate Validate.
• Prompt – response -refine - reprompt.
Relevance Check
Accuracy
Confirmation
Context
Consistency
Sensitivity Review
Refinement for
Future Queries
Review AI Output with
RI
•Critically assess
•Relevance
•Plausibility
Key Term Extraction
•Extract central terms
Strategic Search in
Academic Databases
•Focused search
•Using Extracted terms
•Employing advanced search
techniques
Literature Screening
•Select relevant scholarly articles
•Prioritising high-quality, peer-
reviewed sources
•In-depth analysis.
Evidence-Based
Validation
•Critically evaluate the literature
•Corroborate or challenge the AI-
generated information
•Look for consistency and
consensus
Synthesis and
Documentation
•Compile and synthesise findings
•Validate the AI’s responses
•Document and cite the sources
Evidence-based
Validation
https://chat.openai.com/ https://copilot.microsoft.com/ https://bard.google.com/
Generative AI Platforms
Checklist for Healthcare Prompt Engineering
Hands-on session
Craft a clinical question that
you would like to explore
using various Generative AI
and post the responses on
padlet
Craft a clinical question that
you would like to explore
using various Generative AI
and post the responses on
padlet
• ChatGPT/Gemini/CoPilot
http://tinyurl.com/AIHPNHG
Please respond to the following query with a
structured and academic approach suitable for
a university lecturer.
Include bullet-point answers where applicable,
supported by relevant examples from scholarly
literature.
Ensure that all statements are backed by
credible evidence and provide appropriate
references and citations in accordance with
standard academic citation styles (e.g., APA,
MLA, or Chicago).
The response should be clear, concise, and
tailored to an academic audience engaged in
higher education teaching and research."
Personalizing Gen-AI
Feature / Model GPT-4 Gemini Copilot
Primary Use Broad spectrum text generation
Conversational AI and information
retrieval
Enhanced search experiences with AI integration
Training Data
Diverse text from books, websites,
etc.
Likely integrated with Google's
search data
Integrates Bing search data with AI capabilities
Strengths
Versatile text generation, deep
contextual understanding, wide
application range
Integration with Google's search
capabilities, conversational
responses
Enhanced search results, interactive and context-
aware responses
Output Type
Text across various domains and
styles
Informational and conversational
responses
Enhanced and interactive search query responses
Interactivity
High, with dynamic and contextually
relevant responses
Likely high, focused on
conversational engagement
High, especially in enhancing search interactions
Real-time Data Access Limited to training data up to 2023
Likely access to real-time data from
Google
Access to real-time data through Bing search
engine
Application Scope
Wide-ranging across industries and
sectors
Mainly for information retrieval and
conversational AI
Primarily enhancing search experiences and
providing detailed search responses
Customization and
Flexibility
High, adaptable to various tasks and
industries
Focused on conversational AI,
flexibility in response style
Integrates with search engine capabilities,
adaptable in responding to varied search queries
Hands-on session
Ask a clinical question based on a good
prompt and have three conversations
related to your question.
Share your responses
How would you use it in your practice?
Post to this Padlet
Ask a clinical question based on a good
prompt and have three conversations
related to your question.
Share your responses
How would you use it in your practice?
Post to this Padlet
• ChatGPT/Bard/CoPilot
http://tinyurl.com/AIHPNHG
What Are Chatbots?
Patient Triage:
•Appropriate level of
care
Mental Health
Support:
•Immediate, cost-
effective
Patient
Education:
•Provide reliable and
continuous
information, explain
treatment options, or
clarify post-operative
care instructions.
Remote
Monitoring:
•Ensure medication
adherence, and alert
clinicians about
anomalies.
Clinical Decision
Support:
•Data-driven insights
to support clinical
decisions.
Confidentiality and Compliance:
Ensure that all interactions are
secure and compliant with
healthcare regulations.
Creating your
First AI Chatbot
for Clinical Use
Create Account and Login
Retrieval
augmented
generation
(RAG) ChatBOT
USER
CHATGPT API
KNOWLEDGE
BASE
INTERNET
Overcoming Bias
• Anglocentrism
• Contextual Understanding
• Translation Limitations
• Data Imbalance
Steps in Chatbot Development
Hands-on session
Develop a chatbot based on a
lnowledge base in your subject matter
area.
Share your chatbot link
How would you use it in your practice?
Post to this Padlet
Develop a chatbot based on a
lnowledge base in your subject matter
area.
Share your chatbot link
How would you use it in your practice?
Post to this Padlet
• ChatGPT/Bard/CoPilot
http://tinyurl.com/AIHPNHG
Relevance to healthcare education
• Adapts to individual student needs
Personalized
Learning:
• Creating diverse and engaging educational materials.
Content Creation:
• Interactive learning experiences (Chatbot)
Student Engagement:
• Provides real-time assessment and feedback .
Assessment and
Feedback:
• content accessible to diverse learners
Accessibility:
• Facilitates collaboration among students and educators,
bridging geographical and language barriers.
Collaboration and
Communication:
Personalized Learning
• Tailors educational content
Adaptive Content Delivery:
• Provides instant feedback and real-time assistance
Real-Time Feedback and
Support:
• Engages with interactive dialogues and Simulates scenarios.
Interactive Learning
Environments:
• Analyses - identify strengths and weaknesses for personalized learning.
Data-Driven Insights:
• Adapts content to diverse learners & multiple languages.
Accessibility and Inclusivity:
• Facilitates collaborative learning experiences and peer interactions.
Collaboration and Peer
Interaction:
• Seamlessly integrates with Learning Management Systems (LMS)
Integration with Existing
Platforms:
• Supports lifelong learning and Assists in tracking and maintaining
professional development
Continuous Learning and Skill
Development:
• Ensures ethical guidelines and privacy regulations.
Ethical and Privacy
Considerations:
• Aligns personalized learning experiences and Ensures relevance to real-
world medical practice
Alignment with Healthcare
Objectives:
Writing Learning Outcomes
Skeleton of
Thought (SoT)
1.Question: Which of the following statements best describes the role
of HbA1c in managing diabetes?
1. A) HbA1c is primarily used to diagnose acute diabetic
complications.
2. B) HbA1c levels reflect the average blood glucose levels over
the past 2-3 months.
3. C) HbA1c is a short-term marker for blood glucose fluctuation.
4. D) HbA1c measures the immediate postprandial blood glucose
level.
Answer: B) HbA1c levels reflect the average blood glucose levels over
the past 2-3 months.
1.Question: A 54-year-old patient with Type 2 diabetes presents with
an HbA1c of 8.0%. What is the most appropriate initial approach?
1. A) Immediate hospitalisation for insulin therapy.
2. B) Evaluation and optimisation of the current treatment
regimen.
3. C) Disregarding the HbA1c level as it is within the normal
range.
4. D) Starting an antihypertensive medication .hospitalisation
Act like a
virtual
patient and
provide me
symptoms
and history
so that I can
improve my
clinical skills
I have been asked
to create a module
for the
examination of the
abdomen for
organomegaly for
medical students.
Create a
curriculum and
include learning
outcomes and the
pedagogy and a
lesson plan
Create an
assessment
task and
provide
rubrics for
the
assessment
Creating Images with AI
Creating Images with AI
Vaikunthan Rajaratnam
Vaikunthan Rajaratnam
https://creator.nightcafe.studio/
Create account and Login
• Be clear & descriptive
• Specific styles or techniques
• Create a test version
• Evaluate the result
• Refine the prompt
• Iterative process
AI for Video Production & Image
generation
Draft
Learning
Outcomes
LO to
Prompt
ChatGPT
for video
script
Import/edi
t script to
AI Video
Generator
Add
personalised
media
Choose
Voiceover
type
Produce
Review
and
Upload
Write a script
for the
introduction of
the anatomy of
the
organomegaly
medical student
module. This
will be a 90
second video
script. Just
provide the
narration
Invideo.io
AI generated Instructional Video.
http://tinyurl.com/AIVIDEOUP
Hands-on session
Create a lecture with clear
learning outcomes , a lesson
plan and create an instructional
video
Post a link to your video
Create a lecture with clear
learning outcomes , a lesson
plan and create an instructional
video
Post a link to your video
• ChatGPT/Night Cafe/Invideo.io
http://tinyurl.com/AIHPNHG
Generating Lecture
Content
• Participants use
their prompts to
generate an outline
and main content
for a lecture.
Validating AI
Responses
• Participants validate
and refine the AI-
generated content
for their lecture.
Integrating and
Refining Lecture
Content
• Finalizing the
lecture content,
incorporating
validated
information and
personal expertise.
Part 1: Scriptwriting
with ChatGPT
• Participants create a
draft script for a
surgical procedure
or topic of their
choice using
ChatGPT.
• Copy script and edit
in word doc.
Part 2: Creating AI-
Generated Art
• Participants
generate AI art
relevant to their
video script.
• Download for use in
video
Part 3: Video
Assembly using
InVideo (40 minutes)
• Overview of InVideo
interface and
features.
• Integrating AI-
generated art and
script into a
cohesive video.
• Using text-to-speech
for narration.
Using the Tools
Research papers
Elicit.org
Research Question
Brainstorm
Questions
Search
Choose Table
Columns (PICO)
Download
•CSV
•Bib
Paste to WORD
Import to Zotero
SUMMARY
ASK YOUR QUESTION
MODIFY RESPONSE
DOWNLOAD
THE RESPONSE
Using SCISPACE
Analyse your documents with Generative AI
Add SciSpace Copilot to your browser
AI research assistant that explains the text, math,
and tables in scientific literature like research
papers, technical blog posts, or reports. You can also
ask follow-up questions, and it will give you instant
answers.
AI Tools
Title insights Authors Date Journal name
Asian (Bio)Values: Constructing Asian
Difference and Biovalue in the Singapore
Diabetes Discourse
The provided information does not address
the integration of Asian values into western
bioethics frameworks.
Mohammad Khamsya Bin Khidzer 21/6/2023 Science, Technology,
& Human Values
Bioethics Across the Globe: Rebirthing
Bioethics
The paper suggests discussing Bioethics in
Asia" to incorporate Asian values into the
existing framework of bioethics."
Akira Akabayashi 19/5/2020
Beyond a Western Bioethics in Asia and Its
Implication on Autonomy.
The article explores integrating Asian values
into Western bioethics frameworks,
particularly in the areas of breaking bad
news, giving consent, determining best
interests, and end-of-life care.
Mark Tan Kiak Min 8/7/2017
Translating Asian Bioethics into developing
global Biocultures Translational Challenges
In Bioethics
Hans-Martin Sass 22/12/2015 Jahr - European
journal of bioethics
Culture and ethics in medical education: The
Asian perspective.
Muhammad Shahid Shamim, Lubna
Baig, Adrienne Torda, Chinthaka
Balasooriya
1/3/2018 Journal of Pakistan
Medical Association
Bioethics as an Approach to Nanoethics in
China and the EU
Sally Dalton-Brown 1/1/2015
Bioethics in East Asia: Development and
Issues
Myongsei Sohn 1/1/2016
(East) Asia" as a Platform for Debate:
Grouping and Bioethics."
Margaret Sleeboom-Faulkner 1/1/2016 Kennedy Institute of
Ethics Journal
Western or Eastern principles in globalized
bioethics? An Asian perspective view
Michael Cheng-Tek Tai 1/3/2013 Tzu Chi Medical
Journal
Eubios Journal of Asian and International
Bioethics
Yayi Suryo Prabandari, Claire Lajaunie,
Serge Morand, Tan Boon Huan
1/1/2014
Genie.io
Elicit.com/Typeset.io
• Synthesis and
Summarise of index
papers
Generative AI
• Prompt
• Synthesise
• Summarise
Paraphrase with
Typeset
AI Detection with
Typeset
Paste into Word
Research
Question –PICO
AI Platform –
Elicit.org
Expand
Summary in Gen
AI
Transfer to
WORD
Export
Summary of
papers as CSV
Synthesis main
findings with
Gen AI
Export
bibliography
Write review
with citations
using AI
Revise and
Update with AI
AI for Literature Review
Review AI Output with
RI
•Critically assess
•Relevance
•Plausibility
Key Term Extraction
•Extract central terms
Strategic Search in
Google Scholar
•Focused search
•Using Extracted terms
•Employing advanced search
techniques
Literature Screening
•Select relevant scholarly articles
•Prioritising high-quality, peer-
reviewed sources
•In-depth analysis.
Evidence-Based
Validation
•Critically evaluate the literature
•Corroborate or challenge the AI-
generated information
•Look for consistency and
consensus
Synthesis and
Documentation
•Compile and synthesise findings
•Validate the AI’s responses
•Document and cite the sources
Evidence-based
Validation
Hands-on session
Select a topic of your interest.
Conduct a comprehensive literature review
on the chosen topic.
Ensure to include relevant citations from
the literature you’ve reviewed.
Compile a list of references for all the
sources you’ve cited.
Select a topic of your interest.
Conduct a comprehensive literature review
on the chosen topic.
Ensure to include relevant citations from
the literature you’ve reviewed.
Compile a list of references for all the
sources you’ve cited.
• Elicit.org/Zotero/Typeset.io
http://tinyurl.com/AIHPNHG
Post AIHP
workshop
Feedback
Please fill out this
feedback
https://tinyurl.com/AIHP2023SKH
The Art and Science of Qualitative Research
https://tinyurl.com/QUALIRE
Introduction to research in healthcare
https://tinyurl.com/HCARERE
AICHAT BT FOR Research in healthcare
https://tinyurl.com/HCAREREBOT
AI-Powered Academic Writing Write Your Research Paper in a Day
https://tinyurl.com/AIAWRITE
AI CHAT BOT for AI_POWERED ACADEMIC WRITING
https://tinyurl.com/AIAWRITEBOT
Practical exercise
• Use Gen AI to help with generating
content, phrasing, or grammar and
style checking as needed. Feel free to
collaborate with your peers, share
ideas, and provide feedback to each
other.
• After completing the draft, share it
with the group if you feel comfortable.
We'll discuss the drafts collectively,
providing constructive feedback and
suggestions for improvement.
• Validate the responses of ChatGPT and
incorporate in writing
• Remember, the introduction is your
chance to grab the reader's attention
and convince them of the importance
of your research, so make it engaging
and informative! (use this in your
prompts when writing the
introduction!)
Goals
• Purpose and
components of
methods
• Structure the
methods
• Typeset.io for
methods review
• Using ChatGPT with
prompts
Purpose and Structure of the Methods
Section
Explanation of
the procedures
used
Selection of
Participants
Description of
Procedures
and Materials
Data Collection
Methods
Data Analysis
Methods
Ethical
Considerations
Limitations and
Assumptions
Replicability of
the Study
AI Tools for RESEARCH
• Elicit for Literature Search
• Scholarcy and Typeset for data
extraction and summary
• Genei.io for summarisation and
key points highlighting
• Keyword generation with ChatGPT
( targeted prompt engineering)
Create Account and Login
Choose PDF file to upload
Add to your
collection of
choice and
click DONE
Interrogate
the paper
as per
needs
Input your research topic
Outcome for
Topic Inserted
in search box
Click
Summarized
Abstract to
ADD to
COLUMN in
table
CLICK on a
paper to
see
summaries
and
Interrogate
as per
needs
Typeset.io

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AI in Healthcare a hands on workshop resource

  • 1. AI in Healthcare Vaikunthan Rajaratnam Senior Consultant Hand Surgeon, KTPH, Singapore, Adjunct Professor & UNESCO Chair Partner, Asia Pacific University of Technology and Innovation, Malaysia. Dong Chaoyan Assistant Director, Education Office, Sengkang General Hospital Singapore
  • 3. Your interactions Use this to engage with each other Use this to engage with each other http://tinyurl.com/AIHPNHG
  • 4. Warning: Unprecedented Levels of Productivity and Inspiration Ahead! Please be advised: The content of this workshop is so intensely engaging and empowering in the realm of AI in healthcare that it carries a high risk of sparking a newfound addiction to productivity and innovation. Attendees may experience an irresistible urge to apply transformative skills and insights in their professional practice, leading to significant advancements in healthcare. Proceed with enthusiasm and caution – you're stepping into a world of exhilarating empowerment! Embrace the journey, but don't say we didn't warn you!
  • 5. Disclaimer • I am not an AI expert, nor do I possess coding knowledge specific to the underlying mechanisms of AI models; • My expertise lies in the utilisation of these models, such as ChatGPT, based on my extensive experience as a user within the fields of healthcare, medical education, and related research, rather than their technical development or underlying algorithms. • This workshop is intended solely for educational and informational purposes in AI and healthcare. • The views expressed herein are my own, borne from extensive experience in surgery, medical education, and instructional design, and do not necessarily reflect those of any associated institutions. • While I endeavour to provide accurate and up-to-date information, no guarantee is given regarding its applicability. • Participants acknowledge and assume responsibility for using the information provided by engaging in this workshop. Vaikunthan Rajaratnam
  • 6. Innovative Digital Learning Centre Artificial Intelligence Innovative Designs for Education (AIDE) Framework
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  • 8. • Tools for Effective Academic Courses and Holistic Teaching • MOE Malaysia AI TEACH • For students in middle school • Indigenous School, Malaysia AI LEARN • Gerontological Optimization through Learning and Digital Assistance AI GOLD • Learning Designs • APU, Malaysia, NHG, Singapore AI LD • Health Professional • Perdana University , Malaysia, BDSSH, Bangladesh • NHG, Singapore, Sengkang, Singapore AI HP • Research • Perdana University, Malaysia, Sengkang , Singapore • University of Eswatini (Africa) AI RE •Academic Writing • APU, Perdana University, Malaysia • University of Eswatini (Africa) AI AW • Leveraging Efficiency in Administrative Proficiency • MOE, Dubai AI LEAP
  • 9. Achievements • 2700 participants have been trained and reached with the following breakdown: • 1200 participants in workshops: AI-AW, AI-RE, AI-LD, AI-TEACH & AI-LEAP, AI- HP, AI-LEARN) • (APU & Non-APU) • Malaysia (602) • Singapore (222) • Dubai (50) • Eswatini (114) • Spain (40) • Bangladesh (50) • Laos (40) • India (40) • Cambodia (49) GENERATIVE AI AT APU • Brown Bag Series- 750 • Four Brown Bag sessions (3 in APU, 1 in Eswatini) • Conferences - 250 • UK-Malaysia Conference on Gen- AI (MOSTI) - 100 participants • Roundtable on Gen-AI and Education (SEAMEO & UNESCO Bangkok) – 100 participants • ELTC Conference in Subang Jaya on Assessments- 50 • ICERI Spain = 50
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  • 11. Introduction to AI in Healthcare: Opportunities and Challenges AI technologies have the potential to revolutionise healthcare by enhancing diagnosis, treatment planning, and research. AI won't replace you, but someone empowered by AI undoubtedly will
  • 14. Predictive medicine Early Disease Detection Personalized Treatment Plans Chronic Disease Management Genomic Medicine and Genetic Risk Prediction Drug Response Prediction Epidemic Outbreak Prediction Hospital Readmission Prediction
  • 15. Patient data and diagnostics
  • 17. Challenges Golhar, S. P., & Kekapure, S. S. (2022). Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare—A Review. International Journal of Scientific Research in Science and Technology, 9(4), 381–387. https://doi.org/10.32628/IJSRST229454
  • 18. Governance Model for AI S. Reddy, S. Allan, S. Coghlan, and P. Cooper, ‘A governance model for the application of AI in health care’, J. Am. Med. Inform. Assoc., vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 491–497, Mar. 2020, doi: 10.1093/jamia/ocz192 Rahman, N., Thamotharampillai, T., & Rajaratnam, V. (2023). Ethics, guidelines, and policy for technology in healthcare. In Medical Equipment Engineering: Design, Manufacture and Applications (pp. 119–147). IET Digital Library. https://doi.org/10.1049/PBHE054E_ch9
  • 19. Introduction to Generative AI Introduction to Generative AI
  • 20. Artificial Intelligence Enables machines to mimic human intelligence and perform tasks that typically require human intelligence • Machines learn from data • recognize patterns • make decisions, and • solve problems without explicit programming • Algorithms and statistical models • analyse large amounts of data • generate insights and predictions. • Narrow AI • designed for specific tasks like image recognition or natural language processing, and • General AI • aims to possess human-like intelligence across a wide range of tasks.
  • 21. What is Generative AI? Understanding Language • Reads and comprehends human-written text. Generating Text • Writes human-like text, from answers to creative content. Conversation • Capable of engaging in text-based conversations with users. Applications • Used in virtual assistants, education, content creation, and more. Not a Human • Generates text through algorithms, without feelings or consciousness.
  • 22. How Does Generative AI Work? Don’t cry ………..” “ Don’t cry over….” • It starts by absorbing large datasets to learn patterns and structures. Data Learning • Utilizes algorithms to analyse and understand these patterns. Pattern Recognition • After learning, it can create new, similar yet original outputs. Content Generation • AI refines its outputs by learning from evaluations and adjustments. Feedback- Based Refinement • AI evolves, improving its output quality and relevance. Continuous Adaptation
  • 23. • Judgment • Informed decisions. • Understanding underlying principles • Applying insights in practical contexts. Wisdom • Interpreting • Understanding information. • Contextualised • Patterns are recognise • Meanings are derived Knowledge • Organized or contextualised • Clarity • Meaning ("who," "what," "where," and "when,") Information • Raw facts • Figures • Collection of quantitative or qualitative values. Data
  • 24. • Accuracy, relevance, and ethical guidelines. • Application respects user intent and ethical Wisdom • Synthesise coherent and contextually appropriate responses. • Trained patterns and models Knowledge • Processing and organising data into structured form. • Understanding grammar, syntax, and semantics of language. Information • Massive unstructured text data • Diverse source Data
  • 25. • Relevant • Accurate • Coherent Quality of Response • Clarity • Specificity • Relevance Quality of Prompt • Ability to interpret • Training • Design • Current context. Model Understanding Generative AI Basic functions
  • 26. Understanding Generative AI Advanced language model developed by OpenAI. Generates human-like text based on the prompts. Quality vs prompt. Quality of Response ∝ Quality of Prompt × Model Understanding Quality of Response is the measure of how relevant, accurate, and coherent the response is. Quality of Prompt represents the clarity, specificity, and relevance of the prompt given to the model. Model Understanding , model's ability to interpret the prompt, including its training, design, and current context.
  • 28. Content & Context Defined: Is the research content well- specified and delineated? Understandable: Can the content be easily comprehended by researchers? Background: Does it provide sufficient context for research settings? Ethical & Legal Privacy: Ensures no disclosure of personal data. Regulation: Adheres to research data protection laws? Ethics: Is it in line with research ethics and values? Validation & Reliability Evidence-Based: Are the instructional methods rooted in research? Peer-Reviewed: Has the content been vetted by research experts? Current: Is the material regularly updated to reflect the latest educational standards? Usability Accessible: Is the content user-friendly for educators and learners? Applicable: Is it appropriate for the educational objectives? Practical: Does it provide actionable strategies for teaching and learning?
  • 29. Tool: Prompting "prompting" refers to the input or question that you provide to the model. The model takes this prompt and generates a response based on the information it has been trained on. • Initial Statement or Question • Context • Intended Output • Tone or Formality • Specificity • Instructions for Response Format
  • 30. Prompt Generation •Identify the specific information or assistance Define the Objective: •Use clear language and avoid ambiguity. •Include essential details without over- complicating the prompt. Be Clear and Precise: •Provide relevant background or context to guide the response. Consider Context: •Specify the desired tone (formal, casual) or style (e.g., summary, explanation) if it matters for your use case. Set the Tone and Style: • If seeking specific information, formulate your prompt as a direct question. • Self-Reflective Ask Direct Questions: • Craft the prompt neutrally to prevent biased or skewed responses. Avoid Bias and Leading Questions: • Experiment with different phrasings and observe how slight changes can affect the response. • Refine the prompt Test and Refine: • Ethical guidelines and does not request or reveal sensitive or private information. Consider Ethical and Privacy Concerns:
  • 31. Bad Prompts Comments Good Prompts Comments Tell me about heart problems. Too vague, lacks focus and context. Summarize the diagnostic criteria for Congestive Heart Failure according to the latest ACC/AHA guidelines. Specific, focused, and references a reputable source. What drugs are good for high BP, diabetes, and heart issues? Overly complex, risks dangerous oversimplification. List the first-line antihypertensive medications according to the latest guidelines. Focused on a single condition, asks for evidence-based treatment. What's the best treatment for a 45- year-old male named John Smith with these symptoms? Contains potentially identifiable information, risking patient confidentiality. What are the treatment options for a 45-year-old male presenting with these generic symptoms? Generalized and anonymized, preserving patient confidentiality.
  • 32. Response Validation RI meets AI • Review response - meets your requirements. • No access to real-time data • Vaildate Validate Validate. • Prompt – response -refine - reprompt. Relevance Check Accuracy Confirmation Context Consistency Sensitivity Review Refinement for Future Queries
  • 33. Review AI Output with RI •Critically assess •Relevance •Plausibility Key Term Extraction •Extract central terms Strategic Search in Academic Databases •Focused search •Using Extracted terms •Employing advanced search techniques Literature Screening •Select relevant scholarly articles •Prioritising high-quality, peer- reviewed sources •In-depth analysis. Evidence-Based Validation •Critically evaluate the literature •Corroborate or challenge the AI- generated information •Look for consistency and consensus Synthesis and Documentation •Compile and synthesise findings •Validate the AI’s responses •Document and cite the sources Evidence-based Validation
  • 35. Checklist for Healthcare Prompt Engineering
  • 36. Hands-on session Craft a clinical question that you would like to explore using various Generative AI and post the responses on padlet Craft a clinical question that you would like to explore using various Generative AI and post the responses on padlet • ChatGPT/Gemini/CoPilot http://tinyurl.com/AIHPNHG
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  • 38. Please respond to the following query with a structured and academic approach suitable for a university lecturer. Include bullet-point answers where applicable, supported by relevant examples from scholarly literature. Ensure that all statements are backed by credible evidence and provide appropriate references and citations in accordance with standard academic citation styles (e.g., APA, MLA, or Chicago). The response should be clear, concise, and tailored to an academic audience engaged in higher education teaching and research." Personalizing Gen-AI
  • 39. Feature / Model GPT-4 Gemini Copilot Primary Use Broad spectrum text generation Conversational AI and information retrieval Enhanced search experiences with AI integration Training Data Diverse text from books, websites, etc. Likely integrated with Google's search data Integrates Bing search data with AI capabilities Strengths Versatile text generation, deep contextual understanding, wide application range Integration with Google's search capabilities, conversational responses Enhanced search results, interactive and context- aware responses Output Type Text across various domains and styles Informational and conversational responses Enhanced and interactive search query responses Interactivity High, with dynamic and contextually relevant responses Likely high, focused on conversational engagement High, especially in enhancing search interactions Real-time Data Access Limited to training data up to 2023 Likely access to real-time data from Google Access to real-time data through Bing search engine Application Scope Wide-ranging across industries and sectors Mainly for information retrieval and conversational AI Primarily enhancing search experiences and providing detailed search responses Customization and Flexibility High, adaptable to various tasks and industries Focused on conversational AI, flexibility in response style Integrates with search engine capabilities, adaptable in responding to varied search queries
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  • 42. Hands-on session Ask a clinical question based on a good prompt and have three conversations related to your question. Share your responses How would you use it in your practice? Post to this Padlet Ask a clinical question based on a good prompt and have three conversations related to your question. Share your responses How would you use it in your practice? Post to this Padlet • ChatGPT/Bard/CoPilot http://tinyurl.com/AIHPNHG
  • 44. Patient Triage: •Appropriate level of care Mental Health Support: •Immediate, cost- effective Patient Education: •Provide reliable and continuous information, explain treatment options, or clarify post-operative care instructions. Remote Monitoring: •Ensure medication adherence, and alert clinicians about anomalies. Clinical Decision Support: •Data-driven insights to support clinical decisions. Confidentiality and Compliance: Ensure that all interactions are secure and compliant with healthcare regulations.
  • 45.
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  • 47. Creating your First AI Chatbot for Clinical Use
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  • 61. Overcoming Bias • Anglocentrism • Contextual Understanding • Translation Limitations • Data Imbalance
  • 62. Steps in Chatbot Development
  • 63. Hands-on session Develop a chatbot based on a lnowledge base in your subject matter area. Share your chatbot link How would you use it in your practice? Post to this Padlet Develop a chatbot based on a lnowledge base in your subject matter area. Share your chatbot link How would you use it in your practice? Post to this Padlet • ChatGPT/Bard/CoPilot http://tinyurl.com/AIHPNHG
  • 64. Relevance to healthcare education • Adapts to individual student needs Personalized Learning: • Creating diverse and engaging educational materials. Content Creation: • Interactive learning experiences (Chatbot) Student Engagement: • Provides real-time assessment and feedback . Assessment and Feedback: • content accessible to diverse learners Accessibility: • Facilitates collaboration among students and educators, bridging geographical and language barriers. Collaboration and Communication:
  • 65. Personalized Learning • Tailors educational content Adaptive Content Delivery: • Provides instant feedback and real-time assistance Real-Time Feedback and Support: • Engages with interactive dialogues and Simulates scenarios. Interactive Learning Environments: • Analyses - identify strengths and weaknesses for personalized learning. Data-Driven Insights: • Adapts content to diverse learners & multiple languages. Accessibility and Inclusivity: • Facilitates collaborative learning experiences and peer interactions. Collaboration and Peer Interaction: • Seamlessly integrates with Learning Management Systems (LMS) Integration with Existing Platforms: • Supports lifelong learning and Assists in tracking and maintaining professional development Continuous Learning and Skill Development: • Ensures ethical guidelines and privacy regulations. Ethical and Privacy Considerations: • Aligns personalized learning experiences and Ensures relevance to real- world medical practice Alignment with Healthcare Objectives:
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  • 70. 1.Question: Which of the following statements best describes the role of HbA1c in managing diabetes? 1. A) HbA1c is primarily used to diagnose acute diabetic complications. 2. B) HbA1c levels reflect the average blood glucose levels over the past 2-3 months. 3. C) HbA1c is a short-term marker for blood glucose fluctuation. 4. D) HbA1c measures the immediate postprandial blood glucose level. Answer: B) HbA1c levels reflect the average blood glucose levels over the past 2-3 months. 1.Question: A 54-year-old patient with Type 2 diabetes presents with an HbA1c of 8.0%. What is the most appropriate initial approach? 1. A) Immediate hospitalisation for insulin therapy. 2. B) Evaluation and optimisation of the current treatment regimen. 3. C) Disregarding the HbA1c level as it is within the normal range. 4. D) Starting an antihypertensive medication .hospitalisation
  • 71. Act like a virtual patient and provide me symptoms and history so that I can improve my clinical skills
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  • 73. I have been asked to create a module for the examination of the abdomen for organomegaly for medical students. Create a curriculum and include learning outcomes and the pedagogy and a lesson plan
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  • 78. Creating Images with AI Creating Images with AI Vaikunthan Rajaratnam Vaikunthan Rajaratnam
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  • 83. • Be clear & descriptive • Specific styles or techniques • Create a test version • Evaluate the result • Refine the prompt • Iterative process
  • 84. AI for Video Production & Image generation Draft Learning Outcomes LO to Prompt ChatGPT for video script Import/edi t script to AI Video Generator Add personalised media Choose Voiceover type Produce Review and Upload
  • 85. Write a script for the introduction of the anatomy of the organomegaly medical student module. This will be a 90 second video script. Just provide the narration
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  • 92. AI generated Instructional Video. http://tinyurl.com/AIVIDEOUP
  • 93. Hands-on session Create a lecture with clear learning outcomes , a lesson plan and create an instructional video Post a link to your video Create a lecture with clear learning outcomes , a lesson plan and create an instructional video Post a link to your video • ChatGPT/Night Cafe/Invideo.io http://tinyurl.com/AIHPNHG
  • 94. Generating Lecture Content • Participants use their prompts to generate an outline and main content for a lecture. Validating AI Responses • Participants validate and refine the AI- generated content for their lecture. Integrating and Refining Lecture Content • Finalizing the lecture content, incorporating validated information and personal expertise.
  • 95. Part 1: Scriptwriting with ChatGPT • Participants create a draft script for a surgical procedure or topic of their choice using ChatGPT. • Copy script and edit in word doc. Part 2: Creating AI- Generated Art • Participants generate AI art relevant to their video script. • Download for use in video Part 3: Video Assembly using InVideo (40 minutes) • Overview of InVideo interface and features. • Integrating AI- generated art and script into a cohesive video. • Using text-to-speech for narration.
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  • 100. Research Question Brainstorm Questions Search Choose Table Columns (PICO) Download •CSV •Bib Paste to WORD Import to Zotero SUMMARY
  • 101. ASK YOUR QUESTION MODIFY RESPONSE DOWNLOAD THE RESPONSE
  • 102. Using SCISPACE Analyse your documents with Generative AI
  • 103. Add SciSpace Copilot to your browser AI research assistant that explains the text, math, and tables in scientific literature like research papers, technical blog posts, or reports. You can also ask follow-up questions, and it will give you instant answers.
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  • 110. Title insights Authors Date Journal name Asian (Bio)Values: Constructing Asian Difference and Biovalue in the Singapore Diabetes Discourse The provided information does not address the integration of Asian values into western bioethics frameworks. Mohammad Khamsya Bin Khidzer 21/6/2023 Science, Technology, & Human Values Bioethics Across the Globe: Rebirthing Bioethics The paper suggests discussing Bioethics in Asia" to incorporate Asian values into the existing framework of bioethics." Akira Akabayashi 19/5/2020 Beyond a Western Bioethics in Asia and Its Implication on Autonomy. The article explores integrating Asian values into Western bioethics frameworks, particularly in the areas of breaking bad news, giving consent, determining best interests, and end-of-life care. Mark Tan Kiak Min 8/7/2017 Translating Asian Bioethics into developing global Biocultures Translational Challenges In Bioethics Hans-Martin Sass 22/12/2015 Jahr - European journal of bioethics Culture and ethics in medical education: The Asian perspective. Muhammad Shahid Shamim, Lubna Baig, Adrienne Torda, Chinthaka Balasooriya 1/3/2018 Journal of Pakistan Medical Association Bioethics as an Approach to Nanoethics in China and the EU Sally Dalton-Brown 1/1/2015 Bioethics in East Asia: Development and Issues Myongsei Sohn 1/1/2016 (East) Asia" as a Platform for Debate: Grouping and Bioethics." Margaret Sleeboom-Faulkner 1/1/2016 Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal Western or Eastern principles in globalized bioethics? An Asian perspective view Michael Cheng-Tek Tai 1/3/2013 Tzu Chi Medical Journal Eubios Journal of Asian and International Bioethics Yayi Suryo Prabandari, Claire Lajaunie, Serge Morand, Tan Boon Huan 1/1/2014
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  • 116. Elicit.com/Typeset.io • Synthesis and Summarise of index papers Generative AI • Prompt • Synthesise • Summarise Paraphrase with Typeset AI Detection with Typeset Paste into Word
  • 117. Research Question –PICO AI Platform – Elicit.org Expand Summary in Gen AI Transfer to WORD Export Summary of papers as CSV Synthesis main findings with Gen AI Export bibliography Write review with citations using AI Revise and Update with AI AI for Literature Review
  • 118. Review AI Output with RI •Critically assess •Relevance •Plausibility Key Term Extraction •Extract central terms Strategic Search in Google Scholar •Focused search •Using Extracted terms •Employing advanced search techniques Literature Screening •Select relevant scholarly articles •Prioritising high-quality, peer- reviewed sources •In-depth analysis. Evidence-Based Validation •Critically evaluate the literature •Corroborate or challenge the AI- generated information •Look for consistency and consensus Synthesis and Documentation •Compile and synthesise findings •Validate the AI’s responses •Document and cite the sources Evidence-based Validation
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  • 123. Hands-on session Select a topic of your interest. Conduct a comprehensive literature review on the chosen topic. Ensure to include relevant citations from the literature you’ve reviewed. Compile a list of references for all the sources you’ve cited. Select a topic of your interest. Conduct a comprehensive literature review on the chosen topic. Ensure to include relevant citations from the literature you’ve reviewed. Compile a list of references for all the sources you’ve cited. • Elicit.org/Zotero/Typeset.io http://tinyurl.com/AIHPNHG
  • 126. The Art and Science of Qualitative Research https://tinyurl.com/QUALIRE Introduction to research in healthcare https://tinyurl.com/HCARERE AICHAT BT FOR Research in healthcare https://tinyurl.com/HCAREREBOT AI-Powered Academic Writing Write Your Research Paper in a Day https://tinyurl.com/AIAWRITE AI CHAT BOT for AI_POWERED ACADEMIC WRITING https://tinyurl.com/AIAWRITEBOT
  • 127. Practical exercise • Use Gen AI to help with generating content, phrasing, or grammar and style checking as needed. Feel free to collaborate with your peers, share ideas, and provide feedback to each other. • After completing the draft, share it with the group if you feel comfortable. We'll discuss the drafts collectively, providing constructive feedback and suggestions for improvement. • Validate the responses of ChatGPT and incorporate in writing • Remember, the introduction is your chance to grab the reader's attention and convince them of the importance of your research, so make it engaging and informative! (use this in your prompts when writing the introduction!)
  • 128. Goals • Purpose and components of methods • Structure the methods • Typeset.io for methods review • Using ChatGPT with prompts
  • 129. Purpose and Structure of the Methods Section Explanation of the procedures used Selection of Participants Description of Procedures and Materials Data Collection Methods Data Analysis Methods Ethical Considerations Limitations and Assumptions Replicability of the Study
  • 130. AI Tools for RESEARCH • Elicit for Literature Search • Scholarcy and Typeset for data extraction and summary • Genei.io for summarisation and key points highlighting • Keyword generation with ChatGPT ( targeted prompt engineering)
  • 132. Choose PDF file to upload
  • 133. Add to your collection of choice and click DONE
  • 138. CLICK on a paper to see summaries and Interrogate as per needs