AI in Healthcare UP Cambodia 29Jan24v2.pdf

AI in Healthcare
Vaikunthan Rajaratnam
Senior Consultant Hand Surgeon, KTPH, Singapore,
Adjunct Professor & UNESCO Chair Partner,
Asia Pacific University of Technology and Innovation, Malaysia.
29 Jan 2024

Pre-Workshop Survey
https://tinyurl.com/AIHPKK23

Warning:
Unprecedented Levels of Productivity
and Inspiration Ahead!
Please be advised:
The content of this workshop is so intensely engaging and
empowering in the realm of AI in healthcare that it
carries a high risk of sparking a newfound addiction to
productivity and innovation. Attendees may experience
an irresistible urge to apply transformative skills and
insights in their professional practice, leading to
significant advancements in healthcare. Proceed with
enthusiasm and caution – you're stepping into a world of
exhilarating empowerment!
Embrace the journey, but don't say we didn't warn you!

Disclaimer
• I am not an AI expert, nor do I possess coding knowledge specific to the underlying mechanisms of AI models;
• My expertise lies in the utilisation of these models, such as ChatGPT, based on my extensive experience as a
user within the fields of healthcare, medical education, and related research, rather than their technical
development or underlying algorithms.
• This workshop is intended solely for educational and informational purposes in AI and healthcare.
• The views expressed herein are my own, borne from extensive experience in surgery, medical education, and
instructional design, and do not necessarily reflect those of any associated institutions.
• While I endeavour to provide accurate and up-to-date information, no guarantee is given regarding its applicability.
• Participants acknowledge and assume responsibility for using the information provided by engaging in this
workshop.

Innovative Digital Learning
Centre
Artificial Intelligence Innovative Designs
for Education (AIDE) Framework

• Tools for Effective Academic Courses and Holistic Teaching
• MOE Malaysia
AI TEACH
• For students in middle school
• Indigenous School, Malaysia
AI LEARN
• Gerontological Optimization through Learning and Digital Assistance
AI GOLD
• Learning Designs
• APU, Malaysia, NHG, Singapore
AI LD
• Health Professional
• Perdana University , Malaysia, BDSSH, Bangladesh
• NHG, Singapore, Sengkang, Singapore
AI HP
• Research
• Perdana University, Malaysia, Sengkang , Singapore
• University of Eswatini (Africa)
AI RE
•Academic Writing
• APU, Perdana University, Malaysia
• University of Eswatini (Africa)
AI AW
• Leveraging Efficiency in Administrative Proficiency
• MOE, Dubai
AI LEAP

Achievements
• 2700 participants have been trained and
reached with the following breakdown:
• 1200 participants in workshops: AI-AW,
AI-RE, AI-LD, AI-TEACH & AI-LEAP, AI-
HP,
• (APU & Non-APU)
• Malaysia (602)
• Singapore (222)
• Dubai (50)
• Eswatini (114)
• Spain (40)
• Bangladesh (50)
• Laos (40)
• India (40)
GENERATIVE AI AT APU
• Brown Bag Series- 750
• Four Brown Bag sessions (3 in
APU, 1 in Eswatini)
• Conferences - 250
• UK-Malaysia Conference on Gen-
AI (MOSTI) - 100 participants
• Roundtable on Gen-AI and
Education (SEAMEO & UNESCO
Bangkok) – 100 participants
• ELTC Conference in Subang Jaya
on Assessments- 50
• ICERI Spain = 50

Introduction to AI in
Healthcare:
Opportunities and
Challenges
AI technologies have the potential to
revolutionise healthcare by enhancing
diagnosis, treatment planning, and research.
AI won't replace you, but
someone empowered by AI
undoubtedly will

Predictive
medicine
Early Disease Detection
Personalized Treatment Plans
Chronic Disease Management
Genomic Medicine and Genetic Risk Prediction
Drug Response Prediction
Epidemic Outbreak Prediction
Hospital Readmission Prediction

Challenges
Golhar, S. P., & Kekapure, S. S. (2022). Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare—A Review. International Journal of Scientific
Research in Science and Technology, 9(4), 381–387. https://doi.org/10.32628/IJSRST229454

Governance
Model for AI
S. Reddy, S. Allan, S. Coghlan, and P. Cooper, ‘A governance model for the application of AI in health care’, J. Am. Med. Inform. Assoc., vol. 27, no.
3, pp. 491–497, Mar. 2020, doi: 10.1093/jamia/ocz192
Rahman, N., Thamotharampillai, T., & Rajaratnam, V. (2023). Ethics, guidelines, and policy for technology in healthcare. In
Medical Equipment Engineering: Design, Manufacture and Applications (pp. 119–147). IET Digital Library.
https://doi.org/10.1049/PBHE054E_ch9

Artificial
Intelligence
Enables machines
to mimic human
intelligence and
perform tasks that
typically require
human intelligence
• Machines learn from data
• recognize patterns
• make decisions, and
• solve problems without explicit
programming
• Algorithms and statistical models
• analyse large amounts of data
• generate insights and predictions.
• Narrow AI
• designed for specific tasks like image
recognition or natural language
processing, and
• General AI
• aims to possess human-like intelligence
across a wide range of tasks.

What is
Generative AI?
Understanding Language
•Reads and comprehends human-
written text.
Generating Text
•Writes human-like text, from answers
to creative content.
Conversation
•Capable of engaging in text-based
conversations with users.
Applications
•Used in virtual assistants, education,
content creation, and more.
Not a Human
•Generates text through algorithms,
without feelings or consciousness.

How Does Generative AI Work?
Don’t cry ………..”
“ Don’t cry over….”
• It starts by absorbing large
datasets to learn patterns
and structures.
Data
Learning
• Utilizes algorithms to
analyse and understand
these patterns.
Pattern
Recognition
• After learning, it can
create new, similar yet
original outputs.
Content
Generation
• AI refines its outputs by
learning from evaluations
and adjustments.
Feedback-
Based
Refinement
• AI evolves, improving its
output quality and
relevance.
Continuous
Adaptation

• Judgment
• Informed decisions.
• Understanding underlying principles
• Applying insights in practical contexts.
Wisdom
• Interpreting
• Understanding information.
• Contextualised
• Patterns are recognise
• Meanings are derived
Knowledge
• Organized or contextualised
• Clarity
• Meaning ("who," "what," "where," and
"when,")
Information
• Raw facts
• Figures
• Collection of quantitative or
qualitative values.
Data

• Accuracy, relevance, and ethical guidelines.
• Application respects user intent and ethical
Wisdom
• Synthesise coherent and contextually
appropriate responses.
• Trained patterns and models
Knowledge
• Processing and organising data
into structured form.
• Understanding grammar, syntax,
and semantics of language.
Information
• Massive unstructured
text data
• Diverse source
Data

• Relevant
• Accurate
• Coherent
Quality of
Response
• Clarity
• Specificity
• Relevance
Quality of
Prompt
• Ability to interpret
• Training
• Design
• Current context.
Model
Understanding
Generative AI Basic functions

Understanding Generative AI
Advanced
language model
developed by
OpenAI.
Generates
human-like
text based on
the prompts.
Quality vs
prompt.
Quality of Response ∝ Quality of Prompt × Model Understanding
Quality of Response is the measure of how relevant, accurate, and coherent the response is.
Quality of Prompt represents the clarity, specificity, and relevance of the prompt given to the model.
Model Understanding , model's ability to interpret the prompt, including its training, design, and current context.

Prompt
Generation Steps
Review
prompt
Crafting a
good
prompt
Clear and
Specific.
Specify
type of
Response

Content &
Context
Defined: Is the
research content well-
specified and
delineated?
Understandable: Can
the content be easily
comprehended by
researchers?
Background: Does it
provide sufficient
context for research
settings?
Ethical &
Legal
Privacy: Ensures no
disclosure of personal
data.
Regulation: Adheres to
research data
protection laws?
Ethics: Is it in line with
research ethics and
values?
Validation &
Reliability
Evidence-Based: Are
the instructional
methods rooted in
research?
Peer-Reviewed: Has
the content been
vetted by research
experts?
Current: Is the
material regularly
updated to reflect the
latest educational
standards?
Usability
Accessible: Is the
content user-friendly
for educators and
learners?
Applicable: Is it
appropriate for the
educational
objectives?
Practical: Does it
provide actionable
strategies for teaching
and learning?

Tool: Prompting
"prompting" refers to the input or
question that you provide to the
model. The model takes this prompt
and generates a response based on
the information it has been trained
on.
• Initial Statement or Question
• Context
• Intended Output
• Tone or Formality
• Specificity
• Instructions for Response Format

Prompt Generation
•Identify the specific information or
assistance
Define the
Objective:
•Use clear language and avoid ambiguity.
•Include essential details without over-
complicating the prompt.
Be Clear and
Precise:
•Provide relevant background or context
to guide the response.
Consider
Context:
•Specify the desired tone (formal, casual)
or style (e.g., summary, explanation) if
it matters for your use case.
Set the Tone
and Style:
• If seeking specific information, formulate your
prompt as a direct question.
• Self-Reflective
Ask Direct
Questions:
• Craft the prompt neutrally to prevent biased or
skewed responses.
Avoid Bias and
Leading
Questions:
• Experiment with different phrasings and
observe how slight changes can affect
the response.
• Refine the prompt
Test and Refine:
• Ethical guidelines and does not request or
reveal sensitive or private information.
Consider Ethical
and Privacy
Concerns:

Aspect Good Prompt Example Bad Prompt Example
Clarity
"Generate a report on emerging
trends in cybersecurity technologies
for IoT devices from 2022-2024."
"Write something about tech and
security."
Specificity
"Create a detailed overview of recent
advancements in biomaterials for
prosthetics, focusing on studies
published in the last 3 years."
"Find articles on engineering stuff."
Feasibility
"Simulate financial scenarios for a
medium-sized tech company
considering a shift to cloud-based
accounting, using current market
data."
"Predict the future stock prices of
major tech companies."
Ethical Boundaries
"Analyze public domain datasets to
identify trends in investment patterns
in the renewable energy sector."
"Use confidential financial reports to
analyze a company's internal
investment strategies."
Research Orientation
"Examine the impact of artificial
intelligence on workflow efficiency in
software development projects,
referencing studies from 2020-2023."
"Tell me if AI is better than humans in
programming without referring to any
specific research data."

Response Validation
RI meets AI
• Review response - meets your requirements.
• No access to real-time data
• Vaildate Validate Validate.
• Prompt – response -refine - reprompt.
Relevance Check
Accuracy
Confirmation
Context
Consistency
Sensitivity Review
Refinement for
Future Queries

Review AI Output with
RI
•Critically assess
•Relevance
•Plausibility
Key Term Extraction
•Extract central terms
Strategic Search in
Google Scholar
•Focused search
•Using Extracted terms
•Employing advanced search
techniques
Literature Screening
•Select relevant scholarly articles
•Prioritising high-quality, peer-
reviewed sources
•In-depth analysis.
Evidence-Based
Validation
•Critically evaluate the literature
•Corroborate or challenge the AI-
generated information
•Look for consistency and
consensus
Synthesis and
Documentation
•Compile and synthesise findings
•Validate the AI’s responses
•Document and cite the sources
Evidence-based
Validation

https://chat.openai.com/ https://copilot.microsoft.com/ https://bard.google.com/
Generative AI Platforms

Checklist for Healthcare Prompt Engineering

Hands-on session
Craft a educational question
that you would like to learn
using various Generative AI
and post on padlet
• ChatGPT/Bard/CoPilot
http://tinyurl.com/AIHPUP

Please respond to the following query with a
structured and academic approach suitable for
a university lecturer.
Include bullet-point answers where applicable,
supported by relevant examples from scholarly
literature.
Ensure that all statements are backed by
credible evidence and provide appropriate
references and citations in accordance with
standard academic citation styles (e.g., APA,
MLA, or Chicago).
The response should be clear, concise, and
tailored to an academic audience engaged in
higher education teaching and research."
Personalizing Gen-AI

• Professional Tone & Evidence-Based Approach: Maintain a formal tone and
rely on evidence-based information, aligning with Dr. Rajaratnam's scholarly
background.
• Expertise in Healthcare, Education, and AI: Prepare for in-depth discussions
in these fields, reflecting Dr. Rajaratnam's extensive experience and
contributions.
• Ethical and Global Perspective: Factor in ethical considerations for AI
applications and be sensitive to international norms, given Dr. Rajaratnam's
global collaborations and ethical guidelines.
• Technological and Interdisciplinary Focus: Be ready to introduce tech-based
solutions and consider interdisciplinary approaches, corresponding with his
interests in instructional design and AI.
• Social Impact and Local Context: Prioritize broader social impact and
humanitarian goals, and adapt information to the Singaporean and Malaysian
context, where Dr. Rajaratnam is actively engaged.
Example of ChatGPT response

Feature / Model GPT-4 Bard Bing Copilot
Primary Use Broad spectrum text generation
Conversational AI and information
retrieval
Enhanced search experiences with AI integration
Training Data
Diverse text from books, websites,
etc.
Likely integrated with Google's
search data
Integrates Bing search data with AI capabilities
Strengths
Versatile text generation, deep
contextual understanding, wide
application range
Integration with Google's search
capabilities, conversational
responses
Enhanced search results, interactive and context-
aware responses
Output Type
Text across various domains and
styles
Informational and conversational
responses
Enhanced and interactive search query responses
Interactivity
High, with dynamic and contextually
relevant responses
Likely high, focused on
conversational engagement
High, especially in enhancing search interactions
Real-time Data Access Limited to training data up to 2023
Likely access to real-time data from
Google
Access to real-time data through Bing search
engine
Application Scope
Wide-ranging across industries and
sectors
Mainly for information retrieval and
conversational AI
Primarily enhancing search experiences and
providing detailed search responses
Customization and
Flexibility
High, adaptable to various tasks and
industries
Focused on conversational AI,
flexibility in response style
Integrates with search engine capabilities,
adaptable in responding to varied search queries

Login to your choice
of Generative AI
• Ask a clinical question
based on a good prompt
and have three
conversations related to
your question.
• Share your responses
• How would you use it in
your practice?
• Post to this Padlet
http://tinyurl.com/AIHPUP

Patient Triage:
•Appropriate level of
care
Mental Health
Support:
•Immediate, cost-
effective
Patient
Education:
•Provide reliable and
continuous
information, explain
treatment options, or
clarify post-operative
care instructions.
Remote
Monitoring:
•Ensure medication
adherence, and alert
clinicians about
anomalies.
Clinical Decision
Support:
•Data-driven insights
to support clinical
decisions.
Confidentiality and Compliance:
Ensure that all interactions are
secure and compliant with
healthcare regulations.

Creating your First AI
Chatbot for Clinical Use

Retrieval
augmented
generation
(RAG) ChatBOT
USER
CHATGPT API
KNOWLEDGE
BASE
INTERNET

Overcoming Bias
• Anglocentrism
• Contextual Understanding
• Translation Limitations
• Data Imbalance

Relevance to healthcare education
• Adapts to individual student needs
Personalized
Learning:
• Creating diverse and engaging educational materials.
Content Creation:
• Interactive learning experiences (Chatbot)
Student Engagement:
• Provides real-time assessment and feedback .
Assessment and
Feedback:
• content accessible to diverse learners
Accessibility:
• Facilitates collaboration among students and educators,
bridging geographical and language barriers.
Collaboration and
Communication:

Personalized Learning
• Tailors educational content
Adaptive Content Delivery:
• Provides instant feedback and real-time assistance
Real-Time Feedback and
Support:
• Engages with interactive dialogues and Simulates scenarios.
Interactive Learning
Environments:
• Analyses - identify strengths and weaknesses for personalized learning.
Data-Driven Insights:
• Adapts content to diverse learners & multiple languages.
Accessibility and Inclusivity:
• Facilitates collaborative learning experiences and peer interactions.
Collaboration and Peer
Interaction:
• Seamlessly integrates with Learning Management Systems (LMS)
Integration with Existing
Platforms:
• Supports lifelong learning and Assists in tracking and maintaining
professional development
Continuous Learning and Skill
Development:
• Ensures ethical guidelines and privacy regulations.
Ethical and Privacy
Considerations:
• Aligns personalized learning experiences and Ensures relevance to real-
world medical practice
Alignment with Healthcare
Objectives:

1.Question: Which of the following statements best describes the role
of HbA1c in managing diabetes?
1. A) HbA1c is primarily used to diagnose acute diabetic
complications.
2. B) HbA1c levels reflect the average blood glucose levels over
the past 2-3 months.
3. C) HbA1c is a short-term marker for blood glucose fluctuation.
4. D) HbA1c measures the immediate postprandial blood glucose
level.
Answer: B) HbA1c levels reflect the average blood glucose levels over
the past 2-3 months.
1.Question: A 54-year-old patient with Type 2 diabetes presents with
an HbA1c of 8.0%. What is the most appropriate initial approach?
1. A) Immediate hospitalisation for insulin therapy.
2. B) Evaluation and optimisation of the current treatment
regimen.
3. C) Disregarding the HbA1c level as it is within the normal
range.
4. D) Starting an antihypertensive medication .hospitalisation

Act like a
virtual
patient and
provide me
symptoms
and history
so that I can
improve my
clinical skills

I have been asked
to create a module
for the
examination of the
abdomen for
organomegaly for
medical students.
Create a
curriculum and
include learning
outcomes and the
pedagogy and a
lesson plan

Create an
assessment
task and
provide
rubrics for
the
assessment

Creating Images with AI

https://creator.nightcafe.studio/

• Be clear & descriptive
• Specific styles or techniques
• Create a test version
• Evaluate the result
• Refine the prompt
• Iterative process

AI for Video Production & Image
generation
Draft
Learning
Outcomes
LO to
Prompt
ChatGPT
for video
script
Import/edi
t script to
AI Video
Generator
Add
personalised
media
Choose
Voiceover
type
Produce
Review
and
Upload

Write a script
for the
introduction of
the anatomy of
the
organomegaly
medical student
module. This
will be a 90
second video
script. Just
provide the
narration

AI generated Instructional Video

Generating Lecture
Content
• Participants use
their prompts to
generate an outline
and main content
for a lecture.
Validating AI
Responses
• Participants validate
and refine the AI-
generated content
for their lecture.
Integrating and
Refining Lecture
Content
• Finalizing the
lecture content,
incorporating
validated
information and
personal expertise.

Part 1: Scriptwriting
with ChatGPT
• Participants create a
draft script for a
surgical procedure
or topic of their
choice using
ChatGPT.
• Copy script and edit
in word doc.
Part 2: Creating AI-
Generated Art
• Participants
generate AI art
relevant to their
video script.
• Download for use in
video
Part 3: Video
Assembly using
InVideo (40 minutes)
• Overview of InVideo
interface and
features.
• Integrating AI-
generated art and
script into a
cohesive video.
• Using text-to-speech
for narration.

Using the Tools
Research papers

Research Question
Brainstorm
Questions
Search
Choose Table
Columns (PICO)
Download
•CSV
•Bib
Paste to WORD
Import to Zotero
SUMMARY

ASK YOUR QUESTION
MODIFY RESPONSE
DOWNLOAD
THE RESPONSE

Using SCISPACE
Analyse your documents with Generative AI

Add SciSpace Copilot to your browser
AI research assistant that explains the text, math,
and tables in scientific literature like research
papers, technical blog posts, or reports. You can also
ask follow-up questions, and it will give you instant
answers.

Title insights Authors Date Journal name
Asian (Bio)Values: Constructing Asian
Difference and Biovalue in the Singapore
Diabetes Discourse
The provided information does not address
the integration of Asian values into western
bioethics frameworks.
Mohammad Khamsya Bin Khidzer 21/6/2023 Science, Technology,
& Human Values
Bioethics Across the Globe: Rebirthing
Bioethics
The paper suggests discussing Bioethics in
Asia" to incorporate Asian values into the
existing framework of bioethics."
Akira Akabayashi 19/5/2020
Beyond a Western Bioethics in Asia and Its
Implication on Autonomy.
The article explores integrating Asian values
into Western bioethics frameworks,
particularly in the areas of breaking bad
news, giving consent, determining best
interests, and end-of-life care.
Mark Tan Kiak Min 8/7/2017
Translating Asian Bioethics into developing
global Biocultures Translational Challenges
In Bioethics
Hans-Martin Sass 22/12/2015 Jahr - European
journal of bioethics
Culture and ethics in medical education: The
Asian perspective.
Muhammad Shahid Shamim, Lubna
Baig, Adrienne Torda, Chinthaka
Balasooriya
1/3/2018 Journal of Pakistan
Medical Association
Bioethics as an Approach to Nanoethics in
China and the EU
Sally Dalton-Brown 1/1/2015
Bioethics in East Asia: Development and
Issues
Myongsei Sohn 1/1/2016
(East) Asia" as a Platform for Debate:
Grouping and Bioethics."
Margaret Sleeboom-Faulkner 1/1/2016 Kennedy Institute of
Ethics Journal
Western or Eastern principles in globalized
bioethics? An Asian perspective view
Michael Cheng-Tek Tai 1/3/2013 Tzu Chi Medical
Journal
Eubios Journal of Asian and International
Bioethics
Yayi Suryo Prabandari, Claire Lajaunie,
Serge Morand, Tan Boon Huan
1/1/2014

Elicit.com/Typeset.io
• Synthesis and
Summarise of index
papers
Generative AI
• Prompt
• Synthesise
• Summarise
Paraphrase with
Typeset
AI Detection with
Typeset
Paste into Word

Practical exercise
• Use Gen AI to help with generating
content, phrasing, or grammar and
style checking as needed. Feel free to
collaborate with your peers, share
ideas, and provide feedback to each
other.
• After completing the draft, share it
with the group if you feel comfortable.
We'll discuss the drafts collectively,
providing constructive feedback and
suggestions for improvement.
• Validate the responses of ChatGPT and
incorporate in writing
• Remember, the introduction is your
chance to grab the reader's attention
and convince them of the importance
of your research, so make it engaging
and informative! (use this in your
prompts when writing the
introduction!)

Peer review and
Feed back
• Present your prompts and the
responses
• Show your Literature Table
• Show how you validated the
Generative AI’s response

Goals
• Purpose and
components of
methods
• Structure the
methods
• Typeset.io for
methods review
• Using ChatGPT with
prompts

Purpose and Structure of the Methods
Section
Explanation of
the procedures
used
Selection of
Participants
Description of
Procedures
and Materials
Data Collection
Methods
Data Analysis
Methods
Ethical
Considerations
Limitations and
Assumptions
Replicability of
the Study

AI Tools for RESEARCH
• Elicit for Literature Search
• Scholarcy and Typeset for data
extraction and summary
• Genei.io for summarisation and
key points highlighting
• Keyword generation with ChatGPT
( targeted prompt engineering)

Add to your
collection of
choice and
click DONE

Interrogate
the paper
as per
needs

Outcome for
Topic Inserted
in search box

Click
Summarized
Abstract to
ADD to
COLUMN in
table

CLICK on a
paper to
see
summaries
and
Interrogate
as per
needs

Post AIHP
workshop
Feedback
Please fill out this
feedback for your
E-certificate of
attendance.

The Art and Science of Qualitative Research
https://tinyurl.com/QUALIRE
Introduction to research in healthcare
https://tinyurl.com/HCARERE
AICHAT BT FOR Research in healthcare
https://tinyurl.com/HCAREREBOT
AI-Powered Academic Writing Write Your Research Paper in a Day
https://tinyurl.com/AIAWRITE
AI CHAT BOT for AI_POWERED ACADEMIC WRITING
https://tinyurl.com/AIAWRITEBOT
https://tinyurl.com/AIHP2023SKH

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