This document provides information on improving food resources through increasing crop production, animal husbandry, and other means. It discusses the need to increase food production to feed the growing population. Various methods are described to improve crop yields, including crop variety improvement through hybridization and genetic modification, crop production management involving nutrient, irrigation, and cropping practices, and crop protection. It also covers livestock farming, poultry, fish, and bee keeping to augment food resources.
The document discusses improving food resources through increasing crop production and animal husbandry. It notes that population growth requires increasing food production since arable land area cannot expand significantly. Crop yields can be improved through variety improvement, production management like fertilizer use and irrigation, and protection from pests. Animal farming including cattle, poultry and fish is also important to increase food resources. Improved breeds, nutrition, disease control and hygienic conditions help boost animal production. Overall the document emphasizes the need to boost both crop and livestock outputs to adequately feed the growing population through scientific agricultural practices.
This document discusses ways to improve food resources through increasing crop production and animal husbandry. It describes the need to increase food production to feed the growing population and explains methods like crop improvement, integrated farming, and scientific management practices. It provides details on crop varieties, nutrient management, irrigation, cropping patterns, and protection from pests/diseases. It also discusses livestock farming practices for cattle, poultry, fish, and bee-keeping. The overall aim is to boost agricultural efficiency and sustainability.
This document discusses ways to improve food resources through increasing crop production and animal husbandry. It describes the need to increase food production to feed the growing population and explains methods like crop improvement, integrated farming, and scientific management practices. It provides details on crop varieties, nutrient management, irrigation, cropping patterns, and protection from pests/diseases. It also discusses livestock farming, poultry, fish, and bee keeping as sources of food and income.
This document discusses ways to improve food resources in India. It describes the need to increase food production to feed the growing population. Key ways to improve crop yields mentioned are crop variety improvement through hybridization and genetic modification, crop production management including nutrient management, irrigation, and cropping patterns like intercropping, and crop protection. Animal husbandry practices for cattle, poultry, fish, and bee farming are also summarized. The document provides information on different types of crops, seasons, fertilizers, and irrigation methods to maximize agricultural output in India.
This document discusses improving food resources through increasing crop production, animal husbandry, and other means. It covers topics like the need to increase food production to feed the growing population, different types of crops and their uses, ways to improve crop yields through variety improvement, production management involving nutrients, irrigation, and cropping patterns, protecting crops from pests and diseases, animal farming practices for cattle, poultry and fish, and beekeeping. The overall aim is to scientifically manage agriculture and livestock to boost food production efficiency.
This document discusses improving crop production and animal husbandry to meet the food needs of India's growing population. It outlines that crop yields can be increased through variety improvement, better production management involving nutrients, irrigation, and cropping patterns, and crop protection. Variety improvement is done through hybridization and genetic modification. Nutrient management involves the use of manure and fertilizers. Irrigation and different cropping patterns like intercropping are also described. The document also discusses animal husbandry practices for cattle, poultry and fish farming.
Food provides nutrients like substances that provide energy, aid growth, and support bodily functions. It helps with growth, tissue repair, fighting pathogens, and supporting the immune system. As India's population grows, food production needs to increase from the current level of over a quarter billion tons of grains annually. Scientific crop and livestock management practices like improving yields, mixed/intercropping, and integrated farming can boost production efficiency. Variety improvement through hybridization selects for traits like disease resistance and higher yields. Proper nutrient, irrigation, and cropping management aid crop production. Pests, diseases and weeds are controlled through chemicals and integrated pest management helps reduce environmental pollution. Animal husbandry scientifically manages livestock feeding, breeding and disease prevention for
This document summarizes Kumar Aksh's project on improving food resources. It discusses several topics related to sustainable and organic agriculture including crop seasons, cropping patterns like mixed cropping and intercropping, nutrient management through manure and fertilizers, animal husbandry, poultry, fish, and bee keeping. The document emphasizes utilizing natural resources effectively to meet changing human needs while maintaining environmental quality and conserving resources.
The document discusses improving food resources through increasing crop production and animal husbandry. It notes that population growth requires increasing food production since arable land area cannot expand significantly. Crop yields can be improved through variety improvement, production management like fertilizer use and irrigation, and protection from pests. Animal farming including cattle, poultry and fish is also important to increase food resources. Improved breeds, nutrition, disease control and hygienic conditions help boost animal production. Overall the document emphasizes the need to boost both crop and livestock outputs to adequately feed the growing population through scientific agricultural practices.
This document discusses ways to improve food resources through increasing crop production and animal husbandry. It describes the need to increase food production to feed the growing population and explains methods like crop improvement, integrated farming, and scientific management practices. It provides details on crop varieties, nutrient management, irrigation, cropping patterns, and protection from pests/diseases. It also discusses livestock farming practices for cattle, poultry, fish, and bee-keeping. The overall aim is to boost agricultural efficiency and sustainability.
This document discusses ways to improve food resources through increasing crop production and animal husbandry. It describes the need to increase food production to feed the growing population and explains methods like crop improvement, integrated farming, and scientific management practices. It provides details on crop varieties, nutrient management, irrigation, cropping patterns, and protection from pests/diseases. It also discusses livestock farming, poultry, fish, and bee keeping as sources of food and income.
This document discusses ways to improve food resources in India. It describes the need to increase food production to feed the growing population. Key ways to improve crop yields mentioned are crop variety improvement through hybridization and genetic modification, crop production management including nutrient management, irrigation, and cropping patterns like intercropping, and crop protection. Animal husbandry practices for cattle, poultry, fish, and bee farming are also summarized. The document provides information on different types of crops, seasons, fertilizers, and irrigation methods to maximize agricultural output in India.
This document discusses improving food resources through increasing crop production, animal husbandry, and other means. It covers topics like the need to increase food production to feed the growing population, different types of crops and their uses, ways to improve crop yields through variety improvement, production management involving nutrients, irrigation, and cropping patterns, protecting crops from pests and diseases, animal farming practices for cattle, poultry and fish, and beekeeping. The overall aim is to scientifically manage agriculture and livestock to boost food production efficiency.
This document discusses improving crop production and animal husbandry to meet the food needs of India's growing population. It outlines that crop yields can be increased through variety improvement, better production management involving nutrients, irrigation, and cropping patterns, and crop protection. Variety improvement is done through hybridization and genetic modification. Nutrient management involves the use of manure and fertilizers. Irrigation and different cropping patterns like intercropping are also described. The document also discusses animal husbandry practices for cattle, poultry and fish farming.
Food provides nutrients like substances that provide energy, aid growth, and support bodily functions. It helps with growth, tissue repair, fighting pathogens, and supporting the immune system. As India's population grows, food production needs to increase from the current level of over a quarter billion tons of grains annually. Scientific crop and livestock management practices like improving yields, mixed/intercropping, and integrated farming can boost production efficiency. Variety improvement through hybridization selects for traits like disease resistance and higher yields. Proper nutrient, irrigation, and cropping management aid crop production. Pests, diseases and weeds are controlled through chemicals and integrated pest management helps reduce environmental pollution. Animal husbandry scientifically manages livestock feeding, breeding and disease prevention for
This document summarizes Kumar Aksh's project on improving food resources. It discusses several topics related to sustainable and organic agriculture including crop seasons, cropping patterns like mixed cropping and intercropping, nutrient management through manure and fertilizers, animal husbandry, poultry, fish, and bee keeping. The document emphasizes utilizing natural resources effectively to meet changing human needs while maintaining environmental quality and conserving resources.
This document discusses improving crop yields in India. It notes that India has a large and growing population that requires increased food production. Crop yields can be improved through variety improvement, production management, and protection. Variety improvement involves selecting crops with desirable traits through hybridization. Production management focuses on nutrient management through fertilizers and manure to enrich soil and increase yields. This includes supplying nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and other nutrients. Organic farming is also discussed as an alternative that uses organic manures and limits chemical inputs. Overall the document outlines different methods for increasing agricultural production in India to feed its growing population.
This document discusses improving crop yields in India. It begins by explaining that as India's population grows, food production must also increase to feed more people. There are three main ways to improve crop yields: 1) Developing new crop varieties through processes like hybridization and genetic modification to produce higher yields and more resilient crops. 2) Improving crop production methods such as nutrient management through fertilizers and manure. 3) Strengthening crop protection from pests and diseases. The document provides details on crop types, seasons, nutrient needs, and the differences between manure and fertilizers.
The document discusses India's large population and the need to increase agricultural production to feed everyone. It led to several "revolutions" like the Green Revolution that made India self-reliant in food production. Sustainable agriculture aims to satisfy changing human needs while preserving the environment. Organic farming uses manures and biopesticides instead of chemicals. India grows crops in two seasons - Kharif crops in the rainy season and Rabi crops in the winter. Different scientific approaches like crop management and protection are used to increase yields.
India has a large and growing population, and will soon need over 250 million tons of grains per year to feed everyone. Currently, crop yields can be increased through improving crop varieties, production methods, and management practices. Some key strategies for improving crop yields discussed in the document include crop variety improvement through selective breeding; improving nutrient, water, and pest management; and utilizing different cropping patterns like mixed cropping, intercropping, and crop rotation to maximize land use and reduce risks.
This lesson helps the learners to develop their reasoning skills and this will help the learners in creating business plan .Educating the learners is one ways to upholds the credibility of the learners with this we can easily create a business plan.
This document discusses improvements in food resources through crop variety improvement, crop production management, and crop protection management. It describes how crop yields have increased in India through adopting scientific approaches like using improved crop varieties, nutrient management, irrigation, and controlling weeds, pests, and diseases. It also discusses improvements in animal husbandry through practices like cattle farming, poultry farming, fish production, and apiculture. Overall it outlines various scientific methods that have led to increases in food production from agriculture and animal sources.
1) India needs to increase food production to feed its growing population but has limited ability to expand farmland.
2) Methods to increase crop yields include improving crop varieties through hybridization and genetic modification, optimizing crop production practices like nutrient management, and protecting crops from pests.
3) Nutrient management involves the use of organic fertilizers like manure, vermicompost, and green manures or inorganic fertilizers to enrich the soil. Organic farming relies primarily on organic nutrient sources and pest control methods.
Farmers using quality seeds, adopting irrigation, using fertilizers, and crop protection measures will see the greatest benefits in terms of increased crop production. Preventive measures and biological controls are preferred over chemicals for protecting crops as chemicals can harm plants, animals, and the environment. Cattle farming improves cattle breeds by crossbreeding varieties to produce new varieties with desired traits like increased milk production or disease resistance.
The document discusses various topics related to improving crop yields in India including crop variety improvement through hybridization and genetic modification. It also discusses crop production improvement through nutrient management using organic manures, inorganic fertilizers, and irrigation. Crop rotation, mixed cropping and intercropping are described as methods of crop production management to improve yields. Livestock farming techniques for cattle, poultry, fish, and beekeeping are also summarized.
Plant breeding aims to genetically improve crop plants for traits like higher yield, improved quality, biotic and abiotic resistance through techniques like selection and hybridization. The objectives of plant breeding include developing varieties with higher yield, improved quality, resistance to diseases and insects, early maturity, and other desirable agronomic traits. Plant breeding techniques depend on the mode of reproduction of the crop - whether it is self-pollinated, cross-pollinated, or asexually propagated. Rice is one of the world's most important crops and a major focus of plant breeding efforts to develop high-yielding varieties that contributed to the Green Revolution in Asia.
India's population is over one billion and growing, requiring over 250 million tons of grain annually to feed them. Since expanding agricultural land is limited, crop and livestock production efficiency must increase through adopting scientific practices like mixed farming, intercropping, and integrated farming combining agriculture with other activities. Crop variety improvement through hybridization and genetic modification can result in higher yields, biotic/abiotic resistance, shorter maturity durations, and wider adaptability. Proper storage and fumigation is needed to prevent grain damage and loss from biotic and abiotic factors like insects, fungi, moisture and temperature.
India needs to improve its food resources to feed its growing population. Methods used include the Green Revolution which introduced high-yielding crops, and the White Revolution which made milk more available. Crop yields have increased through variety improvement, better production practices like irrigation and fertilizer use, and protection from pests. A variety of crops are grown in different seasons across the country. Animal husbandry also helps meet food needs through practices like cattle farming, poultry, fisheries, and bee keeping.
It is a process of growing different crops in succession on a piece of land in a specific period of time, with an objective to get maximum profit from least investment without impairing the soil fertility
CLASS 9 Chapter 15 improvement in food resources BhoomikaDhiman2
The document discusses strategies for improving food resources in India. It first explains that most human food comes from cultivated plants and domesticated animals. It then discusses India's increasing population and demand for food. Major initiatives that contributed to increased food production are described, such as the Green Revolution and White Revolution. However, these revolutions have damaged natural resources, so sustainable practices are needed. Strategies discussed for improving and sustaining crop yields include crop variety improvement through hybridization and gene transfer, crop production management involving nutrient, irrigation, and pest management, and crop storage. Crop variety improvement aims to increase yields, improve quality, and provide biotic/abiotic resistance through traits suited for different environments.
Agronomy is the study of crop production and soil management. It aims to maximize food production through understanding the relationships between soils, plants and their environment. Some key milestones in agronomy include the establishment of the Department of Agriculture in India in 1880 and the Indian Agricultural Research Institute in 1903. The Green Revolution of the 1960s greatly increased food production in India through the use of high-yielding varieties, irrigation, fertilizers and pesticides. Major crops are classified based on factors like life cycle, economic use, season and climate. Key soil types in India include alluvial, black, red, laterite and desert soils. Alluvial soils cover around 48 million hectares and are found in river basins.
B.sc agri i paam unit 1 introduction to agronomyRai University
The document provides an introduction to the subject of agronomy, including definitions and scope. It discusses key topics in agronomy such as crop classification, developments in agriculture, research institutes, and agro-climatic zones of India. The document outlines the relationships between agronomy and other sciences and describes important management practices for crop growth.
1. A cropping system refers to the crops and crop sequences grown on a particular field over several years along with the management techniques used. It is an important component of a farming system.
2. There are several types of cropping systems including sole cropping, multiple cropping, intercropping, relay cropping, and alley cropping. Multiple cropping and intercropping aim to grow two or more crops simultaneously to maximize land use.
3. Choosing the right cropping system can maintain soil fertility, enhance crop growth, control weeds and pests, reduce risks, and improve food security. Key principles include selecting complementary crops and rotations that efficiently use resources.
The document discusses different types of cropping systems including sole cropping, multiple cropping, intercropping, relay cropping and alley cropping. It explains the basic principles and benefits of cropping systems in maintaining soil fertility and utilizing resources efficiently. Additionally, the document outlines factors that influence the choice of crops in a cropping system such as available farm resources, enterprises, and farm technology.
Plant breeding, its objective and historical development- pre and post mendel...Avinash Kumar
ppt for 1st chapter of plant breeding. it includes defination & objectives of plant breeding, role & challanges of plant breeeders and historical development
This document discusses improving crop yields in India. It notes that India has a large and growing population that requires increased food production. Crop yields can be improved through variety improvement, production management, and protection. Variety improvement involves selecting crops with desirable traits through hybridization. Production management focuses on nutrient management through fertilizers and manure to enrich soil and increase yields. This includes supplying nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and other nutrients. Organic farming is also discussed as an alternative that uses organic manures and limits chemical inputs. Overall the document outlines different methods for increasing agricultural production in India to feed its growing population.
This document discusses improving crop yields in India. It begins by explaining that as India's population grows, food production must also increase to feed more people. There are three main ways to improve crop yields: 1) Developing new crop varieties through processes like hybridization and genetic modification to produce higher yields and more resilient crops. 2) Improving crop production methods such as nutrient management through fertilizers and manure. 3) Strengthening crop protection from pests and diseases. The document provides details on crop types, seasons, nutrient needs, and the differences between manure and fertilizers.
The document discusses India's large population and the need to increase agricultural production to feed everyone. It led to several "revolutions" like the Green Revolution that made India self-reliant in food production. Sustainable agriculture aims to satisfy changing human needs while preserving the environment. Organic farming uses manures and biopesticides instead of chemicals. India grows crops in two seasons - Kharif crops in the rainy season and Rabi crops in the winter. Different scientific approaches like crop management and protection are used to increase yields.
India has a large and growing population, and will soon need over 250 million tons of grains per year to feed everyone. Currently, crop yields can be increased through improving crop varieties, production methods, and management practices. Some key strategies for improving crop yields discussed in the document include crop variety improvement through selective breeding; improving nutrient, water, and pest management; and utilizing different cropping patterns like mixed cropping, intercropping, and crop rotation to maximize land use and reduce risks.
This lesson helps the learners to develop their reasoning skills and this will help the learners in creating business plan .Educating the learners is one ways to upholds the credibility of the learners with this we can easily create a business plan.
This document discusses improvements in food resources through crop variety improvement, crop production management, and crop protection management. It describes how crop yields have increased in India through adopting scientific approaches like using improved crop varieties, nutrient management, irrigation, and controlling weeds, pests, and diseases. It also discusses improvements in animal husbandry through practices like cattle farming, poultry farming, fish production, and apiculture. Overall it outlines various scientific methods that have led to increases in food production from agriculture and animal sources.
1) India needs to increase food production to feed its growing population but has limited ability to expand farmland.
2) Methods to increase crop yields include improving crop varieties through hybridization and genetic modification, optimizing crop production practices like nutrient management, and protecting crops from pests.
3) Nutrient management involves the use of organic fertilizers like manure, vermicompost, and green manures or inorganic fertilizers to enrich the soil. Organic farming relies primarily on organic nutrient sources and pest control methods.
Farmers using quality seeds, adopting irrigation, using fertilizers, and crop protection measures will see the greatest benefits in terms of increased crop production. Preventive measures and biological controls are preferred over chemicals for protecting crops as chemicals can harm plants, animals, and the environment. Cattle farming improves cattle breeds by crossbreeding varieties to produce new varieties with desired traits like increased milk production or disease resistance.
The document discusses various topics related to improving crop yields in India including crop variety improvement through hybridization and genetic modification. It also discusses crop production improvement through nutrient management using organic manures, inorganic fertilizers, and irrigation. Crop rotation, mixed cropping and intercropping are described as methods of crop production management to improve yields. Livestock farming techniques for cattle, poultry, fish, and beekeeping are also summarized.
Plant breeding aims to genetically improve crop plants for traits like higher yield, improved quality, biotic and abiotic resistance through techniques like selection and hybridization. The objectives of plant breeding include developing varieties with higher yield, improved quality, resistance to diseases and insects, early maturity, and other desirable agronomic traits. Plant breeding techniques depend on the mode of reproduction of the crop - whether it is self-pollinated, cross-pollinated, or asexually propagated. Rice is one of the world's most important crops and a major focus of plant breeding efforts to develop high-yielding varieties that contributed to the Green Revolution in Asia.
India's population is over one billion and growing, requiring over 250 million tons of grain annually to feed them. Since expanding agricultural land is limited, crop and livestock production efficiency must increase through adopting scientific practices like mixed farming, intercropping, and integrated farming combining agriculture with other activities. Crop variety improvement through hybridization and genetic modification can result in higher yields, biotic/abiotic resistance, shorter maturity durations, and wider adaptability. Proper storage and fumigation is needed to prevent grain damage and loss from biotic and abiotic factors like insects, fungi, moisture and temperature.
India needs to improve its food resources to feed its growing population. Methods used include the Green Revolution which introduced high-yielding crops, and the White Revolution which made milk more available. Crop yields have increased through variety improvement, better production practices like irrigation and fertilizer use, and protection from pests. A variety of crops are grown in different seasons across the country. Animal husbandry also helps meet food needs through practices like cattle farming, poultry, fisheries, and bee keeping.
It is a process of growing different crops in succession on a piece of land in a specific period of time, with an objective to get maximum profit from least investment without impairing the soil fertility
CLASS 9 Chapter 15 improvement in food resources BhoomikaDhiman2
The document discusses strategies for improving food resources in India. It first explains that most human food comes from cultivated plants and domesticated animals. It then discusses India's increasing population and demand for food. Major initiatives that contributed to increased food production are described, such as the Green Revolution and White Revolution. However, these revolutions have damaged natural resources, so sustainable practices are needed. Strategies discussed for improving and sustaining crop yields include crop variety improvement through hybridization and gene transfer, crop production management involving nutrient, irrigation, and pest management, and crop storage. Crop variety improvement aims to increase yields, improve quality, and provide biotic/abiotic resistance through traits suited for different environments.
Agronomy is the study of crop production and soil management. It aims to maximize food production through understanding the relationships between soils, plants and their environment. Some key milestones in agronomy include the establishment of the Department of Agriculture in India in 1880 and the Indian Agricultural Research Institute in 1903. The Green Revolution of the 1960s greatly increased food production in India through the use of high-yielding varieties, irrigation, fertilizers and pesticides. Major crops are classified based on factors like life cycle, economic use, season and climate. Key soil types in India include alluvial, black, red, laterite and desert soils. Alluvial soils cover around 48 million hectares and are found in river basins.
B.sc agri i paam unit 1 introduction to agronomyRai University
The document provides an introduction to the subject of agronomy, including definitions and scope. It discusses key topics in agronomy such as crop classification, developments in agriculture, research institutes, and agro-climatic zones of India. The document outlines the relationships between agronomy and other sciences and describes important management practices for crop growth.
1. A cropping system refers to the crops and crop sequences grown on a particular field over several years along with the management techniques used. It is an important component of a farming system.
2. There are several types of cropping systems including sole cropping, multiple cropping, intercropping, relay cropping, and alley cropping. Multiple cropping and intercropping aim to grow two or more crops simultaneously to maximize land use.
3. Choosing the right cropping system can maintain soil fertility, enhance crop growth, control weeds and pests, reduce risks, and improve food security. Key principles include selecting complementary crops and rotations that efficiently use resources.
The document discusses different types of cropping systems including sole cropping, multiple cropping, intercropping, relay cropping and alley cropping. It explains the basic principles and benefits of cropping systems in maintaining soil fertility and utilizing resources efficiently. Additionally, the document outlines factors that influence the choice of crops in a cropping system such as available farm resources, enterprises, and farm technology.
Plant breeding, its objective and historical development- pre and post mendel...Avinash Kumar
ppt for 1st chapter of plant breeding. it includes defination & objectives of plant breeding, role & challanges of plant breeeders and historical development
2. 1) Need for increasing food production :-
Our population is more than one billion and it is still
growing. We will need more than a billion tonnes of grain
every year to feed this growing population.
Since increasing the area of land for cultivation is
limited, it is necessary to increase the production efficiency
of crops and livestock.
The production efficiency of crops and livestock can be
increased by adopting scientific management practices to
improve crop yield, undertaking mixed farming,
intercropping, and integrated farming practices like
combining agriculture with livestock, poultry, fisheries,
bee-keeping etc.
3. 2) Different types of crops :-
Cereals like rice, wheat, maize, millets, sorghum etc. provide us
carbohydrates.
Pulses like peas, beans, grams, lentils etc. provide us proteins.
Oil seeds like ground nut, sesame, castor, mustard, linseed,
sunflower etc. provide us fats.
Vegetables, spices and fruits provide us vitamins and minerals along
with small amounts of carbohydrates, fats and proteins.
Fodder crops like berseem, oats or sudan grass are grown as food for
livestock.
Different crops require different climatic conditions, temperature and
duration of sunlight (photoperiods).
Kharif crops :- are crops grown during the rainy season from June to
October like paddy, soyabean, maize, pigeon pea, green gram, black
gram, cotton etc.
Rabi crops :- are crops grown during winter season from November
to April like wheat, gram, peas, mustard, linseed etc.
4. 3) Improvement in crop yield :-
Crop yield can be improved by three main activities. They are :-
i) Crop variety improvement
ii) Crop production improvement
iii) Crop protection management
4) Crop variety improvement :-
Crop variety improvement is done by selecting good varieties of
crops. This is done by hybridisation. Hybridisation is the crossing
between genetically dissimalar plants to obtain crops having useful
characteristics like disease resistance, good quality and high yields.
Hybridisation may be intervarietal (between different varieties,
interspecific (between different species of the same genus) or
intergeneric (between different genera).
Another way of improving crop variety is by introducing a gene to
obtain the desired characteristic. This produces genetically modified
crops.
5. Crop variety improvrment is done for the following :-
i) Higher yield :- To increase productivity of crop per acre.
ii) Biotic and abiotic resistance :- To increase resistance of
crops to biotic factors like insects, diseases etc. and
abiotic factors like draught, salinity, heat, cold etc.
iii) Change in maturity duration :- To reduce the duration
between sowing and harvesting so that farmers can grow
multiple crops during the year.
iv) Wider adaptibility :- To grow crops in different climatic
conditions.
v) Desirable agronomic characters :- Characters like
tallness and more branching are useful for fodder crops
and dwarfness (shortness) is desirable for cereal crops.
6. 5) Crop production management :-
Crop production management includes i) Nutrient management
ii) Irrigation and iii) Cropping management
a) Nutrient management :-
Plants get nutrients from air, water and soil. There are sixteen
nutrients required by plants for their proper growth. Air supplies oxygen
and carbon dioxide, water supplies hydrogen and the remaining thirteen
nutrients are obtained from the soil.
Among the sixteen nutrients required by plants, six are required in
large quantities and are called macro nutrients.
The macro nutrients are :- nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium,
magnesium and sulphur.
The other seven are required in small quantities and are called micro
nutrients. Soil can be enriched by supplying nutrients in the form of
manures and fertilizers.
The micro nutrients are :- iron, manganese, boron, zinc, copper,
molybdenum and chlorine.
7. Manure :-
Manure is prepared by the decomposition of plant and animal waste.
It contains organic matter and nutrients. It helps to increase soil fertility.
It also helps to reduce use of fertilizers and recycle farm waste and
protects the environment.
There are two main types of manures. They are compost and green
manure.
Compost :- is prepared by the decomposition of plant and animal
waste in compost pits. Compost prepared by using earthworms is
called vermi-compost. Compost is rich in organic matter and nutrients.
Green manure :- Before sowing seeds in fields, some green plants
like sun hemp, gaur etc. are mixed in the soil by ploughing. These
plants turn into green manure which makes the soil rich in nitrogen and
phosphorus.
Fertilzers :-
Fertilizers are chemical substances made commercially. They supply
nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium and helps to increase crop yield.
Fertilizers should be used only in required amounts. Excessive use of
fertilizers can reduce soil fertility and also cause water pollution.
8. b) Irrigation :-
The supply of water to the crops is called irrigation. Water is
necessary for the proper growth of plants and helps to increase crop
yield.
Different kinds if irrigation systems are used to supply water to
agricultural land. They are wells, canals, rivers, tanks, check dams etc.
i) Wells :- There are two types of wells called dug wells and tube wells.
In dug wells water is collected from water bearing strata. In tube
wells water is collected from deeper strata.
ii) Canals :- In this system, canals receive water from reservoirs or
rivers and distributes it to fields.
iii) River lift systems :- In this system water is lifted from rivers to
irrigate fields close to rivers.
iv) Tanks :- These are small storage reservoirs which supply water to
fields.
v) Check dams :- These are used to stop rain water from flowing away
and helps to increase groundwater levels and reduce soil erosion.
9. c) Cropping patterns :-
Different ways of growing crops are used for maximum benefit.
These include mixed cropping, inter-cropping and crop rotation.
i) Mixed cropping :- is growing two or more crops simultaneously in
the same field. Eg :- wheat + gram, wheat + mustard, groundnut +
sunflower etc. This reduces the risk even if one crop fails.
ii) Inter-cropping :- is growing two or more crops simultaneously in the
same field in alternate rows. Eg :- maize + soya bean, millet + cow
pea etc. Crops with different nutrient requirements are selected. This
helps in better use of nutrients and prevents spreading of diseases
to all plants of the same crop.
iii) Crop rotation :- is growing different crops in the same field in
succession. Growing leguminous crops after growing cereal crops
helps to increase soil fertility. If crop rotation is done properly, two or
three crops can be grown in a year profitably.
10. 6) Crop protection management :-
Crops in the field are damaged by weeds, insects, Other pests and
diseases.
Weeds are unwanted plants which grow in the field. Eg :- Xanthium,
Parthenium, Cyperinus rotundus etc. They compete with the crop for
food, space and sunlight and use nutrients and reduce crop yield.
Insect pests cause damage to the root, stem and leaves, suck cell
sap and bore into stems and fruits. They can reduce crop yield.
Diseases in plants are caused by pathogens like virus, bacteria and
fungi and reduces crop yield.
Weeds, insect pests and diseases can be controlled by using
chemicals like weedicides, pesticides, fungicides etc. They are
sprayed on crop plants or used for treating seeds and soil. Since
these chemicals are poisionous, excessive use of these chemicals
can cause environmental pollution. Storage of grains :-
The factors responsible for the damage and loss of grains are biotic
factors like bacteria, fungi, insects, rodents etc. and abiotic factors
like moisture and temperature in the place of storage. Before storage,
the grains are cleaned and dried in sunlight to remove moisture and
the storage places are fumigated to kill pests.
11. 7) Animal husbandry :-
Animal husbandry is the scientific management of animal livestock including
their feeding, breeding and disease control.
Animal farming includes cattle, sheep, goat, poultry and fish farming.
a) Cattle farming :-
Cattle farming is done for two main purposes. They are for milk production and
farm labour. Milk producing females are called milch animals and those used for
farm labour are called draught animals.
Milk production depends on the duration of the lactation period – the period of
milk production after the birth of the calf. Milk production can be increased by
increasing the lactation period. Foreign breeds like Jersy and Brown Swiss have
long lactation periods and local breeds like Red Sindhi and Sahiwal are resistant
to diseases. They can be cross-bred to get animals with both the qualities.
Cattle shelter should be clean and well ventilated with sloping floors for easy
cleaning.
Cattle feed should include roughage containing mainly fibre and concentrates
containing protein and other nutrients.
Cattle disease are caused by parasites, bacteria and virus. External parasites
cause skin diseases. Internal parasites like worms affect stomach and intestine
and flukes damage the liver. Vaccinations are given to protect from viral and
bacterial diseases.
12. 8) Poultry farming :-
Poultry farming is done for egg production and chicken meat.
Improved poultry breeds are developed to produce layers for eggs
and broilers for meat.
Cross-breeding between Indian varieties like Aseel and foreign
varieties like Leghorn is done to develop new varieties.
For good production of poultry birds they are given proper nutrition
and kept in hygienic conditions and proper temperature conditions.
Broiler chickens are fed with vitamin, protein and fat rich feed for better
growth.
Poultry fowls are affected by diseases caused by virus, bacteria, fungi
and parasites. They are protected from diseases by proper sanitation,
spraying disinfectants and vaccination.
Aseel
Leghorn
13. 9) Fish production :- (Pisciculture)
Fish is a source of animal protein in our food. There are two ways of obtaining
fish. They are from natural sources called capture fishing and from fish farming
called culture fishery. The water source of fishes can be sea water (marine) or
fresh water like rivers, ponds, lakes etc.
i) Marine fisheries :-
The popular marine fish varieties are pomphret, mackerel, tuna, sardines etc.
They are caught by fishing nets from boats.
Some marine fishes are farmed in sea water. These include prawns, mullets,
perl spots, mussels, oysters etc. We get pearls from oysters.
ii) Inland fisheries :-
Culture fishery is done in freshwater and brackish water where sea water and
fresh water mix together. Sometimes fish culture is done in combination with
paddy crop in the field. This is called composite fish culture.
The common fishes in inland fish farms are rohu, catla, mrigal, grass carp,
silver carp, common carp etc.
Marine fishes Inland fishes
14. 10) Bee-keeping :-(Apiculture)
Bee-keeping is done to obtain honey and wax. Honey is used as a
source of energy and also has medicinal uses. Wax is used in medicinal
preparations and for making polishes.
The local varieties of bees used for honey production are the Indian
bee, Rock bee and Little bee. An Italian variety of bee is also being used
for large scale production of honey.
The bees collect nectar from flowers and is convert it into honey in
the bee hives. Bees are artificially grown in apiaries and the honey is
extracted by machine called honey extractors.
Honey extractor
Apiary
Bee hive