This study examined the effect of agricultural credit on farm output of members of selected cooperative societies in Anambra State Nigeria. Data was collected from 260 cooperative farmers from 10 cooperative societies in Anambra East LGA in Anambra State. Also 260 non cooperative farmers were equally selected to act as control group Descriptive and inferential were applied to collected data. Evidence from the study showed that cooperative members had more access to agricultural credit than non members. Furthermore, results from the regression analysis showed that farm size, farm inputs, credit and access to cooperative credit were positive and important determinants of farm output. The implication of the significance of access to cooperative credit is a confirmation of the primacy of cooperative as a source of credit to rural farmers. Indeed, significance of use of credit and access to cooperative credit equally confirms the main thrust of Vroom's expectancy theory that a particular course of action is chosen based upon perceptions, attitudes, and beliefs of a positive return. Francis O. Nwankwo PhD | Okenwa C. Ogbodo PhD | Faith C. Onwuchekwa ""Agricultural Credit and Farm Output of Cooperative Members in Anambra State, Nigeria"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd22955.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/other/22955/agricultural-credit-and-farm-output-of-cooperative-members-in-anambra-state-nigeria/francis-o-nwankwo-phd
On both a pilot and large-scale basis, Bangladesh has pioneered much of the safety-net approach to food security and has led in planning and developing much of the basis for longterm solutions to food security problems. I was in Professor Nurul Islam’s home for the fateful speech that, in certain respects, marked the inception of the nation, and I have continued to learn from Bangladesh through my friends and many visits over the last four decades. During that time span, the food security of Bangladeshis has increased immensely, but there is more to be done, obviously, and, fortunately, a way to do it.
This document discusses agriculture credit and small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in Pakistan. It provides classifications and sources of agriculture credit, as well as current credit schemes. It also outlines problems faced by farmers and SMEs, including lack of financing, skilled labor, and marketing challenges. Additionally, it compares agriculture and credit systems between Pakistan and India.
Article 4 IMPACT OF INDIAN BANKING CRISIS IN AGRICULTURE SECTOR – WITH REFERE...Dr UMA K
UMA .K
Assistatn Professor in Commerce
Reference: UMA. K & Dr. RECHANNA (2018) “IMPACT OF INDIAN BANKING CRISIS IN AGRICULTURE SECTOR - WITH REFERENCE TO ORGANIC FARMING”, Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research (JETIR), JETIRG006025, www.jetir.org (ISSN-2349-5162), Volume 5, Issue 10, Page No 202-213.
This document discusses the main problems faced by Indian farmers and potential solutions. The key problems identified are:
- Lack of adequate and timely credit access, with undue delays in loan disbursement. Documentation and security norms are also stringent.
- Inadequate scales of finance set by authorities compared to increasing farm labor costs.
- Lack of awareness about government schemes and insistence on purchasing farm inputs from cooperatives.
- Large differences between retail and farmgate prices, lack of market intervention and future trading options.
- Dependence on monsoon rains leaves two-thirds of agricultural land vulnerable.
Potential solutions proposed include developing multiple crops, special agricultural zones, modernizing agriculture
The role of financial institution in agricultural developmemtExcellence Chuks
This document is a thesis submitted by Yvonne Onyekachi Paula Omeje to Caritas University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a Bachelor of Science degree in Economics. The thesis examines the role of financial institutions in agricultural development in Nigeria from 1990-2010, using the Nigeria Agricultural Cooperative and Rural Development Bank as a case study. It includes an introduction outlining the background and objectives of the study, a literature review on topics related to agricultural financing, a methodology section, data presentation and analysis, and conclusions and recommendations. The overall aim is to evaluate the impact of financial institutions on Nigerian agriculture and provide suggestions to enhance the development of the agricultural sector.
It is observed from the analysis that at national level as well as zone level, there is unequal distribution of total subsidies . The increasing rate of total subsidies (fertilizers, electricity and irrigation) is higher than gross cropped area (GCA) during pre, first as well as second phase of liberalization periods. In total subsidies during pre-liberalisation period, the percentage share of fertilizers subsidies is maximum (38.41 in 1980-81 and 37.63 in 1985-86), whereas during 1990-91 to 2000-01, the percentage share of electricity subsidies is maximum and again in 2008-09 fertilizers subsidies has got major percentage share 87.26 per cent in total subsidies. There is a lot of variation to find out the relationship between gross cropped area (GCA) and in total subsidies in zones throughout the study period. As zone level, it is observed that there is a negative relationship between GCA and total subsidies, in west zone and in north zone (in 2006-07) and in east zone (1996-97 and in 2006-07). It is seen that there is a direct relationship in GCA and total subsidies i.e. GCA as well as total subsidies have increased at zone level in west and in north (during 1980-81 to 2000-01), in
south zone (during 1980-81 to 1996-07) and in north-east zone (during 1980-81 to 2006-07). From the above discussion, it is concluded that in India, the total subsidies of fertilizers, electricity and of irrigation have increased in terms of per hectare during pre, first as well as second liberalisation periods, whereas the increasing rate is higher in 1985-86 among all the other years and lowest rate in 2000-01. Productivity has declined in the year 1996-97 at country as well as zone level.
This document summarizes agricultural subsidies in India. It acknowledges an online academic writing course and the course coordinator. It then introduces agricultural subsidies in India, noting their important role in the economy and how they protect weaker farmers. It outlines the objectives of studying subsidy types, distribution criteria, and annual budget allocations. The major subsidy types are then defined, including for food, fertilizers, credit, irrigation, power, and seeds. Criteria for distribution are merit, income level, and social group. Budget allocations for the past four years are provided for food subsidies, fertilizer subsidies, and credit subsidies. The conclusion reiterates the significance of subsidies for agricultural production and notes government efforts to develop the system.
On both a pilot and large-scale basis, Bangladesh has pioneered much of the safety-net approach to food security and has led in planning and developing much of the basis for longterm solutions to food security problems. I was in Professor Nurul Islam’s home for the fateful speech that, in certain respects, marked the inception of the nation, and I have continued to learn from Bangladesh through my friends and many visits over the last four decades. During that time span, the food security of Bangladeshis has increased immensely, but there is more to be done, obviously, and, fortunately, a way to do it.
This document discusses agriculture credit and small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in Pakistan. It provides classifications and sources of agriculture credit, as well as current credit schemes. It also outlines problems faced by farmers and SMEs, including lack of financing, skilled labor, and marketing challenges. Additionally, it compares agriculture and credit systems between Pakistan and India.
Article 4 IMPACT OF INDIAN BANKING CRISIS IN AGRICULTURE SECTOR – WITH REFERE...Dr UMA K
UMA .K
Assistatn Professor in Commerce
Reference: UMA. K & Dr. RECHANNA (2018) “IMPACT OF INDIAN BANKING CRISIS IN AGRICULTURE SECTOR - WITH REFERENCE TO ORGANIC FARMING”, Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research (JETIR), JETIRG006025, www.jetir.org (ISSN-2349-5162), Volume 5, Issue 10, Page No 202-213.
This document discusses the main problems faced by Indian farmers and potential solutions. The key problems identified are:
- Lack of adequate and timely credit access, with undue delays in loan disbursement. Documentation and security norms are also stringent.
- Inadequate scales of finance set by authorities compared to increasing farm labor costs.
- Lack of awareness about government schemes and insistence on purchasing farm inputs from cooperatives.
- Large differences between retail and farmgate prices, lack of market intervention and future trading options.
- Dependence on monsoon rains leaves two-thirds of agricultural land vulnerable.
Potential solutions proposed include developing multiple crops, special agricultural zones, modernizing agriculture
The role of financial institution in agricultural developmemtExcellence Chuks
This document is a thesis submitted by Yvonne Onyekachi Paula Omeje to Caritas University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a Bachelor of Science degree in Economics. The thesis examines the role of financial institutions in agricultural development in Nigeria from 1990-2010, using the Nigeria Agricultural Cooperative and Rural Development Bank as a case study. It includes an introduction outlining the background and objectives of the study, a literature review on topics related to agricultural financing, a methodology section, data presentation and analysis, and conclusions and recommendations. The overall aim is to evaluate the impact of financial institutions on Nigerian agriculture and provide suggestions to enhance the development of the agricultural sector.
It is observed from the analysis that at national level as well as zone level, there is unequal distribution of total subsidies . The increasing rate of total subsidies (fertilizers, electricity and irrigation) is higher than gross cropped area (GCA) during pre, first as well as second phase of liberalization periods. In total subsidies during pre-liberalisation period, the percentage share of fertilizers subsidies is maximum (38.41 in 1980-81 and 37.63 in 1985-86), whereas during 1990-91 to 2000-01, the percentage share of electricity subsidies is maximum and again in 2008-09 fertilizers subsidies has got major percentage share 87.26 per cent in total subsidies. There is a lot of variation to find out the relationship between gross cropped area (GCA) and in total subsidies in zones throughout the study period. As zone level, it is observed that there is a negative relationship between GCA and total subsidies, in west zone and in north zone (in 2006-07) and in east zone (1996-97 and in 2006-07). It is seen that there is a direct relationship in GCA and total subsidies i.e. GCA as well as total subsidies have increased at zone level in west and in north (during 1980-81 to 2000-01), in
south zone (during 1980-81 to 1996-07) and in north-east zone (during 1980-81 to 2006-07). From the above discussion, it is concluded that in India, the total subsidies of fertilizers, electricity and of irrigation have increased in terms of per hectare during pre, first as well as second liberalisation periods, whereas the increasing rate is higher in 1985-86 among all the other years and lowest rate in 2000-01. Productivity has declined in the year 1996-97 at country as well as zone level.
This document summarizes agricultural subsidies in India. It acknowledges an online academic writing course and the course coordinator. It then introduces agricultural subsidies in India, noting their important role in the economy and how they protect weaker farmers. It outlines the objectives of studying subsidy types, distribution criteria, and annual budget allocations. The major subsidy types are then defined, including for food, fertilizers, credit, irrigation, power, and seeds. Criteria for distribution are merit, income level, and social group. Budget allocations for the past four years are provided for food subsidies, fertilizer subsidies, and credit subsidies. The conclusion reiterates the significance of subsidies for agricultural production and notes government efforts to develop the system.
This document discusses rural development and agriculture in India. It defines rural development as improving quality of life and economic well-being in rural areas through increasing farm productivity. It also discusses sources of rural credit like banks and cooperatives, issues with rural banking, agricultural marketing, and government steps to improve marketing. Finally, it covers diversification of agriculture and organic farming which has benefits like being inexpensive, generating income, and being environmentally friendly.
This document summarizes 24 projects implemented by AGRA's Soil Health Programme across 11 countries in Africa to promote integrated soil fertility management. The projects fall into three categories: beyond demonstrations, where efforts focus on helping farmers access inputs, credit, markets and advice; input supplies, which aim to improve availability of fertilizers and other inputs; and training and education, describing initiatives to train soil specialists and extension workers. The cases demonstrate how combining organic and inorganic fertilizers along with other soil health practices can significantly increase yields for smallholder farmers. They also show how linking farmers to markets through value chains and strengthening farmers' organizations helps address systemic barriers preventing widespread adoption of these techniques. The book analyses the projects and draws lessons around partnerships, equity
Prospectus and challenges of contract farming in IndiaDevegowda S R
1) Contract farming can help smaller farmers participate in commercial agriculture by providing inputs, financing, technology and guaranteed markets. It allows farmers access to modern inputs while giving companies a stable supply chain.
2) Studies have shown contract farming can increase yields and profits for farmers compared to non-contract farming. However, it also carries risks of overreliance and manipulation that must be addressed.
3) For contract farming to succeed, frameworks are needed to ensure fair pricing, dispute resolution and benefits for both farmers and companies. The government has a role in facilitating contract registration, research, and developing insurance products.
The document provides background information on a thesis submitted to the University of Mysore examining mergers and acquisitions of regional rural banks in Karnataka, India. It discusses the history and economy of Karnataka state and introduces regional rural banks, which were established to better deliver rural credit. The thesis will study mergers and acquisitions as a strategy to strengthen weak public sector banks, with a focus on regional rural banks in Karnataka.
Niana is a major producer, consumer, and importer of rice. The domestic rice market consists of a price-conscious segment consuming mainly local rice, and a quality-conscious segment consuming mostly imported long-grain white rice. Local production and milling is unable to meet demand due to low and inconsistent yields from smallholder farmers. Relationships between actors in the domestic value chain are characterized by mistrust, opportunism, and a lack of cooperation or knowledge sharing. In contrast, importers and distributors cooperate through established credit terms and information sharing to reliably supply the quality market segment. Overall, the rice sector suffers from low productivity, weak farmer organizations, and a value chain where actors primarily view each other with suspicion rather
This document discusses the historical reasons for and current causes of farmer suicides in India. It notes that high land taxes and frequent famines under British colonial rule contributed to widespread poverty and frustration among farmers. Today, reasons for farmer suicides include crop failure and debt from drought, floods, use of GM seeds, and economic policies. Southern states have much higher suicide rates than northern states. Government responses including debt relief programs have been ineffective at creating reliable income sources for farmers long-term. Farmer suicide is a global issue associated with stress from mental health, environment, economics, and family problems.
This document summarizes the key issues and challenges related to agripreneurship in India. It begins by providing background on India's agriculture-dominated economy and the role of agripreneurs in adding value to agricultural products. The main challenges discussed include inadequate infrastructure in rural areas, a lack of entrepreneurial culture, migration of skilled workers from rural to urban areas, and problems with marketing agricultural products. The document concludes by stating that agripreneurship can improve production, profitability, and incomes in the agriculture sector if these challenges are addressed.
- The document discusses dynamics of agri-financing in Pakistan. It outlines strengths and weaknesses of the agricultural sector as well as opportunities and threats.
- Key strengths include agriculture being the backbone of the economy and providing employment and exports. However, weaknesses include a lack of institutional credit, education for farmers, and infrastructure.
- Opportunities exist in fulfilling the large unmet demand for credit and developing areas like livestock, dairy, and high-value crops. Threats include natural disasters, high interest rates from informal lenders, and a lack of support services.
- The document proposes using Islamic financing modes like murabahah, salam, ijara, and diminishing musharakah
This presentation was given as part of a workshop organised by the Takshashila Institution for educational purposes only. The analysis done does include certain assumptions that might've not been mentioned in the presentation.
Article 3 An Analysis of Socio Economic Background of Organic Farmers A Study...Dr UMA K
This document analyzes the socioeconomic backgrounds of organic farmers in Mandya District, India. It finds that demographic factors like gender, family type, income, education, farm size, and number of dependents influence farmers' adoption of organic farming. The study surveyed 100 organic farmers and found that landholding patterns, major crops grown organically, awareness levels, and years of experience with organic farming also significantly impacted adoption. The document reviews previous literature on factors driving conversion to organic practices and outlines the objectives, hypotheses, methodology, and key findings of the study regarding the profiles and perceptions of organic farmers in Mandya District.
Sustainable natural resource management NABARD India experience d v deshpandeDr Dilip Vishnu Deshpande
NABARD (National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development ) of India conducted several experiments with the help of KfW and Giz in the area of sustainable Natural Resource Management
This document discusses and compares corporate and cooperative agriculture. It defines corporate agriculture as large-scale commercial farming by corporations, while cooperative agriculture involves small farmers pooling resources for mutual benefit. The document notes that corporate agriculture can introduce new technologies but may displace farmers, while cooperatives address issues of small scale but can lack initiative. It concludes that corporate agriculture requires strong regulation to be sustainable, while cooperatives could greatly benefit farmers if properly empowered and supported by the government.
The document discusses strategies to boost agricultural productivity in India through public-private partnerships (PPPs). It outlines five themes to transform the agricultural sector's performance, including accelerating sustainable yield improvements, promoting farmer-industry interaction, scaling up food processing and exports, investing in infrastructure with private participation, and nurturing agri-business entrepreneurs. It proposes establishing Agricultural Training Institutes through PPPs to develop skilled workers. An organizational structure is suggested with representation from farmers, private partners, and local communities to effectively manage PPP initiatives at the village and nodal levels. The roles and responsibilities of various stakeholders including government, private sector, and farmers are defined to facilitate productive PPPs while mitigating risks.
The Effect of Commercial Banks’ Credit on Agricultural Investment Development...AI Publications
This research intended at assessing the influence of commercial banks' credit on agricultural development in Kurdistan. The purpose of this research is to investigate the impact of commercial banks’ credit on agricultural development in Erbil. The questionnaire was divided into two sections, the first section consisted of demographic questions; starting with respondent‘s age and respondents ‘gender. The second part of questionnaire consisted of 16 questions regarding commercial bank’s credit and 16 questions regarding agricultural development in Kurdistan. A random sampling technique was used, where all employees had equal chances of being selected for the sample. The study was carried out in Erbil. The researchers distributed 180 questionnaires; however only 144 questionnaires were completed properly. According to the findings of the statistical computation, analyses and results of the test carried out, it demonstrates that: The joint action of commercial banks credit to the agricultural sector, agricultural credit guarantee loan by purpose, government financial allocation to agricultural sector and agricultural products prices are significant factors that can influence agricultural production in Kurdistan. The findings revealed that there is a positive and significant influence of commercial bank’s credit on Agricultural Development in Kurdistan. Government fund allocation to the agricultural sector has led to a significant positive growth in agricultural productivity. Prices of agricultural products have not made any significant positive impact on agricultural productivity.
This document is an academic paper on agricultural subsidies in India submitted by Muhammed Basil P. It begins with an acknowledgement of the online course "Academic Writing" and the course coordinator Dr. Ajay Semalty. The introduction provides background on agricultural subsidies in India, noting their importance to the economy and role in protecting farmers. The objectives are listed as studying the types and criteria for distribution of government agriculture subsidies in India and analyzing subsidy allocation in annual budgets. Major subsidy types including food, fertilizer, credit, irrigation, power and seed are outlined. Criteria for distribution include merit, income level and social group. Data on allocation for food and agriculture subsidies over the past 4 years is presented, with amounts increasing each
The document discusses agricultural labor in India. It notes that around 58% of India's population depends on agriculture and that the number of cultivators has declined from 50% in 1951 to 24% in 2011. It outlines the classification, characteristics, laws, and welfare measures regarding agricultural laborers. Some key challenges faced by agricultural laborers are excess supply, seasonal employment, small land holdings, limited other occupations, indebtedness, and regional variations in issues. Solutions proposed include cooperatives, irrigation development, improved marketing/distribution, and agricultural insurance.
FDI (Foriegn Direct Investment) in Retail in Indiatashya01
Indian Government recently opened the Retail sector for FDI (Foreign Direct Investment).
It is concerned as a boon by many, and also being said that Indian Farmers and Agriculture industry will flourish like never before. But we at Pani Panchayat are not of that opinion. Please go thru' the presentation to understand our views.
Present situation of farmers in India and solutionspuneetthind
The document summarizes the activities of Rashtriya Kissan Sangathan (RKS), a nationwide farmers' organization in India. RKS aims to organize farmers and link them directly to markets. It has established cooperative societies that provide farmers access to inputs, offer the best prices for crops, and provide extension services. RKS also facilitates commercial farming projects for farmers in other countries, such as a project in Ethiopia. The organization holds various events like farmer fairs and training camps to educate farmers and address their issues.
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Business and Management. IJBMI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Business and Management, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
A Review of Bank Loans to Farmers: Implications for Agricultural Diversificat...CrimsonpublishersMCDA
This document reviews bank loans to farmers and their implications for agricultural diversification in Nigeria. It finds that loans to farmers carry more risks than other business loans due to unfavorable cost-price relationships in agriculture and the difficulty of obtaining farm operation information. It also finds that commercial banks consider factors like a farmer's ability to manage operations and generate positive cash flow. The document recommends that the government and banks take actions to address risk factors and information problems, ensure banks have well-trained farm representatives, focus on loans that meet standards, and help farmers improve soil productivity and cash flows. The overall aim is to enhance agricultural productivity and diversification in Nigeria.
Enhancing Cooperative Thrift and Loan Scheme for Increased Agricultural Produ...ijtsrd
This study assessed ways of enhancing cooperative thrift and loan scheme for increased agricultural production in Udi local government area of Enugu state. To achieve this, the study ascertained the effect of cooperative credit on member’s agricultural production, determined the effect of cooperative savings on member’s agricultural input, and examined the extent to which access to loan to cooperative members increase their standard of living. Data were obtained from Eight functional and active cooperative in the area. The researcher adopted a descriptive research design and made use of survey to make generalization based on findings of the study and also adopted a judgmental sampling technique, Taro Yamane formula was used to determine the same size of 120, The data obtained were analysed using simple percentage frequency distribution tables and likert scale. The stated hypothesis was tested using Pearson’s product moment correlation analysis. Evidence from the study revealed that cooperative thrift and loan scheme plays a significant role on the agricultural production of members. Therefore, the researcher recommended that cooperative should provide more credit and thrifting services to members. Cooperative savings has a positive effect on Agricultural inputs therefore the cooperative should encourage their members to save and invest in viable agricultural businesses, such as poultry, piggery, fishery etc Government should also create an enabling environments for these cooperatives to thrive and Government should assist members with agricultural inputs, credit and supplies through their cooperatives. Okafor, Ogochukwu Esther | Michael Maureen Chinenye | Dr. Okafo Okoreaffia | Nwafor Obiageli Grace "Enhancing Cooperative Thrift and Loan Scheme for Increased Agricultural Production in UDI Local Government Enugu State, Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-3 , June 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/papers/ijtsrd57563.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/economics/other/57563/enhancing-cooperative-thrift-and-loan-scheme-for-increased-agricultural-production-in-udi-local-government-enugu-state-nigeria/okafor-ogochukwu-esther
This document discusses rural development and agriculture in India. It defines rural development as improving quality of life and economic well-being in rural areas through increasing farm productivity. It also discusses sources of rural credit like banks and cooperatives, issues with rural banking, agricultural marketing, and government steps to improve marketing. Finally, it covers diversification of agriculture and organic farming which has benefits like being inexpensive, generating income, and being environmentally friendly.
This document summarizes 24 projects implemented by AGRA's Soil Health Programme across 11 countries in Africa to promote integrated soil fertility management. The projects fall into three categories: beyond demonstrations, where efforts focus on helping farmers access inputs, credit, markets and advice; input supplies, which aim to improve availability of fertilizers and other inputs; and training and education, describing initiatives to train soil specialists and extension workers. The cases demonstrate how combining organic and inorganic fertilizers along with other soil health practices can significantly increase yields for smallholder farmers. They also show how linking farmers to markets through value chains and strengthening farmers' organizations helps address systemic barriers preventing widespread adoption of these techniques. The book analyses the projects and draws lessons around partnerships, equity
Prospectus and challenges of contract farming in IndiaDevegowda S R
1) Contract farming can help smaller farmers participate in commercial agriculture by providing inputs, financing, technology and guaranteed markets. It allows farmers access to modern inputs while giving companies a stable supply chain.
2) Studies have shown contract farming can increase yields and profits for farmers compared to non-contract farming. However, it also carries risks of overreliance and manipulation that must be addressed.
3) For contract farming to succeed, frameworks are needed to ensure fair pricing, dispute resolution and benefits for both farmers and companies. The government has a role in facilitating contract registration, research, and developing insurance products.
The document provides background information on a thesis submitted to the University of Mysore examining mergers and acquisitions of regional rural banks in Karnataka, India. It discusses the history and economy of Karnataka state and introduces regional rural banks, which were established to better deliver rural credit. The thesis will study mergers and acquisitions as a strategy to strengthen weak public sector banks, with a focus on regional rural banks in Karnataka.
Niana is a major producer, consumer, and importer of rice. The domestic rice market consists of a price-conscious segment consuming mainly local rice, and a quality-conscious segment consuming mostly imported long-grain white rice. Local production and milling is unable to meet demand due to low and inconsistent yields from smallholder farmers. Relationships between actors in the domestic value chain are characterized by mistrust, opportunism, and a lack of cooperation or knowledge sharing. In contrast, importers and distributors cooperate through established credit terms and information sharing to reliably supply the quality market segment. Overall, the rice sector suffers from low productivity, weak farmer organizations, and a value chain where actors primarily view each other with suspicion rather
This document discusses the historical reasons for and current causes of farmer suicides in India. It notes that high land taxes and frequent famines under British colonial rule contributed to widespread poverty and frustration among farmers. Today, reasons for farmer suicides include crop failure and debt from drought, floods, use of GM seeds, and economic policies. Southern states have much higher suicide rates than northern states. Government responses including debt relief programs have been ineffective at creating reliable income sources for farmers long-term. Farmer suicide is a global issue associated with stress from mental health, environment, economics, and family problems.
This document summarizes the key issues and challenges related to agripreneurship in India. It begins by providing background on India's agriculture-dominated economy and the role of agripreneurs in adding value to agricultural products. The main challenges discussed include inadequate infrastructure in rural areas, a lack of entrepreneurial culture, migration of skilled workers from rural to urban areas, and problems with marketing agricultural products. The document concludes by stating that agripreneurship can improve production, profitability, and incomes in the agriculture sector if these challenges are addressed.
- The document discusses dynamics of agri-financing in Pakistan. It outlines strengths and weaknesses of the agricultural sector as well as opportunities and threats.
- Key strengths include agriculture being the backbone of the economy and providing employment and exports. However, weaknesses include a lack of institutional credit, education for farmers, and infrastructure.
- Opportunities exist in fulfilling the large unmet demand for credit and developing areas like livestock, dairy, and high-value crops. Threats include natural disasters, high interest rates from informal lenders, and a lack of support services.
- The document proposes using Islamic financing modes like murabahah, salam, ijara, and diminishing musharakah
This presentation was given as part of a workshop organised by the Takshashila Institution for educational purposes only. The analysis done does include certain assumptions that might've not been mentioned in the presentation.
Article 3 An Analysis of Socio Economic Background of Organic Farmers A Study...Dr UMA K
This document analyzes the socioeconomic backgrounds of organic farmers in Mandya District, India. It finds that demographic factors like gender, family type, income, education, farm size, and number of dependents influence farmers' adoption of organic farming. The study surveyed 100 organic farmers and found that landholding patterns, major crops grown organically, awareness levels, and years of experience with organic farming also significantly impacted adoption. The document reviews previous literature on factors driving conversion to organic practices and outlines the objectives, hypotheses, methodology, and key findings of the study regarding the profiles and perceptions of organic farmers in Mandya District.
Sustainable natural resource management NABARD India experience d v deshpandeDr Dilip Vishnu Deshpande
NABARD (National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development ) of India conducted several experiments with the help of KfW and Giz in the area of sustainable Natural Resource Management
This document discusses and compares corporate and cooperative agriculture. It defines corporate agriculture as large-scale commercial farming by corporations, while cooperative agriculture involves small farmers pooling resources for mutual benefit. The document notes that corporate agriculture can introduce new technologies but may displace farmers, while cooperatives address issues of small scale but can lack initiative. It concludes that corporate agriculture requires strong regulation to be sustainable, while cooperatives could greatly benefit farmers if properly empowered and supported by the government.
The document discusses strategies to boost agricultural productivity in India through public-private partnerships (PPPs). It outlines five themes to transform the agricultural sector's performance, including accelerating sustainable yield improvements, promoting farmer-industry interaction, scaling up food processing and exports, investing in infrastructure with private participation, and nurturing agri-business entrepreneurs. It proposes establishing Agricultural Training Institutes through PPPs to develop skilled workers. An organizational structure is suggested with representation from farmers, private partners, and local communities to effectively manage PPP initiatives at the village and nodal levels. The roles and responsibilities of various stakeholders including government, private sector, and farmers are defined to facilitate productive PPPs while mitigating risks.
The Effect of Commercial Banks’ Credit on Agricultural Investment Development...AI Publications
This research intended at assessing the influence of commercial banks' credit on agricultural development in Kurdistan. The purpose of this research is to investigate the impact of commercial banks’ credit on agricultural development in Erbil. The questionnaire was divided into two sections, the first section consisted of demographic questions; starting with respondent‘s age and respondents ‘gender. The second part of questionnaire consisted of 16 questions regarding commercial bank’s credit and 16 questions regarding agricultural development in Kurdistan. A random sampling technique was used, where all employees had equal chances of being selected for the sample. The study was carried out in Erbil. The researchers distributed 180 questionnaires; however only 144 questionnaires were completed properly. According to the findings of the statistical computation, analyses and results of the test carried out, it demonstrates that: The joint action of commercial banks credit to the agricultural sector, agricultural credit guarantee loan by purpose, government financial allocation to agricultural sector and agricultural products prices are significant factors that can influence agricultural production in Kurdistan. The findings revealed that there is a positive and significant influence of commercial bank’s credit on Agricultural Development in Kurdistan. Government fund allocation to the agricultural sector has led to a significant positive growth in agricultural productivity. Prices of agricultural products have not made any significant positive impact on agricultural productivity.
This document is an academic paper on agricultural subsidies in India submitted by Muhammed Basil P. It begins with an acknowledgement of the online course "Academic Writing" and the course coordinator Dr. Ajay Semalty. The introduction provides background on agricultural subsidies in India, noting their importance to the economy and role in protecting farmers. The objectives are listed as studying the types and criteria for distribution of government agriculture subsidies in India and analyzing subsidy allocation in annual budgets. Major subsidy types including food, fertilizer, credit, irrigation, power and seed are outlined. Criteria for distribution include merit, income level and social group. Data on allocation for food and agriculture subsidies over the past 4 years is presented, with amounts increasing each
The document discusses agricultural labor in India. It notes that around 58% of India's population depends on agriculture and that the number of cultivators has declined from 50% in 1951 to 24% in 2011. It outlines the classification, characteristics, laws, and welfare measures regarding agricultural laborers. Some key challenges faced by agricultural laborers are excess supply, seasonal employment, small land holdings, limited other occupations, indebtedness, and regional variations in issues. Solutions proposed include cooperatives, irrigation development, improved marketing/distribution, and agricultural insurance.
FDI (Foriegn Direct Investment) in Retail in Indiatashya01
Indian Government recently opened the Retail sector for FDI (Foreign Direct Investment).
It is concerned as a boon by many, and also being said that Indian Farmers and Agriculture industry will flourish like never before. But we at Pani Panchayat are not of that opinion. Please go thru' the presentation to understand our views.
Present situation of farmers in India and solutionspuneetthind
The document summarizes the activities of Rashtriya Kissan Sangathan (RKS), a nationwide farmers' organization in India. RKS aims to organize farmers and link them directly to markets. It has established cooperative societies that provide farmers access to inputs, offer the best prices for crops, and provide extension services. RKS also facilitates commercial farming projects for farmers in other countries, such as a project in Ethiopia. The organization holds various events like farmer fairs and training camps to educate farmers and address their issues.
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Business and Management. IJBMI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Business and Management, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
A Review of Bank Loans to Farmers: Implications for Agricultural Diversificat...CrimsonpublishersMCDA
This document reviews bank loans to farmers and their implications for agricultural diversification in Nigeria. It finds that loans to farmers carry more risks than other business loans due to unfavorable cost-price relationships in agriculture and the difficulty of obtaining farm operation information. It also finds that commercial banks consider factors like a farmer's ability to manage operations and generate positive cash flow. The document recommends that the government and banks take actions to address risk factors and information problems, ensure banks have well-trained farm representatives, focus on loans that meet standards, and help farmers improve soil productivity and cash flows. The overall aim is to enhance agricultural productivity and diversification in Nigeria.
Enhancing Cooperative Thrift and Loan Scheme for Increased Agricultural Produ...ijtsrd
This study assessed ways of enhancing cooperative thrift and loan scheme for increased agricultural production in Udi local government area of Enugu state. To achieve this, the study ascertained the effect of cooperative credit on member’s agricultural production, determined the effect of cooperative savings on member’s agricultural input, and examined the extent to which access to loan to cooperative members increase their standard of living. Data were obtained from Eight functional and active cooperative in the area. The researcher adopted a descriptive research design and made use of survey to make generalization based on findings of the study and also adopted a judgmental sampling technique, Taro Yamane formula was used to determine the same size of 120, The data obtained were analysed using simple percentage frequency distribution tables and likert scale. The stated hypothesis was tested using Pearson’s product moment correlation analysis. Evidence from the study revealed that cooperative thrift and loan scheme plays a significant role on the agricultural production of members. Therefore, the researcher recommended that cooperative should provide more credit and thrifting services to members. Cooperative savings has a positive effect on Agricultural inputs therefore the cooperative should encourage their members to save and invest in viable agricultural businesses, such as poultry, piggery, fishery etc Government should also create an enabling environments for these cooperatives to thrive and Government should assist members with agricultural inputs, credit and supplies through their cooperatives. Okafor, Ogochukwu Esther | Michael Maureen Chinenye | Dr. Okafo Okoreaffia | Nwafor Obiageli Grace "Enhancing Cooperative Thrift and Loan Scheme for Increased Agricultural Production in UDI Local Government Enugu State, Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-3 , June 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/papers/ijtsrd57563.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/economics/other/57563/enhancing-cooperative-thrift-and-loan-scheme-for-increased-agricultural-production-in-udi-local-government-enugu-state-nigeria/okafor-ogochukwu-esther
Access to Agricultural Credit and Cassava Production A Study of Selected Coop...YogeshIJTSRD
This study examined access to agricultural credit and cassava production A study of selected cooperative farmers in Anambra State, Nigeria. This study adopted a descriptive survey research design that aimed to determine the relationship between the independent variables and dependent variable in a population. The population of this study was made up of 2978 members of selected thirty six cooperative societies in Anambra State. A sample of 353 was determined for the study using Taro Yamani formula. A structured questionnaire was administered to 353 respondents only 348 responded to the questionnaire. The data collected using the questionnaire was analyzed using descriptive statistics like frequency, mean and standard deviation and also inferential statistics such as regression analysis and t test statistics. All analysis was conducted using SPSS version 23. Findings show that all the five coefficients cost of cooperative credit, amount of credit borrowed, loan repayment period, interest paid and loan repayment performance significantly influence cassava production in Anambra State. In general, the joint effect of the explanatory variables independent variables in the model account for 0.883 or 88.3 of the variations in the influence of cooperative credit on cassava production in Anambra State, Nigeria. This implies that 88.3 of the variations in the cassava production are being accounted for or explained by the variations in the explanatory variables. While other independent variables not captured in the model explain just 11.7 of the variations in cassava production. The study therefore recommends that credit institutions should supervise and spread the repayment period for credit obtained in such a way that the cost will not be heavy. Adequate credit facilities should be provided for farmers to enable them increase their production capacity. The loan repayment period for the farmers should be well spread to enhance their productivity among others. Low interest rate should be charged farmer to enable them reduce their rate of defaulting repayment. Nwafor, Grace Obiageli | Umebali, Emmanuel E. "Access to Agricultural Credit and Cassava Production: A Study of Selected Cooperative Farmers in Anambra State" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45009.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/economics/other/45009/access-to-agricultural-credit-and-cassava-production-a-study-of-selected-cooperative-farmers-in-anambra-state/nwafor-grace-obiageli
This document discusses Concern Universal's submission to an inquiry regarding approaches to supporting smallholder farmers. It provides three examples of successful programs:
1) The "Gambia is Good" initiative links smallholder farmers in Gambia to the tourism industry, increasing farmers' incomes by 500% on average.
2) A project in Malawi enabled 700 smallholders to supply potatoes to a chip manufacturer, increasing their annual incomes 20-fold.
3) A program in Bangladesh improved the livelihoods of 10,000 smallholder farmers through public-private partnerships, better marketing, and income support.
The document argues more should be done to support smallholders through cross-sector collaboration, understanding how to
Challenges of Rice Production among Members of Rice Farmers Cooperative Socie...ijtsrd
This study examined the effect of International Fund for Agricultural Development on the output of members of rice farmers’ cooperative societies in Anambra State, Nigeria. The specific objectives are to examine the extent to which funding, market participation and environmental sustainability has enhanced the productive capacities Members of Rice Farmers Cooperative Societies in Anambra State, Nigeria. The population of the study consists of 613 registered rice farmers cooperative with membership strength of 7255 famers. A sample of 379 was determined using Taro Yamani formula. Data collected for the study were analyzed using descriptive statistics frequencies and percentages and the inferential statistics such as test statistics and the linear regression model. From the analysis of the study, findings revealed that funding, market participation and environmental sustainability were found to be statistically significant in influencing output of members of rice farmers’ cooperative societies in Anambra State. Based on the findings of this study, the following recommendations are made To enhance the output of members of rice farmers’ cooperative societies in Anambra State, the government should initiate a supervised credit scheme that will improve the capital base of the rice farmers and income by extension. The government should ensure that beneficiaries adhere strictly to market participation arrangement to avail the farmers the opportunity for a better bargain for their output. Critical infrastructure should be put in place by the government to enhance environmental sustainability in agricultural production. Chigbo, Chinyere Frances | Akonu, Stephanie Chidiogo | Onwumelu, Chinma Maria | Umebali, Emmanuel. E. "Challenges of Rice Production among Members of Rice Farmers Cooperative Societies in Anambra State, Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-5 , August 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd50636.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/marketing-management/50636/challenges-of-rice-production-among-members-of-rice-farmers-cooperative-societies-in-anambra-state-nigeria/chigbo-chinyere-frances
1. Agricultural credit is an important input for leveraging financial growth in the agricultural sector and ultimately leading to sustainable economic growth.
2. It is provided by both formal institutional sources like agricultural development banks and commercial banks, as well as informal non-institutional sources like money lenders and shopkeepers.
3. It is needed for a variety of purposes from purchasing seeds and fertilizers, to machinery, to making permanent land improvements and managing risks. However, small farmers often face issues in accessing sufficient credit from institutional sources.
Agricultural Cooperatives and Rural Poverty Reduction among Rural Farmers in ...ijtsrd
This study assessed the nexus between agricultural cooperative and rural poverty reduction in Anambra State. The study utilised primary data, which were extracted from the questionnaire distributed to 213 rural farmers in Anambra State. Descriptive statistics were used to present and discuss data, while inferential statistics such as Paired sample T Test were employed to test hypothesis at the 5 level. The results study reveal that cooperative credit, cooperative farm inputs, cooperative farm extension services and agricultural cooperative marketing have significant positive relationships with rural poverty reduction among farmers in Anambra State at 5 level of significance. The study recommends among others, that government should complement the efforts of cooperatives by evolving a favourable credit policy which would lead to entrepreneurial development in the rural areas and that government at the three levels and all stake holders should endeavour to assist in providing adequate farm input supplies, crop varieties, good storage facilities among others because of their multiplier effects on poverty reduction, food security, job and wealth creation. Francis O Nwankwo | Stephanie Chidiogo Akonu "Agricultural Cooperatives and Rural Poverty Reduction among Rural Farmers in Anambra State, Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-1 , December 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29879.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/agricultural-engineering/29879/agricultural-cooperatives-and-rural-poverty-reduction-among-rural-farmers-in-anambra-state-nigeria/francis-o-nwankwo
Agricultural finance deals with the study of credit provision and liquidity services for farm borrowers. It examines the financial intermediaries that provide loan funds to agriculture and how these intermediaries obtain funds. Agricultural finance can be examined at both the macro and micro level. At the macro level, it considers total credit needs and terms for the agricultural sector. At the micro level, it focuses on financial management of individual farm units. Common sources of agricultural finance include money lenders, traders, cooperatives, commercial banks, and microfinance organizations. Loans are classified by time period, purpose, and security. Weaknesses in rural credit systems include a lack of motivation, high interest rates, and poor recovery rates. Suggestions for
Determinants of Co Operative Loan Access among Women Farmers in Oyo State, Ni...ijtsrd
This document discusses a study on the determinants of cooperative loan access among women farmers in Oyo State, Nigeria. It aims to investigate how women farmers use cooperative loans for food crop production activities. The study used a survey of 120 women farmers across two local government areas. Descriptive statistics and a double hurdle model were used to analyze the data. The results found that most women farmers were young, between 31-40 years old, and had secondary education. The majority used loans for secondary purposes beyond farming like children's school fees, which sometimes led to loan defaults. Significant factors determining loan access included age, farming experience, and number of hired laborers. The study concluded that increasing women farmers' access to cooperative loans and discouraging
agricultural finance and rural credit (1).pdfTemesgen59
This document defines and discusses agricultural finance. It provides definitions from various sources that describe agricultural finance as studying the financial aspects of farm businesses, including credit sources and credit use. The document also discusses the nature and scope of agricultural finance at both the macro and micro levels. It outlines the types and significance of agricultural credit as well as how agricultural credit can be classified based on time, purpose, security, lenders, and borrowers.
This study aims to create a design model of Seaweed Bank. Seaweed banks are designed by combining the financing model of Cooperatives and Banking, but both the initial and subsequent deposits are not in cash, but in the form of commodities (dried seaweed).The study was conducted from 2017 to May 2018 (four seaweed seasons). The results showed that farmers’ revenue (with set aside 5 percent per Planting Season of total revenue) amounted to US$ 433 per year per farmer or US$ 107.161 from 300 farmers. During the famine season, farmers no longer borrow funds from patron but farmers can take it from Seaweed Bank. Farmers’ need of seed that can be provided as much as US$ 96.435 or as many as 296 ropes per farmer and still remaining balance of saving as much as US$ 199.239 in the village. At the normal price US$ 0,942 per kg of dried seaweed there is an addition to the total seaweed value as much as US$ 199.239, which will impact the expected year-end saving to be as much as US$ 18.430
Problem of agricultural marketing in indiaSouvik Roy
The passage discusses the modern farm laws introduced by the Modi government in India to address issues with the existing Agricultural Produce Market Regulation Acts (APMC Acts). The new laws allow farmers to sell their produce outside of state-regulated mandis without taxes and fees, giving farmers more market access and options to get a fair price. This reduces the pressure on farmers by providing a more competitive market outside of the inefficiencies of the APMC system, including interference by middlemen and increasing corruption.
The Role of Farmers' Tenure in Securing Loans: The Case of the Philippines' '...IJAEMSJORNAL
This study aimed at exploring the role of farmers' tenure in securing a loan, specifically the 'hiraman' agreement among farmers. A sample of 50 respondents was randomly selected and the data were collected mainly through a questionnaire. A descriptive research design was used to analyse and interpret the data collected. The findings revealed that hiraman agreements among farmers are common in a certain area of the Philippines. Most of the borrowers who joined this agreement are farmers who have a tenure as tenants, followed by the farmers who are registered owners/partly owners. It also revealed that there were no farmworkers/laborers that have been entered into this agreement as their role is primarily for the cultivation only, such as planting, growing, harvesting, etc. Furthermore, the study showed the unique characteristics of the agreement and the major reasons for the farmer availing of and securing this loan. However, farmers still encountered constraints during the agreement such as uncertainties in the legal rights of the borrower, and the unavailability of payment instalments. Hence, conducting sustainability training and seminars for resource efficiency, intensification of the subsidy programs, and increasing the presence of formal institutions in the areato help increase the farmers' income is highly recommended.
Building the next generation of farmers
Supporting capacity-development of African Farmer’s Organisations through improved Policies, Technologies and Capabilities
Workshop , 6-7 November 2018, Brussels
Role of Banks on Agricultural Development in BangladeshPremier Publishers
The aim of this study is to determine the role of banks on agricultural development. Agricultural development is determined in respect of crops, purchase and installation of irrigation equipment, livestock, marketing of agricultural goods, fisheries, poverty alleviation and income generating activities. A total number of 50 respondents were interviewed through semi-structure interview schedule for obtaining primary data. Secondary data was collected from annual reports of Bangladesh Bank during period from 2010 to 2014. The disbursement of agricultural credit on crop production is increased up to Tk. 71.31 billion in 2014 from Tk.33.19 billion in 2010. Subsequently, the disbursement of agricultural credit on purchase and installation of irrigation equipment, crop production, marketing of agricultural goods, fisheries are changed significantly with time. The credit on poverty alleviation increased up to Tk. 18.64 billion in 2014 from Tk.13.61 billion in 2010. The result indicates that bank plays on a significant role on agricultural development in Bangladesh. Timely flow of agricultural credit can meet farmers demand to ensure agricultural productivity. The study will help governmental policy makers and NGOs to address and analyze the issues of agricultural sector to provide loan to the farmers for promoting actual development in this sector.
This document provides a review of agricultural extension in India. It discusses how extension helped increase productivity during the Green Revolution but has since fallen short of expectations. Key issues include weak research-extension-farmer linkages, a lack of coordination among extension agents, and problems with financing and accountability in public extension systems. It describes reforms like ATMA that aim to better integrate programs, but implementation challenges remain. Private extension is growing from input suppliers, buyers, and NGOs. Mobile applications also show promise in scaling up services. Overall extension needs to expand coverage to small farmers and lagging areas while public and private systems complement each other to accelerate inclusive agricultural growth.
Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship A Studyijtsrd
Noting calls for contextualizing Agro entrepreneurs problems and challenges of the agro entrepreneurs and for greater attention to the Role of entrepreneurs in agro entrepreneurship research, we conduct a systematic literature review of extent research in agriculture entrepreneurship to overcome the study objectives of complications of agro entrepreneurs through various factors, Development of agriculture products is a key factor for the overall economic growth of agro entrepreneurs Agro Entrepreneurs produces firsthand large scale employment, utilizes the labor and natural resources, This research outlines the problems of Weather and Soil Erosions, Market price fluctuation, stimulates labor cost problems, reduces concentration of Price volatility, Dependency on Intermediaries, induces Limited Bargaining Power, and Storage and Transportation Costs. This paper mainly devoted to highlight Problems and challenges faced for the sustainable of Agro Entrepreneurs in India. Vinay Prasad B "Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship - A Study" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64540.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64540/problems-and-challenges-of-agro-entreprenurship--a-study/vinay-prasad-b
Similar to Agricultural Credit and Farm Output of Cooperative Members in Anambra State, Nigeria (20)
‘Six Sigma Technique’ A Journey Through its Implementationijtsrd
The manufacturing industries all over the world are facing tough challenges for growth, development and sustainability in today’s competitive environment. They have to achieve apex position by adapting with the global competitive environment by delivering goods and services at low cost, prime quality and better price to increase wealth and consumer satisfaction. Cost Management ensures profit, growth and sustainability of the business with implementation of Continuous Improvement Technique like Six Sigma. This leads to optimize Business performance. The method drives for customer satisfaction, low variation, reduction in waste and cycle time resulting into a competitive advantage over other industries which did not implement it. The main objective of this paper ‘Six Sigma Technique A Journey Through Its Implementation’ is to conceptualize the effectiveness of Six Sigma Technique through the journey of its implementation. Aditi Sunilkumar Ghosalkar "‘Six Sigma Technique’: A Journey Through its Implementation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64546.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64546/‘six-sigma-technique’-a-journey-through-its-implementation/aditi-sunilkumar-ghosalkar
Edge Computing in Space Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space...ijtsrd
Edge computing, a paradigm that involves processing data closer to its source, has gained significant attention for its potential to revolutionize data processing and communication in space missions. With the increasing complexity and data volume generated by modern space missions, traditional centralized computing approaches face challenges related to latency, bandwidth, and security. Edge computing in space, involving on board processing and analysis of data, offers promising solutions to these challenges. This paper explores the concept of edge computing in space, its benefits, applications, and future prospects in enhancing space missions. Manish Verma "Edge Computing in Space: Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space Missions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64541.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/64541/edge-computing-in-space-enhancing-data-processing-and-communication-for-space-missions/manish-verma
Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India Challenges and Prospectsijtsrd
Communal politics in India has evolved through centuries, weaving a complex tapestry shaped by historical legacies, colonial influences, and contemporary socio political transformations. This research comprehensively examines the dynamics of communal politics in 21st century India, emphasizing its historical roots, socio political dynamics, economic implications, challenges, and prospects for mitigation. The historical perspective unravels the intricate interplay of religious identities and power dynamics from ancient civilizations to the impact of colonial rule, providing insights into the evolution of communalism. The socio political dynamics section delves into the contemporary manifestations, exploring the roles of identity politics, socio economic disparities, and globalization. The economic implications section highlights how communal politics intersects with economic issues, perpetuating disparities and influencing resource allocation. Challenges posed by communal politics are scrutinized, revealing multifaceted issues ranging from social fragmentation to threats against democratic values. The prospects for mitigation present a multifaceted approach, incorporating policy interventions, community engagement, and educational initiatives. The paper conducts a comparative analysis with international examples, identifying common patterns such as identity politics and economic disparities. It also examines unique challenges, emphasizing Indias diverse religious landscape, historical legacy, and secular framework. Lessons for effective strategies are drawn from international experiences, offering insights into inclusive policies, interfaith dialogue, media regulation, and global cooperation. By scrutinizing historical epochs, contemporary dynamics, economic implications, and international comparisons, this research provides a comprehensive understanding of communal politics in India. The proposed strategies for mitigation underscore the importance of a holistic approach to foster social harmony, inclusivity, and democratic values. Rose Hossain "Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India: Challenges and Prospects" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64528.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/history/64528/dynamics-of-communal-politics-in-21st-century-india-challenges-and-prospects/rose-hossain
Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in...ijtsrd
Background and Objective Telehealth has become a well known tool for the delivery of health care in Saudi Arabia, and the perspective and knowledge of healthcare providers are influential in the implementation, adoption and advancement of the method. This systematic review was conducted to examine the current literature base regarding telehealth and the related healthcare professional perspective and knowledge in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods This systematic review was conducted by searching 7 databases including, MEDLINE, CINHAL, Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, PsycINFO, and ProQuest Central. Studies on healthcare practitioners telehealth knowledge and perspectives published in English in Saudi Arabia from 2000 to 2023 were included. Boland directed this comprehensive review. The researchers examined each connected study using the AXIS tool, which evaluates cross sectional systematic reviews. Narrative synthesis was used to summarise and convey the data. Results Out of 1840 search results, 10 studies were included. Positive outlook and limited knowledge among providers were seen across trials. Healthcare professionals like telehealth for its ability to improve quality, access, and delivery, save time and money, and be successful. Age, gender, occupation, and work experience also affect health workers knowledge. In Saudi Arabia, healthcare professionals face inadequate expert assistance, patient privacy, internet connection concerns, lack of training courses, lack of telehealth understanding, and high costs while performing telemedicine. Conclusions Healthcare practitioners telehealth perceptions and knowledge were examined in this systematic study. Its collection of concerned experts different personal attitudes and expertise would help enhance telehealths implementation in Saudi Arabia, develop its healthcare delivery alternative, and eliminate frequent problems. Badriah Mousa I Mulayhi | Dr. Jomin George | Judy Jenkins "Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in Saudi Arabia: A Systematic Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64535.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/64535/assess-perspective-and-knowledge-of-healthcare-providers-towards-elehealth-in-saudi-arabia-a-systematic-review/badriah-mousa-i-mulayhi
The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion ...ijtsrd
The impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has gained considerable attention in recent years. The adoption of digital technologies and the internet has resulted in declining influence and power for traditional gatekeepers such as publishing houses and news organizations. Simultaneously, digital media has facilitated the emergence of new voices and players in the media industry. Digital medias impact on power decentralization and gatekeeper erosion is visible in several ways. One significant aspect is the democratization of information, which enables anyone with an internet connection to publish and share content globally, leading to citizen journalism and bypassing traditional gatekeepers. Another aspect is the disruption of conventional media industry business models, as traditional organizations struggle to adjust to the decrease in advertising revenue and the rise of digital platforms. Alternative business models, such as subscription models and crowdfunding, have become more prevalent, leading to the emergence of new players. Overall, the impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has brought about significant changes in the media landscape and the way information is shared. Further research is required to fully comprehend the implications of these changes and their impact on society. Dr. Kusum Lata "The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion of Traditional Gatekeepers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64544.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64544/the-impact-of-digital-media-on-the-decentralization-of-power-and-the-erosion-of-traditional-gatekeepers/dr-kusum-lata
Online Voices, Offline Impact Ambedkars Ideals and Socio Political Inclusion ...ijtsrd
This research investigates the nexus between online discussions on Dr. B.R. Ambedkars ideals and their impact on social inclusion among college students in Gurugram, Haryana. Surveying 240 students from 12 government colleges, findings indicate that 65 actively engage in online discussions, with 80 demonstrating moderate to high awareness of Ambedkars ideals. Statistically significant correlations reveal that higher online engagement correlates with increased awareness p 0.05 and perceived social inclusion. Variations across colleges and a notable effect of college type on perceived social inclusion highlight the influence of contextual factors. Furthermore, the intersectional analysis underscores nuanced differences based on gender, caste, and socio economic status. Dr. Kusum Lata "Online Voices, Offline Impact: Ambedkar's Ideals and Socio-Political Inclusion - A Study of Gurugram District" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64543.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64543/online-voices-offline-impact-ambedkars-ideals-and-sociopolitical-inclusion--a-study-of-gurugram-district/dr-kusum-lata
Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies o...ijtsrd
Disclosure is a process through which a business enterprise communicates with external parties. A corporate disclosure is communication of financial and non financial information of the activities of a business enterprise to the interested entities. Corporate disclosure is done through publishing annual reports. So corporate disclosure through annual reports plays a vital role in the life of all the companies and provides valuable information to investors. The basic objectives of corporate disclosure is to give a true and fair view of companies to the parties related either directly or indirectly like owner, government, creditors, shareholders etc. in the companies act, provisions have been made about mandatory and voluntary disclosure. The IT sector in India is rapidly growing, the trend to invest in the IT sector is rising and employment opportunities in IT sectors are also increasing. Therefore the IT sector is expected to have fair, full and adequate disclosure of all information. Unfair and incomplete disclosure may adversely affect the entire economy. A research study on disclosure practices of IT companies could play an important role in this regard. Hence, the present research study has been done to study and review comparative analysis of total corporate disclosure of selected IT companies of India and to put forward overall findings and suggestions with a view to increase disclosure score of these companies. The researcher hopes that the present research study will be helpful to all selected Companies for improving level of corporate disclosure through annual reports as well as the government, creditors, investors, all business organizations and upcoming researcher for comparative analyses of level of corporate disclosure with special reference to selected IT companies. Dr. Vaibhavi D. Thaker "Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies of India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64539.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64539/comparative-analysis-of-total-corporate-disclosure-of-selected-it-companies-of-india/dr-vaibhavi-d-thaker
The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Right...ijtsrd
This study investigated the impact of educational background and professional training on human rights awareness among secondary school teachers in the Marathwada region of Maharashtra, India. The key findings reveal that higher levels of education, particularly a master’s degree, and fields of study related to education, humanities, or social sciences are associated with greater human rights awareness among teachers. Additionally, both pre service teacher training and in service professional development programs focused on human rights education significantly enhance teacher’s knowledge, skills, and competencies in promoting human rights principles in their classrooms. Baig Ameer Bee Mirza Abdul Aziz | Dr. Syed Azaz Ali Amjad Ali "The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Rights Awareness among Secondary School Teachers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64529.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64529/the-impact-of-educational-background-and-professional-training-on-human-rights-awareness-among-secondary-school-teachers/baig-ameer-bee-mirza-abdul-aziz
A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at t...ijtsrd
“One Language sets you in a corridor for life. Two languages open every door along the way” Frank Smith English as a foreign language or as a second language has been ruling in India since the period of Lord Macaulay. But the question is how much we teach or learn English properly in our culture. Is there any scope to use English as a language rather than a subject How much we learn or teach English without any interference of mother language specially in the classroom teaching learning scenario in West Bengal By considering all these issues the researcher has attempted in this article to focus on the effective teaching learning process comparing to other traditional strategies in the field of English curriculum at the secondary level to investigate whether they fulfill the present teaching learning requirements or not by examining the validity of the present curriculum of English. The purpose of this study is to focus on the effectiveness of the systematic, scientific, sequential and logical transaction of the course between the teachers and the learners in the perspective of the 5Es programme that is engage, explore, explain, extend and evaluate. Sanchali Mondal | Santinath Sarkar "A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at the Secondary Level of West Bengal" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd62412.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/62412/a-study-on-the-effective-teaching-learning-process-in-english-curriculum-at-the-secondary-level-of-west-bengal/sanchali-mondal
The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching ...ijtsrd
This paper reports on a study which was conducted to investigate the role of mentoring and its influence on the effectiveness of the teaching of Physics in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. The study adopted the convergent parallel mixed methods design, focusing on respondents in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected, analysed separately, and the results were compared to see if the findings confirm or disconfirm each other. The quantitative analysis found that majority of the respondents 72 of Physics teachers affirmed that they had more experienced colleagues as mentors to help build their confidence, improve their teaching, and help them improve their effectiveness and efficiency in guiding learners’ achievements. Only 28 of the respondents disagreed with these statements. With majority respondents 72 agreeing with the statements, it implies that in most secondary schools, experienced Physics teachers act as mentors to build teachers’ confidence in teaching and improving students’ learning. The interview qualitative data analysis summarized how secondary school Principals use meetings with mentors and mentees to promote mentorship in the school milieu. This has helped strengthen teachers’ classroom practices in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. With the results confirming each other, the study recommends that mentoring should focus on helping teachers employ social interactions and instructional practices feedback and clarity in teaching that have direct measurable impact on students’ learning achievements. Andrew Ngeim Sumba | Frederick Ebot Ashu | Peter Agborbechem Tambi "The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching of Physics in Secondary Schools in the South West Region of Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64524.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/management-development/64524/the-role-of-mentoring-and-its-influence-on-the-effectiveness-of-the-teaching-of-physics-in-secondary-schools-in-the-south-west-region-of-cameroon/andrew-ngeim-sumba
Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino Microcontroller Bas...ijtsrd
This study primarily focuses on the design of a high side buck converter using an Arduino microcontroller. The converter is specifically intended for use in DC DC applications, particularly in standalone solar PV systems where the PV output voltage exceeds the load or battery voltage. To evaluate the performance of the converter, simulation experiments are conducted using Proteus Software. These simulations provide insights into the input and output voltages, currents, powers, and efficiency under different state of charge SoC conditions of a 12V,70Ah rechargeable lead acid battery. Additionally, the hardware design of the converter is implemented, and practical data is collected through operation, monitoring, and recording. By comparing the simulation results with the practical results, the efficiency and performance of the designed converter are assessed. The findings indicate that while the buck converter is suitable for practical use in standalone PV systems, its efficiency is compromised due to a lower output current. Chan Myae Aung | Dr. Ei Mon "Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino-Microcontroller Based DC-DC High-Side Buck Converter for Standalone PV System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64518.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/64518/design-simulation-and-hardware-construction-of-an-arduinomicrocontroller-based-dcdc-highside-buck-converter-for-standalone-pv-system/chan-myae-aung
Sustainable Energy by Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadikuijtsrd
Energy becomes sustainable if it meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Some of the definitions of sustainable energy include the considerations of environmental aspects such as greenhouse gas emissions, social, and economic aspects such as energy poverty. Generally far more sustainable than fossil fuel are renewable energy sources such as wind, hydroelectric power, solar, and geothermal energy sources. Worthy of note is that some renewable energy projects, like the clearing of forests to produce biofuels, can cause severe environmental damage. The sustainability of nuclear power which is a low carbon source is highly debated because of concerns about radioactive waste, nuclear proliferation, and accidents. The switching from coal to natural gas has environmental benefits, including a lower climate impact, but could lead to delay in switching to more sustainable options. “Carbon capture and storage” can be built into power plants to remove the carbon dioxide CO2 emissions, but this technology is expensive and has rarely been implemented. Leading non renewable energy sources around the world is fossil fuels, coal, petroleum, and natural gas. Nuclear energy is usually considered another non renewable energy source, although nuclear energy itself is a renewable energy source, but the material used in nuclear power plants is not. The paper addresses the issue of sustainable energy, its attendant benefits to the future generation, and humanity in general. Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadiku "Sustainable Energy" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64534.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/64534/sustainable-energy/paul-a-adekunte
Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations Executive Regulations and Stand...ijtsrd
This paper aims to outline the executive regulations, survey standards, and specifications required for the implementation of the Sudan Survey Act, and for regulating and organizing all surveying work activities in Sudan. The act has been discussed for more than 5 years. The Land Survey Act was initiated by the Sudan Survey Authority and all official legislations were headed by the Sudan Ministry of Justice till it was issued in 2022. The paper presents conceptual guidelines to be used for the Survey Act implementation and to regulate the survey work practice, standardizing the field surveys, processing, quality control, procedures, and the processes related to survey work carried out by the stakeholders and relevant authorities in Sudan. The conceptual guidelines are meant to improve the quality and harmonization of geospatial data and to aid decision making processes as well as geospatial information systems. The established comprehensive executive regulations will govern and regulate the implementation of the Sudan Survey Geomatics Act in all surveying and mapping practices undertaken by the Sudan Survey Authority SSA and state local survey departments for public or private sector organizations. The targeted standards and specifications include the reference frame, projection, coordinate systems, and the guidelines and specifications that must be followed in the field of survey work, processes, and mapping products. In the last few decades, there has been a growing awareness of the importance of geomatics activities and measurements on the Earths surface in space and time, together with observing and mapping the changes. In such cases, data must be captured promptly, standardized, and obtained with more accuracy and specified in much detail. The paper will also highlight the current situation in Sudan, the degree to which survey standards are used, the problems encountered, and the errors that arise from not using the standards and survey specifications. Kamal A. A. Sami "Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations - Executive Regulations and Standards" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63484.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63484/concepts-for-sudan-survey-act-implementations--executive-regulations-and-standards/kamal-a-a-sami
Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model Khartoum Sta...ijtsrd
The discussions between ellipsoid and geoid have invoked many researchers during the recent decades, especially during the GNSS technology era, which had witnessed a great deal of development but still geoid undulation requires more investigations. To figure out a solution for Sudans local geoid, this research has tried to intake the possibility of determining the geoid model by following two approaches, gravimetric and geometrical geoid model determination, by making use of GNSS leveling benchmarks at Khartoum state. The Benchmarks are well distributed in the study area, in which, the horizontal coordinates and the height above the ellipsoid have been observed by GNSS while orthometric heights were carried out using precise leveling. The Global Geopotential Model GGM represented in EGM2008 has been exploited to figure out the geoid undulation at the benchmarks in the study area. This is followed by a fitting process, that has been done to suit the geoid undulation data which has been computed using GNSS leveling data and geoid undulation inspired by the EGM2008. Two geoid surfaces were created after the fitting process to ensure that they are identical and both of them could be counted for getting the same geoid undulation with an acceptable accuracy. In this respect, statistical operation played an important role in ensuring the consistency and integrity of the model by applying cross validation techniques splitting the data into training and testing datasets for building the geoid model and testing its eligibility. The geometrical solution for geoid undulation computation has been utilized by applying straightforward equations that facilitate the calculation of the geoid undulation directly through applying statistical techniques for the GNSS leveling data of the study area to get the common equation parameters values that could be utilized to calculate geoid undulation of any position in the study area within the claimed accuracy. Both systems were checked and proved eligible to be used within the study area with acceptable accuracy which may contribute to solving the geoid undulation problem in the Khartoum area, and be further generalized to determine the geoid model over the entire country, and this could be considered in the future, for regional and continental geoid model. Ahmed M. A. Mohammed. | Kamal A. A. Sami "Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model (Khartoum State Case Study)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63483.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63483/towards-the-implementation-of-the-sudan-interpolated-geoid-model-khartoum-state-case-study/ahmed-m-a-mohammed
Activating Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment Mapijtsrd
Sudan is witnessing an acceleration in the processes of development and transformation in the performance of government institutions to raise the productivity and investment efficiency of the government sector. The development plans and investment opportunities have focused on achieving national goals in various sectors. This paper aims to illuminate the path to the future and provide geospatial data and information to develop the investment climate and environment for all sized businesses, and to bridge the development gap between the Sudan states. The Sudan Survey Authority SSA is the main advisor to the Sudan Government in conducting surveying, mappings, designing, and developing systems related to geospatial data and information. In recent years, SSA made a strategic partnership with the Ministry of Investment to activate Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment and in particular, for the preparation and implementation of the Sudan investment map, based on the directives and objectives of the Ministry of Investment MI in Sudan. This paper comes within the framework of activating the efforts of the Ministry of Investment to develop technical investment services by applying techniques adopted by the Ministry and its strategic partners for advancing investment processes in the country. Kamal A. A. Sami "Activating Geospatial Information for Sudan's Sustainable Investment Map" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63482.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/information-technology/63482/activating-geospatial-information-for-sudans-sustainable-investment-map/kamal-a-a-sami
Educational Unity Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Societyijtsrd
In a rapidly changing global landscape, the importance of education as a unifying force cannot be overstated. This paper explores the crucial role of educational unity in fostering a stronger and more inclusive society through the embrace of diversity. By examining the benefits of diverse learning environments, the paper aims to highlight the positive impact on societal strength. The discussion encompasses various dimensions, from curriculum design to classroom dynamics, and emphasizes the need for educational institutions to become catalysts for unity in diversity. It highlights the need for a paradigm shift in educational policies, curricula, and pedagogical approaches to ensure that they are reflective of the diverse fabric of society. This paper also addresses the challenges associated with implementing inclusive educational practices and offers practical strategies for overcoming barriers. It advocates for collaborative efforts between educational institutions, policymakers, and communities to create a supportive ecosystem that promotes diversity and unity. Mr. Amit Adhikari | Madhumita Teli | Gopal Adhikari "Educational Unity: Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Society" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64525.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64525/educational-unity-embracing-diversity-for-a-stronger-society/mr-amit-adhikari
Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management Prospects and...ijtsrd
The diversity of indigenous knowledge systems in India is vast and can vary significantly between different communities and regions. Preserving and respecting these knowledge systems is crucial for maintaining cultural heritage, promoting sustainable practices, and fostering cross cultural understanding. In this paper, an overview of the prospects and challenges associated with incorporating Indian indigenous knowledge into management is explored. It is found that IIKS helps in management in many areas like sustainable development, tourism, food security, natural resource management, cultural preservation and innovation, etc. However, IIKS integration with management faces some challenges in the form of a lack of documentation, cultural sensitivity, language barriers legal framework, etc. Savita Lathwal "Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management: Prospects and Challenges" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63500.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/63500/integration-of-indian-indigenous-knowledge-system-in-management-prospects-and-challenges/savita-lathwal
DeepMask Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in...ijtsrd
The COVID 19 pandemic has highlighted the crucial need of preventive measures, with widespread use of face masks being a key method for slowing the viruss spread. This research investigates face mask identification using deep learning as a technological solution to be reducing the risk of coronavirus transmission. The proposed method uses state of the art convolutional neural networks CNNs and transfer learning to automatically recognize persons who are not wearing masks in a variety of circumstances. We discuss how this strategy improves public health and safety by providing an efficient manner of enforcing mask wearing standards. The report also discusses the obstacles, ethical concerns, and prospective applications of face mask detection systems in the ongoing fight against the pandemic. Dilip Kumar Sharma | Aaditya Yadav "DeepMask: Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in the COVID-19 Era" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64522.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/64522/deepmask-transforming-face-mask-identification-for-better-pandemic-control-in-the-covid19-era/dilip-kumar-sharma
Streamlining Data Collection eCRF Design and Machine Learningijtsrd
Efficient and accurate data collection is paramount in clinical trials, and the design of Electronic Case Report Forms eCRFs plays a pivotal role in streamlining this process. This paper explores the integration of machine learning techniques in the design and implementation of eCRFs to enhance data collection efficiency. We delve into the synergies between eCRF design principles and machine learning algorithms, aiming to optimize data quality, reduce errors, and expedite the overall data collection process. The application of machine learning in eCRF design brings forth innovative approaches to data validation, anomaly detection, and real time adaptability. This paper discusses the benefits, challenges, and future prospects of leveraging machine learning in eCRF design for streamlined and advanced data collection in clinical trials. Dhanalakshmi D | Vijaya Lakshmi Kannareddy "Streamlining Data Collection: eCRF Design and Machine Learning" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63515.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biotechnology/63515/streamlining-data-collection-ecrf-design-and-machine-learning/dhanalakshmi-d
Cyber Ethics An Introduction by Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Jan...ijtsrd
Cyber ethics is the study of the ethics relating to computers, as well as to user behavior and what computers are programmed to do, and how it affects individuals and society. It is the branch of philosophy that deals with what is considered to be right or wrong. Since the advent of computers, various governments have enacted regulations and while organizations have defined policies about cyberethics. Cyberethics also known as “internet ethics,” is a branch of applied ethics that examines the moral, legal, and social issues i.e. ethical questions brought about by the emergence of digital technologies and global virtual environments. Arising with the introduction of the internet are, filtering, accuracy, security, censorship, conflicts over privacy, property, accessibility, and others. This paper is to elucidate more on cyberethics and its impacts on users and the society Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadiku "Cyber Ethics: An Introduction" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63513.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/computer-security/63513/cyber-ethics-an-introduction/paul-a-adekunte
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
Reimagining Your Library Space: How to Increase the Vibes in Your Library No ...Diana Rendina
Librarians are leading the way in creating future-ready citizens – now we need to update our spaces to match. In this session, attendees will get inspiration for transforming their library spaces. You’ll learn how to survey students and patrons, create a focus group, and use design thinking to brainstorm ideas for your space. We’ll discuss budget friendly ways to change your space as well as how to find funding. No matter where you’re at, you’ll find ideas for reimagining your space in this session.
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
2. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID - IJTSRD22955 | Volume – 3 | Issue – 3 | Mar-Apr 2019 Page: 558
required inputs and machinery for carrying out farm
operations [3].
Cooperative societies have always promoted the farming
operations of the ruralfarmerthrough creditdisbursements.
Often they have risen to the challenge of delivering credit to
farmers of weak financial means in the face of unjustified
credit discrimination against them by commercialbanks[4].
In Anambra State in particular, agriculturalcooperatives are
active in the rural economy as a means of financing
agriculture and other productive ventures. Yet, effect of
credit on agricultural production in the state and Anambra
East LGA in particular have not been properly assessed. It is
however important to measure the effect of credit on
agricultural output to properly document its role in the
production process and to establish its desirability by rural
producers.
The broad objective of this study is to evaluate the effect of
agricultural credit on farmoutputof membersof agricultural
cooperative in Anambra East local government area of
Anambra State Nigeria. Specifically, the study examines the
amount of credit accessed by members in comparison to
non-members; and determines the relative contribution of
credit to agricultural output.
The study is of both theoretical and empirical significance.
Theoretically, the study is expected to add to whatis already
known about the theory of collaboration and its direct
implication for cooperative societies. Moreover, the credit
effect model developedintheworkwillenablepredictionsof
influence of cooperative credit on agricultural output.
Empirically, the study is relevant since it collected and
analyzed data on credit use that has highlighted the
necessity for credit in the farm.
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
Concept of agricultural credit
Beckman and Forster [5], defined credit as the power or
ability to obtain goods or services in exchange for a promise
to pay later. Credit therefore, is the powerorabilitytoobtain
money by the borrowing process, in return for a promise to
repay the obligation in the future. Credit is required inevery
type of business and agriculture is not exception to it. The
need for agricultural credit however becomes all the more
impotent when it moves from traditional agriculture to
modern agriculture [6]. The agricultural sector at present is
beset with a number of handicaps. The land holding is very
small. The population is growing at a fast rate. Agricultural
labour is often under-employed. Production suffers from
weather risks. The capacity of the farmers to save andinvest
is very low. The agricultural productivity is low due to low
use of in-puts. The farmers,therefore,need credittoincrease
productivity and efficiency in agriculture. This need is
increasing over the years with the rise in use of fertilizers,
mechanization and rise in prices. Indeed credit especially
institutional agricultural credit has played a significant role
in the fast and widespread adoption of modern production
technologies and promotion of privateinvestmentson farms
through its adequacy and easy access. Briefly the need for
agricultural credit can be summed up as under.
1. Purchase of new inputs.
The farmers need finance for the purchase of new inputs
which include seeds, fertilizers, pesticides, irrigation water
etc. If the seeds of high yielding varieties and other modern
inputs are made available to the farmers, they can increase
productivity not only of land but also of labour.
2. Purchase of implements.
Credit is required by the farmers for the purchase of cattle
water pumping sets, tractors threshers etc. The use of
appropriate machinery in land will increase production by
growing more than one crop on the same piece of land at the
same time.
3. Better management of risks.
Credit enables the farmers to better manage the risks of
uncertainties of price, weather etc. They can borrow money
during bad years and pay back the loans during goods years
of crops.
4. Permanent improvements in land.
Credit also helps the farmers to make permanent
improvements in land like sinkingof wells,landreclamation,
horticulture etc.
5. Better marketing of products.
If timely credit is available to the farmers, they will not sell
the produce immediately after the harvest is over. At that
time the prices of agricultural goods are low in the market.
Credit enables the farmers to withhold the agricultural
surplus and sell it in market when price are high.
6. To face crisis.
The credit is required by the farmers to face crisis. Thecrisis
can be caused by the failure of crop, draught or floods.
7. Balanced development.
Agricultural sector generally remainsneglectedcompared to
industrial sector in the country. For balanced development,
it is essential that credit should be provided at confessional
rates to the agricultural sector so that it should also expand
and help in the take off process of the country.
The nature and definitions of cooperative
Cooperative has long been one of the platforms in the drive
to make rural areas functionally economically and socially.
Most communities are today populated with varioustypes of
cooperative societies engaged in both group as well as
supported individual activities.Okoli[7]defined cooperative
as an organization for promoting the economicinterestofits
members. Cooperative is old as man. Some forms of
cooperation can be found in all areas of human endeavors
activities. According to Oyeniyi [8], cohesion of a family is
based on cooperation;religious,socialand traditionalgroups
also strive on cooperation among individual members. It is
according to Okoli [7], a free and voluntary business
organization jointly owned by people with identical
economic needs and having equal voices in its management
and deriving proportionate services and benefits from it.
According to Ibe [9], Cooperatives are one of the possible
organizational forms for conducting legitimate businessin a
market economy where goods are freely bought and sold in
the open market. Day after day,theword“co-operative” tries
gain more ground almost becoming a household world in all
corners of the country, Nigeria similarly “the world over the
word is in everybody’s lip. It is however surprising that in
this country, so many people have not bothered to find out
what the word precisely stand for. That is its precise
meaning, some still go on their wrong impression and
3. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID - IJTSRD22955 | Volume – 3 | Issue – 3 | Mar-Apr 2019 Page: 559
understandingthatco-operativesocieties areorganization of
who distribute scarce and essential commodities such as
milk, sugar, stockfish etc. the simple fact is that any
definition of co-operative which does not emphasis on the
“promotion” of economic interest of their members cannot
be a true definition of co-operative. Nonetheless, attempt
will be made to present some definition of co-operative by
the intelligent.
Agbo [10] , identified specific benefits that may accrue to
farmers if they are members of agricultural cooperatives.
These include: a strong bargainingpowerforloansand other
services; a favorable atmosphere for a more effective
government aid scheme; improved marketingopportunities
for members; provision of services to members at highly
reduced cost; self -reliance andmotivation formembers’ and
mobilization of funds for farm business. Study by Huppi and
Feder [11], also point out the various contributions of
cooperatives to agricultural development. Uzoigwe [12] ,
summarizes the reasons forformingcooperativesasfollows:
to provide farmers, with a dependable, honest and accurate
market for the products they sell and for the supplies the
purchase; and to increase the farmers returns of farm
products, supplies and services.
Empirical Studies
Quantitatively demonstrating the impact of credit on small-
scale farmers is often very difficult because it is difficult to
capture and analyze all of its benefits (Accion International
n.d. in Badiru, [13]. However, Okojie, Monye-Emina,
Eghafona, Osaghae, and Ehiakhamen [14], in an interview
with self-employed women in Edo State, found that
microcredit has had positive impacts on the businesses and
family life of rural dwellers that have had access to
microfinance institutions that are owned by non-
governmental organizations. Feijo [15] also found thatthere
was a positive impact on the lives of farmers who benefited
from the credit facilities of the Program to Support Family
Farming (PRONAF) in Brazil, based on the measurement of
productivity growth of their main crops. Oyeyinka and
Bolarinwa [16], studying the impact on beneficiaries and
non-beneficiaries of the National Agricultural Cooperative
and Rural Development Bank (NACRDB) smallholder loan
scheme in Oyo State, found that yield, income, and access to
improved farm inputs of beneficiarieswerehigher compared
to that of non-beneficiaries. Other impacts included
improvements in facilitating economic transactions,
managing day-to-day resources, accessing services that
improve quality of life, protecting against economic
vulnerability, making productivity-enhancing investments,
and leveraging assets. Finally, participants in the FGD
posited that timely credit provision facilitates the timely
acquisition of farm inputs, which help farmersimprovetheir
livelihood.
Theoretical Framework: Expectancy Theory
The present study is anchored on the Vroom’s [17] Valance-
Instrumentality-Expectancy (VIE theory) or expectancy
theory explains the motivational process as a force
determined by three factors which combine in a
multiplicative way. The expectancy is the belief that one’s
effort will result in attainment of desired performancegoals.
Instrumentality is the belief that if one does meet
performance expectations, he will receive a greater reward.
Valance refers to the value the individual personally places
on the rewards. The VIE theory stipulates that causal
relationships exist between motivational process and the
levels of expended efforts, achieved performances and
allocated awards. According to Lawler, Porter and Vroom
[18] were emphatic that individuals have different sets of
goals and can be motivated if they believe that: there is a
positive correlation between efforts and performance;
favourable performance will result in a desirable reward;
and the reward will satisfy an important need.
The desire to satisfy the need is strong enough to make the
effort worthwhile. Thus, the theory provides an explanation
of why individuals choose one behavioural option over
others. "The basic idea behind the theory is that people will
be motivated because they believe that their decision will
lead to their desired outcome" [19]. According to Vroom
[17], people consciously chose a particular course of action,
based upon perceptions, attitudes, and beliefs as a
consequence of their desires to enhance pleasure and avoid
pain
The rationale behind the use of expectancy theory in this
study is basically to evaluate the motivation for the use of
credit by small scale farmers. Themotivation for credituseis
the reward or expectation of higher farm output. Farmers
are motivated by the prospect of a credit source that is not
only cheap but easily accessible and will also raise
production level.
3. METHODOLOGY
Research Design
The design for this study is descriptive survey. Thus, the
relevant data for the study was collected through the use of
questionnaire form. A survey was carried out in order to
familiarize oneself with the activities of the cooperative
societies and to make spot assessment of the organizations.
It presents the area of study, population size, sources of data
and statistical tools for data collection and analysis.
Area of Study
Anambra East is a Local Government Area in AnambraState,
South-East Nigeria. Towns that make up the local
government are Aguleri, Enugwu-otu, Ezi-Aguluotu,
Igbariam, Nando, Nkpunando, Nsugbe, Otuocha, Umuleri,
Umuoba-Anam. The headquarters of the LGA is at Otuocha.
The people in theareaarepredominantlyfarmers, fishermen
and while some are also engaged in animal husbandry. In
Anambra East, Oil and Gas was found in largequantityon the
bank of Aguleri town and the president has commissioned
exploration on the site and the operational head office of
Orient Petroleum and Housing estate is about to be sited in
Aguleri by the Orient Petroleum Resources Plc.
Population of Study
The study is focused at 10 selected active cooperative
societies in Anambra East LGA. Information at the local
government put the total gathered from the (10) ten
registered CooperativesocietiesinAnambraEastwith atotal
membership of 520 (five hundred and twenty).
These Cooperatives include-: Oganiru Farmers
cooperative, Multi-purpose Cooperative Society Umuleri,
Eziagu Farmers Cooperative, Umuamaka Agricultural
Farmers Cooperative, Udokanma Cooperative Society, Ihite
Cooperative Society, Achara Cooperative Society,
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Umunnabuike Multipurpose Cooperative, Wisdom Farmers
Cooperative, Idinotu Agricultural Cooperative Society.
Sample size and Sampling Techniques
The sample method adoptive was a combination of
purposive,multistageandrandomsampling.Thesample was
comprised of members and non-members of cooperative.
The first stage in the selection process involved theselection
of 10 agricultural cooperatives. The selection of the 10
cooperatives was purposive, based convenience and on the
fact that they were the most successful in terms of turnover
and profitability in each of thecommunitiesthat makeupthe
LGA (as verified from records at the Divisional cooperative
Council). The 10 societies had a total of 520 persons in their
membership. It was decided that 50% of the membership of
each society was to be included in the sample; hence a total
260 members were randomly selected from all the
cooperatives on pro-rata basis.
The second stage involved the selection of 260 non-
cooperative members list of farmers in the various
communities made available by the agricultural
development officer in the local government. Selection was
also by simple random sampling. However, care was taken
not to include a farmer twice, if he has already been selected
as a cooperative member.
In all, 520 respondents were given questionnaires to
complete. All the 520 questionnaires werereturned,givinga
response ratio of 100%.
Sources of Data
The data for this research work was obtained from primary
and secondary sources. Primary data were largely from
structured questionnaires which were personally
administered to the members. Secondary dataweresourced
from published and unpublished materials such as journals,
books, monographs, etc from library and internet were
extensively explored
Instrument for Data Collection
The instrument for study was questionnaire. The
questionnaire items were generated by the investigator and
guided by the research questions hypotheses and related
literature reviewed. Section A, contained background
information on the respondent. This is followed by request
for information on farm inputs obtained, and accesstocredit
and credit use.
Validation of the Instrument
The instrument for data collection underwent scrutiny and
approval by some experts and specialists in cooperative
economics at the Faculty of Management Sciences, Nnamdi
Azikiwe University, Awka. They were requested to check
whether the items in the instrument were relevant, clearly
stated, and capable of eliciting the right response from
respondents. From the suggestion of these experts, the
instrument was modified to the present standard.
Reliability of the Instrument
The reliability of the research instrument was established
using the responses of 20 members of a cooperative society
in Awka North. Indeed, the reliability of the instrument was
established using test re-test technique. The coefficient of
reliability was determined applying Pearson’s Product
Moment Correlation Coefficient formula which yielded 0.77
indicating high reliability.
Method of Data Collection
The Divisional Cooperative Officer at the local government
headquarters at Otuocha assisted in the distribution and
collection of questionnaires.
Analytical Techniques
Descriptive statistics such asfrequencyandtabular analyses,
means, percentages was used to determine socio-economic
background of respondents.
The OLS regression tool was usedtoidentifyfactorsaffecting
farmer’s output. The regression function run was stated as:
Y = f(X1, X2, X3, X4)
Where Y = total value of output in Naira,
X1 =farm size in hectares,
X2 = labour (no. of persons available for farm work),
X3 = purchased inputs in Naira,
X4 = use of cooperative credit in Naira.
X5 = access to use of cooperative credit.
To get the necessary production function for analyzing the
role of credit in the production process equation 2 was
transformed into logs to yield equation 3 (Cobb-Douglas
power function) below:
Y= α + β1logX1 + β2logX2 + β3logX3 + β4logX4 +β5X5 + e
Where e is the error term that is designed to capture the
effects of variables that were not specified in the model.
Hypotheses were tested using the t statistics of the paired
sample test (hypothesis one) and access to cooperative
credit coefficient in theregressionanalysis (hypothesistwo).
4. RESULTS
Socio-economic characteristics of respondents
The summary socio-economics of farmer respondents is
presented in Table 1. The typical farmer, (cooperative
member or non-member), was young, about 45 years old
and was farming over the past 8 years. The cooperative
farmer had large households thatcomprisedabout9persons
who together cultivated 2.2 hectares of land. On the other
hand, a typical non-member, though also aged about 52
years had been farming over the past 23 and 24 years. The
respondents also have small households only 4 on the
average. Both groups of respondents also have fairly large
farms (over 3 hectares). Having large farms but small
households would imply a likely increase in their cost of
hired labour in farm operations. Most respondents
(cooperative and non-cooperative farmers) had at least 10
years of formal education, implying they had at least the
basic education equivalent of Junior Secondary School. The
implication could be that the respondents could possibly
comprehend and use improved agricultural technologies on
their farms.
The conclusion from the above examination of the socio-
economic characteristics is that the respondents are share
similar socio-economic background. Therefore changes in
their agricultural output could be attributed to access to
agricultural credit.
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TABLE 1: SOCIO-ECONOMIC BACKGROUND OF COOPERATIVE MEMBERS AND NON-MEMBERS.
Variables Members Non-members
Mean Std. Dev. Mean Std. Dev.
Farm size (ha) 3.607 1.329 3.638 1.3309
Age (years) 45.484 16.922 45.343 16.591
Farming experience (years) 24.407 18.288 23.365 16.024
Household size (no.) 4 2.899 4 2.957
Education (years) 10.269 5.236 12.185 4.227
Source: Survey data 2014.
Access to credit
On access to credit the respondents credits from all sources and from cooperatives, and these are presented in table 2 below.
TABLE 2: ACCESS TO CREDIT FROM ALL SOURCES AND FROM COOPERATIVE..
Crop type Member Non-member
Mean (Naira) Std. Dev. Mean (Naira) Std. Dev.
Total credit obtained 306,856.32 256,440.39 97,062.42 21,851.41
Credit from coop. 257,540.57 256,509.51 0.00 0.00
Credit from coop. as % of total 83.93 - 0.00 -
Source: Survey Data 2014.
On average the cooperative members had better access to credit than non-members. Their total credit from all sources was
306,856.32 while that for the non-memberswasN97,062.42. Thehigher quantumof creditformemberswaslargely accounted
for by the N257, 540.57 from their cooperative, which represented over 83% of the total credit they obtained. The non-
members had no access to such facility. Going by both theoretical and conventional reasoning it is expected that higher access
to credit will result in higher agricultural output.
H0: Access to credit by cooperative members is not significantly different from that of non-members.
H1: Access to credit by cooperative members is significantly different from that of non-members.
In testing the above hypothesis that says access to credit bycooperativemembersis notsignificantlydifferentfromthatof non-
members, amount of credit obtained by both groups of respondents were subjected to paired samples test, the resultof which
is presented in table 3 below.
Table 3: Paired sample test for hypothesis one.
Paired Differences
T df Sig.(2tailed)
Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean
Pair 1 Member – Non-member 209,793.91 257,762.11 15,985.72 13.12 259 0.00
DECISION:
The result above shows a t-test value of 13.12 that is significant P<0.01. On this basis the null hypothesis is rejected and the
alternate hypothesis is accepted and we conclude that Access to credit by cooperative members is significantly different from
that of non-members. Considering the fact that members average access to creditwaslargerthan thatof non-members, (N306,
856.32 as against N97, 062.42), the implication of the test result would be that cooperative membership has significantly
contributed to enhancing access to agricultural credit.
Effect of credit on output results of regression analysis)
All the variables in the model (table 4) such as farm size, labour, fram inputs, credit and access to cooperative credit had the
expected positive apriori signs. The implication is thatallthespecified variables contributed tofarmersoutputwhilethe labour
variable with not significant coefficient limited theiroutput. Variablecoefficientsforfarmsize,farminputs,credit,and access to
cooperative credit were significant at the 5% level and therefore had substantial contributions to farmers’ output.
The R2 value (0.503) was modest, implying that variables hypothesized as affecting farmers’ output in the regression model
accounted for about 50 per cent variations in the output levels of farmers with the F-ratio of 4.199, which wassignificantatthe
1% level of probability.
TABLE 4: POOLED REGRESSION ESTIMATES OF COOPERATIVE MEMBERS AND NON-MEMBERS.
Variables Coefficient Std Error T-Value T
Constant 4.384 0.513 8.550 0.000
Lg farm size – X1 0.111 0.034 3.220 0.001
Lg labour - X2 0.017 0.022 0.769 0.442
Lg farm inputs – X3 0.145 0.073 1.994 0.047
Lg credit – X4 0.146 0.071 2.048 0.041
Access to coop. credit X5 0.085 0.035 2.439 0.015
R2 0.503
Adj. R2 Square 0.341
F- statistic 4.199*
N 520
DW 1.584
*Significant at 0.01 level.
Source: Survey data 2014.
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Test of hypothesis two.
H0: Access to cooperative credit does not have significant
effect on farm output.
H1: Access to cooperative credithassignificanteffecton farm
output.
To test the above hypothesis that says that cooperative
credit does not have significant effect on farm output, the
regression results of the Cobb-Douglas Production Function
(regression result) in table in table 4 was employed.
DECISION:
The regression result in table 4 shows that access to
cooperative credit dummy has a coefficient of about 0.085
which is significant (P<0.05). On this basis the null
hypothesis is rejected and the alternate hypothesis is
accepted and we conclude that access to cooperative credit
has enhanced agricultural out.
5. SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary and Conclusion
This study examined the effect of agricultural credit on farm
output in Anambra East LGA, Anambra State Nigeria. We
found that the responding farmers were young (about 45
years old) with at least Junior secondary school level of
education and well experienced in farming. The credit
obtained by members was (N306, 856.32) which was larger
than that obtained by non-members (N97, 062.42), thereby
suggesting that access to credit was enhanced through
cooperative membership.
Farm size, farm inputs, credit and access to cooperative
credit were major important determinants of respondents
agricultural output. The significance of accesstocooperative
credit implies that the variable was particularly effective in
output expansion. We conclude therefore that the
cooperative has been effective in improving farmers’
agricultural production.Thefindingsof thestudyasrevealed
in the decision of the farmer to use credit and to source it
from cooperative, is a confirmation of Vroom’s [17]
expectancy theory: that people consciously chose a
particular course of action, based upon perceptions,
attitudes, and beliefs as a consequence of their desires to
enhance pleasure and avoid pain
Recommendations
In view of the above findings and conclusions, we
recommend the following:
1. Farmers in the rural communitiesshould be encouraged
to join cooperatives as a way of improving access to
credit and other production resources.
2. Since, agricultural cooperatives have proved their
effectiveness in getting agricultural credits to the
farmers; the government should come out with a policy
that specifically adopts the cooperative approach in
agricultural financing.
3. Agricultural cooperatives are also encouraged to take
advantage of the various agricultural scheme by
microfinance banks, commercial banks and Bank of
Agriculture to boost their loanable funds and further
enhance their credit delivery activities.
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