1. Agricultural credit is an important input for leveraging financial growth in the agricultural sector and ultimately leading to sustainable economic growth.
2. It is provided by both formal institutional sources like agricultural development banks and commercial banks, as well as informal non-institutional sources like money lenders and shopkeepers.
3. It is needed for a variety of purposes from purchasing seeds and fertilizers, to machinery, to making permanent land improvements and managing risks. However, small farmers often face issues in accessing sufficient credit from institutional sources.
In this ppt presentation the role, need and sources of credit in Indian agriculture are listed clearly explained which will be very useful for the economics and finance students. here, we have discussed about the institutional credit agencies and non institutional credits and various government schemes.
The detail classification of credit in agriculture and need of credit in agriculture to Indian farmers.
ECON-242 Agriculture finance and co-operation.
By, Miss. Raksha Anil Hingankar.
Marketing is the fruit of success in any form of business. Agricultural Marketing is the process of supplying farm inputs to the farmers and the movement of agricultural products from the producer to its ultimate consumer which involves various functions such as buying, selling, packaging, transportation, grading and standardization, storage, processing etc. during this process, there is a chance for some risks and uncertainties to take place. Uncertainty is the unknown factor which causes sudden loss that cannot be predicted and managed where risk is the part of uncertainty which is a known factor that means stepping into a process or technique even-though by knowing that there is a probability of loss. Agricultural marketing experiences three types of risks namely the Physical risk, Price risk and the Institutional risk. The physical risk is the loss in the quantity and quality of the product during storage and transport like fire accident; rodents, pest and disease attack and due to improper packing. The price risk includes the fluctuation in the price of the agricultural marketing; changes in the demand and supply of the product. The institutional risk arises due to the change in the government budget policy; due to the change in the import and export policy. The physical risk can be managed by using fire proof materials in the storage structures, by proper packing and by giving pre-storage treatments. The price risk can be minimized by following contract farming, forward and future market, speculation and hedging. The farmer or trader must have thorough knowledge in the management of risk and should adopt the suitable methods in order to get better outcome in the agricultural marketing.
This reduction in supply along with the support by a number of Government schemes, including MGNREGA has led to an escalation in farm wages which is adversely impacting the profitability of the farmer. Rural wages have been growing by 17% on average since 2006-07 outstripping urban wages. At the same time, the increase in wages, without an increase in productivity, is fueling inflation.
In this ppt presentation the role, need and sources of credit in Indian agriculture are listed clearly explained which will be very useful for the economics and finance students. here, we have discussed about the institutional credit agencies and non institutional credits and various government schemes.
The detail classification of credit in agriculture and need of credit in agriculture to Indian farmers.
ECON-242 Agriculture finance and co-operation.
By, Miss. Raksha Anil Hingankar.
Marketing is the fruit of success in any form of business. Agricultural Marketing is the process of supplying farm inputs to the farmers and the movement of agricultural products from the producer to its ultimate consumer which involves various functions such as buying, selling, packaging, transportation, grading and standardization, storage, processing etc. during this process, there is a chance for some risks and uncertainties to take place. Uncertainty is the unknown factor which causes sudden loss that cannot be predicted and managed where risk is the part of uncertainty which is a known factor that means stepping into a process or technique even-though by knowing that there is a probability of loss. Agricultural marketing experiences three types of risks namely the Physical risk, Price risk and the Institutional risk. The physical risk is the loss in the quantity and quality of the product during storage and transport like fire accident; rodents, pest and disease attack and due to improper packing. The price risk includes the fluctuation in the price of the agricultural marketing; changes in the demand and supply of the product. The institutional risk arises due to the change in the government budget policy; due to the change in the import and export policy. The physical risk can be managed by using fire proof materials in the storage structures, by proper packing and by giving pre-storage treatments. The price risk can be minimized by following contract farming, forward and future market, speculation and hedging. The farmer or trader must have thorough knowledge in the management of risk and should adopt the suitable methods in order to get better outcome in the agricultural marketing.
This reduction in supply along with the support by a number of Government schemes, including MGNREGA has led to an escalation in farm wages which is adversely impacting the profitability of the farmer. Rural wages have been growing by 17% on average since 2006-07 outstripping urban wages. At the same time, the increase in wages, without an increase in productivity, is fueling inflation.
A Review of Bank Loans to Farmers: Implications for Agricultural Diversificat...CrimsonpublishersMCDA
Paper examined core issues inherent in agricultural loans to farmers using fundamental analysis method in its discussions and analysis. First, paper considered factors contributing to high risks in agricultural lending and how to manage them, second, factors of non-financial commercial bank lending were treated and third, financial factors considered by banks in making loans have been examined. In all, these factors and their implications to agricultural diversification of the Nigerian economy were discussed with a view to enhancing the agricultural productivity that would launch Nigeria into self-sufficiency in food production and exports in the 21st century.
https://crimsonpublishers.com/mcda/fulltext/MCDA.000542.php
For more open access journals in Crimson Publishers please click on link: https://crimsonpublishers.com
For more articles on Agronomy open access journals please click on below link: https://crimsonpublishers.com/mcda/
Contribution of agriculture to India’s GDP – around 15% only. Employment 54% or thereabout.
However, very important.
Rural areas -- home to more than 70 percent of the India’s 1.1 billion people, a large number of whom are poor. Rural poor mainly depend on rain-fed agriculture and fragile forests for their livelihoods.
Government of India places high priority on reducing poverty by raising agricultural productivity.
Finance from formal sources --- key driver.
Agricultural Credit and Farm Output of Cooperative Members in Anambra State, ...ijtsrd
This study examined the effect of agricultural credit on farm output of members of selected cooperative societies in Anambra State Nigeria. Data was collected from 260 cooperative farmers from 10 cooperative societies in Anambra East LGA in Anambra State. Also 260 non cooperative farmers were equally selected to act as control group Descriptive and inferential were applied to collected data. Evidence from the study showed that cooperative members had more access to agricultural credit than non members. Furthermore, results from the regression analysis showed that farm size, farm inputs, credit and access to cooperative credit were positive and important determinants of farm output. The implication of the significance of access to cooperative credit is a confirmation of the primacy of cooperative as a source of credit to rural farmers. Indeed, significance of use of credit and access to cooperative credit equally confirms the main thrust of Vroom's expectancy theory that a particular course of action is chosen based upon perceptions, attitudes, and beliefs of a positive return. Francis O. Nwankwo PhD | Okenwa C. Ogbodo PhD | Faith C. Onwuchekwa ""Agricultural Credit and Farm Output of Cooperative Members in Anambra State, Nigeria"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd22955.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/other/22955/agricultural-credit-and-farm-output-of-cooperative-members-in-anambra-state-nigeria/francis-o-nwankwo-phd
BYD SWOT Analysis and In-Depth Insights 2024.pptxmikemetalprod
Indepth analysis of the BYD 2024
BYD (Build Your Dreams) is a Chinese automaker and battery manufacturer that has snowballed over the past two decades to become a significant player in electric vehicles and global clean energy technology.
This SWOT analysis examines BYD's strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats as it competes in the fast-changing automotive and energy storage industries.
Founded in 1995 and headquartered in Shenzhen, BYD started as a battery company before expanding into automobiles in the early 2000s.
Initially manufacturing gasoline-powered vehicles, BYD focused on plug-in hybrid and fully electric vehicles, leveraging its expertise in battery technology.
Today, BYD is the world’s largest electric vehicle manufacturer, delivering over 1.2 million electric cars globally. The company also produces electric buses, trucks, forklifts, and rail transit.
On the energy side, BYD is a major supplier of rechargeable batteries for cell phones, laptops, electric vehicles, and energy storage systems.
Currently pi network is not tradable on binance or any other exchange because we are still in the enclosed mainnet.
Right now the only way to sell pi coins is by trading with a verified merchant.
What is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone verified by pi network team and allowed to barter pi coins for goods and services.
Since pi network is not doing any pre-sale The only way exchanges like binance/huobi or crypto whales can get pi is by buying from miners. And a merchant stands in between the exchanges and the miners.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant. I and my friends has traded more than 6000pi coins successfully
Tele-gram
@Pi_vendor_247
how to sell pi coins in South Korea profitably.DOT TECH
Yes. You can sell your pi network coins in South Korea or any other country, by finding a verified pi merchant
What is a verified pi merchant?
Since pi network is not launched yet on any exchange, the only way you can sell pi coins is by selling to a verified pi merchant, and this is because pi network is not launched yet on any exchange and no pre-sale or ico offerings Is done on pi.
Since there is no pre-sale, the only way exchanges can get pi is by buying from miners. So a pi merchant facilitates these transactions by acting as a bridge for both transactions.
How can i find a pi vendor/merchant?
Well for those who haven't traded with a pi merchant or who don't already have one. I will leave the telegram id of my personal pi merchant who i trade pi with.
Tele gram: @Pi_vendor_247
#pi #sell #nigeria #pinetwork #picoins #sellpi #Nigerian #tradepi #pinetworkcoins #sellmypi
how to sell pi coins in all Africa Countries.DOT TECH
Yes. You can sell your pi network for other cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin, usdt , Ethereum and other currencies And this is done easily with the help from a pi merchant.
What is a pi merchant ?
Since pi is not launched yet in any exchange. The only way you can sell right now is through merchants.
A verified Pi merchant is someone who buys pi network coins from miners and resell them to investors looking forward to hold massive quantities of pi coins before mainnet launch in 2026.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
how can I sell pi coins after successfully completing KYCDOT TECH
Pi coins is not launched yet in any exchange 💱 this means it's not swappable, the current pi displaying on coin market cap is the iou version of pi. And you can learn all about that on my previous post.
RIGHT NOW THE ONLY WAY you can sell pi coins is through verified pi merchants. A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins and resell them to exchanges and crypto whales. Looking forward to hold massive quantities of pi coins before the mainnet launch.
This is because pi network is not doing any pre-sale or ico offerings, the only way to get my coins is from buying from miners. So a merchant facilitates the transactions between the miners and these exchanges holding pi.
I and my friends has sold more than 6000 pi coins successfully with this method. I will be happy to share the contact of my personal pi merchant. The one i trade with, if you have your own merchant you can trade with them. For those who are new.
Message: @Pi_vendor_247 on telegram.
I wouldn't advise you selling all percentage of the pi coins. Leave at least a before so its a win win during open mainnet. Have a nice day pioneers ♥️
#kyc #mainnet #picoins #pi #sellpi #piwallet
#pinetwork
Exploring Abhay Bhutada’s Views After Poonawalla Fincorp’s Collaboration With...beulahfernandes8
The financial landscape in India has witnessed a significant development with the recent collaboration between Poonawalla Fincorp and IndusInd Bank.
The launch of the co-branded credit card, the IndusInd Bank Poonawalla Fincorp eLITE RuPay Platinum Credit Card, marks a major milestone for both entities.
This strategic move aims to redefine and elevate the banking experience for customers.
USDA Loans in California: A Comprehensive Overview.pptxmarketing367770
USDA Loans in California: A Comprehensive Overview
If you're dreaming of owning a home in California's rural or suburban areas, a USDA loan might be the perfect solution. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) offers these loans to help low-to-moderate-income individuals and families achieve homeownership.
Key Features of USDA Loans:
Zero Down Payment: USDA loans require no down payment, making homeownership more accessible.
Competitive Interest Rates: These loans often come with lower interest rates compared to conventional loans.
Flexible Credit Requirements: USDA loans have more lenient credit score requirements, helping those with less-than-perfect credit.
Guaranteed Loan Program: The USDA guarantees a portion of the loan, reducing risk for lenders and expanding borrowing options.
Eligibility Criteria:
Location: The property must be located in a USDA-designated rural or suburban area. Many areas in California qualify.
Income Limits: Applicants must meet income guidelines, which vary by region and household size.
Primary Residence: The home must be used as the borrower's primary residence.
Application Process:
Find a USDA-Approved Lender: Not all lenders offer USDA loans, so it's essential to choose one approved by the USDA.
Pre-Qualification: Determine your eligibility and the amount you can borrow.
Property Search: Look for properties in eligible rural or suburban areas.
Loan Application: Submit your application, including financial and personal information.
Processing and Approval: The lender and USDA will review your application. If approved, you can proceed to closing.
USDA loans are an excellent option for those looking to buy a home in California's rural and suburban areas. With no down payment and flexible requirements, these loans make homeownership more attainable for many families. Explore your eligibility today and take the first step toward owning your dream home.
The Evolution of Non-Banking Financial Companies (NBFCs) in India: Challenges...beulahfernandes8
Role in Financial System
NBFCs are critical in bridging the financial inclusion gap.
They provide specialized financial services that cater to segments often neglected by traditional banks.
Economic Impact
NBFCs contribute significantly to India's GDP.
They support sectors like micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs), housing finance, and personal loans.
how to swap pi coins to foreign currency withdrawable.DOT TECH
As of my last update, Pi is still in the testing phase and is not tradable on any exchanges.
However, Pi Network has announced plans to launch its Testnet and Mainnet in the future, which may include listing Pi on exchanges.
The current method for selling pi coins involves exchanging them with a pi vendor who purchases pi coins for investment reasons.
If you want to sell your pi coins, reach out to a pi vendor and sell them to anyone looking to sell pi coins from any country around the globe.
Below is the contact information for my personal pi vendor.
Telegram: @Pi_vendor_247
how to sell pi coins at high rate quickly.DOT TECH
Where can I sell my pi coins at a high rate.
Pi is not launched yet on any exchange. But one can easily sell his or her pi coins to investors who want to hold pi till mainnet launch.
This means crypto whales want to hold pi. And you can get a good rate for selling pi to them. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor below.
A vendor is someone who buys from a miner and resell it to a holder or crypto whale.
Here is the telegram contact of my vendor:
@Pi_vendor_247
2. • The credit needed by farmers to grow the agricultural
sector is termed as Agricultural Credit.
• Credit is required in every type of business and
agriculture is not exception to it. The need for
agricultural credit, however, becomes all the more
important when it moves from traditional agriculture to
modern agriculture.
Agricultural Credit:
3. Agricultural Credit
Rural credit
Agricultural sector is the mainstay of the economy
of Pakistan. It accounts for 25.3% of GDP. It
employees 45.1% of the population directly
engaged in agriculture. Agriculture contributes
about 65% of export earnings. Though agriculture
is an important large industry, yet it is far away
from the availability of financial resources:
4. • Agricultural credit is a vital input for leveraging the
financial growth and ultimately leads to economic
growth on sustainable basis. In line with the
government priorities for development of agrarian
economy, State Bank of Pakistan (SBP) has been
striving for engaging the food security challenges in
wake of various initiatives to support the
government’s objectives and goals. During 2013-14
(July-March), the banks have disbursed Rs. 255.7
billion which is 67.3 percent of the annual target of
Rs. 380 billion as compared to last year target of Rs.
315.0 billion. The disbursement is 10.7 percent
higher than Rs. 231.0 billion disbursed during the
corresponding period last year.
5. Difference between Agricultural
Finance and Rural Credit
• There is a difference between agricultural credit and
rural credit. Agricultural credit is linked with the
growth of agriculture; whereas rural finance covers
all the aspects of socio-economic life of rural area. It
covers a wide variety of farm and non-farm
productive activities such as agriculture, animal
husbandry, fisheries forestry, small agro-based
industries as well as development of physical and
social infrastructure in the form of transport and
communication, water and power education and
health etc.
6. Need for Agricultural Credit:
• Credit is required in every type of business and
agriculture is not exception to it. The need for agricultural
credit however becomes all the more impotent when it
moves from traditional agriculture to modern agriculture.
The agricultural sector at present is beset with a number
of handicaps. The land holding is very small. The
population is growing at a fast rate. Agricultural labour is
often underemployed. Production suffers from weather
risks. The capacity of the farmers to save and invest is
very low. The agricultural productivity is low due to low
use of in-puts. The farmers, therefore, need credit to
increase productivity and efficiency in agriculture. This
need is increasing over the years with the rise in use of
fertilizers, mechanization and rise in prices. Briefly the
need for agricultural credit can be summed up as under.
7. The following points reveals the need
for agricultural credit
1. Purchase of new inputs:
The farmers need finance for the purchase of new inputs which
include seeds, fertilizers, pesticides etc. if the seeds of high
yielding varieties and other modern inputs are made available to
the farmers, they can increase productivity not only of the land
but also of labour.
2. Purchase of Implements:
Credit is required by the farmers for the purchase water
pumping sets, tractors, threshers etc. the use of appropriate
machinery in land will increase production by growing more
than one crop on the same piece of land at the same time.
8. 3. Better Management of Risk:
Credit enables the farmers to better to manage the risk of
uncertainties of price. they can borrow money during bad
years and pay back the loans during good years of crops.
4. Permanent Improvement in Land:
Credit also helps the farmers to make permanent
improvements in land like sinking of wells, land reclamation,
etc.
5. Better marketing of Products:
if timely credit is available to the farmers, they will not sell the
produce immediately after the harvest is over. At that time the
prices of agricultural goods are low in the market. Credit
enables the farmers to withhold the agricultural surplus and
sell it in the market when prices are high.
9. 6. To Face Crisis:
The credit is required by the farmers to face crisis. The crisis can be caused
by the failure of crop, draught or floods etc.
7. Purchase of Cattle:
The farmer needs credit to purchase cattle. Because the farmers mostly
remain free after cultivating the farm, therefore they want to start off-farm
business by purchasing cattle.
8. Payment of ancestor’s Debt:
Most of the farmers remain in debt due to their ancestors. Therefore to
retire the ancestors debt, the farmers take loan from banks and other
sources.
9. Consumption Expenditures:
the farmers need loans for getting married their children etc on which they
spend a lot.
10. Civil and Criminal Suits:
in order to civil and criminal suits, farmers need credit.
10. Agriculture requires the following three types of credit.
1. Short-term Credit:
The short-term credit ranges upto one year. The farmers need short-term
credit for meeting the working capital requirements of agriculture. For
instance, they need short-term credit for the purchase of seeds,fertilizers,
pesticides, bullocks and other casual expenses. The short-term credit is
repaid after marketing the produce of the next crop.
2. Medium-Term Credit:
Medium-term Credit extends from 1 to 5 years. The farmers require
medium-term credit for the purchase of cattle, purchase of implements,
improvement in water course. The loan is obtained on the security of
movable or immovable wealth of the farmers.
Types of Agricultural Credit:
11. 3. Long-Term Credit:
The duration of long-term credit exceeds 5
years. The farmers need long-term credit for
making improvement of permanent nature in
land such as sinking of tube wells, purchase of
machinery and implements etc.
12. • Credit in the farm sector is available from two sources
1. Non-Institutional Sources
2. Institutional Sources
Sources Of Agricultural Credit
13. 1. The major non-institutional sources of farm credit are
1. Money lenders
2. Friends
3. Relatives
4. Landlords
5. Shopkeepers
6. Commission agents
The Money Lenders, mostly nonmuslims were the main suppliers of loans to
the farmers. However, their importance has decreased to a great extentnow
and the short-term credit needs of the farmers are met from commission
agents, friends and relatives which supply roughly 50% of total rural
borrowings.
The commission agents advance loans to the farmers for short-period. They
force the farmers to sell the produce to them which generally is purchased at
low rates.
1 . Non-institutional Sources of Credit:
14. The lenders of the informal sources (friends, relatives etc) have certain
advantages over the formal credit sources.
• The informal lenders usually know the borrowers personally.
• They require little security for advancing loans
• The loans are provided for consumption as well as production purposes.
• The lenders are approachable at all times.
• They are also lenient in rescheduling loans.
15. The major institutional sources of farm credit are
a. Agricultural Development Bank
b. Commercial Banks
c. Taccavi Loans
a. Agricultural Development Bank:
the agricultural development bank is an important source for
the supply of credit to agricultural sector. This bank provides short,
medium and long term loans for farm and off-farm activities. The bank
has the following windows
i. Development Loans
ii. Production Loans
iii. Agri-business Loans
iv. Off-farm income generative activities loans.
2 . Institutional Sources of Credit:
16. b. Commercial Banks:
commercial banks are providing loans to the farmers for meeting
their short and medium term requirements. The loans are advanced
to the farmers against the security of land, crop, fixed assets and
even on personal security.
c. Taccavi Loans:
Taccavi loans are handled by the Provincial Revenue
Department. Necessary funds are allocated for different areas each
year in the provincial budgets. The Taccavi loans are primarily given to
the farmers for meeting emergencies such as flood, earthquake,famine
etc. the farmers take these advances in the spirit of gift or relief given in
calamity and are not serious in repaying them.
17. The shortage of rural credit both in quantitative and qualitative terms
continues to be a limiting factor in the modernization and growth of
production in agriculture. The major problems which are being met by
the farmers in the receipts of agricultural credit from the institutional
sources are summarized below:
1. Less Flow of Credit to Small Farmers:
There are millions of small farmers throughout the country. The
gain has reached more to the big landlords. It is therefore, an
urgent need that the credit should reach the small farmers who are
the backbone of agricultural industry.
2. Complicated Procedure for Advancing Loans:
the procedure for advancing loans by institutional sources is quite
complicated. The loans are advanced to the farmers on the basis of
pass books which contain the details of land owned by the farmers.
The procedure is quite complicated.
Problems Of Agricultural Credit
18. 3. Delay in the disbursement of Credit:
the procedure involved for advancing loans to the farmers is
cumbersome. Who-so-ever succeeds in completing the documents
is entitled to receive loans. It has been observed that the
disbursement of credit is delayed even after it has been approved.
It is a serious problem which the farmers are facing these days.
4. High Interest Rate:
The interest charted by the various institutions on farm creditis
high. The low income farmers can not bear it. As regards the
interest-free loans, they are not reaching the small deserving
farmers.
5. Amount of bad debts is increasing:
The loans advanced particularly to the big landlords are not being
repaid to the institutions. Since the big landlords have political
influence, they, therefore, manage to get them written off.
19. • The credit agencies mostly do not take the risk of advancing loans to the
farmers because heavy rains and droughts etc can destroy the cropsand
thus the repayment of loans may become difficult for the farmers.
• Due to unstable prices of the agricultural products, there is instability in the
income of the agriculturalists. The credit institutions, therefore, hesitate to
finance the farmers.
• Most of the agriculturists who live on subsistence farm units do not havethe
adequate information of the credit institutions which supply loans to the
farmers.
• The villagers do not know how to keep the records of the loans which is a
necessary element of proper credit analysis.