This document discusses various theories of aging and changes that occur during the aging process. It outlines theories such as the error catastrophe theory, somatic mutation theory, and free radical theory to explain aging. It then describes changes that occur in various body systems during aging, including the matrix, blood, gastrointestinal tract, immune system, reproductive system, central nervous system, endocrine system, cardiovascular system, and respiratory system. The aging process results in a decline in structure and function across multiple body systems.
The document discusses aging and changes that occur during the aging process. It defines elderly as those aged 65 years and older according to WHO, and aged 60 years and older in Malaysia. The aging process results in both physiological and functional declines in multiple body systems. Some key changes mentioned include reduced muscle and bone mass, decreased lung and liver function, changes in hormone regulation and metabolism, and increased risk of chronic diseases. Understanding these normal age-related changes is important for evaluating elderly health issues.
A brief look into the inevitable process of aging, the various theories attempting to explain the aging phenomenon; normal physiological aging changes that play a role in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics w.r.t. drugs.
Age-Related Physiological Changes and Their Clinical SignificanceTrading Game Pty Ltd
Physiological changes occur with aging in all organ systems. The cardiac output decreases, blood pressure increases and arteriosclerosis develops. The lungs show impaired gas exchange, a decrease in vital capacity and slower
expiratory flow rates. The creatinine clearance decreases with age although the serum creatinine level remains relatively constant due to a proportionate age-related decrease in creatinine production. Functional'changes, largely
related to altered motility patterns, occur in the gastrointestinal system with senescence, and atrophic gastritis and altered hepatic drug metabolism are common in the elderly. Progressive elevation of blood glucose occurs with age on a multifactorial basis and osteoporosis is frequently seen due 'to a linear
decline in bone mass after the fourth decade. The epidermis of the skin atrophies with age and due to changes in collagen and elastin the skin loses its tone and elasticity. Lean body mass declines with ag'e and this is primarily due to loss and atrophy of muscle cells. Degenerative changes occur in many
joints and this, combined with the loss of muscle mass, inhibits elderly patients locomotion. These changes with age have important practical implications for the clinical management of elderly patients: metabolism is altered, changes
in response to commonly used drugs make different drug dosages necessary and there is need for rational preventive programs of diet and exercise in an effort to delay or reverse some of these changes.
This document discusses geriatric medicine and the aging population. It notes that the elderly population is growing significantly both in developed and developing countries. Physiological changes that occur with aging can impact multiple body systems and lead to atypical disease presentation and an increased risk of adverse drug reactions. A comprehensive geriatric assessment considers medical, psychological, functional, social and environmental factors when evaluating elderly patients.
Physiological changes that occur with aging include:
1. Declines in organ function such as reduced brain weight, metabolism, kidney function, and lung capacity compared to age 30.
2. Skin changes like wrinkling, loss of fat and pigment, and age spots. Musculoskeletal changes involve arthritis, osteoporosis, and sarcopenia.
3. Gastrointestinal changes are reductions in secretion, motility, and muscle tone/strength. Cardiopulmonary changes include stiffening arteries and elevated blood pressure. Urinary changes are smaller bladder capacity and delayed micturation reflex.
Common aging changes_fall 2013 abridgedShepard Joy
This document discusses common age-related changes that occur in the cells and various body systems as people age. It describes changes at the cellular level like reduced cell numbers and lean body mass. It also reviews changes in physical appearance like hair loss, wrinkles and reduced tissue elasticity. Finally, it examines changes that can occur in major body systems including the respiratory, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal and urinary systems which can impact health and increase risk of issues like infection, falls and more. Nursing interventions are discussed for many of the changes.
1. Physiological changes of aging affect nearly all body systems. The document outlines changes to the cardiovascular, respiratory, gastrointestinal, endocrine, immune, urinary, nervous, and musculoskeletal systems.
2. Key changes include decreases in organ size, bone density, muscle mass, hormone production, and immune function. Changes also include increased risk of infection, osteoporosis, and other age-related diseases.
3. Aging impacts nearly every system through structural and physiological declines that can impact daily living and increase health risks if not managed.
The document discusses aging and changes that occur during the aging process. It defines elderly as those aged 65 years and older according to WHO, and aged 60 years and older in Malaysia. The aging process results in both physiological and functional declines in multiple body systems. Some key changes mentioned include reduced muscle and bone mass, decreased lung and liver function, changes in hormone regulation and metabolism, and increased risk of chronic diseases. Understanding these normal age-related changes is important for evaluating elderly health issues.
A brief look into the inevitable process of aging, the various theories attempting to explain the aging phenomenon; normal physiological aging changes that play a role in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics w.r.t. drugs.
Age-Related Physiological Changes and Their Clinical SignificanceTrading Game Pty Ltd
Physiological changes occur with aging in all organ systems. The cardiac output decreases, blood pressure increases and arteriosclerosis develops. The lungs show impaired gas exchange, a decrease in vital capacity and slower
expiratory flow rates. The creatinine clearance decreases with age although the serum creatinine level remains relatively constant due to a proportionate age-related decrease in creatinine production. Functional'changes, largely
related to altered motility patterns, occur in the gastrointestinal system with senescence, and atrophic gastritis and altered hepatic drug metabolism are common in the elderly. Progressive elevation of blood glucose occurs with age on a multifactorial basis and osteoporosis is frequently seen due 'to a linear
decline in bone mass after the fourth decade. The epidermis of the skin atrophies with age and due to changes in collagen and elastin the skin loses its tone and elasticity. Lean body mass declines with ag'e and this is primarily due to loss and atrophy of muscle cells. Degenerative changes occur in many
joints and this, combined with the loss of muscle mass, inhibits elderly patients locomotion. These changes with age have important practical implications for the clinical management of elderly patients: metabolism is altered, changes
in response to commonly used drugs make different drug dosages necessary and there is need for rational preventive programs of diet and exercise in an effort to delay or reverse some of these changes.
This document discusses geriatric medicine and the aging population. It notes that the elderly population is growing significantly both in developed and developing countries. Physiological changes that occur with aging can impact multiple body systems and lead to atypical disease presentation and an increased risk of adverse drug reactions. A comprehensive geriatric assessment considers medical, psychological, functional, social and environmental factors when evaluating elderly patients.
Physiological changes that occur with aging include:
1. Declines in organ function such as reduced brain weight, metabolism, kidney function, and lung capacity compared to age 30.
2. Skin changes like wrinkling, loss of fat and pigment, and age spots. Musculoskeletal changes involve arthritis, osteoporosis, and sarcopenia.
3. Gastrointestinal changes are reductions in secretion, motility, and muscle tone/strength. Cardiopulmonary changes include stiffening arteries and elevated blood pressure. Urinary changes are smaller bladder capacity and delayed micturation reflex.
Common aging changes_fall 2013 abridgedShepard Joy
This document discusses common age-related changes that occur in the cells and various body systems as people age. It describes changes at the cellular level like reduced cell numbers and lean body mass. It also reviews changes in physical appearance like hair loss, wrinkles and reduced tissue elasticity. Finally, it examines changes that can occur in major body systems including the respiratory, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal and urinary systems which can impact health and increase risk of issues like infection, falls and more. Nursing interventions are discussed for many of the changes.
1. Physiological changes of aging affect nearly all body systems. The document outlines changes to the cardiovascular, respiratory, gastrointestinal, endocrine, immune, urinary, nervous, and musculoskeletal systems.
2. Key changes include decreases in organ size, bone density, muscle mass, hormone production, and immune function. Changes also include increased risk of infection, osteoporosis, and other age-related diseases.
3. Aging impacts nearly every system through structural and physiological declines that can impact daily living and increase health risks if not managed.
The aging process causes changes in cells and organs over time through a combination of genetic and environmental factors. As people age, cells divide more slowly, immune function declines, and regulation of cell death is disrupted. Physically, aging is associated with loss of height, weight gain until late adulthood, increased body fat, and slower reaction times. While some organ decline is normal, lifestyle factors influence diseases like heart disease and cataracts. The aging process varies between individuals.
The document discusses the impact of aging on physiology, psychology, and social-emotional functioning. Physiologically, aging leads to declines in senses like vision and hearing, changes in skin and hair, loss of muscle and bone mass, and decreased function of organs like the heart, kidneys, and gastrointestinal system. Psychologically, cognitive functions like memory typically decline with age, though intelligence and personality remain stable. Rates of depression also tend to increase in older adults. Socially and emotionally, retirement, loss of friends and family, loneliness, and loss of independence can negatively impact well-being and self-esteem in aging individuals.
Biological aging refers to the gradual degeneration of the body's cells, tissues and organ systems over time. It can be divided into primary, secondary and tertiary aging. Primary aging is inevitable and governed by genetic and biological factors. Secondary aging results from environmental influences like lifestyle. Tertiary aging refers to rapid decline in the last few years of life. Theories of aging include programmed and random theories. Programmed theories suggest aging is genetically determined while random theories cite factors like free radicals, cross-linking and wear and tear. Biological aging causes changes to appearance, skeletal, cardiovascular, respiratory, immune, reproductive and sensory systems.
Aging is a natural process that occurs gradually over time and involves changes in biological, psychological, and social domains. Biologically, aging is associated with declines in cognitive abilities like processing speed and working memory due to changes in the brain and decreases in immune function. The heart and blood vessels also undergo structural and functional changes with aging like thickening of arteries and a slower heart rate. While aging impacts many systems and abilities, there is significant variability between individuals.
The document describes several physiological changes that occur with aging. Key changes include a decline in organ function such as the heart, lungs, and kidneys. Muscle and bone mass is also lost. Other changes involve thinning skin, graying hair, declining vision and hearing. Maintaining regular exercise, a healthy diet, and preventative healthcare can help optimize health and well-being in older age.
This document discusses age-related physiological changes and functional decline in multiple body systems. It outlines that overall body system function declines with age and that specific organs like the cardiovascular, pulmonary, central nervous, renal, liver, immune, gastrointestinal, and endocrine systems are most affected. For each system, it describes both anatomical changes like decreased kidney size and functional changes like lower maximal oxygen consumption that occur with aging and can impact health and disease presentation in older adults.
Ankit Patel presented on care of the elderly. The document defined elderly as over 65 years old and discussed care needs unique to seniors. It described the normal aging process, including biological, psychological, sociocultural, and sexual changes that occur. Biologically, aging impacts nearly every system of the body, slowing functions and decreasing abilities over time in areas like memory, mobility, and senses. Psychologically, grief and loss are cumulative, and psychiatric disorders are more common in elderly. Socially, aging can bring respect or negative stereotypes depending on culture.
This document discusses various theories of aging and approaches to anti-aging. It covers definitions of life span and life expectancy, various theories on what causes aging including evolutionary, molecular, cellular and systemic theories, and a clinical approach to aging including distinguishing true aging from disease and promoting positive aging through lifestyle factors and interventions.
All vital organs begin to lose some function as you age during adulthood. Aging changes occur in all of the body's cells, tissues, and organs, and these changes affect the functioning of all body systems. Living tissue is made up of cells. There are many different types of cells, but all have the same basic structure.
This document discusses 15 major theories on the biological basis of aging:
1) Evolutionary theories propose that lifespan is genetically determined and subject to natural selection.
2) The telomere theory suggests that shortening telomeres act as a "clock" that limits the number of times a cell can divide.
3) The reproductive-cell cycle theory links aging to declining reproductive hormones that dysregulate cell signaling.
4) DNA damage theories posit that aging results from accumulated DNA damage over time.
5) The gene loss theory observes that aging involves the gradual loss of genes, particularly in mitochondria.
The document discusses several topics related to aging including:
1. It summarizes several theories of aging including oxidative damage, mitochondrial genome damage, and wear and tear.
2. It describes genetic pathways involved in aging in C. elegans such as the insulin signaling pathway and pathways involving germ cells.
3. It notes that similar genetic pathways regulating aging have been found in other species such as Drosophila and mice. Understanding these pathways may help increase human life expectancy in the future.
Basic of geriatrics and internal medicine for physiotherapistDoha Rasheedy
collection of lectures for physiotherapy undergraduate students including notes of common health issues (frailty, sarcopenia, osteoporosis, neuropsychiatric issues, constipation, metabolic syndrome and its components, orthostatic hypotension, CLD, CKD, anemia, immobilization, dizziness, falls, fatigue) and how to handle in practice.
summary of age related changes and geriatric pharmacology, safe analgesic prescription in elderly
This document discusses various theories of aging from biological, psychosocial, and sociological perspectives. It describes several biological theories including programmed aging theories that propose aging is genetically determined and error theories which argue that random environmental factors cause cellular damage over time. Psychosocial theories discussed include disengagement theory, activity theory, and continuity theory. Sociological theories examine how social roles and relationships change as people age. The document emphasizes that no single theory can fully explain the complex aging process and different theories provide guidance for promoting healthy aging.
This document discusses aging and various theories related to it. It addresses what aging is, various theories that attempt to explain the aging process (such as programmed aging theory and genetic aging theory), signs of successful aging, life extension sciences, and strategies to potentially slow aging or extend life. The document provides a broad overview of topics relating to the biological, psychological, and social aspects of aging.
This document summarizes age-related changes to the nervous system. It notes decreases in brain weight and cerebral blood flow. The myelin sheath and cellular structures like neurons deteriorate over time. Sensory systems like touch and hearing decline as well, with losses in peripheral receptors and auditory hair cells. Visual changes include reduced acuity and problems with glare. Cognitively, the ability to learn and recall new information reduces with age. Experimental findings show slower motor skills, reaction times, and responses requiring higher stimulation levels.
Short introduction
Definition
Theorieses of aging
causes of aging
life span
Aging can be defined as the time related deterioration of the physiological functions necessary for survival .
Or
Can be define as increase in impairment in Physiological functions with age , Increased in suspectebility to diseases and decrease in ability of fertility
aging is the impact of time on the human body, and it occurs on multiple levels:
Cellular changes
Extracellular changes
1) cellular changes
Causes of aging
Cellular senescence and aging
Telomere shortening: linked to life expectancy and aging
Mitochondrial dysfunction and aging
Oxidative stress
Stem cell exhaustion
Developmental biology by T.subramonium
Developmental biology 6th edition
Marcadores biológicos do envelhecimentoNutriline SRL
This document discusses several biological markers of aging, including theories of aging like the free radical theory. It outlines how hormones like testosterone, estrogen, progesterone, cortisol, DHEA, human growth hormone, and melatonin naturally decline with age and how this affects physiological functions. Graphs show patterns of these hormones over the lifespan. Abnormal levels of hormones like cortisol and melatonin are associated with various health conditions. Declines in hormones like growth hormone, which regulates aging processes, are also examined. The final section discusses calorie restriction and related compounds that can modulate biological markers of aging by activating pathways like AMPK and sirtuins.
Gerontology & Geriatrics: Research is an open access, peer reviewed, scholarly journal dedicated to publish articles covering all areas of Gerontology.
The journal aims to promote research communications and provide a forum for doctors, researchers, physicians and healthcare professionals to find most recent advances in all the areas of Gerontology. Gerontology & Geriatrics: Research accepts original research articles, reviews, mini reviews, case reports and rapid communication covering all aspects of gerontology.
Gerontology & Geriatrics: Research strongly supports the scientific up gradation and fortification in related scientific research community by enhancing access to peer reviewed scientific literary works. Austin Publishing Group also brings universally peer reviewed journals under one roof thereby promoting knowledge sharing, mutual promotion of multidisciplinary science.
This document discusses human ageing from several perspectives. It begins by defining ageing as the accumulation of physical, psychological, and social changes that occur over time in humans. Some dimensions expand with age while others decline. Theories of ageing include both biological theories related to wear and tear on cells and tissues, as well as psychosocial theories involving disengagement, activity levels, and social support. Successful ageing consists of low disease, high physical/cognitive function, and engagement with life. The document also examines molecular aspects of ageing including telomere shortening and changes in mitochondria.
Does NAMASMARN require any specific conditions?
Does it require money?
Does it require any specific binding, compulsions, conditions etc?
Is it promoted and marketed on TV channels?
Are there any false claims about NAMASMARAN?
Is NAMASMARAN sold by franchise; as is the case with many types of meditation?
I can increase the inner strength (and satisfaction); only by conquering (through holistic perspective, policies, plans, programs and their implementation); all the STRESSORS simultaneously! This is Total Stress Management or superliving (the core of which is NAMASMARAN) and is like oxygen. Can I be cynical and escapist about breathing oxygen?
The aging process causes changes in cells and organs over time through a combination of genetic and environmental factors. As people age, cells divide more slowly, immune function declines, and regulation of cell death is disrupted. Physically, aging is associated with loss of height, weight gain until late adulthood, increased body fat, and slower reaction times. While some organ decline is normal, lifestyle factors influence diseases like heart disease and cataracts. The aging process varies between individuals.
The document discusses the impact of aging on physiology, psychology, and social-emotional functioning. Physiologically, aging leads to declines in senses like vision and hearing, changes in skin and hair, loss of muscle and bone mass, and decreased function of organs like the heart, kidneys, and gastrointestinal system. Psychologically, cognitive functions like memory typically decline with age, though intelligence and personality remain stable. Rates of depression also tend to increase in older adults. Socially and emotionally, retirement, loss of friends and family, loneliness, and loss of independence can negatively impact well-being and self-esteem in aging individuals.
Biological aging refers to the gradual degeneration of the body's cells, tissues and organ systems over time. It can be divided into primary, secondary and tertiary aging. Primary aging is inevitable and governed by genetic and biological factors. Secondary aging results from environmental influences like lifestyle. Tertiary aging refers to rapid decline in the last few years of life. Theories of aging include programmed and random theories. Programmed theories suggest aging is genetically determined while random theories cite factors like free radicals, cross-linking and wear and tear. Biological aging causes changes to appearance, skeletal, cardiovascular, respiratory, immune, reproductive and sensory systems.
Aging is a natural process that occurs gradually over time and involves changes in biological, psychological, and social domains. Biologically, aging is associated with declines in cognitive abilities like processing speed and working memory due to changes in the brain and decreases in immune function. The heart and blood vessels also undergo structural and functional changes with aging like thickening of arteries and a slower heart rate. While aging impacts many systems and abilities, there is significant variability between individuals.
The document describes several physiological changes that occur with aging. Key changes include a decline in organ function such as the heart, lungs, and kidneys. Muscle and bone mass is also lost. Other changes involve thinning skin, graying hair, declining vision and hearing. Maintaining regular exercise, a healthy diet, and preventative healthcare can help optimize health and well-being in older age.
This document discusses age-related physiological changes and functional decline in multiple body systems. It outlines that overall body system function declines with age and that specific organs like the cardiovascular, pulmonary, central nervous, renal, liver, immune, gastrointestinal, and endocrine systems are most affected. For each system, it describes both anatomical changes like decreased kidney size and functional changes like lower maximal oxygen consumption that occur with aging and can impact health and disease presentation in older adults.
Ankit Patel presented on care of the elderly. The document defined elderly as over 65 years old and discussed care needs unique to seniors. It described the normal aging process, including biological, psychological, sociocultural, and sexual changes that occur. Biologically, aging impacts nearly every system of the body, slowing functions and decreasing abilities over time in areas like memory, mobility, and senses. Psychologically, grief and loss are cumulative, and psychiatric disorders are more common in elderly. Socially, aging can bring respect or negative stereotypes depending on culture.
This document discusses various theories of aging and approaches to anti-aging. It covers definitions of life span and life expectancy, various theories on what causes aging including evolutionary, molecular, cellular and systemic theories, and a clinical approach to aging including distinguishing true aging from disease and promoting positive aging through lifestyle factors and interventions.
All vital organs begin to lose some function as you age during adulthood. Aging changes occur in all of the body's cells, tissues, and organs, and these changes affect the functioning of all body systems. Living tissue is made up of cells. There are many different types of cells, but all have the same basic structure.
This document discusses 15 major theories on the biological basis of aging:
1) Evolutionary theories propose that lifespan is genetically determined and subject to natural selection.
2) The telomere theory suggests that shortening telomeres act as a "clock" that limits the number of times a cell can divide.
3) The reproductive-cell cycle theory links aging to declining reproductive hormones that dysregulate cell signaling.
4) DNA damage theories posit that aging results from accumulated DNA damage over time.
5) The gene loss theory observes that aging involves the gradual loss of genes, particularly in mitochondria.
The document discusses several topics related to aging including:
1. It summarizes several theories of aging including oxidative damage, mitochondrial genome damage, and wear and tear.
2. It describes genetic pathways involved in aging in C. elegans such as the insulin signaling pathway and pathways involving germ cells.
3. It notes that similar genetic pathways regulating aging have been found in other species such as Drosophila and mice. Understanding these pathways may help increase human life expectancy in the future.
Basic of geriatrics and internal medicine for physiotherapistDoha Rasheedy
collection of lectures for physiotherapy undergraduate students including notes of common health issues (frailty, sarcopenia, osteoporosis, neuropsychiatric issues, constipation, metabolic syndrome and its components, orthostatic hypotension, CLD, CKD, anemia, immobilization, dizziness, falls, fatigue) and how to handle in practice.
summary of age related changes and geriatric pharmacology, safe analgesic prescription in elderly
This document discusses various theories of aging from biological, psychosocial, and sociological perspectives. It describes several biological theories including programmed aging theories that propose aging is genetically determined and error theories which argue that random environmental factors cause cellular damage over time. Psychosocial theories discussed include disengagement theory, activity theory, and continuity theory. Sociological theories examine how social roles and relationships change as people age. The document emphasizes that no single theory can fully explain the complex aging process and different theories provide guidance for promoting healthy aging.
This document discusses aging and various theories related to it. It addresses what aging is, various theories that attempt to explain the aging process (such as programmed aging theory and genetic aging theory), signs of successful aging, life extension sciences, and strategies to potentially slow aging or extend life. The document provides a broad overview of topics relating to the biological, psychological, and social aspects of aging.
This document summarizes age-related changes to the nervous system. It notes decreases in brain weight and cerebral blood flow. The myelin sheath and cellular structures like neurons deteriorate over time. Sensory systems like touch and hearing decline as well, with losses in peripheral receptors and auditory hair cells. Visual changes include reduced acuity and problems with glare. Cognitively, the ability to learn and recall new information reduces with age. Experimental findings show slower motor skills, reaction times, and responses requiring higher stimulation levels.
Short introduction
Definition
Theorieses of aging
causes of aging
life span
Aging can be defined as the time related deterioration of the physiological functions necessary for survival .
Or
Can be define as increase in impairment in Physiological functions with age , Increased in suspectebility to diseases and decrease in ability of fertility
aging is the impact of time on the human body, and it occurs on multiple levels:
Cellular changes
Extracellular changes
1) cellular changes
Causes of aging
Cellular senescence and aging
Telomere shortening: linked to life expectancy and aging
Mitochondrial dysfunction and aging
Oxidative stress
Stem cell exhaustion
Developmental biology by T.subramonium
Developmental biology 6th edition
Marcadores biológicos do envelhecimentoNutriline SRL
This document discusses several biological markers of aging, including theories of aging like the free radical theory. It outlines how hormones like testosterone, estrogen, progesterone, cortisol, DHEA, human growth hormone, and melatonin naturally decline with age and how this affects physiological functions. Graphs show patterns of these hormones over the lifespan. Abnormal levels of hormones like cortisol and melatonin are associated with various health conditions. Declines in hormones like growth hormone, which regulates aging processes, are also examined. The final section discusses calorie restriction and related compounds that can modulate biological markers of aging by activating pathways like AMPK and sirtuins.
Gerontology & Geriatrics: Research is an open access, peer reviewed, scholarly journal dedicated to publish articles covering all areas of Gerontology.
The journal aims to promote research communications and provide a forum for doctors, researchers, physicians and healthcare professionals to find most recent advances in all the areas of Gerontology. Gerontology & Geriatrics: Research accepts original research articles, reviews, mini reviews, case reports and rapid communication covering all aspects of gerontology.
Gerontology & Geriatrics: Research strongly supports the scientific up gradation and fortification in related scientific research community by enhancing access to peer reviewed scientific literary works. Austin Publishing Group also brings universally peer reviewed journals under one roof thereby promoting knowledge sharing, mutual promotion of multidisciplinary science.
This document discusses human ageing from several perspectives. It begins by defining ageing as the accumulation of physical, psychological, and social changes that occur over time in humans. Some dimensions expand with age while others decline. Theories of ageing include both biological theories related to wear and tear on cells and tissues, as well as psychosocial theories involving disengagement, activity levels, and social support. Successful ageing consists of low disease, high physical/cognitive function, and engagement with life. The document also examines molecular aspects of ageing including telomere shortening and changes in mitochondria.
Does NAMASMARN require any specific conditions?
Does it require money?
Does it require any specific binding, compulsions, conditions etc?
Is it promoted and marketed on TV channels?
Are there any false claims about NAMASMARAN?
Is NAMASMARAN sold by franchise; as is the case with many types of meditation?
I can increase the inner strength (and satisfaction); only by conquering (through holistic perspective, policies, plans, programs and their implementation); all the STRESSORS simultaneously! This is Total Stress Management or superliving (the core of which is NAMASMARAN) and is like oxygen. Can I be cynical and escapist about breathing oxygen?
It is said; that as we grow further; NAMASMARAN becomes so intense; that we get connected with the NAMA i.e. ISHWAR and every act of ours; or actually our mere existence as such; becomes the universally blossoming activity; the true NISHKAMA KARMA.
Thus; Shrimat Bhagavad Gita (the proper way to refer Gita); teaches, inspires, empowers and enables us; to triumphantly and victoriously conquer the pettiness, cowardice and violence; inside as well as outside.
But those; working towards the welfare of mankind; seem to lack this force, fervor, frenzy, courage of conviction, unity and dedication. They hesitate to spend even pittance and take even minor most risk! Can NAMASMARAN consolidate, boost, and empower us; to work with force, courage, conviction, unity and dedication; towards; blossoming of one and all; so that we can conquer the STRESS of sectarian bigotry and fanaticism? We have to verify by practice!
In view of the overwhelming dark forces; the preaching and promotion are very much needed; so as to inform and inspire (not coax) maximum people; for the inner blossoming through NAMASMARAN. However; if we do not practice, then we are likely not to blossom from within and not get the objective experience of universal benevolence (BHAKTI); and hence indulge in loud propaganda, gaudy advertisements and create aversion and repulsion about NAMASMSRAN!
This document discusses dealing with doubts that arise when studying stress and total stress management. It states that having doubts is natural for sensitive individuals, but blind acceptance without questioning validity can lead one to be fanatical or miss opportunities to learn. The best approach is to provisionally accept concepts while sincerely working to find answers to doubts until fully satisfied. Rejection without consideration or convincing without participation can also be counterproductive by making one cynical or sadistic. The conclusion advocates asserting total stress management in daily life in a positive way through developing benevolent perspectives and sharing with others.
However the consistent and tenacious practice of NAMASMARAN; can give us unconditional peace, buoyancy, poise; for accurate decision making and compliance with all the prevalent and innovative modalities of treatment! This helps us take diabetes and the uprooting and devastating bizarre symptoms; in our stride! This is important; so as to help our treating physician; in healing us more completely!
This document is a soliloquy by a media person reflecting on the role and challenges of the media. The media needs to portray reality beyond surface appearances and convincingly express people's aspirations. However, media people like others are influenced by instincts, passions, interests and pressures, and risk being enamored by glamour instead of focusing on blossoming visions. Caught in politics and opportunism, the media risks spreading weaknesses through powerful outlets and losing sight of its role. However, remembering one's true self through reflection can protect media people from illusions and help focus on their higher purpose.
Thus; the social implication of the aphorism; “Everything happens according to God’s wish” is; to reach the root or ultimate cause; become objective and selfless; and heal the root, penultimate and immediate causes of evils in personal and social life.
BREAST FEEDING AND STRESS
Let us understand therefore; the analogy; that the theory and practice of Total Stress Management is like the breast feeding, of the mankind by the Mother Nature! The Mother Nature meets in the form of Guru; called, mauli (mother), because he/she feeds us the divine sap of NAMASMARAN (the core of Total Stress Management) and blossoms us -the universe, even though we-the infantile mankind- is unaware of it!
Last but not the least; we can practice NAMASMARAN; (which is also a traditional practice and hence looked down upon by many of us); during every possible activity; including massage; and experience how we begin to overcome our own shortcomings and achieve blossoming of one and all!
Spiritualism materialism and namasmaran dr. shriniwas j. kashalikarshriniwas kashalikar
NAMASMARAN empowers, enlivens and enables us to get reoriented to and explore the SWADHARMA, which is beyond the prevalent ideologies, which make us arrogant on the one hand and meek on the other. It enables us to evolve holistic perspective, policies, plans, programs; and implement them; in all the walks of life; including the places of pilgrimages and bring about individual and universal blossoming.
The document discusses how physical and mental stresses in life lead to desires, hopes, and despair. It recommends beginning the practice of chanting names of God (Namasmaran) from a young age to help deal with these stresses and anxieties. Namasmaran is emphasized because other daily activities are followed without resistance, but they are elusive without devotion to God. True bhakti or devotion to God through Namasmaran results in benevolence, freedom from fear and stress, and benefits the entire universe.
But we have to carefully study and find out if the mythology (philosophy, cosmic phenomena, the deities and the VRATAS); broadly (and not necessarily exactly) embodies ‘cosmic physiology’ (in different and literary semantics) and corroborates with physiology; and also; if SHRI GURU CHARITRA frees us; from the stress of mundane matters and establishes us in NAMASMARAN.
This document discusses aging and theories of aging. It defines key terms like gerontology and geriatrics. The major theories of aging discussed include the genetic/DNA theory involving telomere shortening, the neuroendocrine theory involving hormonal changes with age, the free radical theory of cellular damage from oxidative stress, and the mitochondrial decline theory of reduced energy production in cells. The document also outlines common age-related changes that occur in major organ systems like the cardiovascular, respiratory and nervous systems. Diet, exercise and minimizing oxidative damage are presented as potential ways to modulate the aging process.
Ageing is a progressive accumulation of changes over time that leads to deterioration of structure and function. It increases susceptibility to diseases and mortality. There are three main types of ageing: primary, secondary, and tertiary. Several theories attempt to explain the biological process of ageing, including programmed ageing, telomere shortening, mitochondrial dysfunction, and stem cell exhaustion. The body undergoes numerous changes with ageing including loss of bone and muscle mass, stiffening of arteries and lungs, greying of hair, thinning skin, and cognitive decline.
The document discusses several normal physiological changes that occur with aging and their impact on older adult function. It describes changes in major body systems including cardiovascular, respiratory, gastrointestinal, genitourinary, musculoskeletal, nervous, and endocrine systems. The most profound physiological change discussed is the decline in muscle mass (sarcopenia) which can lead to weakness, loss of function, and difficulty with activities like going up stairs or getting out of a chair independently.
This document discusses the normal physiological changes that occur with aging and their impact on adult function. It begins with an overview of aging population trends and the importance of understanding normal aging processes versus pathological changes. It then examines each body system and the typical age-related declines, including cardiovascular, respiratory, gastrointestinal, genitourinary, musculoskeletal, nervous, endocrine, immune, integumentary, and special senses. It provides examples of how changes in one system can impact others. The document also includes a case study about an older adult who has trouble going up stairs and analyzes the physiological reasons for this challenge.
Aging is a natural phenomenon. it is the law of nature
this slide is about the various factors which independently or in combinations contribute to aging in humans
Aging is the process of becoming older over time due to the accumulation of damage and wear and tear on the body. It occurs at the cellular level through the entire lifespan and involves physical, psychological, and social changes. The biological basis of aging includes both programmed factors regulated by gene expression and damage-related factors from internal and environmental assaults. Some ways to potentially slow aging include eating a healthy diet, not smoking, exercising regularly, maintaining social relationships, and getting sufficient sleep.
The aging process causes changes in both individual cells and organ systems over time through a combination of genetic and environmental factors. As we age, cells multiply more slowly, immune function decreases, and the process of cell death is disrupted. Bodily changes include loss of height from spinal compression, increased body fat and weight until mid-life, and altered drug processing. While some organ function declines gradually, normal aging itself is generally benign, though disease risks increase and individual aging rates vary.
This document discusses age-related problems in geriatrics. It begins with definitions of aging, geriatrics, and gerontology. It then covers theories of aging and normal physical, psychosocial, cognitive, and pharmacological changes that occur with aging. Common health problems in older adults are also discussed, including depression, substance abuse, delirium, dementia, geriatric syndromes, and increased susceptibility to infection. The document concludes with sections on the medical and nursing management of various aging-related conditions.
Concept Of Healthy Aging Dr. Shriniwas Kashalikarabanbana
This document discusses concepts of holistic health and healthy aging. It defines holistic health as the ongoing movement towards accurate perception, appropriate feelings, and precise actions, bringing increasing pleasure, power, prosperity and profundity. It then discusses various physiological, psychological, and spiritual changes that occur with aging, including changes to cognition, affect, conation, organs and body systems. It argues that the common perception of aging as only involving dysfunction, dependence and helplessness is inadequate and pessimistic, and fails to recognize differences between human and animal aging.
Concept Of Healthy Aging Dr. Shriniwas Kashalikarppkalghatgi
This document discusses concepts of holistic health and healthy aging. It defines holistic health as the ongoing movement towards accurate perception, appropriate feelings, and precise actions, bringing increasing pleasure, power, prosperity and profundity. It then outlines various physiological, psychological, and spiritual changes that occur with aging, including changes to cognition, affect, conation, organs and body systems. It argues that the common perception of aging as a negative process is overly pessimistic, and does not account for differences between human and animal aging.
Concept Of Healthy Aging Dr. Shriniwas Kashalikardrajit
This document discusses the concept of holistic health and healthy aging. It defines holistic health as the ongoing movement towards accurate perception, appropriate feelings, and precise actions, bringing increasing pleasure, power, prosperity and profundity. It then discusses various physiological, psychological, and spiritual changes that occur with aging, including changes to cognition, affect, conation, organs and body systems. It argues that the common perception of aging as only involving dysfunction, dependence and helplessness is inadequate and wrongly pessimistic, without considering humans' ability to experience healthy aging.
Concept Of Healthy Aging Dr. Shriniwas Kashalikarabhishekka
This document discusses the concept of holistic health and healthy aging. It defines holistic health as the ongoing movement towards accurate perception, appropriate feelings, and precise actions, bringing increasing pleasure, power, prosperity and profundity. It then discusses various physiological, psychological, and spiritual changes that occur with aging, including changes to cognition, affect, conation, organs and body systems. It argues that the common perception of aging as only involving dysfunction, dependence and helplessness is inadequate and wrongly pessimistic, without considering humans' ability to experience healthy aging.
C O N C E P T O F H E A L T H Y A G I N G D Rkirtikar
This document discusses the concept of holistic health and healthy aging. It defines holistic health as the ongoing movement towards accurate perception, appropriate feelings, and precise actions, bringing increasing pleasure, power, prosperity and profundity. It then discusses various physiological, psychological, and spiritual changes that occur with aging, including changes to cognition, affect, conation, organs and body systems. It argues that the common perception of aging as only involving dysfunction, dependence and helplessness is inadequate and wrongly pessimistic, without considering humans' ability to experience healthy aging.
Concept Of Healthy Aging Dr. Shriniwas Kashalikaramolsawarkar
This document discusses concepts of holistic health and healthy aging. It defines holistic health as the ongoing movement towards accurate perception, appropriate feelings, and precise actions, with increasing pleasure, power, prosperity and profundity. It then discusses various theories of aging, including genetic programming, accumulation of injuries over time, and cellular dysfunction in tissues. Finally, it outlines physiological changes that occur with aging, such as changes to collagen, blood, gastrointestinal tract, immune system, reproductive system, and central nervous system.
Concept Of Healthy Aging Dr. Shriniwas Kashalikarshriramprasanna
This document discusses concepts of holistic health and healthy aging. It defines holistic health as the ongoing movement towards accurate perception, appropriate feelings, and precise actions, with increasing pleasure, power, prosperity and profundity. It then discusses various theories of aging, including genetic programming, accumulation of injuries over time, and cellular dysfunction in tissues. Finally, it outlines physiological changes that occur with aging, such as changes to collagen, blood, gastrointestinal tract, immune system, reproductive system, and central nervous system.
C O N C E P T O F H E A L T H Y A G I N G D Rghanyog
This document discusses concepts of holistic health and healthy aging. It defines holistic health as the ongoing movement towards accurate perception, appropriate feelings, and precise actions, bringing increasing pleasure, power, prosperity and profundity. It then discusses various physiological, psychological, and spiritual changes that occur with aging, including changes to cognition, affect, conation, organs and body systems. It argues that the common perception of aging as a negative process is overly pessimistic, and does not account for differences between human and animal aging.
Concept Of Healthy Aging Dr. Shriniwas Kashalikardilipkdas
This document discusses the concept of holistic health and healthy aging. It defines holistic health as the ongoing movement towards accurate perception, appropriate feelings, and precise actions, bringing increasing pleasure, power, prosperity and profundity. It then discusses various physiological, psychological, and spiritual changes that occur with aging, including changes to cognition, affect, conation, organs and body systems. It argues that the common perception of aging as only involving dysfunction, dependence and helplessness is inadequate and wrongly pessimistic, without considering humans' ability to experience healthy aging.
C O N C E P T O F H E A L T H Y A G I N G D Rurjita
This document discusses concepts of holistic health and healthy aging. It defines holistic health as the ongoing movement towards accurate perception, appropriate feelings, and precise actions, bringing increasing pleasure, power, prosperity and profundity. It then discusses various physiological, psychological, and spiritual changes that occur with aging, including changes to cognition, affect, conation, organs and body systems. It argues that the common perception of aging as a negative process is overly pessimistic, and does not account for differences between human and animal aging.
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समाजात; आणि विशेषत: सर्व प्रकारच्या सत्ताकेंद्रांत जेवढे नामस्मरण वाढेल, तेवढ्या अधिकाधिक प्रमाणात समाजामधील सर्व स्तरांवरील क्रिया आणि प्रतिक्रिया अधिकाधिक पूर्वग्रहरहित (न्यायपूर्ण) आणि म्हणून कल्याणकारक होतात आणि व्यक्ती आणि समाजाचा सर्वांगीण विकास वेगाने होऊ लागतो.
ज्याप्रमाणे चुलीमुळे आग नियंत्रित होते आणि तिची धग भांड्याला नीटपणे लागून अन्न वेळेमध्ये शिजते, त्याचप्रमाणे जीवनातील सर्व भोगांची आणि उपभोगांची धग नामस्मरणरुपी चुलीमुळे अंतरात्म्याकडे पोचते आणि अंतरात्म्यामध्ये समाधानरुपी अन्न शिजू लागते. साहजिकच आपले, आपल्या कुटुंबियांचे आणि समाजाचे समाधान होऊ लागते! ज्याप्रमाणे चुली आणि त्यांच्यातील आग कमी जास्त असते, त्याचप्रमाणे नामसाधकांच्या प्रगतीचे टप्पे देखील वेगवेगळे असतात. पण नामस्मरणाने समाधानाकडे वाटचाल होऊ लागते; हे केवळ सद्गुरू ब्रह्मचैतन्य श्री गोंदवलेकर महाराजांच्याच नव्हे तर सर्वच संत महात्म्यांच्या शिकवणीचे त्रिवार सत्य असे सार आहे.
ह्या अमृताचा अगदी अंशत: अनुभव देखील जीवन झळाळून टाकणारा असतो आणि तो येण्यासाठी चित्तशुद्धी होत राहण्याची आवश्यकता असते. ही चित्तशुद्धी नामस्मरणाद्वारे होत जाते आणि ती चित्तशुद्धी देखील कोणत्याही बाह्य लक्षणाने ओळखता येत नाही आणि दाखविता येत नाही!
नामसंकल्पयुक्त नामस्मरणाचे चैतन्याधिष्ठान आणि सद्गुरुंची गोड ओढ; यानी रटाळ क्षण उत्साहवर्धक बनतो, कंटाळवाणा दिवस सण बनतो आणि निरर्थक आयुष्य कृतार्थ बनते! कुणीही हे करून पाहिले तर याचा अनुभव येऊ शकेल.
होय! अशी एक पायाभूत सुविधा आहे! पूर्णपणे बिनखर्चाची, कुणाचेही अंत:करण आणि आणि अस्मिता न दुखावणारी आणि सर्वांनाच सहज शक्य अशी ही सुविधा आहे. ह्या सुविधेद्वारे सद्विचार, सद्भावना, सद्वासना, सत्संकल्प आणि विश्वकल्याणकारी आणि सतत विकसित होणारी सत्कार्ये अविरतपणे घडू लागतात. प्रत्येक व्यक्ती समाधानी आणि कृतार्थ होऊ लागते. अशी अत्याधिक अत्यावश्यक पायाभूत सुविधा म्हणजे नामस्मरण
“नाम घेणाऱ्याला सत्कर्म टाळू म्हणता टाळता येत नाही” असे जेव्हां सद्गुरू श्री. ब्रह्मचैतन्य महाराज गोंदवलेकर म्हणतात, तेव्हां त्यांमध्ये वरील सर्वकाही अंतर्भूत आहे, म्हणजेच वेळ, पैसा आणि शक्ती यांचे (अर्थात आयुष्याचे) सर्वोत्तम व्यवस्थापन अनुस्यूत आहे!
परंतु पूर्वजन्मीच्या किंवा ह्या जन्मीच्या नामस्मरणाने; स्वत:च्या आणि इतरांच्या कल्याणाविषयी जी वैचारिक स्पष्टता येते ती स्पष्टता, जी गोड आणि उत्कट आस्था तयार होते ती आस्था, आणि त्या अनुरोधाने जी मन:पूर्वक कृती घडते ती कृती; ह्या तीनही बाबी मात्र हृदयाच्या अगदी जवळ असतात.
१. केवळ वाचन आणि चर्चेने नामस्मरणाच्या ह्या विश्वकल्याणकारी सामर्थ्याची संकल्पना काही प्रमाणात येऊ शकेल, पण त्याची प्रचीती येण्यासाठी नामस्मरण करणेच अत्यावश्यक आहे. किंबहुना, नामस्मरणाला पर्याय नाही असे म्हटले तरी ते अतिशयोक्त ठरणार नाही!
आपणा सर्वांना निकोप जीवनासाठी आणि जीवनाच्या सार्थकतेसाठी नामस्मरणाची, श्रीक्षेत्र गोंदवल्याची आणि अश्या प्रसाद व महाप्रसादाची अत्यंत तीव्र आणि निकडीची गरज आहे!
नामस्मरण करत प्रसाद किंवा महाप्रसाद वाढणारे आणि ग्रहण करणारे सर्वच जण ईश्वराप्रती किंवा आपल्या सद्गुरुप्रती कृतज्ञ असतात आणि कृतार्थ असतात! यातून परस्परांच्या कल्याणाची सद्वासना, सद्भावना, सद्विचार, आणि सत्संकल्प यांचे पोषण होऊन सर्वांचे उत्थान अधिक जोमाने गतिमान होते.
सद्गुरू श्री. ब्रह्मचैतन्य गोंदवलेकर महाराज म्हणतात, "आंधळ्याने पाणी भरावे तसे नाम घ्यावे. भांडे भरले किती आणि रिकामे किती, हे त्याला समजत नाही. तो भरतच राहतो. तसे नाम सतत घेत राहावे. देहाच्या कणाकणातून नामाचा ध्वनी केव्हाही यावा इतके नाम घ्यावे. सुरुवातीला रामनाम असे मुरले की पुन्हा जास्त लक्ष द्यावे लागत नाही. आपोआप देहाचे सारे कण नामजप करतात."
आम्ही सर्वच माध्यमवाल्यांनी नामस्मरणाचा अत्यंत आस्थेने अभ्यास, अगत्यपूर्वक अंगिकार आणि जीव तोडून प्रसार केला पाहिजे ह्याची खोलवर आणि तीव्र जाणीव झाली आणि त्यातच आमचे आणि सर्वांचे भले आहे ह्याबद्दल खात्री झाली!!
तुमची परम कृपा मात्र प्राणवायूप्रमाणे चिरंतन, चैतन्यमय, स्फूर्तिदायी आणि शाश्वत समाधान देणारी आहे! नामस्मरणाच्या आणि तज्जन्य सद्बुद्धीच्या, सद्भावनांच्या, सद्वासनांच्या, सत्संकल्पांच्या आणि सत्कर्माच्या रूपाने ती माझ्यासारख्या सर्वांना उपलब्ध झाली आहे!
श्रीराम समर्थ!
सतत नामस्मरण घडू लागले, गुरुची सत्ता पदोपदी जाणवू लागली, गुरुचे सानिध्य क्षणोक्षणी जाणवू लागले, जगण्याची उमेद वाढली, आजारपणाची आणि मृत्त्युची भीती गेली; आणि विशेष म्हणजे; ह्यापेक्षा वेगळे ध्येय गाठण्याची व त्यासाठी अधिक काही करण्याची उर्मी गेली तर तोच साक्षात्कार नाही का?
ह्यामुळे आहे त्या परिस्थितीत नामस्मरण टिकू लागते आणि वाढू लागते! आश्चर्याची बाब म्हणजे आपल्या लक्षात येऊ लागते की हीच ती खरी शांतता, खरी विश्रांती आणि हीच ती (स्वत:, इतर आणि परिस्थिती यांच्यामधल्या) खऱ्या सुधारणेची ईश्वरी प्रक्रिया!
Our Sadguru Shri Brahmachaitanya Maharaj Gondavalekar said, “Trust that the practice of NAMASMARAN as prescribed by Guru would emancipate the universe! Lord Rama would bless!”
नामाच्या सत्तेनेच आपल्या कळत-नकळत; सदभिरुची, सदिच्छा, सत्संकल्प, सत्प्रेरणा, सत्बुद्धी, सद्भावना, सद्वासना, सदाचार; म्हणजेच सद्गुरू ब्रह्मचैतन्य श्री. गोंदवलेकर महाराजांना अभिप्रेत असलेली संस्कृती आणि सुधारणा; व्यक्तिगत आणि सामाजिक जीवनात अधिकाधिक प्रमाणात आविष्कृत होत असतात!
पण काळजी करण्याचे कारण नाही. आपल्या इच्छे-अनिच्छेपलिकडे; विश्वचैतन्याची जननी आपली गुरुमाउली सर्व बऱ्या वाईट प्रसंगात आपल्याला सांभाळून आपल्याला चैतन्यामृतपान करवीत आहे. आपल्याकडून नामस्मरण आणि स्वधर्मपालन वाढत्या प्रमाणात करवीत आहे. सदभिरुची, सदिच्छा, सत्संकल्प, सत्प्रेरणा, सत्बुद्धी, सद्भावना, सद्वासना, सदाचार यांनी आपले व्यक्तिगत आणि सामाजिक जीवन अधिकाधिक प्रमाणात भरून टाकीत आहे! नामस्मरण करता करता आपल्याला नक्कीच याचा अनुभव येतो!
पण; काळजी करण्याचे कारण नाही. आपल्या इच्छे-अनिच्छेपलिकडे; विश्वचैतन्याची जननी आपली गुरुमाउली सर्व बऱ्या वाईट प्रसंगात आपल्याला सांभाळून आपल्याला चैतन्यामृतपान करवीत आहे. आपल्याकडून नामस्मरण आणि स्वधर्मपालन वाढत्या प्रमाणात करवीत आहे. सदभिरुची, सदिच्छा, सत्संकल्प, सत्प्रेरणा, सत्बुद्धी, सद्भावना, सद्वासना, सदाचार यांनी आपले व्यक्तिगत आणि सामाजिक जीवन अधिकाधिक प्रमाणात भरून टाकीत आहे! नामस्मरण करता करता आपल्याला नक्कीच याचा अनुभव येतो!
Integrating Ayurveda into Parkinson’s Management: A Holistic ApproachAyurveda ForAll
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These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
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Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
ABDOMINAL TRAUMA in pediatrics part one.drhasanrajab
Abdominal trauma in pediatrics refers to injuries or damage to the abdominal organs in children. It can occur due to various causes such as falls, motor vehicle accidents, sports-related injuries, and physical abuse. Children are more vulnerable to abdominal trauma due to their unique anatomical and physiological characteristics. Signs and symptoms include abdominal pain, tenderness, distension, vomiting, and signs of shock. Diagnosis involves physical examination, imaging studies, and laboratory tests. Management depends on the severity and may involve conservative treatment or surgical intervention. Prevention is crucial in reducing the incidence of abdominal trauma in children.
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2. We have to distinguish the handicap or dysfunction that results
from the diseases; and the changes resulting from the natural
process of aging that takes place in the absence of diseases.
We can appreciate that such distinction is quite difficult. Most of
us suffer from ailments such as infections, malignancies, diabetes,
IHD, as well as environmental onslaughts in the form of
ultraviolet radiation, heat, cold, pollution, food additives, allergic
substances, physical and chemical injuries etc apart from
psychological inflictions!
But still the changes, which take place after forty and fifty; in the
absence a history of gross or major diseases or accidents; roughly
represents the true aging and is generally attributed to two basic
facts
1) Genetic program, which decides the range of the longevity of
life for a specific species and determines the time dependent loss
in structure and function characterizing senescence and death and
2) Accumulation of injuries or micro insults:
Since very little is understood in this respect; there are many
theories based on these two tenets meant to explain aging. Since
they focus on a specific change, they are inadequate in isolation;
but together they do give us some insight into the process of
aging.
THEORIES OF AGING:
3. A] The Error Catastrophe Theory:
Random increase in errors of protein synthesis i.e. defects in the
processes involved in protein synthesis called transcription and
translation. But aging processes seem to be posttranslational (i.e.
after the proteins are completely synthesized) modifications.
Further, in senescent cells accumulation of misspelled proteins is
not found and induction of synthesis of erroneous proteins
experimentally does not give rise to ageing. Thus there is
possibility of that errors are not causes but merely coexisting with
aging processes.
B] Somatic mutation theory:
This suggests that there is age associated increase in
chromosomal aberration. This is suggested to give rise to
progressive increase in inefficient cells leading to organ
dysfunction.
C] Free radical theory:
Accumulation of metabolic waste products and radical mediated
cell damage e.g. hydroxy peroxide, aldehydes and ketones,
superoxide radical, singlet oxygen and hydrogen peroxide. If this
were so, we would expect lipid peroxidation at cellular level,
which is not demonstrated in aging. Further, the antioxidants
which we expect to delay aging are not proved to do so!
D] Ionizing radiations and such other environmental factors may
cause cell injury. This could be so; but the cause and effect
4. relationship and the quantitative aspects; are not yet demonstrated
to cause aging by themselves!
E] Cellular dysfunction in tissues such as CNS, endocrine and
immune system; influences other systems and causes aging! Thus
decreased synthesis, increased breakdown, decreased receptor
number, decreased Hormone-Receptor (HR) combination,
decrease in HR internalization etc may be responsible for aging.
These are merely physiological interactions (associated with
aging) amongst tissues; and cannot be called mechanisms or
causes of aging.
F] Sedentary jobs, late night parties, noise, crowding, stress of
highly competitive life, uncertainty of socio-political
surroundings, consistent and protracted denial of the recognition
and appreciation in life, habits such as excessive smoking, lack of
enjoyable job, lack of promotions and incentives in jobs etc. and
the plethora of stressors either not thought of or not given due
importance and hence not mentioned in the text books;
immensely expedite or aggravate (though do not constitute
the basic mechanisms or causes as such) the aging process;
and are described; in my books viz. “Stress: Understanding and
Management” and Conceptual Stress: Understanding and
Management”.
CHANGES DURING AGEING:
5. Overall changes in the body are loss and graying of hair starting
with the temporal hair (side buns), drying and wrinkling of skin,
loss of teeth, decrease in reaction time, decrease in the height,
increase in the length of nose, increase in the length of ears,
decrease in the circumference of neck, decrease in the
circumference of thighs, osteoporosis, bending of the vertebral
column causing kyphotic deformity, reduction in the periorbital
fat causing sinking of the eyes etc. Broadly speaking, maximum
capacity, tolerance, peak performance and reserve are reduced.
The details of the changes can be enumerated as follows.
Matrix:
Collagen becomes stable, more rigid, more insoluble due to
increase in its degradation. In addition there are changes in
proteoglycans and plasma proteins. This is due to damage due
cross linking, less formation of collagen and reduction in the
elastin. Fascia, tendons, ligaments, bones, joints, and peripheral
vascular disease become rigid. Skin becomes dehydrated, devoid
of subcutaneous fact and less elastic thus skin becomes wrinkled,
dry, pale due to reduction in capillary bed, and becomes more
susceptible to injury.
Blood:
Red bone marrow is replaced by yellow bone marrow in the long
bones first, flat bones and then vertebrae. Physiological reserve
capacity for erythropoiesis and leucopoiesis (Formation of red
blood cells and white blood cells); is reduced.
6. Gastrointestinal tract (GIT):
*Enamel, dentin and cement of teeth show decline. There is loss
of teeth due to caries, periodontal infection and reduced
masticatory efficiency.
*Weakness of cricopharyngeus (Muscle of swallowing),
reduction in pressure gradient and inability to relax the lower
esophageal sphincter cause dysphagia (difficulty in swallowing).
*Age related atrophy of inner lining of stomach called mucosa
causing achlorhydria (absence of digestive acid in stomach).
*Pancreatic lipase (fat digesting enzyme secreted by pancreas) is
reduced causing streatorrhoea (presence of fat in the stools).
*Motility of GIT is reduced: Hence there is tendency towards
constipation. In Ayurveda this is categorized under VAATA
VRIDDHI.
*Intestinal lactase activity is reduced and villi are reduced and
absorption is reduced.
*Liver cells reduce in number fibrous tissue increases in the liver
and size of liver cells increases.
Protein synthesis and microsomal mixed oxidase activity required
for metabolism of drugs and steroids; become less. Thus
functions are reduced but since the reserve of liver is great; the
liver function tests are in normal limit.
The immune system:
There is decrease in the T cell activity, Antibody (AB)
production; but increase in the presence of auto anti bodies.
7. The auto-antibodies are increased due to reaction with the
antigens (which were previously recognized as “self” and not
reacted with)! This is called reduced tolerance to “self” antigens.
There is susceptibility to infections.
Since immunological - surveillance is believed to eliminate
neoplastic cells (cancer cells); there is higher incidence of cancer.
Following stress of bereavement; there is steep decline in cell
mediated immunity (T cells) and this is one of the causes of
infections leading to the death that follows the death of spouse or
any other near and dear one.
Reproductive system:
The hormonal secretion reduces and there is stoppage of ova
formation, ovulation in females and there is gradual reduction in
the spermatogenesis (formation of sperms) causing reduction in
the sperm count in males.
Females show a distinct and identifiable change in the form of
menopause; whereas such change is not distinct in males.
There is reduction in sexual performance in terms of number
masturbations and number of intercourses in a given time and
reduction in the functions such erection, ejaculation and the
climax. The infatuation about sex may be increased and provoked
8. by pornographic and or sexually romantic atmosphere even as the
sexual performance is dwindled.
Central nervous system and special senses:
There is atrophy of the brain and neuronal loss associated with
accumulation of lipofuscin and loss of synapses and dendrites.
Cholinergic deficit is demonstrated in Alzheimer's disease and
Dopamine defect is demonstrated in Parkinson's disease. But,
milder form of cholinergic deficit may be responsible for
commoner forms of senile dementia and milder form
dopaminergic deficit may be responsible for milder form of hypo-
kinesia seen in old age.
There is deficit in autonomic responses leading to postural hypo-
tension and impairment of temperature regulation.
There is difficulty in getting sleep as well as there is tendency to
wake up during night and waking up early.
There is development of Presbyopia (age related difficulty in
focusing on the near object), cataract, rise in intraocular pressure;
Presbyacusis (age related difficulty in understanding speech and
localization of sound) decline in perception of smell and taste.
Endocrine system:
There is decrease in the functioning of sympatho-adrenal axis and
there is reduced tolerance to stress. In other words, there is
inappropriate production of adrenaline, noradrenalin, cortisol etc.
9. Cardiovascular system:
Aging is associated with atherosclerosis. But even in those
without atherosclerosis; there is still reduction in the elasticity of
aorta (indicating overall changes in connective tissue); leading to
increase in systolic and pulse pressure; but not in diastolic
pressure. In addition; there is also atherosclerosis, atrophy of
myocardium, accumulation of lipofuscin, fibrosis, deposits of
amyloid, diminish in contractility relaxability, decrease in
ventricular compliance, stenosis of aortic and incompetence of
mitral valves, reduction in pacemaker cells, responses to
sympathetic as well as parasympathetic stimulation also reduce
(this causes postural hypotension).
Maximal Heart Rate during exercise is reduced in aged but
cardiac output is maintained by increasing stroke output.
Respiratory System:
The alveoli (the air pockets in the lungs) become flatter and
narrower and ducts enlarge. Alveolar walls become thin,
capillaries decrease in number causing reduction in diffusion,
surface area decreases by 4 % every decade after the age of 30
and the pulmonary blood vessels show age related increase in
wall thickness.
Functionally there is decrease in total and timed vital capacity,
increase in residual volume, due to reduced elastin lung
compliance increases (degree of expansibility) but compliance of
the total respiratory system decreases due rigidity of chest wall
10. after the age of 60 years. Due to loss of elastic recoil the pressure
which has to be built during expiration from the alveoli; so that
air from alveoli forces open the airways, is decreased. Due to this
there is tendency of the airways to collapse. This tendency to
collapse; increases during expiration when expiration must
become active. The response to hypoxia and hypocapnia (reduced
carbon dioxide) are reduced.
Thus ventilation, diffusion and regulation are all impaired in
elderly individuals.
Muscles:
There is atrophy, reduction in contractility, decrease in tone,
hernia and rupture of inter-vertebral disc etc.
Excretory system:
As a result of aging; the kidneys reduce in size and their blood
flow and rate of formation of urine reduces by 10 % per decade
after 30, nephrons (urine forming tubules) and their secretory and
absorptive functions; reduce and fibrous tissue increases. Kidney
vessels show age related changes irrespective of hypertension
(high blood pressure).
It has been hypothesized that due to high protein diet there may
high solute load on the renal capillaries leading to chronic
dilatation of the capillaries leading to extravasation of
macromolecules in renal glomeruli leading to mesangial reaction
causing renal damage.
11. PSYCHOLOGICAL CHANGES
Frustration, depression, fear, anxiety, insecurity, loneliness,
vacuum, dejection, self pity, sadness; are some of the hallmarks
of old age.
This is because;
1. With aging there is increasing restriction on the kind of
accustomed enjoyments (e.g. sexual); and this can lead to
frustration or depression.
2. The realization of the increased chances of death; (due to
observation of the deaths of the contemporaries); causes alarm,
concern, anxiety and excessive fear of death, diseases and
debility.
3. Due to lack of job after retirement or physical inability there is
always a sense of insecurity.
4. Lack of the children's company due to their being increasingly
independent gives a feeling of unwantedness and loneliness,
especially due to children going abroad or away from home for
their jobs.
5. Since most of the people of younger age groups; have their
own pre-occupations we the elderly are left out.
6. Due to generation gap; the ideas, choice, preferences and other
areas of interests differ and hence the elderly are cut off from
younger generation. This distance gradually increases with
advancing age and leads to vacuum, dejection, self pity and
sadness. Thus overall we tend to become increasingly
melancholic in old age.
12. ECONOMIC CHANGES
The aging almost always associated with reduced income and
increasing economic dependence on the others. The medical
expenses also swell!
SPIRITUAL CHANGES
We begin to visit temples and participate in SATSANG. This is
because we want a certain kind of solace which we do not get
from day to day life and routine activities. This is also to fill the
vacuum created due to retirement, and to get company of those
who sail in the same boat!
When we are aging; we become somewhat disinterested and
indifferent towards life. But this is not detached attitude described
in Geeta. We get detached because; we cannot participate or
oppose the activities of young generation! Thus; this is actually
reluctant acceptance of defeat!
Sometimes we develop ascetic thoughts due to losing interest in
the routine life because we are tired of responsibilities and
dynamism required; for a job or a profession. Even as this
engenders reduction in income; it is not a spiritually oriented
selflessness and sacrifice. It is only fallout of mental apathy.
Sometimes we lose interest in the surroundings due to decreasing
sensory perception and decreased mobility. We become shy about
our deficiency. So we avoid socialization. Gradually we become
increasingly self centered and selfish. We become over-
13. concerned about ourselves and less sensitive to others' problems.
We become more rigid, adamant and at times obstinate; in an
attempt to assert ourselves; and become unreasonable and erratic.
The courage, alertness, enthusiasm and other physical and mental
faculties which are extremely important to undertake spiritual
pursuit i.e. growth of consciousness; are considerably diminished
in old age; unless the spiritual quest has been integral part of life
right from childhood.
Is this a complete picture of aging?
No!
For the complete we have to refer to, “Aging: A holistic view”!