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Examining the Effects of Interpersonal
Discrimination on Job Seeking
Abdifatah Ali
Mentor: Ann Marie Ryan, Ph.D.
Department of Psychology
Michigan State University
AGEP Conference, September 7 – 8, 2012
Introduction
Formal workplace discrimination

Interpersonal discrimination
2


Main objectives






To explore the relationship between interpersonal
discrimination and job seeking
To propose useful personal characteristics that can
address the above relationship
To further examine the utility of stereotype threat,
motivation, and self-regulation theories in the job search
domain

3


Job searching






“A purposive, volitional pattern of action that begins with
the identification and commitment to pursuing an
employment goal” (Kanfer, Wanberg, & Kantrowitz, 2001)
Individuals exert effort (time & resources) in pursuit of
employment
Largely a self-regulatory process


Feedback from the environment influences employment goals and
job search strategies (Kanfer, Wanberg, & Kantrowitz, 2001)

4
Conceptual Model
Job Search
Job Search
Resiliency
Resiliency

Interpersonal
Interpersonal
Discrimination
Discrimination

Job Search
Job Search
intensity
intensity

Job Search
Job Search
Self-Efficacy
Self-Efficacy

Job Search
Job Search
Effort
Effort

Learning
Learning

PerformancePerformanceProve
Prove

PerformancePerformanceAvoid
Avoid

5
Stereotype Threat


Stereotype threat as a theoretical framework


Definition: A fear of confirming a negative stereotype
associated with the individual’s group (Steele, 1997; Steele &
Aronson, 1995)



Perceived interpersonal discrimination (PID) leads to
performance decrements (Salvatore & Shelton, 2007)

6
Job Search Self-Efficacy
Job Search
Job Search
Intensity
Intensity
Interpersonal
Interpersonal
Discrimination
Discrimination

Job Search
Job Search
Self-Efficacy
Self-Efficacy
Job Search
Job Search
Effort
Effort



Job search self-efficacy (JSSE) has been shown to be a
valuable predictor of job search intensity, job search effort,
and attaining employment (Saks & Ashforth, 1999; Wanberg, Kanfer, & Rotundo, 1999)
7
Job Search Resiliency
Job Search
Job Search
Resiliency
Resiliency

Interpersonal
Interpersonal
Discrimination
Discrimination



Job Search
Job Search
Self-Efficacy
Self-Efficacy

The ability to recover from adverse situations may preserve
confidence, which would strengthen job seeking endeavors
8
Goal Orientation
Learning
Learning

Interpersonal
Interpersonal
Discrimination
Discrimination





PerformancePerformanceProve
Prove

PerformancePerformanceAvoid
Avoid

Job Search
Job Search
Self-Efficacy
Self-Efficacy

Perceptions of interpersonal discrimination may be seen as
an impediment to goal accomplishment
The evaluative approach adopted plays an important role in
influencing an individual’s confidence (i.e., JSSE) (Payne, Youngcourt,
& Beaubien, 2007)

9
Method


Convenience sampling technique was utilized to recruit
71 participants at a non-profit unemployment agency






76% females and 23% males
Mean age: 31.34 years (SD = 9.99)
Work experience: 5-10 years (N = 21); more than 10 years
(N = 21)
Ethnicity: 46.5% African-American, 42.3% Middle Eastern,
and the rest were other minorities

10
Results


Mediation


PID

JSSE

Job search intensity



Total effect (C1 = -.1711, p = .088)



Direct effect (C’1 = -.0618, p > .05)



Indirect effect (a1b1 = -.1079)



The indirect effect was statistically significant as evidenced
by an absence of zero in the 95% bias-corrected bootstrap
confidence intervals (-.2639 to -.0147)
Mediation supported



11


Mediation


PID

JSSE

Job search effort



Total effect (C1 = -.2394, p < .01)



Direct effect (C’1 = -.1734, p > .05)



Indirect effect (a1b1 = -.0651)



The indirect effect was not significant as evidenced by a
presence of zero in the 95% bias-corrected bootstrap
confidence intervals (-.2138 to .0346)
Mediation not supported



12


Moderation findings



Supported





Learning goal orientation
Performance-prove goal orientation

Not supported



Job search resiliency
Performance-avoid goal orientation
13
The Interaction between PID and Learning Goal
Orientation Predicting JSSE
0.4
0.3

-E
y
a
c
i
f

0.2
0.1
0

LOW LGO

-0.1

HIGH LGO

f
l
h
c
r
a
e
S
b
o
J

-0.2
-0.3
-0.4
LOW

HIGH

Perceived Interpersonal Discrimination

14
The Interaction between PID and Performance Prove
Goal Orientation Predicting JSSE
0.5
0.4
0.3
-E
y
a
c
i
f

0.2
0.1
0

LOW PPGO

-0.1

HIGH PPGO

f
l
h
c
r
a
e
S
b
o
J

-0.2
-0.3
-0.4
-0.5
LOW

HIGH

Perceived Interpersonal Discrimination

15
Discussion


Summary of findings






PID was related to the amount of effort exerted to finding a
job as well as an individual’s job searching behaviors
indirectly through the mediating variable, JSSE
Individuals who were confident in their ability to conduct
their job search well, reported higher job search behavior
and job search intensity
Learning goal orientation plays a buffering role while
performance-prove exacerbates the negative relationship
between PID and JSSE
16
Strengths and Limitations


Strengths






No previous research linking PID to job seeking has
been conducted
Used a minority sample

Limitations





Larger sample size
Cross-sectional nature does not capture the dynamics of
job seeking
A longitudinal design that includes an employment
outcome measure would be beneficial
17
Implications


An individual’s perceptions of subtle differential treatment
plays an important role during the job search process




Organizations should work with those who interact with job
seekers (interviewers, test administrators, receptionists) to
ensure that interpersonal treatment is consistent across
individuals

Applicant’s perspective



JSSE training
Adopting a different goal orientation during job search
18
Acknowledgements


Ann Marie Ryan, Ph.D. and Jennifer Wessel, Ph.D.,
Michigan State University (MSU)



Mark G. Ehrhart, Ph.D. and the ROLE Lab,
San Diego State University (SDSU)



SDSU NIMH COR Program Grant # MH065183



This research was partially supported by MSU
Summer Research Opportunity Program (SROP)
19
Thank You!

20

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Agep presentation

  • 1. Examining the Effects of Interpersonal Discrimination on Job Seeking Abdifatah Ali Mentor: Ann Marie Ryan, Ph.D. Department of Psychology Michigan State University AGEP Conference, September 7 – 8, 2012
  • 3.  Main objectives    To explore the relationship between interpersonal discrimination and job seeking To propose useful personal characteristics that can address the above relationship To further examine the utility of stereotype threat, motivation, and self-regulation theories in the job search domain 3
  • 4.  Job searching    “A purposive, volitional pattern of action that begins with the identification and commitment to pursuing an employment goal” (Kanfer, Wanberg, & Kantrowitz, 2001) Individuals exert effort (time & resources) in pursuit of employment Largely a self-regulatory process  Feedback from the environment influences employment goals and job search strategies (Kanfer, Wanberg, & Kantrowitz, 2001) 4
  • 5. Conceptual Model Job Search Job Search Resiliency Resiliency Interpersonal Interpersonal Discrimination Discrimination Job Search Job Search intensity intensity Job Search Job Search Self-Efficacy Self-Efficacy Job Search Job Search Effort Effort Learning Learning PerformancePerformanceProve Prove PerformancePerformanceAvoid Avoid 5
  • 6. Stereotype Threat  Stereotype threat as a theoretical framework  Definition: A fear of confirming a negative stereotype associated with the individual’s group (Steele, 1997; Steele & Aronson, 1995)  Perceived interpersonal discrimination (PID) leads to performance decrements (Salvatore & Shelton, 2007) 6
  • 7. Job Search Self-Efficacy Job Search Job Search Intensity Intensity Interpersonal Interpersonal Discrimination Discrimination Job Search Job Search Self-Efficacy Self-Efficacy Job Search Job Search Effort Effort  Job search self-efficacy (JSSE) has been shown to be a valuable predictor of job search intensity, job search effort, and attaining employment (Saks & Ashforth, 1999; Wanberg, Kanfer, & Rotundo, 1999) 7
  • 8. Job Search Resiliency Job Search Job Search Resiliency Resiliency Interpersonal Interpersonal Discrimination Discrimination  Job Search Job Search Self-Efficacy Self-Efficacy The ability to recover from adverse situations may preserve confidence, which would strengthen job seeking endeavors 8
  • 9. Goal Orientation Learning Learning Interpersonal Interpersonal Discrimination Discrimination   PerformancePerformanceProve Prove PerformancePerformanceAvoid Avoid Job Search Job Search Self-Efficacy Self-Efficacy Perceptions of interpersonal discrimination may be seen as an impediment to goal accomplishment The evaluative approach adopted plays an important role in influencing an individual’s confidence (i.e., JSSE) (Payne, Youngcourt, & Beaubien, 2007) 9
  • 10. Method  Convenience sampling technique was utilized to recruit 71 participants at a non-profit unemployment agency     76% females and 23% males Mean age: 31.34 years (SD = 9.99) Work experience: 5-10 years (N = 21); more than 10 years (N = 21) Ethnicity: 46.5% African-American, 42.3% Middle Eastern, and the rest were other minorities 10
  • 11. Results  Mediation  PID JSSE Job search intensity  Total effect (C1 = -.1711, p = .088)  Direct effect (C’1 = -.0618, p > .05)  Indirect effect (a1b1 = -.1079)  The indirect effect was statistically significant as evidenced by an absence of zero in the 95% bias-corrected bootstrap confidence intervals (-.2639 to -.0147) Mediation supported  11
  • 12.  Mediation  PID JSSE Job search effort  Total effect (C1 = -.2394, p < .01)  Direct effect (C’1 = -.1734, p > .05)  Indirect effect (a1b1 = -.0651)  The indirect effect was not significant as evidenced by a presence of zero in the 95% bias-corrected bootstrap confidence intervals (-.2138 to .0346) Mediation not supported  12
  • 13.  Moderation findings  Supported    Learning goal orientation Performance-prove goal orientation Not supported   Job search resiliency Performance-avoid goal orientation 13
  • 14. The Interaction between PID and Learning Goal Orientation Predicting JSSE 0.4 0.3 -E y a c i f 0.2 0.1 0 LOW LGO -0.1 HIGH LGO f l h c r a e S b o J -0.2 -0.3 -0.4 LOW HIGH Perceived Interpersonal Discrimination 14
  • 15. The Interaction between PID and Performance Prove Goal Orientation Predicting JSSE 0.5 0.4 0.3 -E y a c i f 0.2 0.1 0 LOW PPGO -0.1 HIGH PPGO f l h c r a e S b o J -0.2 -0.3 -0.4 -0.5 LOW HIGH Perceived Interpersonal Discrimination 15
  • 16. Discussion  Summary of findings    PID was related to the amount of effort exerted to finding a job as well as an individual’s job searching behaviors indirectly through the mediating variable, JSSE Individuals who were confident in their ability to conduct their job search well, reported higher job search behavior and job search intensity Learning goal orientation plays a buffering role while performance-prove exacerbates the negative relationship between PID and JSSE 16
  • 17. Strengths and Limitations  Strengths    No previous research linking PID to job seeking has been conducted Used a minority sample Limitations    Larger sample size Cross-sectional nature does not capture the dynamics of job seeking A longitudinal design that includes an employment outcome measure would be beneficial 17
  • 18. Implications  An individual’s perceptions of subtle differential treatment plays an important role during the job search process   Organizations should work with those who interact with job seekers (interviewers, test administrators, receptionists) to ensure that interpersonal treatment is consistent across individuals Applicant’s perspective   JSSE training Adopting a different goal orientation during job search 18
  • 19. Acknowledgements  Ann Marie Ryan, Ph.D. and Jennifer Wessel, Ph.D., Michigan State University (MSU)  Mark G. Ehrhart, Ph.D. and the ROLE Lab, San Diego State University (SDSU)  SDSU NIMH COR Program Grant # MH065183  This research was partially supported by MSU Summer Research Opportunity Program (SROP) 19