A slideshow about the different categories involved in the development of African American Civil Rights. A Level History

1. Samuel Hallam

2.  1873  The Slaughterhouse Case  Citizens’ rights should belong
to the states, not the Federal Government, basically meaning the
states could decide what rights African Americans had at times.
 1896  Plessy vs. Ferguson  The ruling of this case introduced
the “separate but equal” clause. This ruling actually encouraged
segregation. The separate part was more de facto, where as the
equal part was more de juro. *
 1933  Trudeau vs. Barnes  This case stated that all cases must
be exhausted before reaching the Supreme Court. This meant that
it was now less likely cases regarding the AA’s would reach the
Supreme Court and any action be taken because of it.

3.  1880  Strauder vs. West Virginia  African Americans were no
longer to be excluded from juries, ending an all White ruling that
existed, especially in Southern states.
 1915  Guinn vs. U.S.  The Grandfather clauses and other laws
that restricted the voting rights of African Americans in
Oklahoma, Maryland and other states was now outlawed.
Meaning African Americans had more freedom to vote in the
South.
 1954  Brown vs. B.O.E  The Supreme Court ruled all children
are allowed to go to state schools regardless of their colour. It also
began the desegregation process across America. *

4.  1866  Civil Rights Act  Guaranteed legal equality to AA.
Although many saw this as a de juro measure. Also no one really
enforced especially in South.
 1871  The Klan Act  Protected AA from the Klan however this
was more in theory again, much like many acts at the time. As
well no one really enforced it as well.
 1957  Civil Rights Act  This Act aimed to investigate areas of
Civil Rights which had been abused in the past. However as a
result, no action was taken up.

5.  1865  13th Amendment  Freed the AA from slavery as well as
beginning the African Americans fight for Civil Rights officially.
 1941  Fair Employment Act  Required equal treatment and
training for all employees, regardless of ethnicity. This was now
meaning that the African Americans could no longer work
without the same training as their White counterparts.
 1964  Civil Rights Act  Officially stated segregation was illegal
everywhere and that all states needed to desegregate. This was a
huge step forward for AA because they were now no longer
allowed to be treated like second class citizens. *

6.  Johnson  1865 – 68  Tended to oppose a lot of the Civil Rights
legislation that was brought before him and wished to keep the
AA from being equal.
 Harding  1921 – 23  Saw the South as setting a good example
with regards to Civil Rights so mainly took ideas from the
Southern states.
 Reagan  1981 – 89  Reagan opposed legislation that would
have helped AA’s struggling with employment and needed
welfare benefits to help them.

7.  Lincoln  1865  Freed the slaves under the 13th Amendment
and basically began the AA fight for Civil Rights. Arguably one of
the most positive presidents with regards to AACR.
 FDR  1934 – 45  FDR’s New Deal did actually benefit a AA
living in America at the time. As well, FDR began the Fair
Employment Committee which wished to end any discrimination
on the grounds of gender or ethnicity with regards to employment
opportunities.
 LBJ  1963 – 69  Was a strong supported of Civil Rights for all.
Continued JFK’s work and signed the Civil Rights Bill of 1964. As
well he put forward the Voting Rights Act which officially
stopped any clauses restricting the vote.

8.  Marcus Garvey  1917 -25  Founded UNIA in Jamaica then
brought it across to the America shortly after. Originally Garvey
had the idea of “returning home to Africa” since they were
African Americans. However shortly after this idea, Garvey
realised the idea was flawed so had to take a new approach.
Agreed with Washington’s ideas of accepting the way the
American society was and didn’t challenge it.
 UNIA (Universal Negro Improvement Association)  Wished to
have an equal but separate society in America, actually favouring
Plessy vs. Ferguson (1896). They really didn’t actually help the
segregation AA’s faced.
 Black Panthers  1966 -76  The Black Panthers were a spin off of
Malcolm X. However the Panthers were a very violent group and
their methods often made some Whites suspicious of the AA’s.
The Black Panthers achieved very little.

9.  Frederick Douglas  1865 – 95  Opposed the slave trade and slavery,
supported Civil Rights for all. Began to raise awareness for the African
American Civil Right Movement. Douglas was one of the first to do so.
 Ida B Wells  1884 – 1931  Publicly criticised lynchings and mob
violence by the KKK and Southerners. To help raise awareness of the
lynchings and gain support for Black Civil Rights Movement, she wrote
for a variety of newspapers, magazines and media sources at this time to
promote the equality messages.
 MLK  1954 – 68  MLK was one of the most AA in terms of developing
their Civil Rights. The “I Have a Dream” speech, the Montgomery Bus
Boycotts (1955) , the Birmingham protest (1963) and the Million Man
March/the March on Washington (1963) were all King organised. King
managed to get LBJ to form the Civil Rights Bill.

10.  KKK  The KKK was born in 1865. They wanted to intimidate and stop
the AACR from progressing all the way through the period. They were
originally those from the South who had lost out during the Civil War
and the end of slavery. AA’s struggled to gain rights and sometimes
exercise their freedom because of the Klan intimidating them.
 States  Southern states often worked around the Constitution of
American by introducing laws to ban the Blacks from voting (such as the
Grandfather Clauses and literacy tests) which didn’t great any
Constitutional laws. The Jim Crow Laws that were introduced in the
South often restricted the Blacks movements and encouraged/kept
segregation in place.

11.  1865  The AA were freed/the birth of the KKK
 1896  Plessy vs. Ferguson, beginning segregation legally.
 1954  Brown vs. B.O.E  Ended Segregation
 1964  Civil Rights Act  Gave AA the right to vote legally and
no restrictions were allowed to be put in place.