This document summarizes a study that observed the ethical decision-making of 112 college students in marketing classes. The students were split into two groups - one where the importance of ethics was discussed in every class, and one where it was only briefly mentioned. When given the opportunity to cheat, 100% of students in the non-sensitized group cheated, with some trying to cover it up. Some students in the sensitized group also cheated, while others did not. Focus group interviews found that students who cheated were at a lower stage of moral reasoning, while those who did not cheat were at a higher stage. The findings suggest that discussing ethics regularly may help advance students' moral reasoning.
A Study On Academic Dishonesty And Moral ReasoningWhitney Anderson
This study examined the relationships between pressure, opportunity, rationalization, and academic dishonesty, and investigated whether these relationships were moderated by moral reasoning. The study surveyed 178 undergraduate accounting students in Indonesia. Structural equation modeling revealed that pressure, opportunity, and rationalization directly and positively predicted academic dishonesty. The relationships between these factors and academic dishonesty remained consistent between groups with low and high moral reasoning, indicating moral reasoning did not moderate these relationships. The results suggest universities should create environments where academic dishonesty is unacceptable and reduce opportunities to commit dishonest acts, as all students may be susceptible regardless of morality.
This document summarizes a research study that examined the impact of ethics training on budgetary decision making. The study involved four groups that received different combinations of a pre-test, ethics intervention, and post-test. The findings indicate that formal ethics training had little to no impact on individual choices, and in some cases seemed to have a negative correlation. The data suggest that individual ethical standards are a stronger predictor of ethical behavior than other variables like ethics training. Further research is needed to identify the most effective ways to guide budgetary decisions along ethical lines.
Essay on Environment for all Class in 100 to 500 Words in English. Importance of Environment Essay | Essay on Importance of Environment .... Sample essay on hindrances to environmental conservation. Environmental Pollution Essay – Assisting students with top-notch papers. Environmental Issues Essay. Admission essay: Environmental conservation essay. College Essay: Nature and environment essays. Environment Essay: Example, Sample, Writing Help ️ BookWormLab.
This document discusses academic dishonesty among high school students. It reports that according to the Educational Testing Service (ETS), cheating among high school students has risen dramatically over the past 50 years, from 20% of college students admitting to cheating in high school in the 1940s to between 75-98% today. The document explores reasons for this increase, such as less stigma around cheating and increased competition for college admissions. It also examines ways to address academic dishonesty, such as teaching students about academic integrity and making coursework more relevant.
Admitting Convicted Felons To Social Work Programs Conceptual Dilemmas And P...Laurie Smith
This document discusses the ethical and legal dilemmas surrounding admitting convicted felons into social work programs. There are differing views on whether they should be admitted. Some argue they should be denied due to risks of harming clients or violating ethics, while others say admission supports rehabilitation and social work values of giving people second chances. Programs must consider applicants' rights as well as protecting clients and the profession. Legal issues also arise, as programs must have clear, defensible admission standards. The best approach may be reviewing applications on a case-by-case basis considering factors like the nature of the offense and time since conviction.
Cultural Identity Paper Grading CriteriaInstructions as in SyllaOllieShoresna
Cultural Identity Paper Grading Criteria
Instructions as in Syllabus: You will be required to write a paper exploring your own cultural development over your lifespan. You will need to discuss at least 6 course terms and clearly connect them to your culture. The paper will require you to reflect upon your own life experience by identifying shared experiences, rites and rituals, personal beliefs, intergenerational patterns,nationality, race and ethnicity (just to name a few!), which influence your culture. Feel free to add “creative” elements to your typed paper, such as visual elements, traditional recipes, clipart, pictures, collages, and/or brochures representative of your personal cultural identity.
6 Cultural Themes/Terms Defined and Connected to Thoroughly (E.g., Social norms, ethnicity, values, traditions, language, cultural context, etc).
Word for this project would be 2000 words
Note: I am Vietnamese (Was born in Vietnam). Asian Culture. Male 25 years old. Currently living in United States (Move to live in United States for 2 years so far).
In Line and Out of the Box: How Ethical Leaders Help Offset the
Negative Effect of Morality on Creativity
Xin Liu
Renmin University of China
Hui Liao and Rellie Derfler-Rozin
University of Maryland, College Park
Xiaoming Zheng
Tsinghua University
Elijah X. M. Wee
University of Washington
Feng Qiu
University of Oregon
Utilizing role theory, we investigate the potential negative relationship between employees’ moral
ownership and their creativity, and the mitigating effect of ethical leadership in this relationship. We
argue that employees higher on moral ownership are likely to take more moral role responsibility to
ensure the ethical nature of their own actions and their environment, inadvertently resulting in them being
less able to think outside of the box and to be creative at work. However, we propose that ethical leaders
can relieve these employees from such moral agent role, allowing them to be creative while staying
moral. We adopt a multimethod approach and test our predictions in 2 field studies (1 dyadic-based from
the United States and 1 team-based from China) and 2 experimental studies (1 scenario-based and 1
team-based laboratory study). The results across these studies showed: (a) employee moral ownership is
negatively related to employee creativity, and (b) ethical leadership moderates this relationship such that
the negative association is mitigated when ethical leadership is high rather than low. Moreover, the
team-based laboratory study demonstrated that moral responsibility relief mediated the buffering effect
of ethical leadership. We discuss implications for role theory, ethicality, creativity, and leadership at
work.
Keywords: morality, creativity, ethical leadership, role theory, multimethod approach
Employee creativity, defined as the development of novel and
useful ideas (Amabile, 1983, 1996; George, 2007), is generally
considered as the driving force behind ...
This document discusses factors that affect 21st century students' learning and implications for educators. It examines how students today have grown up in a different environment than past generations due to technology, war, economic struggles, and heightened anxiety. Their ethics and morality have changed as success is now achieved by any means necessary. Media and technology consume students' lives and attention, making it harder for teachers to engage them. However, simulations and video games could update teaching methods and motivate students by relating lessons to their interests. The document suggests ways for educators to adapt their approaches to better understand and teach today's students.
A Study On Academic Dishonesty And Moral ReasoningWhitney Anderson
This study examined the relationships between pressure, opportunity, rationalization, and academic dishonesty, and investigated whether these relationships were moderated by moral reasoning. The study surveyed 178 undergraduate accounting students in Indonesia. Structural equation modeling revealed that pressure, opportunity, and rationalization directly and positively predicted academic dishonesty. The relationships between these factors and academic dishonesty remained consistent between groups with low and high moral reasoning, indicating moral reasoning did not moderate these relationships. The results suggest universities should create environments where academic dishonesty is unacceptable and reduce opportunities to commit dishonest acts, as all students may be susceptible regardless of morality.
This document summarizes a research study that examined the impact of ethics training on budgetary decision making. The study involved four groups that received different combinations of a pre-test, ethics intervention, and post-test. The findings indicate that formal ethics training had little to no impact on individual choices, and in some cases seemed to have a negative correlation. The data suggest that individual ethical standards are a stronger predictor of ethical behavior than other variables like ethics training. Further research is needed to identify the most effective ways to guide budgetary decisions along ethical lines.
Essay on Environment for all Class in 100 to 500 Words in English. Importance of Environment Essay | Essay on Importance of Environment .... Sample essay on hindrances to environmental conservation. Environmental Pollution Essay – Assisting students with top-notch papers. Environmental Issues Essay. Admission essay: Environmental conservation essay. College Essay: Nature and environment essays. Environment Essay: Example, Sample, Writing Help ️ BookWormLab.
This document discusses academic dishonesty among high school students. It reports that according to the Educational Testing Service (ETS), cheating among high school students has risen dramatically over the past 50 years, from 20% of college students admitting to cheating in high school in the 1940s to between 75-98% today. The document explores reasons for this increase, such as less stigma around cheating and increased competition for college admissions. It also examines ways to address academic dishonesty, such as teaching students about academic integrity and making coursework more relevant.
Admitting Convicted Felons To Social Work Programs Conceptual Dilemmas And P...Laurie Smith
This document discusses the ethical and legal dilemmas surrounding admitting convicted felons into social work programs. There are differing views on whether they should be admitted. Some argue they should be denied due to risks of harming clients or violating ethics, while others say admission supports rehabilitation and social work values of giving people second chances. Programs must consider applicants' rights as well as protecting clients and the profession. Legal issues also arise, as programs must have clear, defensible admission standards. The best approach may be reviewing applications on a case-by-case basis considering factors like the nature of the offense and time since conviction.
Cultural Identity Paper Grading CriteriaInstructions as in SyllaOllieShoresna
Cultural Identity Paper Grading Criteria
Instructions as in Syllabus: You will be required to write a paper exploring your own cultural development over your lifespan. You will need to discuss at least 6 course terms and clearly connect them to your culture. The paper will require you to reflect upon your own life experience by identifying shared experiences, rites and rituals, personal beliefs, intergenerational patterns,nationality, race and ethnicity (just to name a few!), which influence your culture. Feel free to add “creative” elements to your typed paper, such as visual elements, traditional recipes, clipart, pictures, collages, and/or brochures representative of your personal cultural identity.
6 Cultural Themes/Terms Defined and Connected to Thoroughly (E.g., Social norms, ethnicity, values, traditions, language, cultural context, etc).
Word for this project would be 2000 words
Note: I am Vietnamese (Was born in Vietnam). Asian Culture. Male 25 years old. Currently living in United States (Move to live in United States for 2 years so far).
In Line and Out of the Box: How Ethical Leaders Help Offset the
Negative Effect of Morality on Creativity
Xin Liu
Renmin University of China
Hui Liao and Rellie Derfler-Rozin
University of Maryland, College Park
Xiaoming Zheng
Tsinghua University
Elijah X. M. Wee
University of Washington
Feng Qiu
University of Oregon
Utilizing role theory, we investigate the potential negative relationship between employees’ moral
ownership and their creativity, and the mitigating effect of ethical leadership in this relationship. We
argue that employees higher on moral ownership are likely to take more moral role responsibility to
ensure the ethical nature of their own actions and their environment, inadvertently resulting in them being
less able to think outside of the box and to be creative at work. However, we propose that ethical leaders
can relieve these employees from such moral agent role, allowing them to be creative while staying
moral. We adopt a multimethod approach and test our predictions in 2 field studies (1 dyadic-based from
the United States and 1 team-based from China) and 2 experimental studies (1 scenario-based and 1
team-based laboratory study). The results across these studies showed: (a) employee moral ownership is
negatively related to employee creativity, and (b) ethical leadership moderates this relationship such that
the negative association is mitigated when ethical leadership is high rather than low. Moreover, the
team-based laboratory study demonstrated that moral responsibility relief mediated the buffering effect
of ethical leadership. We discuss implications for role theory, ethicality, creativity, and leadership at
work.
Keywords: morality, creativity, ethical leadership, role theory, multimethod approach
Employee creativity, defined as the development of novel and
useful ideas (Amabile, 1983, 1996; George, 2007), is generally
considered as the driving force behind ...
This document discusses factors that affect 21st century students' learning and implications for educators. It examines how students today have grown up in a different environment than past generations due to technology, war, economic struggles, and heightened anxiety. Their ethics and morality have changed as success is now achieved by any means necessary. Media and technology consume students' lives and attention, making it harder for teachers to engage them. However, simulations and video games could update teaching methods and motivate students by relating lessons to their interests. The document suggests ways for educators to adapt their approaches to better understand and teach today's students.
College Cheating Immaturity, Lack of Commitment, and the Neut.docxmonicafrancis71118
This document summarizes a study that examined factors underlying student cheating in college. Through a survey of 380 students, the researchers found that over half reported cheating during the academic year. Factor analysis identified three primary factors influencing cheating: student immaturity, lack of commitment to academics, and neutralization. Neutralization refers to justifying deviant acts to deflect blame. Cheaters reported higher levels of neutralization and were most deterred by formal punishments rather than feelings of guilt. The study provides insight into motivations for cheating and suggestions for further research.
Both these ideas were based on the underage consumption of alcohol.docxAASTHA76
Both these ideas were based on the underage consumption of alcohol lading to illegal behavior that is common in the college going students. Attachment theory stands on the concept that human beings have a natural desire and innate requirement of being appreciated and accepted by others. Survey then led to the confirmatory analysis which enforced two-factor of attachment theory, comprising parental affection or attachment and peer attachment, both these types of accessories represent trust, non-estrangement, and communication, Which means that all the adults or youngsters are emotionally attached to their parents or the people of their group (Foster, Vaughan, Foster, & Califano Jr, 2013).
The results manifested the hypotheses that sheltered peer attachment positively concluded behavioral control and values towards alcohol, but protected maternal affection inversely completed behavioral control and values towards alcohol. Alcohol norms, behavioral control and attitudes individually elaborate alcohol objective, which showed an elevation in this behavior within a month. All these findings reinforce recommendations for agenda created to shorten the risk levels of underage drinking using the idea of Attachment theory and Theory of planned behavior TPB.
I. Social Learning Theory:
This research is associated with the methods of getting alcohol in underage, use of substance, underage drinking and this kind of other deviations, this study consider the application of social learning theory. Youngsters under adulthood age are getting alcohol illegally. Past researches show that young alcohol abusers use other persons for this purpose, and these other individuals include any stranger who is adult enough to drink legally (Miller, Levy, Spicer, & Taylor, 2010).
This procedure of getting alcohol is called black marketing. It has been observed that black market organization was made while taking alcohol illegally in association with the other black market organization, other black market anomaly or global anomaly. For study purpose, use of black market sources defined as the utilization of an unknown person trying to obtain illegal substance like alcohol, drugs, etc. thus sources was labeled black market, if the individual participating was an unknown. The materials under consideration in this study include alcohol and marijuana. The study sample was comprised of undergraduate’s students from the organizational pool from a southeastern university.
The questionnaire was filled through the online survey and analyzed statistically by multivariate statistical techniques (Foster, et al., 2013).Youth alcohol consumption includes a lot of research work. This study covers almost all the aspects from divergence related to underage drinking to the hazardous results it causes on health. A huge part of the sample population is the college students. Binge drinking, underage drinking, and general drinking are considered by average or dominant America ...
The Impact Of Omari On A Culturally Competent HouseholdAmy Alexander
Here are some key considerations for a school social worker working with immigrant children:
- Language barriers: Immigrant children may have limited English proficiency, making it difficult for them to understand lessons and communicate at school. The social worker will need to find ways to bridge this language gap, such as using translators.
- Cultural adjustment: Immigrating to a new country involves adapting to a different culture, norms, and way of life. This cultural adjustment can be difficult for children and cause feelings of isolation. The social worker should help facilitate cultural understanding and inclusion.
- Educational support: Due to language barriers and an unfamiliar education system in their new country, immigrant children may struggle academically. The social worker can provide tut
The document discusses the theory of planned behavior and its application to understanding sexual behaviors. The theory proposes that behavioral intentions are influenced by attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control. While people are conditioned to follow safe sex norms, social stigmas or peer pressure may cause intentions to diverge from these norms. Analyzing sexual behaviors through the lens of the theory of planned behavior can provide insight into the motivations and factors that influence people's intentions and behaviors.
The document discusses theoretical frameworks for deterring academic misconduct. It outlines theories such as rational choice theory, neutralization theory, and situational action theory. Rational choice theory views academic dishonesty as a decision students make by weighing costs and benefits. Neutralization theory suggests students can rationalize misconduct without damage to self-esteem. Situational action theory emphasizes both the opportunity and intention to cheat influence misconduct. The document recommends reducing opportunities to cheat and increasing education on integrity to prevent misconduct based on these theories.
The video for this presentation is available on our Youtube channel:
https://youtube.com/allceuseducation A continuing education course for this presentation can be found at https://www.allceus.com/member/cart/index/index?c=
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Examines theories that attempt to explain the motivation for criminal behavior in order to help reduce recidivism and relapse among people with and without addictions in the criminal justice system
This document discusses the relationship between critical thinking, philosophical anthropology, and principles of ethics. It argues that ethics education should have a theoretical base in these three areas. Critical thinking skills are important for ethical decision making by allowing one to question assumptions and consider alternative perspectives. Philosophical anthropology studies fundamental questions about human nature and existence that impact ethical views. Ethics is premised on understanding philosophical anthropology, and critical thinking can facilitate understanding different concepts and viewpoints related to ethics. Codes of ethics should not just be taught as rules but also explain the underlying principles.
Introduction to management groups g - i - managerial ethics and corporate s...Diego Thomas
This document provides an overview and summary of the key topics covered in a lecture on managerial ethics and corporate social responsibility. The lecture discusses:
1. Definitions of ethics and how it relates to behaviors governed by law and free choice.
2. Approaches to evaluating ethical behavior such as utilitarian, individualism, moral rights, and justice approaches.
3. Factors that influence ethical decision making for individuals and organizations.
4. The concept of corporate social responsibility and importance of balancing stakeholder interests.
- Government InvolvementBioethics Environmental Ethics.docxhoney725342
- Government Involvement
Bioethics: Environmental Ethics
Go here: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4GviNafYdS4 to view a video covering information about environmental ethics and how it relates to morality.
Reference
Leopold Foundation. (2012, June, 3). Bioethics and environmental value- How we reason about things that morally matter [Video]. Retrieved from the YouTube Web site: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4GviNafYdS4
Social Contract Theory
Go here: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dHyn8MWssWc to view a video showing social contract theory from the conservative and liberal points of view. This video is approximately 7 minutes in length.
Reference
Storm Clouds Gathering. (2013, May, 30). The truth about the social contract [Video]. Retrieved from the YouTube Web site: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dHyn8MWssWc
Rousseau and Social Contract
Go here: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M40waSvXwBU to view a video that covers Rousseau's view on social contract theory. This video is approximately 12 minutes in length.
Reference
Alfred, J. (2010, October, 22). The classics: Rousseau -- Social contract [Video]. Retrieved from the YouTube Web site: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M40waSvXwBU
Laws and Ethics
Law is a system of principles and rules of human conduct prescribed by society and enforced by public authority. This definition applies to both criminal law and civil law. Ethics is the study of standards of conduct and moral judgment. When referring to a profession, ethics is the group's principles or code. Some may view the link between law and ethics as one to one—what is lawful is ethical and what is unlawful is unethical. This is not necessarily true. The law is the minimum performance that is expected in society. Professions demand that members comply with the law but simultaneously hold members to a higher standard. Thus, a profession's code of ethics may require its group's members to act in ways that are different from members of society. In this presentation, we examine ethics in the health professions by focusing first on human development and the foundation of law, and second, on reasoning in the world of values.
Human Value Development and the Foundation of Law
Moral philosophies and derivative principles provide a framework to hone and use a personal ethic to analyze and solve ethical problems. Like philosophers, clinicians and administrators are unlikely to agree fully with only one moral philosophy. Most will be eclectic in developing or reconsidering a personal ethic. In general, however, the principles of respect for persons, beneficence, nonmaleficence, and justice are useful in defining relationships among patients, managers, and organizations. These principles may carry different weights and take precedence over one another, depending on the issue being evaluated. Justice requires, however, that they be consistently ordered and weighted when similar problems are considered ...
This document summarizes a study that examined dishonest academic behavior among undergraduate accounting students. The study surveyed 569 business majors from seven universities to investigate three research questions: 1) Whether accounting majors were as likely to cheat as other business majors, 2) Whether accounting majors agreed on what constitutes dishonest behavior, and 3) Whether accounting majors who admitted to cheating in college also cheated in high school. The results found that accounting majors were as likely to cheat as other business majors. There was significant disagreement among accounting majors on what behaviors are considered dishonest. Finally, many accounting majors who admitted to cheating in college also admitted to cheating in high school.
This document discusses ethical dilemmas that teachers may face. It defines ethics and ethical dilemmas, then explores where they can arise from, such as laws/policies, superiors' decisions, student actions, colleagues' actions, and tensions within professional ethics. The document examines models for ethical decision making and discusses strategies for addressing dilemmas, such as sharing them with others, having institutional structures to prevent harm, articulating one's ethics, recognizing dilemmas and forces at play, educating colleagues, and providing teacher professional development.
Unit III Criminological Theories Related to Juvenile .docxmarilucorr
Unit III: Criminological
Theories Related to Juvenile
Delinquency
Introduction
• As we move into Unit III of your Juvenile Delinquency course,
we will start to examine and analyze the underlying reasons of
why juveniles commit delinquent acts and/or status offenses.
Criminological Theories
• Criminology itself is the study of theories that attempt to
provide an understanding of criminal behavior and/or crime.
• In this unit, we will take a closer look at criminological theories
related to juvenile delinquency, and in particular, juvenile gangs
in America.
• Before we start into your readings for this unit, let’s examine
the following question: In your opinion, why do juveniles
commit delinquent acts and/or status offenses?
• If you forgot what status offense means, make sure you revisit
Unit I and Unit II of this course to refresh your memory.
Little John: A Juvenile’s Story
• Watch the video about interactions
between Officer McDonald and Little
John, a juvenile
https://online.columbiasouthern.edu/csu_c
ontent/courses/emergency_services/bcj/bc
j2201/15K/video/unitiii_video.mp4
• Click here to access the transcript for this
video.
Let’s begin this unit with learning more about Little John.
https://online.columbiasouthern.edu/csu_content/courses/emergency_services/bcj/bcj2201/15K/video/unitiii_video.mp4
https://online.columbiasouthern.edu/CSU_Content/courses/Emergency_Services/BCJ/BCJ2201/15K/transcripts/BCJ2201_UnitIII_Transcript.pdf
https://online.columbiasouthern.edu/csu_content/courses/emergency_services/bcj/bcj2201/15K/video/unitiii_video.mp4
https://online.columbiasouthern.edu/csu_content/courses/emergency_services/bcj/bcj2201/15K/video/unitiii_video.mp4
Criminological Theories
• Throughout the years, the truth has been sought by requesting
guidance from kings, priests, and philosophers.
• Today, however, we utilize science, which offers more accurate
answers.
• The two basic tools of science are theory and research.
• Research includes the collection of data that leads to the
identification of important variables as well as any related
variables. This, in turn, leads to new directions.
Criminological Theories
• A theory attempts to explain the events in the world (Bartollas
& Miller, 2011). It seeks to provide an explanation for the who,
what, when, where, why, and how events occur.
• Although theories try to explain events, they are not final. For
example, one theory may explain one behavior but not
another. Additionally, a theory may not explain a behavior for
all individuals.
Criminological Theories
• In the study of juvenile delinquency, there are some prominent
criminological theories that take center stage when examining
the complex issue of juvenile delinquency:
• rational choice theory,
• social learning theory, and
• strain theory.
• It is not to say that these are the only theories that exist in the
study of criminology; however, these three pa ...
Early Psychological Research On Cognitive And The Nature...Carmen Martin
Early psychological research emphasized observable behaviors but later incorporated studying internal processes like cognitions. Assessing internal experiences typically involves self-report questionnaires, which have limitations. To address some limitations, researchers have adopted ecological momentary assessment using smart devices, which can query participants about thoughts, feelings, and behaviors in the moment over time, reducing memory reliance. However, self-report still involves biases, and EMA introduces awareness biases. Nisbett and Wilson referred to removing time as key to decreasing accuracy in self-reporting.
Ewa 4
Vincent Ewa Topic: What do we know about school discipline reform?
February 11, 2017
Article Review # 1
Bibliography entry:
Steinberg, Matthew P., and Johanna, Lacoe. "What do we know about school discipline reform?." Education Next 17, no. 1 (Winter2017 2017): 44-52. Education Research Complete, EBSCOhost.
Purpose: The U.S. Department of Education’s Office for Civil Rights announced this spring that the number of suspensions and expulsions in the nation’s public schools had dropped 20 percent between 2012 and 2014.
Authoraffiliations:
· Steinberg – The University Pennsylvanian’s Graduate School of Education
· Lacoe - Researcher at Mathematica Policy Research
Summary:
According to the department of Education office for civil rights, there has been a drop of suspensions and expulsions in public schools between 2012 and 2014. There have been moves to abolish the use of suspensions and expulsion by some policy makers. Furthermore, there have also been complains that suspensions and expulsions where used in a way that was not fair and discriminative of other students. Others do also believe that the abolishment of such punishment would result to a better working environment. There has also been a push by politicians including Barak Obamas government, which advocated for an alternative kind of punishment for students found on the wrong line of the school rules. This involved a joint venture by the Department of Education and the Department of Justice who eventually arrived on measures to improve the school climate and the discipline among students. They also send a strict warning of racism when it comes to disciplining of students at school. It is evident also that the move for discipline reforms has gone to the grassroots, which is the state and school district levels. Example is the District of Colombia.
A critical look on the effects of this alternative ways of suspension should be made. Various statistical reports have brought out variety of evidences. Example is the documentation in disparities in school in school discipline and race. In addition is the statistical report by the National Centre for Education show a downward trend in suspensions, student victimization and reports of bullying. It also shows decline in suspensions and expulsions. There has also been more that 30% if teachers reporting of disruption to studies due to behavior and tardiness. Evidence of exposure to extreme harsh conditions such has students exposed to Hurricanes tend to be out of school for a given time while dealing with the disaster. Finally, exposure to disruptive peers tends to affect students later in their studies.
Statistics also show disproportionate rates of suspension with it mainly affecting students of a specific race and also students with disabilities. Most of these being racial especially among the blacks in preschool, primary, middle and high schools. This has also created gaps between blacks ...
Addressing Academic Dishonesty Among The Highest AchieversZaara Jensen
This article discusses academic dishonesty among high-achieving students. It finds that while high-achieving students report lower rates of cheating than lower-achieving students, cheating rates among high-achievers are still significant. The article uses a motivational framework to examine why high-achievers may feel the need to cheat, such as pressure to meet high personal performance standards, intense social comparisons and competition, and an ability to rationalize cheating behaviors. It concludes by suggesting approaches schools can take to reduce cheating among high-achievers, like changing pedagogy/assessments, providing clear cheating policies and consequences, and addressing competitive school cultures.
This document discusses several ethical issues in healthcare and research. It begins by defining ethical issues as moral challenges facing healthcare providers. It notes that advance directives allow patients to outline their medical preferences if they become incapacitated, but implementing these directives can be difficult. The rest of the document discusses a situation where a daughter disagreed with her mother's advance directives, wanting more aggressive treatment than outlined. It also discusses the need to consider participants' rights and well-being in qualitative research and addresses some common ethical issues in the workplace like harassment and discrimination.
The document discusses factors that influence people in New Zealand to use complementary and alternative medicine (CAM). CAM is broadly defined as health practices outside of mainstream medicine in a given society. The New Zealand health system uses a definition of CAM as practices intended to prevent or treat illness or promote well-being that are self-defined as such by users. While New Zealand lacks recent data on CAM use, past surveys show little is known about the social and psychological reasons behind why people choose CAM. More research is needed to better understand people's motivations for using CAM in New Zealand.
This document discusses self-determination as an important motivational tool and transition skill for students with disabilities. It examines the characteristics of self-determined behavior, how culture and motivation impact self-determination, and teaching strategies to improve students' self-determination skills. Specific teaching strategies discussed include problem-solving instruction, involving students in their IEP meetings, and ensuring opportunities for choice, decision-making, and goal-setting. The document concludes that while teachers can support the development of self-determination, students must find intrinsic motivation to pursue their own interests and contribute to their post-school outcomes.
This document summarizes a study that identified and analyzed common ethical issues in schools in Delta State, Nigeria. The study found that the most prevalent unethical conducts were school closings due to strike action, unconstitutional student admissions, inaccurate records, and misleading advertising. Potential ways to reduce unethical conduct included providing ethics training, appointing ethics specialists, and establishing formal codes of ethics for staff and students. The study concluded that identifying unethical issues and implementing preventative measures could help improve the ethical climate and quality of education.
Here are the key risks and challenges of risk analysis:
- Subjectivity - Risk analysis involves subjective judgments which can introduce biases. Different people may perceive and evaluate risks differently.
- Limited information - It can be difficult to identify all potential risks and quantify their likelihood and impact due to limited information. New risks may emerge over time.
- Dynamic environment - As a business and its environment change, existing risks may diminish or new risks may arise. Risk analysis needs to be ongoing to stay current.
- Cascading failures - Risks are often interconnected so the failure of one system or control may trigger other failures, multiplying the impact. This is difficult to fully map out.
- Human factors - How people and
Order Paper Writing Help 247 - Dissertation Page NumberiJoshua Gorinson
The document discusses femininity in John Milton's epic poem Paradise Lost. It notes that Milton was a controversial figure who used his writing to address important social and political issues of his time. As one of his most important works, Paradise Lost explores grave social problems related to femininity. The document suggests Milton likely incorporated his own views on topics like marriage and divorce into his portrayal of femininity in the poem.
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This document summarizes a study that examined factors underlying student cheating in college. Through a survey of 380 students, the researchers found that over half reported cheating during the academic year. Factor analysis identified three primary factors influencing cheating: student immaturity, lack of commitment to academics, and neutralization. Neutralization refers to justifying deviant acts to deflect blame. Cheaters reported higher levels of neutralization and were most deterred by formal punishments rather than feelings of guilt. The study provides insight into motivations for cheating and suggestions for further research.
Both these ideas were based on the underage consumption of alcohol.docxAASTHA76
Both these ideas were based on the underage consumption of alcohol lading to illegal behavior that is common in the college going students. Attachment theory stands on the concept that human beings have a natural desire and innate requirement of being appreciated and accepted by others. Survey then led to the confirmatory analysis which enforced two-factor of attachment theory, comprising parental affection or attachment and peer attachment, both these types of accessories represent trust, non-estrangement, and communication, Which means that all the adults or youngsters are emotionally attached to their parents or the people of their group (Foster, Vaughan, Foster, & Califano Jr, 2013).
The results manifested the hypotheses that sheltered peer attachment positively concluded behavioral control and values towards alcohol, but protected maternal affection inversely completed behavioral control and values towards alcohol. Alcohol norms, behavioral control and attitudes individually elaborate alcohol objective, which showed an elevation in this behavior within a month. All these findings reinforce recommendations for agenda created to shorten the risk levels of underage drinking using the idea of Attachment theory and Theory of planned behavior TPB.
I. Social Learning Theory:
This research is associated with the methods of getting alcohol in underage, use of substance, underage drinking and this kind of other deviations, this study consider the application of social learning theory. Youngsters under adulthood age are getting alcohol illegally. Past researches show that young alcohol abusers use other persons for this purpose, and these other individuals include any stranger who is adult enough to drink legally (Miller, Levy, Spicer, & Taylor, 2010).
This procedure of getting alcohol is called black marketing. It has been observed that black market organization was made while taking alcohol illegally in association with the other black market organization, other black market anomaly or global anomaly. For study purpose, use of black market sources defined as the utilization of an unknown person trying to obtain illegal substance like alcohol, drugs, etc. thus sources was labeled black market, if the individual participating was an unknown. The materials under consideration in this study include alcohol and marijuana. The study sample was comprised of undergraduate’s students from the organizational pool from a southeastern university.
The questionnaire was filled through the online survey and analyzed statistically by multivariate statistical techniques (Foster, et al., 2013).Youth alcohol consumption includes a lot of research work. This study covers almost all the aspects from divergence related to underage drinking to the hazardous results it causes on health. A huge part of the sample population is the college students. Binge drinking, underage drinking, and general drinking are considered by average or dominant America ...
The Impact Of Omari On A Culturally Competent HouseholdAmy Alexander
Here are some key considerations for a school social worker working with immigrant children:
- Language barriers: Immigrant children may have limited English proficiency, making it difficult for them to understand lessons and communicate at school. The social worker will need to find ways to bridge this language gap, such as using translators.
- Cultural adjustment: Immigrating to a new country involves adapting to a different culture, norms, and way of life. This cultural adjustment can be difficult for children and cause feelings of isolation. The social worker should help facilitate cultural understanding and inclusion.
- Educational support: Due to language barriers and an unfamiliar education system in their new country, immigrant children may struggle academically. The social worker can provide tut
The document discusses the theory of planned behavior and its application to understanding sexual behaviors. The theory proposes that behavioral intentions are influenced by attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control. While people are conditioned to follow safe sex norms, social stigmas or peer pressure may cause intentions to diverge from these norms. Analyzing sexual behaviors through the lens of the theory of planned behavior can provide insight into the motivations and factors that influence people's intentions and behaviors.
The document discusses theoretical frameworks for deterring academic misconduct. It outlines theories such as rational choice theory, neutralization theory, and situational action theory. Rational choice theory views academic dishonesty as a decision students make by weighing costs and benefits. Neutralization theory suggests students can rationalize misconduct without damage to self-esteem. Situational action theory emphasizes both the opportunity and intention to cheat influence misconduct. The document recommends reducing opportunities to cheat and increasing education on integrity to prevent misconduct based on these theories.
The video for this presentation is available on our Youtube channel:
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Examines theories that attempt to explain the motivation for criminal behavior in order to help reduce recidivism and relapse among people with and without addictions in the criminal justice system
This document discusses the relationship between critical thinking, philosophical anthropology, and principles of ethics. It argues that ethics education should have a theoretical base in these three areas. Critical thinking skills are important for ethical decision making by allowing one to question assumptions and consider alternative perspectives. Philosophical anthropology studies fundamental questions about human nature and existence that impact ethical views. Ethics is premised on understanding philosophical anthropology, and critical thinking can facilitate understanding different concepts and viewpoints related to ethics. Codes of ethics should not just be taught as rules but also explain the underlying principles.
Introduction to management groups g - i - managerial ethics and corporate s...Diego Thomas
This document provides an overview and summary of the key topics covered in a lecture on managerial ethics and corporate social responsibility. The lecture discusses:
1. Definitions of ethics and how it relates to behaviors governed by law and free choice.
2. Approaches to evaluating ethical behavior such as utilitarian, individualism, moral rights, and justice approaches.
3. Factors that influence ethical decision making for individuals and organizations.
4. The concept of corporate social responsibility and importance of balancing stakeholder interests.
- Government InvolvementBioethics Environmental Ethics.docxhoney725342
- Government Involvement
Bioethics: Environmental Ethics
Go here: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4GviNafYdS4 to view a video covering information about environmental ethics and how it relates to morality.
Reference
Leopold Foundation. (2012, June, 3). Bioethics and environmental value- How we reason about things that morally matter [Video]. Retrieved from the YouTube Web site: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4GviNafYdS4
Social Contract Theory
Go here: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dHyn8MWssWc to view a video showing social contract theory from the conservative and liberal points of view. This video is approximately 7 minutes in length.
Reference
Storm Clouds Gathering. (2013, May, 30). The truth about the social contract [Video]. Retrieved from the YouTube Web site: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dHyn8MWssWc
Rousseau and Social Contract
Go here: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M40waSvXwBU to view a video that covers Rousseau's view on social contract theory. This video is approximately 12 minutes in length.
Reference
Alfred, J. (2010, October, 22). The classics: Rousseau -- Social contract [Video]. Retrieved from the YouTube Web site: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M40waSvXwBU
Laws and Ethics
Law is a system of principles and rules of human conduct prescribed by society and enforced by public authority. This definition applies to both criminal law and civil law. Ethics is the study of standards of conduct and moral judgment. When referring to a profession, ethics is the group's principles or code. Some may view the link between law and ethics as one to one—what is lawful is ethical and what is unlawful is unethical. This is not necessarily true. The law is the minimum performance that is expected in society. Professions demand that members comply with the law but simultaneously hold members to a higher standard. Thus, a profession's code of ethics may require its group's members to act in ways that are different from members of society. In this presentation, we examine ethics in the health professions by focusing first on human development and the foundation of law, and second, on reasoning in the world of values.
Human Value Development and the Foundation of Law
Moral philosophies and derivative principles provide a framework to hone and use a personal ethic to analyze and solve ethical problems. Like philosophers, clinicians and administrators are unlikely to agree fully with only one moral philosophy. Most will be eclectic in developing or reconsidering a personal ethic. In general, however, the principles of respect for persons, beneficence, nonmaleficence, and justice are useful in defining relationships among patients, managers, and organizations. These principles may carry different weights and take precedence over one another, depending on the issue being evaluated. Justice requires, however, that they be consistently ordered and weighted when similar problems are considered ...
This document summarizes a study that examined dishonest academic behavior among undergraduate accounting students. The study surveyed 569 business majors from seven universities to investigate three research questions: 1) Whether accounting majors were as likely to cheat as other business majors, 2) Whether accounting majors agreed on what constitutes dishonest behavior, and 3) Whether accounting majors who admitted to cheating in college also cheated in high school. The results found that accounting majors were as likely to cheat as other business majors. There was significant disagreement among accounting majors on what behaviors are considered dishonest. Finally, many accounting majors who admitted to cheating in college also admitted to cheating in high school.
This document discusses ethical dilemmas that teachers may face. It defines ethics and ethical dilemmas, then explores where they can arise from, such as laws/policies, superiors' decisions, student actions, colleagues' actions, and tensions within professional ethics. The document examines models for ethical decision making and discusses strategies for addressing dilemmas, such as sharing them with others, having institutional structures to prevent harm, articulating one's ethics, recognizing dilemmas and forces at play, educating colleagues, and providing teacher professional development.
Unit III Criminological Theories Related to Juvenile .docxmarilucorr
Unit III: Criminological
Theories Related to Juvenile
Delinquency
Introduction
• As we move into Unit III of your Juvenile Delinquency course,
we will start to examine and analyze the underlying reasons of
why juveniles commit delinquent acts and/or status offenses.
Criminological Theories
• Criminology itself is the study of theories that attempt to
provide an understanding of criminal behavior and/or crime.
• In this unit, we will take a closer look at criminological theories
related to juvenile delinquency, and in particular, juvenile gangs
in America.
• Before we start into your readings for this unit, let’s examine
the following question: In your opinion, why do juveniles
commit delinquent acts and/or status offenses?
• If you forgot what status offense means, make sure you revisit
Unit I and Unit II of this course to refresh your memory.
Little John: A Juvenile’s Story
• Watch the video about interactions
between Officer McDonald and Little
John, a juvenile
https://online.columbiasouthern.edu/csu_c
ontent/courses/emergency_services/bcj/bc
j2201/15K/video/unitiii_video.mp4
• Click here to access the transcript for this
video.
Let’s begin this unit with learning more about Little John.
https://online.columbiasouthern.edu/csu_content/courses/emergency_services/bcj/bcj2201/15K/video/unitiii_video.mp4
https://online.columbiasouthern.edu/CSU_Content/courses/Emergency_Services/BCJ/BCJ2201/15K/transcripts/BCJ2201_UnitIII_Transcript.pdf
https://online.columbiasouthern.edu/csu_content/courses/emergency_services/bcj/bcj2201/15K/video/unitiii_video.mp4
https://online.columbiasouthern.edu/csu_content/courses/emergency_services/bcj/bcj2201/15K/video/unitiii_video.mp4
Criminological Theories
• Throughout the years, the truth has been sought by requesting
guidance from kings, priests, and philosophers.
• Today, however, we utilize science, which offers more accurate
answers.
• The two basic tools of science are theory and research.
• Research includes the collection of data that leads to the
identification of important variables as well as any related
variables. This, in turn, leads to new directions.
Criminological Theories
• A theory attempts to explain the events in the world (Bartollas
& Miller, 2011). It seeks to provide an explanation for the who,
what, when, where, why, and how events occur.
• Although theories try to explain events, they are not final. For
example, one theory may explain one behavior but not
another. Additionally, a theory may not explain a behavior for
all individuals.
Criminological Theories
• In the study of juvenile delinquency, there are some prominent
criminological theories that take center stage when examining
the complex issue of juvenile delinquency:
• rational choice theory,
• social learning theory, and
• strain theory.
• It is not to say that these are the only theories that exist in the
study of criminology; however, these three pa ...
Early Psychological Research On Cognitive And The Nature...Carmen Martin
Early psychological research emphasized observable behaviors but later incorporated studying internal processes like cognitions. Assessing internal experiences typically involves self-report questionnaires, which have limitations. To address some limitations, researchers have adopted ecological momentary assessment using smart devices, which can query participants about thoughts, feelings, and behaviors in the moment over time, reducing memory reliance. However, self-report still involves biases, and EMA introduces awareness biases. Nisbett and Wilson referred to removing time as key to decreasing accuracy in self-reporting.
Ewa 4
Vincent Ewa Topic: What do we know about school discipline reform?
February 11, 2017
Article Review # 1
Bibliography entry:
Steinberg, Matthew P., and Johanna, Lacoe. "What do we know about school discipline reform?." Education Next 17, no. 1 (Winter2017 2017): 44-52. Education Research Complete, EBSCOhost.
Purpose: The U.S. Department of Education’s Office for Civil Rights announced this spring that the number of suspensions and expulsions in the nation’s public schools had dropped 20 percent between 2012 and 2014.
Authoraffiliations:
· Steinberg – The University Pennsylvanian’s Graduate School of Education
· Lacoe - Researcher at Mathematica Policy Research
Summary:
According to the department of Education office for civil rights, there has been a drop of suspensions and expulsions in public schools between 2012 and 2014. There have been moves to abolish the use of suspensions and expulsion by some policy makers. Furthermore, there have also been complains that suspensions and expulsions where used in a way that was not fair and discriminative of other students. Others do also believe that the abolishment of such punishment would result to a better working environment. There has also been a push by politicians including Barak Obamas government, which advocated for an alternative kind of punishment for students found on the wrong line of the school rules. This involved a joint venture by the Department of Education and the Department of Justice who eventually arrived on measures to improve the school climate and the discipline among students. They also send a strict warning of racism when it comes to disciplining of students at school. It is evident also that the move for discipline reforms has gone to the grassroots, which is the state and school district levels. Example is the District of Colombia.
A critical look on the effects of this alternative ways of suspension should be made. Various statistical reports have brought out variety of evidences. Example is the documentation in disparities in school in school discipline and race. In addition is the statistical report by the National Centre for Education show a downward trend in suspensions, student victimization and reports of bullying. It also shows decline in suspensions and expulsions. There has also been more that 30% if teachers reporting of disruption to studies due to behavior and tardiness. Evidence of exposure to extreme harsh conditions such has students exposed to Hurricanes tend to be out of school for a given time while dealing with the disaster. Finally, exposure to disruptive peers tends to affect students later in their studies.
Statistics also show disproportionate rates of suspension with it mainly affecting students of a specific race and also students with disabilities. Most of these being racial especially among the blacks in preschool, primary, middle and high schools. This has also created gaps between blacks ...
Addressing Academic Dishonesty Among The Highest AchieversZaara Jensen
This article discusses academic dishonesty among high-achieving students. It finds that while high-achieving students report lower rates of cheating than lower-achieving students, cheating rates among high-achievers are still significant. The article uses a motivational framework to examine why high-achievers may feel the need to cheat, such as pressure to meet high personal performance standards, intense social comparisons and competition, and an ability to rationalize cheating behaviors. It concludes by suggesting approaches schools can take to reduce cheating among high-achievers, like changing pedagogy/assessments, providing clear cheating policies and consequences, and addressing competitive school cultures.
This document discusses several ethical issues in healthcare and research. It begins by defining ethical issues as moral challenges facing healthcare providers. It notes that advance directives allow patients to outline their medical preferences if they become incapacitated, but implementing these directives can be difficult. The rest of the document discusses a situation where a daughter disagreed with her mother's advance directives, wanting more aggressive treatment than outlined. It also discusses the need to consider participants' rights and well-being in qualitative research and addresses some common ethical issues in the workplace like harassment and discrimination.
The document discusses factors that influence people in New Zealand to use complementary and alternative medicine (CAM). CAM is broadly defined as health practices outside of mainstream medicine in a given society. The New Zealand health system uses a definition of CAM as practices intended to prevent or treat illness or promote well-being that are self-defined as such by users. While New Zealand lacks recent data on CAM use, past surveys show little is known about the social and psychological reasons behind why people choose CAM. More research is needed to better understand people's motivations for using CAM in New Zealand.
This document discusses self-determination as an important motivational tool and transition skill for students with disabilities. It examines the characteristics of self-determined behavior, how culture and motivation impact self-determination, and teaching strategies to improve students' self-determination skills. Specific teaching strategies discussed include problem-solving instruction, involving students in their IEP meetings, and ensuring opportunities for choice, decision-making, and goal-setting. The document concludes that while teachers can support the development of self-determination, students must find intrinsic motivation to pursue their own interests and contribute to their post-school outcomes.
This document summarizes a study that identified and analyzed common ethical issues in schools in Delta State, Nigeria. The study found that the most prevalent unethical conducts were school closings due to strike action, unconstitutional student admissions, inaccurate records, and misleading advertising. Potential ways to reduce unethical conduct included providing ethics training, appointing ethics specialists, and establishing formal codes of ethics for staff and students. The study concluded that identifying unethical issues and implementing preventative measures could help improve the ethical climate and quality of education.
Similar to Advancing Cognitive Moral Development A Field Observation Of College Students (20)
Here are the key risks and challenges of risk analysis:
- Subjectivity - Risk analysis involves subjective judgments which can introduce biases. Different people may perceive and evaluate risks differently.
- Limited information - It can be difficult to identify all potential risks and quantify their likelihood and impact due to limited information. New risks may emerge over time.
- Dynamic environment - As a business and its environment change, existing risks may diminish or new risks may arise. Risk analysis needs to be ongoing to stay current.
- Cascading failures - Risks are often interconnected so the failure of one system or control may trigger other failures, multiplying the impact. This is difficult to fully map out.
- Human factors - How people and
Order Paper Writing Help 247 - Dissertation Page NumberiJoshua Gorinson
The document discusses femininity in John Milton's epic poem Paradise Lost. It notes that Milton was a controversial figure who used his writing to address important social and political issues of his time. As one of his most important works, Paradise Lost explores grave social problems related to femininity. The document suggests Milton likely incorporated his own views on topics like marriage and divorce into his portrayal of femininity in the poem.
Persuasive Essay Technical Research Paper ExampleJoshua Gorinson
The document provides an overview of the Victorian Era in England, including key events and social changes that defined this period. The Victorian Era saw Queen Victoria's rule from 1837 to 1901, during which time England experienced a rise in industrialization, economic growth, and expansion of the middle class and population. Society was highly conservative and patriarchal. Literature of the era reflected many of the rapid social and economic changes occurring during this transformative period in British history.
006 Essay Example Cover Letter For Application ExaJoshua Gorinson
Here are the key points made in the two stories regarding how Hispanic families worked to support themselves:
- Many Hispanic families had no choice but to work in the fields with their hands to earn a living and support their families. Office jobs requiring head work were not generally available or accessible to them.
- As depicted in both stories, physical labor like picking crops was grueling and took a toll on the body over long hours in the fields every day. However, it provided much needed income for basic survival.
- The stories realistically portray the challenges of subsistence through manual farm work, leaving little choice or opportunity for other types of employment at the time for many Hispanic families immigrating to America. Hard work in the
Famous Quotes For Essay Writing. Online assignment writing service.Joshua Gorinson
The document discusses Rosa Parks and the Montgomery bus boycott. It describes Parks' upbringing in Alabama under segregation. On December 1, 1955, Parks refused to give up her seat to a white passenger on a segregated bus, leading to her arrest. In response, the black community of Montgomery organized a bus boycott that lasted over a year. The boycott challenged the legality of segregation on public buses and ultimately led to a Supreme Court ruling that declared the Alabama and Montgomery laws requiring segregated buses to be unconstitutional. The boycott marked a key moment in the civil rights movement.
Advertisements often portray gender roles in stereotypical ways. They frequently depict women as focused on beauty, fashion and homemaking, while men are shown as strong, powerful and focused on work and leisure activities. However, a closer examination reveals that gender is a social construct, not defined solely by biological sex, and advertising plays a role in perpetuating stereotypes about expectations of masculinity and femininity.
How To Write An Essay - How To Write An Easy Essay InstJoshua Gorinson
This document provides instructions for how to write an essay through an online service in 5 steps: 1) Create an account; 2) Complete an order form with instructions, sources, and deadline; 3) Review writer bids and choose one; 4) Review the paper and authorize payment; 5) Request revisions until satisfied. It emphasizes getting original, high-quality content and the service's commitment to meeting customer needs.
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Scammers use sound science in social media to mislead people. They present scientific-sounding claims without evidence to support false or exaggerated statements. While technology connects people, it also enables the spread of misinformation. Critical thinking is needed to separate facts from unfounded assertions online.
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The document discusses the issue of fake news and how it can spread false information and ideas. It notes that fake news stories are intentionally designed to attract attention rather than provide facts. The key challenge with fake news is that the public may have difficulty distinguishing between real and false stories, especially on topics related to politics or government.
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The document provides information about becoming a naval nurse. It discusses how naval nurses are inspired to join the navy due to family members' stories of adventure. The career of a naval nurse involves collaborating with physicians and developing leadership skills while working long hours depending on their duty station. Naval nurses are typically stationed on land but have opportunities to serve on ships during training or when needed, as there are always medical personnel aboard naval vessels.
Narrative Essay How To Write A Good Analysis EssayJoshua Gorinson
Here are a few examples of government intervention:
- Regulations on businesses and industries, such as environmental regulations, worker safety rules, minimum wage laws, licensing requirements, etc. Supporters argue these protect citizens, while critics argue they stifle the free market.
- Fiscal policy measures like tax cuts or increases, and spending on programs. Conservatives tend to prefer tax cuts while liberals favor more spending on social services.
- Monetary policy set by central banks like the Federal Reserve. Actions like lowering or raising interest rates can stimulate or slow the economy.
- Bailouts of private companies during financial crises, like what occurred in the 2008 recession. Taxpayer money was used to rescue major banks and automakers
What Makes A Great Leader Essay - Resume ThemplatJoshua Gorinson
The document discusses the process of using the writing service HelpWriting.net to have an assignment written. It outlines 5 steps: 1) Create an account, 2) Submit a request with instructions and deadline, 3) Review bids from writers and choose one, 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment, 5) Request revisions if needed and know plagiarized work will be refunded. The service aims to fully meet customer needs through a bidding system and free revisions.
The document discusses the research methodology used in a study. It begins by defining research methodology and outlining the importance of philosophical foundations. It then discusses the mixed methods research design used, including both qualitative and quantitative approaches. Specifically, it utilized interviews for qualitative data collection and a survey for quantitative data. The research paradigm draws from both positivism in its use of control and hypothesis testing, and constructivism in allowing social actors to provide their perspectives. Both approaches were used to identify opinions from interviewees.
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The document provides instructions for creating an account and submitting a paper writing request on the HelpWriting.net website. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account with an email and password. 2) Complete a form with paper details, sources, and deadline. 3) Review writer bids and choose one. 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment. 5) Request revisions to ensure satisfaction, with a refund option for plagiarized work.
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The document provides instructions for creating an account and submitting writing requests on the HelpWriting.net platform, which uses a bidding system for writers to select and complete assignments. Users are instructed to provide details about the paper requirements and are assured they can request revisions until satisfied with the completed work. The process aims to match users with qualified writers who will deliver original, high-quality content and offer refunds if plagiarism is found.
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This document discusses Sony Corporation, focusing on its performance, a 2014 cyber attack, and issues of social responsibility. It notes that Sony was once a leader in electronics but has struggled recently, facing competition from companies like Apple and Samsung. A 2011 earthquake in Japan also caused major losses for Sony. The document also briefly mentions how former Sony CEO Howard Stringer provided leadership after the earthquake to reassure employees.
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2) Revisions are allowed and plagiarized work will be refunded. The service aims to provide original, high-quality content to meet customer needs.
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This document discusses recent work on follow the perturbed leader (FTPL) algorithms for solving multi-armed bandit problems. FTPL algorithms introduce random perturbations to help algorithms explore alternative options. Prior work assumed the distribution generating perturbations had a bounded hazard rate, but many natural distributions like uniform and Gaussian violate this. The paper aims to provide regret bounds for FTPL algorithms without relying on the bounded hazard rate condition. It presents regret bounds for both bounded support and unbounded support perturbation distributions.
The document discusses how to request writing assistance from HelpWriting.net. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account with an email and password. 2) Complete a 10-minute order form providing instructions, sources, and deadline. 3) Review bids from writers and choose one based on qualifications. 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment if satisfied. 5) Request revisions to ensure satisfaction, and HelpWriting.net offers refunds for plagiarized work.
Parchment Writing Paper Background. Online assignment writing service.Joshua Gorinson
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বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
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Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
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You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
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Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
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it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
What is Digital Literacy? A guest blog from Andy McLaughlin, University of Ab...
Advancing Cognitive Moral Development A Field Observation Of College Students
1. Journal of Academic and Business Ethics
Advancing Moral Cognitive Development, Page 1
Advancing cognitive moral development: a field observation of
college students
Cynthia Rodriguez Cano
Georgia College & State University
Doreen Sams
Georgia College & State University
ABSTRACT
For the first time, field observation research is conducted in a natural, controlled
environment (i.e., classroom) to investigate ethical decision-making of college students. One
hundred twelve (112) college students enrolled in four Principles of Marketing classes in a
southeastern United States university participated in the study. In two of the four classes, the
importance of ethical behavior was discussed in each class meeting (sensitized groups); in the
other two classes, the importance of ethical behavior was discussed on the first day of class and
not mentioned thereafter (non-sensitized groups). The findings reveal that given the opportunity
to cheat, 100% of students that were not sensitized to the importance of ethical behavior cheated.
Furthermore, a number of these students made a conscience effort to cover up their actions. For
sensitized students, some engaged in cheating while others did not. Findings of focus group
interviews revealed that students engaged in cheating were in the pre-conventional stage of
cognitive moral reasoning, while those that did not cheat were in the conventional stage of
cognitive moral reasoning. This finding suggests that sensitizing students to the importance of
ethical behavior may advance them up the ladder of cognitive moral reasoning.
Keywords: Moral Reasoning, Cheating, Students
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INTRODUCTION
The erosion of ethical decision making continues to plague the United States (US)
economy. From the collapse of Enron in 2001 (Pasha, 2006) to the Ponzi scheme of Bernard
Madoff in 2009 (Scannell, 2009), fraud in the US remains front page news. Moreover, frauds
against the government continue to rise. Qui Tam (i.e., actions in which individual who assists in
a prosecution can receive all or part of penalty imposed) settlements and judgments from fraud
against the US government totaled $1.451 trillion in 2007, up 131% from 1997 ($6.29 million)
(Federal Fraud, 2009). In 2009, corporate fraud against the Internal Revenue Service (IRS)
resulted in numerous multimillion dollar judgments and criminal prosecutions: Dennis M. Dowd,
former senior manager of human resources for Hitachi America, Ltd. was sentenced to 57
months imprisonment and fined $7 million for fraud against the company’s Health and Welfare
Plan; Edward M. Okun, former owner of the The 1031 Tax Group, LLP was sentenced to 100
years in prison and forced to forfeit $40 million resulting from a fraud that involved $126 million
in clients’ funds (IRS, 2009). Furthermore, there is evidence that decision-making of US
executives is ethically distorted; the chief executive officers (CEO) of Ford, Chrysler, and
General Motors did not recognize the ethical dilemma of flying in separate, private corporate jets
to Washington, DC to ask for federal stimulus money (Levs, 2008).
Today’s college students have grown up in a society where the line between right and
wrong has been blurred and where unethical behavior of high-profile individuals is expected.
Although universities in the US stress the inclusion of ethics within existing programs [e.g.,
University of Arizona require freshmen to review E-tegrity oath and accept the terms (Pallack,
2004)], include a required course in ethics, and invest in ethical programs such as The Kennedy
Institute of Ethics at Georgetown University (Georgetown University, 2009), dishonesty (e.g.,
cheating on exams and plagiarizing) among college students continues to be a problem both in
the US and in other countries (Becker, Connolly, Lentz, & Morrison, 2006; Rawwas, Al-Khatib,
& Vitell, 2004). Rawwas and Isakson (2000) found that 67% of college students confessed to
having cheated at least once during their college tenure. Similar to the distorted perceptions of
the General Motors, Ford, and Chrysler CEOs, students perceive they are more ethical than
business people (Tyson, 1990), while admitting to cheating (Merritt, 2002). The current
condition brings forth the importance of research that seeks to understand students’ ethical
behaviors and develop techniques that promote better ethical decision-making.
For the first time, the current study observes the decision-making of college students
when confronted with an ethical dilemma (i.e., cheat or not cheat). Most existing research of
cheating among college students relies on self-reporting to establish the existence and degree of
unethical behaviors among students (e.g., Chapman, Davis, Toy, & Wright, 2004; Sierra &
Hyman, 2006). An exception is research that collects data of actual behaviors in a natural setting.
For example, West, Ravenscroft, and Shrader (2004) investigated cheating in a natural setting by
testing student behaviors on a take-home accounting exam. However, field observation of actual
behavior at the point of decision-making has yet to be undertaken. Using a unique research
design, the current study addresses a gap in the literature and provides new insight into the
moment of decision-making when college students are not subject to external factors (e.g., peer
pressure) and must rely on their internal value system.
The current study proposes that given the opportunity to cheat and faced with an ethical
dilemma (i.e., cheat or not cheat), marketing students that have been sensitized to the importance
of ethical behavior (i.e., ethnical behavior is discussed routinely in class) make better ethical
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decisions than those that have not been sensitized. The following discussion begins with the
theoretical foundation and reviews of the relevant literature that supports the hypothesized
relationships. Next, the methodology of the research, findings, and discussion are presented.
THEORETICAL FOUNDATION, RELEVANT LITERATURE AND HYPOTHESES
Cognitive Moral Reasoning
The study of ethical behavior is grounded in the theory of cognitive moral reasoning.
Kohlberg (1969) suggests that moral reasoning is dependent on logical reasoning. Cognitive
moral development (CMD) is a process by which individuals move through at least six stages
(Goolsby & Hunt, 1992). Skills in ethical decision-making develop sequentially over time and
through distinctive cognitive stages (Goolsby & Hunt, 1992; Kohlberg, 1984; Trevino, 1992). In
the first two stages or pre-conventional level, decisions are driven by immediate consequences
(i.e., reward or punishment). The next level (stages three and four) or conventional level, moral
decisions are based on external rules and norms (i.e., family, peers, and society). In the final
level, post-conventional (stages five and six), individuals are driven by strong personal
commitment to self-selection of universal values.
The sequential aspect of Kohlberg’s (1969) CMD is consistent (generalizable) across
many populations and cultures (e.g., Blasi, 1980; Snarey, 1985). CMD has been shown to be
positively related to age (Rest, 1986) and education (Rest, 1984). Longitudinal research by Rest
(1975, 1986) and colleagues (Rest, Davison, & Steven, 1978) support the upward trend in moral
development. Traditional college students (i.e., 18-23 years old) who are in the earlier phase of
life experiences have been shown to be in the early stages of moral cognitive reasoning, pre-
conventional, where decision-making is based on avoidance of failure (e.g., Herington &
Weaven, 2007).
Theory of Cognitive Dissonance
Cognitive dissonance theory addresses conflict of cognitions (i.e., a piece of knowledge),
which include such things as attitude, emotion, or behavior. Individuals desire consonance (i.e.,
one cognition follows from or fits with the other). The result of cognitive dissonance is an
unpleasant psychological tension, which individuals seek to resolve. In doing so, an individual
may change one cognition (e.g., behavior) to make it consistent with the other, add one or more
consonant cognitions, or alter the importance of various cognitions. When confronted with an
ethical dilemma (i.e., cheat or not cheat), the decision to cheat causes cognitive dissonance (i.e., I
cheated, but cheating is wrong), and therefore, individuals will take steps to resolve the
psychological tension: justify the unethical behavior (e.g., taking advantage of an opportunity);
minimize the degree of significance of unethical act (e.g., not a major infraction); and/or change
internal values to be consistent with cheating.
Cheating
Cheating by college students includes a wide range of activities including unauthorized
use of notes on exams, plagiarizing, and hiring professionals to write papers. Cheating is defined
as fraudulent behavior involving some form of deception in which an individual’s efforts or
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efforts of others is misrepresented. Extensive research shows that although college students
believe and understand that cheating is wrong, they still engage in dishonest behaviors (e.g.,
Bernardi et al., 2004). Students believe that they are more ethical than business people (Wood,
Longenecker, McKinney, & Moore, 1988), even though students have been found to have lower
ethical standards (e.g., Lord &d Melvin, 1997; Stevens, 1984). Research by Herington and
Weaven (2007) reveal that marketing students are similar to other business majors in their ethical
thinking.
A factor that affects students’ attitudes about cheating is their beliefs that professors are
responsible for widespread cheating (McCabe, 1993; Roig & Ballew, 1992). McCabe (1993)
found that students blame widespread cheating on professors’ unwillingness to take the time and
effort to investigate dishonesty.
The explanation of the ethical paradox among college students may be attributed to the
notion that ethics is personal; individuals hold various perceptions of what is right and wrong
(Lawson, 2004). Although differences may be attributed to individual perceptions, scholars have
crafted a profile of college students that are most likely to find any form of cheating acceptable:
“male, young, not a middle child, high scores on tolerance and relativism, low scores on idealism
and detachment, and neither an economics nor management major” (Rawwas & Isakson, 2000,
p. 328). However, the best predictor of cheating in college students is the opportunity to cheat
(Rawwas & Isakson, 2000).
A study by Sheard, Carbone, and Dick (2002) reports that students cheat for six major
reasons: 1) not enough time, 2) will fail otherwise, 3) too great a workload at university, 4)
cannot afford to fail, 5) assignments are too hard, and 6) afraid to fail. These findings suggest
that students’ decisions are based on the avoidance of failure, which is consistent with pre-
conventional level of CMD.
Hypotheses
In 1980, Arlow and Ulrich found that a significant difference between students that had
taken a Business and Society class and those that had not. The current study suggests that
sensitizing college students to the importance of ethical behavior serves to advances ethnical
decision-making upward on the CMD ladder, which in-turn, contributes to better ethical
decision-making. As age (i.e., time) is correlated with CMD, life experiences through time
contribute to the upward movement of CMD (Castleberry, 2007). It is logical to suggest that
continual reinforcement of the importance of ethical behavior contributes to one’s life
experiences. Without such intervention, students exhibit lower level of cognitive moral
reasoning, relying on avoidance of punishment in ethical decision-making. Given that the best
predictor of cheating in college students is the opportunity to cheat (Rawwas & Isakson, 2000),
the following is hypothesized.
H1: Given the opportunity to cheat, college students who are not sensitized to the
importance of ethical behaviors will cheat.
The presence of an ethical dilemma creates cognitive dissonance and initiates efforts to
resolve the situation. For example, consider the situation in which a student is able to see the test
(and answers) of a fellow student. Although the student knows cheating is wrong, he or she is
under pressure to do well (i.e., avoid failure). The opportunity to cheat is present, which is the
best predictor to engage in unethical behaviors (Rawwas & Isakson, 2000). Therefore, the
situation is set for poor decision-making. The decision to cheat creates cognitive dissonance; I
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cheated, but cheating is wrong. The student initiates effort to resolve the dissonance. In doing so,
the student may blame the professor (i.e., add another cognition), rationalize the cheating as a
socially acceptable behavior (i.e., align cognitions), and/or justify cheating by devaluing the
importance of the act (i.e., minimize significance). The student, who is in the pre-conventional
level of CMD, attributes external factors to justify ethical decision-making; the motivation is to
avoid failure (doing poorly on the exam).
H2: Students who are not sensitized to the importance of ethical behavior and engage in
cheating will attribute their behavior to the need to avoid failure.
Research shows that three exposures to a message are necessary to reach a point of
attention; the opportunity to encode information (retain) is a matter of repetition (Shimp, 2010).
To advance moral reasoning, it is proposed that exposure to the importance of ethical behavior
must be continually reinforced. Therefore, the continual exposure to the importance ethical
behaviors achieves attention and facilitated retention (i.e., information encoding and retrieval).
As ethics is personal1
[i.e., individuals hold various perceptions of what is right and wrong
(Lawson, 2004)], sensitization will not be consistent across college students. However, it is
hypothesized that a number of the sensitized students will not cheat.
H3: Given the opportunity to cheat, some college students who are sensitized to the
importance of ethical behavior will not cheat.
People move through stages of CMD through life experiences accumulated over time.
The continual exposure to the importance of ethical behavior becomes part of one’s life
experiences and acts to mature cognitive moral reasoning. Given the opportunity to cheat, a
number of the sensitized students will resolve their cognitive dissonance by not cheating (i.e.,
change cognition). This suggests that students have moved upward on the CMD ladder (from
pre-conventional to conventional) and the decision not to cheat will be attributed to rules and
norms.
H4: Given the opportunity to cheat, students who are sensitized to the importance of
ethical behavior and do not cheat will attribute their decisions to rules and norms.
METHODOLOGY
A unique contribution of the current study is the research design. The goal of this study is
to observe decision-making at the moment of recognition of an ethical dilemma, while limiting
external influences (i.e., opportunity to collaborate, peer pressure) and forcing students to rely on
their individual value systems. To accomplish this goal, two studies were conducted: 1) field
observation to capture cheating behaviors, and 2) focus groups to understand the cognitive moral
reasoning engaged in ethical decision-making.
Study 1: Field Observation
There were several challenges for testing the hypothesized relationship using field
observation. To assure decision-making in a relevant setting, a natural environment was
essential. That is, the situation must be consistent with the typical activities of college students.
To eliminate variance created by external forces such as peer pressure, the point of decision-
making must be controlled. Finally, students could not be aware that their behaviors were being
1
It is acknowledged that factors that make up personal ethical values vary widely. However, the investigation of
these factors is not within the scope of the current study.
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observed. A natural, controlled environment was accomplished by testing decision-making
during an exam. An argument for the net benefit of the study (i.e., research findings outweigh
cost of deception) allowed for institutional review approval of the research without prior consent
of students. The following discussion provides details of the studies.
Study 1: Sensitization
Sensitization was accomplished by continual reinforcement of the importance of ethical
behavior. Students in two of the four Principles of Marketing classes were sensitized; students in
the other two classes were not. For the sensitized group, the dishonest policy was thoroughly
reviewed at the beginning of the semester and the importance of ethical behavior was discussed
during every class meeting. For the non-sensitized group, the dishonest policy was mentioned at
the beginning of the semester, but the importance of ethical behavior was never discussed
thereafter.
Study 1: Test Environment
An environment that was natural and controlled was accomplished by observing ethical
behavior during an exam. In this situation, the classroom is the ultimate natural setting for a
college student, while an exam provides a means of controlling external influences such as
interaction with fellow students. An assessment exam was included in the course syllabus and
described as an accumulative assessment that would be administered during the last week of the
semester. The point value of the exam was enough to make it an important factor in the overall
performance evaluation (i.e., 5%). The assessment exam consisted of 15 multiple choice
questions that were difficult for an introductory course in marketing (i.e., what is the difference
between gross rating points and target rating points?) making successful completion difficult.
Study 1: Opportunity to Cheat
The professors assisting in the study routinely use two versions of an exam and provide
scantrons that identify the version (i.e., A or B). Therefore, students were accustomed to the two-
version format. The opportunity to cheat was created by attaching the answer key (presumably in
error) to Version A of the assessment exam. Therefore, half of the participants in each of the four
classes received exams with the answer key attached (given the opportunity to cheat) and half
received exams without the answer key attached (no opportunity to cheat) (see Table 1 in the
Appendix).
Study 1: Procedures
The procedures used by the participating professors were consistent across the semester
to control for hypothesis testing. The professors did not assign seats, so students were free to
choose any available seat when entering the classroom. The two versions of the exams (i.e., no
answer key and answer key attached) were organized in alternating order and distributed after all
students were seated. As customary, the exams were color coded; one version printed on orange
paper and one version on white.
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After distributing the exams and before students were allowed to begin, the professor
reminded students that questions would not be entertained during the exam. Students were
instructed to turn-in only the scantrons to the graduate assistant who was proctoring the exam;
the professor left the classroom. To assure confidentiality, the graduate assistant removed the
students’ names from the scantrons before delivering them to the professor. All participants to
the study were awarded 100% of the points allocated to the assessment exam.
Study 1: Sample
One hundred twelve (112) undergraduate students enrolled in four Principles of
Marketing classes in a southern US university participated in the study. Business students were
selected for several reasons. First, today’s business majors represent tomorrow’s business leaders
(Rawwas & Isakson, 2000). As such, this group has the potential to substantially impact the
future of business and the US economy. Second, business majors have been shown to be more
likely to cheat than most other majors (Riley, 2004), making this group relevant to the study at
hand.
Study 2: Focus Group
The purpose of the focus group was to determine what level of moral reasoning students
use during the decision-making process (i.e., cheat or not cheat). The routine class meeting
following the administration of the exam was used to debrief students and engage them in
conversation (i.e., focus group). Because prior consent was not obtained (i.e., deceptive nature of
the study), the focus group conversation was not tape-recorded; the professor and graduate
assistant made a written record of the conversation. The script for the focus group consisted of
four questions: 1) why was the answer key attached to the exam, 2) is there anything that is
absolutely unethical, 3) was it ethical to use the answer key, and 4) why did you use the answer
key.
FINDINGS
Study 1: Field Observation
Of the 112 students that participated in this study, 64 were male and 48 were female (see
Table 2 in the Appendix). Almost half of the sample (47%) represented marketing (31 students,
27%) and general business majors (i.e., 20 students, 22%). The remainder or 53% included
declared majors in management, accounting, mass communications, management information
systems, economics, and international business.
Graduate assistants proctoring the exam were instruction to observe test-taking strategies
employed by students. Two strategies of test taking were observed: 1) sequential strategy where
students sequentially read and answers questions without first reviewing the exam; 2) holistic
strategy where students reviewed the entire exam before answering the questions. Students that
were given the opportunity to cheat (exam printed on orange paper for visual identification) and
used the sequential strategy were not aware of the answer key until they had already completed
the exam. These students were observed changing answers on the scantrons after discovering the
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answer key was attached. Students that engaged in a holistic strategy were observed referring to
the answer key before completing the scantron.
Differences between sensitized and non-sensitized students were observed. For the non-
sensitized classes, all students regardless of test-taking strategy used the key (i.e., cheated).
Observations of the sensitized group were mixed; most students use the key while some did not.
One hundred percent (100%) of the students in the non-sensitized group that were given
the opportunity to cheat (i.e., answer key attached to the exam) cheated; used the answer key and
did not report such to the professor or graduate assistant. Therefore, H1 was supported.
A number of students in the sensitized group did not cheat. After completion of the exam
and during normal office hours, seven of the 62 students in the sensitized group that were given
the opportunity to cheat (i.e., received the exam with answer key) reported the opportunity to
cheat to the professors. Students assumed the key was stapled to the exam in error. Therefore, H3
was supported.
Study 2: Focus Group
Ten of the participants to Study 1 were not included in the focus group (i.e., did not
attend class) rendering a sample of 102. The ten participants were from the non-sensitized groups
(i.e., two from class four and eight from class 3 - refer to Table 2).
Before debriefing participants, students were told there was an irregularity in the
assessment exam. When asked if anyone had observed the problem, several students replied that
the answer key was attached to orange exams. Next, participants were asked their opinion as to
why the answer key was attached to the exam. Students unanimously agreed it was a clerical
error. Student did not consider the idea that they were participants in a study or that their
behaviors were observed.
Students were then presented with the questions “are there any actions that are absolutely
wrong.” Students were unable to distinguish any behavior that is absolutely, without
equivocation, wrong. Responses included the following.
“Murder is okay under some circumstance…if you are about to be killed yourself.”
“Lying that doesn’t hurt anyone is not really lying,”
Students were unanimous in the belief that cheating is wrong (unethical). However,
students were not consistent in their reason for using the answer key. Findings suggest that
cognitive dissonance was resolved using various methods.
“Everybody does it to some degree…it’s the American way of life” (alter cognition).
“Look at the news…it [unethical behavior] is expected in business” (alter importance).
When asked if cheating was morally wrong, student held the belief that cheating was
wrong. This is consistent with the existing research that students believe that they are ethical
even though they have been found to have lower ethical standards than people in the workforce
(e.g., Lord & Melvin, 1997; Stevens, 1984).
When asked “why” of the decision to cheat, students that were given the opportunity to
cheat (answer key attached) and cheated rationalized their decision as avoidance of failure.
Responses included the following.
“The answer key was an opportunity…you take what you are given.”
“It was your [professor] mistake, not mine.”
“I cannot afford to be suspended....and lose money [state assistance].”
“It was a gift.”
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The finding is consistent with cognitive dissonance theory that suggests the psychological
tension created by cognitive dissonance must be resolved (i.e., justified). The finding is also
consistent with research that suggests that student tend to blame the situation for cheating
behaviors (McCabe & Trevino, 1996) and/or the professor (McCabe, 1993). Therefore, H2 was
supported.
Of the students that were given the opportunity to cheat and did not (i.e., reported the
answer key was attached to the exam to the professor), these students attributed their actions to
rules and norms. Responses included the following.
“It just isn’t right.”
“I don’t want to be a cheater.”
For these students, an internal perspective was revealed; the responsibility focuses inward
instead of outward (i.e., professor’s fault or social structure). The finding suggests that continual
reinforcement of the importance of ethical behaviors (i.e., sensitizing) can move some students
upward on the CMD ladder; from pre-conventional (i.e., avoidance of failure) to conventional
(i.e., compliance with social norms). Hence, H4 was supported.
DISCUSSION AND IMPLICATIONS
The current study is the first to construct a setting that allows for the observation of actual
behaviors in a natural, but controlled setting. Because the benefits of the findings were greater
than the cost of deception (i.e., obtaining prior approval for participation), it was possible to
obtain institutional approval to construct a unique environment to test ethical decision making
(i.e., cheat or not cheat) and the affect of sensitization. The importance of the findings and
contributions to the marketing discipline are now discussed.
An encouraging finding is that some students that were sensitized to the importance of
ethical behaviors relied on societal norms when making ethical decisions. This finding suggests
that continual exposure to the importance of ethical decision-making helps to move students up
the ladder of moral reasoning (from pre-conventional or conventional). The importance of this
finding cannot be overstated, considering the limited success of integrating ethics in the college
curriculum. This new knowledge provides a means of ethically maturing marketing students and
making a substantial impact on the way business is conducted in the future. It is recommended
that continual emphasis of the importance of ethic behavior in all classes be considered as a first
step in the complex process of building ethical mindsets in tomorrow’s business leaders.
The cheating of all students that were not sensitized to the importance of ethical
behaviors was expected and consistent with existing literature (i.e., pre-conventional level of
moral reasoning). Given the opportunity to cheat, which is the best predictor of dishonesty,
students did indeed cheat. Therefore, without intervention such as sensitizing students to the
importance of ethical behavior, the opportunity to cheat is the perfect predictor (i.e., 100% of
students in this group cheated) of cheating behavior among business students. This creates a
challenge for marketing faculty. College students are creative and attention must be paid to the
opportunistic environment. For examples, creative cheating methods include writing notes on the
inside label of a plastic soda bottle that are not visible when the bottle is full, but become visible
when the liquid is consumed. For international students, language aids can become a tool for
cheating (i.e., writing notes in a translation dictionary). Technology presents an array of
opportunities to cheat. Cell phone earpieces camouflaged by long hair can connect students with
outside sources. Although all cheating situations cannot be anticipated, marketing educators must
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be diligent in limiting opportunities to cheat. Although literature exists on antecedents of
cheating behaviors, little research investigates cheating techniques used by marketing students in
the classroom. It is recommended that qualitative research that gathers such data would provide
valuable insight into potential opportunities for unethical decision making in the classroom and
offers a valuable tool for marketing faculty to control the opportunistic environment.
The focus group discussions provided rich data into how students rationalize their
decisions to cheat. The findings suggest that continual exposure to the importance of ethical
behavior sensitizes students and increases the probability of reliance on rules and social norms in
ethical decision-making. Consistent with CMD theory, age and moral development is directly
related; younger individuals tend to make ethical decisions based on fear of failure. Furthermore,
the findings suggest that the pressure to succeed in the land of opportunity (i.e., USA) influences
the justification for cheating (e.g., “the answer key was an opportunity…you take what you are
given”). The discovery of a fraud receives front-page news, while the consequences of such
actions rarely do. It is recommended that educators emphasize the consequences of unethical
behaviors in addition to the act. For example, Eli Lily’s mass marketing fraud in which the
company ghostwrote articles (i.e., company wrote medical journal studies and then asked doctors
to put their names on the article) cost the company $1.42 billion in fines (MSNBC, 2009).
An unexpected finding was the “cover-up” behavior associated with cheating. Seven
students in the non-sensitized group that were given the opportunity to cheat (i.e., used the
answer key), purposively answered one or two questions wrong. This finding suggests that
student intentionally took steps to disguise their behaviors. This finding suggests that students
seek to resolve cognitive dissonance by not completely benefiting (100% on the exam) by their
actions (i.e., add new cognition). It is possible that students feel that getting a 100% would not be
ethical, but getting some help on the exam is acceptable. An alternative explanation is students
wanted to create variation in the grade allocation to avoid suspicion. It is recommended that
future research consider the motives to “cover up” behaviors.
The finding that participants did not see anything in absolute terms, suggests that
marketing students see ethical behavior as shades of grey versus absolutes of black and white.
Unfortunately, justifying degrees of dishonesty might allow for a greater degree of
rationalization such that anything and everything can be seen as “right.” This creates a
considerable challenge for marketing educators. Although sensitizing students improves ethical
decision-making, it is recommended that additional training in ethical concepts is necessary. For
example, courses in business ethics should challenge students to conceptually analyze ethical
dilemmas to understand where you draw the line between right and wrong.
DIRECTION FOR FUTURE RESEARCH AND LIMITATIONS
The current research is a preliminary investigation into a very complex issue. However,
the ability to create a natural, controlled environment to test ethical decision-making by
marketing students provides essential new insight into ethical decision-making. Future research
should consider situational variables that might account for ethical decisions, as well as methods
that create a less opportunistic environment.
• Because the scantrons could not be matched to students, a comparison between
marketing students and other business students was not possible. Future research that
incorporates this data should be undertaken.
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• How does the magnitude of the result (i.e., won’t graduate if I fail the class versus a
zero for the exam) influence ethical decision-making?
• What other pedagogical methods can effectively move students from the pre-
conventional level to the conventional level of moral reasoning?
• What roles do influencers (i.e., family, religion, school culture) play in how students
evaluate ethical decisions?
• How might professors align students’ perceptions (i.e., more ethical than business
people) to reality?
• How can the opportunities to cheat be minimized in the college environment?
• How does the degree of sensitizing (between every class and not at all) impact ethical
decision-making?
• How might the teaching of ethics (i.e., incorporation in classes) in high school impact
moral reasoning in college?
As with all research, the current study has limitations. First, because of the nature of the
research, attitudinal data (i.e., attitude toward cheating) and norm data (i.e., income, ethnicity)
could not be collected. Furthermore, dyadic analyses were not possible (i.e., matching those that
did not cheat to demographics, etc.) limiting the understanding of other variables that might
attribute to ethical/unethical behaviors. Second, the data were collected in the southeastern US
and may not be generalizable across geographic areas. Finally, the data were collected in
Principles of Marketing classes and findings may vary across courses.
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Table 1: Allocation of Exams
Description
Number of Students
Sensitized Classes
Non-Sensitized
Classes
Class 1 Class 2 Class 3 Class 4
Type of
Exam
Opportunity to Cheat (answer
key attached)
18 12 14 12
No Opportunity to Cheat
(answer key not attached)
18 12 14 12
16. Journal of Academic and Business Ethics
Advancing Moral Cognitive Development, Page 16
Table 2: Sample by Gender and Group
Description
Group
Sensitized Non-Sensitized
Class 1 Class2 Class 3 Class 4
Gender
Male 19 15 13 17
Female 17 9 15 7