The automotive industry has been incorporating various technological advancement on top-end versions of the vehicle order to improvise the degree of comfortability as well as enhancing the safer driving system. Infotainment system is one such pivotal system which not only makes the vehicle smart but also offers abundance of information as well as entertainment to the driver and passenger. The capability to offer extensive relay of service through infotainment system is highly dependent on vehicular adhoc network as well as back end support of cloud environment. However, it is know that such legacy system of vehicular adhoc network is also characterized by various problems associated with channel capacity, latency, heterogeneous network processing, and many more. Therefore, this paper offers a comprehensive insight to the research work being carried out towards leveraging the infotainment system in order to obtain the true picture of strength, limitation, and open end problems associated with infotainment system.
Autonomous vehicles: A study of implementation and security IJECEIAES
Autonomous vehicles have been invented to increase the safety of transportation users. These vehicles can sense their environment and make decisions without any external aid to produce an optimal route to reach a destination. Even though the idea sounds futuristic and if implemented successfully, many current issues related to transportation will be solved, care needs to be taken before implementing the solution. This paper will look at the pros and cons of implementation of autonomous vehicles. The vehicles depend highly on the sensors present on the vehicles and any tampering or manipulation of the data generated and transmitted by these can have disastrous consequences, as human lives are at stake here. Various attacks against the different type of sensors on-board an autonomous vehicle are covered.
'' Internet of Vehicles (IoV) ,,
IoV is basically INTERNET of VEHICLES, a strong network between vehicles and living.
IoT is a proposed development of the Internet in which everyday objects have network connectivity, allowing them to send and receive data.
The new era of the Internet of Things is driving the evolution of conventional Vehicle Ad-hoc Networks into the Internet of Vehicles (IoV).
Being in generation of Internet connectivity, there is a need to stay in safe and hassle free environment.
According to recent predictions, 25 billion “things” will be connected to the Internet by 2020, of which vehicles will constitute a significant portion.
Objectives
IoV – distributed transport fabric capable of making its own decisions about driving customers to their destinations
IoV should have communications, processing, storage, intelligence, learning and strong security capabilities .
To be integrated in IoT framework and smart cities technologies.
Extended business models and the range of applications ( including mediaoriented) current vehicular networks.
Types Of Communication IoV
The IoV includes mainly five types of vehicular communications
1.Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V).
2.Vehicle to-Roadside Unit (V2R).
3.Vehicle-to-Infrastructure of cellular networks (V2I) .
4.Vehicle-to-Personal devices (V2P)
5.Vehicle-to-Sensors (V2S).
Network elements of IoV
A network model of IoV is proposed based on the three network elements, including cloud, connection, and client. The benefits of the design and development of IoV are highlighted by performing a qualitative comparison between IoV and VANETs
Autonomous vehicles: A study of implementation and security IJECEIAES
Autonomous vehicles have been invented to increase the safety of transportation users. These vehicles can sense their environment and make decisions without any external aid to produce an optimal route to reach a destination. Even though the idea sounds futuristic and if implemented successfully, many current issues related to transportation will be solved, care needs to be taken before implementing the solution. This paper will look at the pros and cons of implementation of autonomous vehicles. The vehicles depend highly on the sensors present on the vehicles and any tampering or manipulation of the data generated and transmitted by these can have disastrous consequences, as human lives are at stake here. Various attacks against the different type of sensors on-board an autonomous vehicle are covered.
'' Internet of Vehicles (IoV) ,,
IoV is basically INTERNET of VEHICLES, a strong network between vehicles and living.
IoT is a proposed development of the Internet in which everyday objects have network connectivity, allowing them to send and receive data.
The new era of the Internet of Things is driving the evolution of conventional Vehicle Ad-hoc Networks into the Internet of Vehicles (IoV).
Being in generation of Internet connectivity, there is a need to stay in safe and hassle free environment.
According to recent predictions, 25 billion “things” will be connected to the Internet by 2020, of which vehicles will constitute a significant portion.
Objectives
IoV – distributed transport fabric capable of making its own decisions about driving customers to their destinations
IoV should have communications, processing, storage, intelligence, learning and strong security capabilities .
To be integrated in IoT framework and smart cities technologies.
Extended business models and the range of applications ( including mediaoriented) current vehicular networks.
Types Of Communication IoV
The IoV includes mainly five types of vehicular communications
1.Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V).
2.Vehicle to-Roadside Unit (V2R).
3.Vehicle-to-Infrastructure of cellular networks (V2I) .
4.Vehicle-to-Personal devices (V2P)
5.Vehicle-to-Sensors (V2S).
Network elements of IoV
A network model of IoV is proposed based on the three network elements, including cloud, connection, and client. The benefits of the design and development of IoV are highlighted by performing a qualitative comparison between IoV and VANETs
The Internet of Cars - Towards the Future of the Connected CarJorgen Thelin
No doubt you have heard the phrase “Internet of Things” and the new buzzword “IoT” been used more and more these days, but what does that mean in practice? The Tesla Model S is probably the most well-connected car on the planet at the moment, and in this presentation we will use that vehicle as a case study of some practical usage of IoT concepts and technology that is already being applied to modern automobiles.How far away are we from a future “Internet of Cars” and what will be the social and privacy impacts of more connected-car scenarios?
Automotive Cybersecurity Challenges for Automated Vehicles: Jonathan PetitSecurity Innovation
July 2016: Jonathan Petit, Principal Scientist at Security Innovation, discusses cybersecurity challenges for automated vehicles at the Automotive Vehicles Symposium.
The world is moving forward at a fast hop, and the credit goes to ever growing technology. One such idea is IOT Internet of things with which automation is no longer a virtual reality. The Internet of Things will seamlessly incorporate a large number of different and heterogeneous end systems, while providing open access to selected subsets of data for the development of an overabundance of digital services. Building a wide ranging architecture for IoT is required because of the extremely large variety of devices but it is a very complex task, link layer technologies, and services that may be involved in such a system. In this paper we emphasis specifically to an urban IoT systems that, while still being quite a broad category, are characterized by their specific application domain. Urban IoTs, in fact, are designed to support the Smart City vision, which aims at take advantage of the most advanced communication technologies to support added value services for the administration of the city and for the citizens. Sunitha C | Asha Priya B | Lavanya S ""Need of Internet of Things for Smart Cities"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23597.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/world-wide-web/23597/need-of-internet-of-things-for-smart-cities/sunitha-c
A study of remotely booking slot for vehicle using Internet of Things IJECEIAES
Internet Of Things (IoT) is a continually growing area which aids us to unite diverse objects. The proposed system exhibits the universal notion of utilizing cloud-based intellectual automotive car parking facilities in smart cities as a notable implementation of the IoT. The RFID technology is used in this system along with suitable IoT protocols to evade human interference, which reduces the cost. Information is bartered using readers and tags. Open Service Gateways can be effectively used for this module. This system established on the consequence of IoT and the purposes are solving the chaos, bewilderment, and extensive backlogs in parking spaces. The proposed work aims to solve these problems and offer car drivers a hassle-free and instantaneous car parking experience. A Raspberry Pi would act as a mini-computer in our system. A suitable smallest path methodology would be cast-off to obtain the shortest distance between the user and every car park in the system. Hence, the pausing time of the user is decreased. This work furthermore includes the practice of remotely booking of a slot with the collaboration of android application exercising smartphones for the communication between the Smart Parking system and the user.
The Internet of Cars - Towards the Future of the Connected CarJorgen Thelin
No doubt you have heard the phrase “Internet of Things” and the new buzzword “IoT” been used more and more these days, but what does that mean in practice? The Tesla Model S is probably the most well-connected car on the planet at the moment, and in this presentation we will use that vehicle as a case study of some practical usage of IoT concepts and technology that is already being applied to modern automobiles.How far away are we from a future “Internet of Cars” and what will be the social and privacy impacts of more connected-car scenarios?
Automotive Cybersecurity Challenges for Automated Vehicles: Jonathan PetitSecurity Innovation
July 2016: Jonathan Petit, Principal Scientist at Security Innovation, discusses cybersecurity challenges for automated vehicles at the Automotive Vehicles Symposium.
The world is moving forward at a fast hop, and the credit goes to ever growing technology. One such idea is IOT Internet of things with which automation is no longer a virtual reality. The Internet of Things will seamlessly incorporate a large number of different and heterogeneous end systems, while providing open access to selected subsets of data for the development of an overabundance of digital services. Building a wide ranging architecture for IoT is required because of the extremely large variety of devices but it is a very complex task, link layer technologies, and services that may be involved in such a system. In this paper we emphasis specifically to an urban IoT systems that, while still being quite a broad category, are characterized by their specific application domain. Urban IoTs, in fact, are designed to support the Smart City vision, which aims at take advantage of the most advanced communication technologies to support added value services for the administration of the city and for the citizens. Sunitha C | Asha Priya B | Lavanya S ""Need of Internet of Things for Smart Cities"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23597.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/world-wide-web/23597/need-of-internet-of-things-for-smart-cities/sunitha-c
A study of remotely booking slot for vehicle using Internet of Things IJECEIAES
Internet Of Things (IoT) is a continually growing area which aids us to unite diverse objects. The proposed system exhibits the universal notion of utilizing cloud-based intellectual automotive car parking facilities in smart cities as a notable implementation of the IoT. The RFID technology is used in this system along with suitable IoT protocols to evade human interference, which reduces the cost. Information is bartered using readers and tags. Open Service Gateways can be effectively used for this module. This system established on the consequence of IoT and the purposes are solving the chaos, bewilderment, and extensive backlogs in parking spaces. The proposed work aims to solve these problems and offer car drivers a hassle-free and instantaneous car parking experience. A Raspberry Pi would act as a mini-computer in our system. A suitable smallest path methodology would be cast-off to obtain the shortest distance between the user and every car park in the system. Hence, the pausing time of the user is decreased. This work furthermore includes the practice of remotely booking of a slot with the collaboration of android application exercising smartphones for the communication between the Smart Parking system and the user.
A heterogeneous short-range communication platform for Internet of Vehicles IJECEIAES
The automotive industry is rapidly accelerating toward the development of innovative industry applications that feature management capabilities for data and applications alike in cars. In this regard, more internet of vehicles solutions are emerging through advancements of various wireless medium access-control technologies and the internet of things. In the present work, we develop a short-range communication–based vehicular system to support vehicle communication and remote car control. We present a combined hardware and software testbed that is capable of controlling a vehicle’s start up, operation and several related functionalities covering various vehicle metric data. The testbed is built from two microcontrollers, Arduino and Raspberry Pi 3, each of which individually controls certain functions to improve the overall vehicle control. The implementation of the heterogeneous communication module is based on the IEEE 802.11 and IEEE 802.15 medium access control technologies. Further, a control module on a smartphone was designed and implemented for efficient management. Moreover, we study the system connectivity performance by measuring various important parameters including the coverage distance, signal strength, download speed and latency. This study covers the use of this technology setup in different geographical areas over various time spans.
A major problem in day to day life is parking of vehicles especially the car parking at an appropriate place. And this issue indirectly leads to traffic congestion. This paper presents the basic concept of using server or cloud based smart parking services in smart cities as an important application of the Internet of Things (IoT) paradigm. This system will be accessible through a mobile app or through the webpage provided and can be used to monitor or find the empty slots in that area.
Insights of 6G and artificial intelligence-based internet-of-vehicle towards ...IAESIJAI
The significance of internet-of-vehicle (IoV) is spontaneously increasing with exponentially rising demands towards transportation system and road safety. At present, there are various number of scientific approaches which is meant for leveraging the communication performance in IoV, but yet the problem still exists over multiple attributes e.g. resource management, privacy, security, and service offloading. Such problems are anticipated to be solved by 6G services that offers better communication capabilities compared to its prior version of 5G. At the same time, the quality of communication system can be enhanced by artificial intelligence (AI), which is capable of solving complex real-world problems. Therefore, this manuscript offers an insight towards strength and weakness of existing 6G based study model as well as AI-based solution in order to contribute towards highlighting an essential research gap that could directly offer better insight towards future planning towards improving communication in IoV.
IoT for wheel alignment monitoring systemIJECEIAES
A great deal of previous research into wheel alignment has focused on techniques of the alignment, which involve big, bulky and high cost to maintain. Even though several approaches are required, the works are tedious and only performed in spacious area and trained mechanics. IoT is the alternatives due to the evolution of smartphone with numerous sensors to support and assist the research and development for IoT applications in vehicles. In this work, smaller and portable wheel alignment monitoring system is introduced by using communication protocol between sensors, microcontroller and mobile phone application. Thus, graphical user interface (GUI) is utilized to the system via wireless communication technology using TCP/IP Communication Protocol. The system has been tested to suit the functioning architecture system for the wheel alignment to provide the user awareness on early detection of wheel misalignment. In addition, the application has been successfully integrated with Android mobile application via TCP/IP communication protocol and view the results in smart phone in real-time.
Implementation of vehicle ventilation system using NodeMCU ESP8266 for remote...journalBEEI
In this paper, an implementation of vehicle ventilation system using microcontroller NodeMCU is described, as an internet of things (IoT) platform. A low-cost wireless fidelity (Wi-Fi) microchip ESP8266 integrated with NodeMCU provides full-stack transmission control protocol/internet protocol (TCP/IP) to communicate between mobile applications. This chip is capable to monitor and control sensor devices connected to the IoT platform. In this reserach, data was collected from a temperature sensor integrated to the platform, which then monitored using Blynk application. The vehicle ventilation system was activated/deactivated through mobile application and controlled using ON/OFF commands sent to the connected devices. From the results, the vehicle ventilation system built using NodeMCU microcontroller is capable to provide near real-time data monitoring for temperature in the car before and after the ventilation system was applied.
Design and implement WSN/IOT smart parking management system using microcontr...IJECEIAES
With the dramatic expansion of new networks such as Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) and Internet-of-Things (IoT), tremendous opportunities have been emerged to incorporate such technologies for valuable tasks. One of these tasks is the smart car parking where there is an imperative demand to manage the parking in various facilities, which may help drivers to save their time. Several research studies have addressed this task using wide range of approaches. However, the energy consumption is still a serious concern. This paper proposes a smart car parking based on cloud-based approach along with variety of sensors. Passive Infrared Sensors (PIRs) have been used to sense the object motion. While Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) sensors have been utilized to sense the light of the parking alarm and display information regarding the occupied and non-occupied parking lots. Finally, multi-micro controller of Arduino have been exploited in order to transmit the information collected to the server. Finally, a prototype Android application has been developed in order to receive the information from the server. Results of simulation showed the efficacy of the proposed method.
A survey on security and privacy issues in IoV IJECEIAES
As an up-and-coming branch of the Internet of things, internet of vehicles (IoV) is imagined to fill in as a fundamental information detecting and processing platform for astute transportation frameworks. Today, vehicles are progressively being associated with the Internet of Things which empower them to give pervasive access to data to drivers and travelers while moving. Be that as it may, as the quantity of associated vehicles continues expanding, new prerequisites, (for example, consistent, secure, vigorous, versatile data trade among vehicles, people, and side of the road frameworks) of vehicular systems are developing. Right now, the unique idea of vehicular specially appointed systems is being changed into another idea called the internet of vehicles (IoV). We talk about the issues faced in implementing a secure IoV architecture. We examine the various challenges in implementing security and privacy in IoV by reviewing past papers along with pointing out research gaps and possible future work and putting forth our on inferences relating to each paper.
Survey of Smartphone applications based on OBD-II for Intelligent Transportat...IJERA Editor
Highway transportation is supported with several technologies to decrease risk factors and to obtain secure drive.
With improved software and hardware smartphone technology is able to monitor the useful information from
information network and especially it helps to maintain and control better traffic management for ITS. In this
study accession systems to electronic control unit are examined and also access procedure to vehicle status via
onboard diagnostic (OBD) also demonstrated. Additionally vehicle and environment information evaluation and
prevention of accident risks with smartphone technology are also indicated.
Survey of Smartphone applications based on OBD-II for Intelligent Transportat...IJERA Editor
Highway transportation is supported with several technologies to decrease risk factors and to obtain secure drive.
With improved software and hardware smartphone technology is able to monitor the useful information from
information network and especially it helps to maintain and control better traffic management for ITS. In this
study accession systems to electronic control unit are examined and also access procedure to vehicle status via
onboard diagnostic (OBD) also demonstrated. Additionally vehicle and environment information evaluation and
prevention of accident risks with smartphone technology are also indicated.
Today, a growing number of vehicles are equipped with communication devices to facilitate vehicle to vehicle and vehicle to infrastructure communication and increase the safety of passengers. A new type of network called Vehicular Network VANET provides us with the infrastructure for developing new systems to enhance drivers' and passengers' safety and comfort. Vehicular networks are special types of mobile ad hoc networks that are used to help drivers access necessary information. This paper provides an introduction to vehicular networks. Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Uwakwe C. Chukwu | Abayomi Ajayi-Majebi | Sarhan M. Musa "Vehicular Networking" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46451.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/46451/vehicular-networking/matthew-n-o-sadiku
Similar to Advancement in infotainment system in automotive sector with vehicular cloud network and current state of art (20)
Bibliometric analysis highlighting the role of women in addressing climate ch...IJECEIAES
Fossil fuel consumption increased quickly, contributing to climate change
that is evident in unusual flooding and draughts, and global warming. Over
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A bibliometric analysis of data from the last ten years has been carried out to
examine the role of women in addressing the climate change. The analysis's
findings discussed the relevant to the sustainable development goals (SDGs),
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contributions to sustainable development projects, and the influence of
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to increase role of the women in addressing the climate change and
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inclusivity in climate change decision-making processes.
Voltage and frequency control of microgrid in presence of micro-turbine inter...IJECEIAES
The active and reactive load changes have a significant impact on voltage
and frequency. In this paper, in order to stabilize the microgrid (MG) against
load variations in islanding mode, the active and reactive power of all
distributed generators (DGs), including energy storage (battery), diesel
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connected to MG through a three-phase to three-phase matrix converter, and
the droop control method is applied for controlling the voltage and
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frequency control of micro-turbines in the transition state from gridconnected mode to islanding mode. A novel switching strategy of the matrix
converter is used for converting the high-frequency output voltage of the
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voltage and frequency regulation demonstrates exceptional performance and
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strategy is examined in several scenarios in the MG test systems, and the
simulation results are addressed.
Enhancing battery system identification: nonlinear autoregressive modeling fo...IJECEIAES
Precisely characterizing Li-ion batteries is essential for optimizing their
performance, enhancing safety, and prolonging their lifespan across various
applications, such as electric vehicles and renewable energy systems. This
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identification of a Li-ion battery, employing a nonlinear autoregressive with
exogenous inputs (NARX) model. The proposed approach integrates the
benefits of nonlinear modeling with the adaptability of the NARX structure,
facilitating a more comprehensive representation of the intricate
electrochemical processes within the battery. Experimental data collected
from a Li-ion battery operating under diverse scenarios are employed to
validate the effectiveness of the proposed methodology. The identified
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compared to traditional linear models. This study underscores the
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current under dynamic conditions.
Smart grid deployment: from a bibliometric analysis to a surveyIJECEIAES
Smart grids are one of the last decades' innovations in electrical energy.
They bring relevant advantages compared to the traditional grid and
significant interest from the research community. Assessing the field's
evolution is essential to propose guidelines for facing new and future smart
grid challenges. In addition, knowing the main technologies involved in the
deployment of smart grids (SGs) is important to highlight possible
shortcomings that can be mitigated by developing new tools. This paper
contributes to the research trends mentioned above by focusing on two
objectives. First, a bibliometric analysis is presented to give an overview of
the current research level about smart grid deployment. Second, a survey of
the main technological approaches used for smart grid implementation and
their contributions are highlighted. To that effect, we searched the Web of
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from WoS and 7,215 from Scopus on smart grid implementation or
deployment. With the extraction limitation in the Scopus database, 5,872 of
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Use of analytical hierarchy process for selecting and prioritizing islanding ...IJECEIAES
One of the problems that are associated to power systems is islanding
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negative consequences on the system's protection, stability, and security.
This paper offers a thorough overview of several islanding detection
strategies, which are divided into two categories: classic approaches,
including local and remote approaches, and modern techniques, including
techniques based on signal processing and computational intelligence.
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factors, including implementation costs, non-detected zones, declining
power quality, and response times using the analytical hierarchy process
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weight of passive methods (24.7%), active methods (7.8%), hybrid methods
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and computational intelligent-based methods (20.8%) based on the
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Enhancing of single-stage grid-connected photovoltaic system using fuzzy logi...IJECEIAES
The power generated by photovoltaic (PV) systems is influenced by
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Enhancing photovoltaic system maximum power point tracking with fuzzy logic-b...IJECEIAES
Photovoltaic systems have emerged as a promising energy resource that
caters to the future needs of society, owing to their renewable, inexhaustible,
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Adaptive synchronous sliding control for a robot manipulator based on neural ...IJECEIAES
Robot manipulators have become important equipment in production lines, medical fields, and transportation. Improving the quality of trajectory tracking for
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errors and synchronous sliding surfaces are presented. Second, the synchronous
tracking error dynamics are determined. Third, a robust adaptive control law is
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Simulation and experimental results show that the proposed controller is effective with small synchronous tracking errors, and the chattering phenomenon is
significantly reduced.
Remote field-programmable gate array laboratory for signal acquisition and de...IJECEIAES
A remote laboratory utilizing field-programmable gate array (FPGA) technologies enhances students’ learning experience anywhere and anytime in embedded system design. Existing remote laboratories prioritize hardware access and visual feedback for observing board behavior after programming, neglecting comprehensive debugging tools to resolve errors that require internal signal acquisition. This paper proposes a novel remote embeddedsystem design approach targeting FPGA technologies that are fully interactive via a web-based platform. Our solution provides FPGA board access and debugging capabilities beyond the visual feedback provided by existing remote laboratories. We implemented a lab module that allows users to seamlessly incorporate into their FPGA design. The module minimizes hardware resource utilization while enabling the acquisition of a large number of data samples from the signal during the experiments by adaptively compressing the signal prior to data transmission. The results demonstrate an average compression ratio of 2.90 across three benchmark signals, indicating efficient signal acquisition and effective debugging and analysis. This method allows users to acquire more data samples than conventional methods. The proposed lab allows students to remotely test and debug their designs, bridging the gap between theory and practice in embedded system design.
Detecting and resolving feature envy through automated machine learning and m...IJECEIAES
Efficiently identifying and resolving code smells enhances software project quality. This paper presents a novel solution, utilizing automated machine learning (AutoML) techniques, to detect code smells and apply move method refactoring. By evaluating code metrics before and after refactoring, we assessed its impact on coupling, complexity, and cohesion. Key contributions of this research include a unique dataset for code smell classification and the development of models using AutoGluon for optimal performance. Furthermore, the study identifies the top 20 influential features in classifying feature envy, a well-known code smell, stemming from excessive reliance on external classes. We also explored how move method refactoring addresses feature envy, revealing reduced coupling and complexity, and improved cohesion, ultimately enhancing code quality. In summary, this research offers an empirical, data-driven approach, integrating AutoML and move method refactoring to optimize software project quality. Insights gained shed light on the benefits of refactoring on code quality and the significance of specific features in detecting feature envy. Future research can expand to explore additional refactoring techniques and a broader range of code metrics, advancing software engineering practices and standards.
Smart monitoring technique for solar cell systems using internet of things ba...IJECEIAES
Rapidly and remotely monitoring and receiving the solar cell systems status parameters, solar irradiance, temperature, and humidity, are critical issues in enhancement their efficiency. Hence, in the present article an improved smart prototype of internet of things (IoT) technique based on embedded system through NodeMCU ESP8266 (ESP-12E) was carried out experimentally. Three different regions at Egypt; Luxor, Cairo, and El-Beheira cities were chosen to study their solar irradiance profile, temperature, and humidity by the proposed IoT system. The monitoring data of solar irradiance, temperature, and humidity were live visualized directly by Ubidots through hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) protocol. The measured solar power radiation in Luxor, Cairo, and El-Beheira ranged between 216-1000, 245-958, and 187-692 W/m 2 respectively during the solar day. The accuracy and rapidity of obtaining monitoring results using the proposed IoT system made it a strong candidate for application in monitoring solar cell systems. On the other hand, the obtained solar power radiation results of the three considered regions strongly candidate Luxor and Cairo as suitable places to build up a solar cells system station rather than El-Beheira.
An efficient security framework for intrusion detection and prevention in int...IJECEIAES
Over the past few years, the internet of things (IoT) has advanced to connect billions of smart devices to improve quality of life. However, anomalies or malicious intrusions pose several security loopholes, leading to performance degradation and threat to data security in IoT operations. Thereby, IoT security systems must keep an eye on and restrict unwanted events from occurring in the IoT network. Recently, various technical solutions based on machine learning (ML) models have been derived towards identifying and restricting unwanted events in IoT. However, most ML-based approaches are prone to miss-classification due to inappropriate feature selection. Additionally, most ML approaches applied to intrusion detection and prevention consider supervised learning, which requires a large amount of labeled data to be trained. Consequently, such complex datasets are impossible to source in a large network like IoT. To address this problem, this proposed study introduces an efficient learning mechanism to strengthen the IoT security aspects. The proposed algorithm incorporates supervised and unsupervised approaches to improve the learning models for intrusion detection and mitigation. Compared with the related works, the experimental outcome shows that the model performs well in a benchmark dataset. It accomplishes an improved detection accuracy of approximately 99.21%.
Developing a smart system for infant incubators using the internet of things ...IJECEIAES
This research is developing an incubator system that integrates the internet of things and artificial intelligence to improve care for premature babies. The system workflow starts with sensors that collect data from the incubator. Then, the data is sent in real-time to the internet of things (IoT) broker eclipse mosquito using the message queue telemetry transport (MQTT) protocol version 5.0. After that, the data is stored in a database for analysis using the long short-term memory network (LSTM) method and displayed in a web application using an application programming interface (API) service. Furthermore, the experimental results produce as many as 2,880 rows of data stored in the database. The correlation coefficient between the target attribute and other attributes ranges from 0.23 to 0.48. Next, several experiments were conducted to evaluate the model-predicted value on the test data. The best results are obtained using a two-layer LSTM configuration model, each with 60 neurons and a lookback setting 6. This model produces an R 2 value of 0.934, with a root mean square error (RMSE) value of 0.015 and a mean absolute error (MAE) of 0.008. In addition, the R 2 value was also evaluated for each attribute used as input, with a result of values between 0.590 and 0.845.
A review on internet of things-based stingless bee's honey production with im...IJECEIAES
Honey is produced exclusively by honeybees and stingless bees which both are well adapted to tropical and subtropical regions such as Malaysia. Stingless bees are known for producing small amounts of honey and are known for having a unique flavor profile. Problem identified that many stingless bees collapsed due to weather, temperature and environment. It is critical to understand the relationship between the production of stingless bee honey and environmental conditions to improve honey production. Thus, this paper presents a review on stingless bee's honey production and prediction modeling. About 54 previous research has been analyzed and compared in identifying the research gaps. A framework on modeling the prediction of stingless bee honey is derived. The result presents the comparison and analysis on the internet of things (IoT) monitoring systems, honey production estimation, convolution neural networks (CNNs), and automatic identification methods on bee species. It is identified based on image detection method the top best three efficiency presents CNN is at 98.67%, densely connected convolutional networks with YOLO v3 is 97.7%, and DenseNet201 convolutional networks 99.81%. This study is significant to assist the researcher in developing a model for predicting stingless honey produced by bee's output, which is important for a stable economy and food security.
A trust based secure access control using authentication mechanism for intero...IJECEIAES
The internet of things (IoT) is a revolutionary innovation in many aspects of our society including interactions, financial activity, and global security such as the military and battlefield internet. Due to the limited energy and processing capacity of network devices, security, energy consumption, compatibility, and device heterogeneity are the long-term IoT problems. As a result, energy and security are critical for data transmission across edge and IoT networks. Existing IoT interoperability techniques need more computation time, have unreliable authentication mechanisms that break easily, lose data easily, and have low confidentiality. In this paper, a key agreement protocol-based authentication mechanism for IoT devices is offered as a solution to this issue. This system makes use of information exchange, which must be secured to prevent access by unauthorized users. Using a compact contiki/cooja simulator, the performance and design of the suggested framework are validated. The simulation findings are evaluated based on detection of malicious nodes after 60 minutes of simulation. The suggested trust method, which is based on privacy access control, reduced packet loss ratio to 0.32%, consumed 0.39% power, and had the greatest average residual energy of 0.99 mJoules at 10 nodes.
Fuzzy linear programming with the intuitionistic polygonal fuzzy numbersIJECEIAES
In real world applications, data are subject to ambiguity due to several factors; fuzzy sets and fuzzy numbers propose a great tool to model such ambiguity. In case of hesitation, the complement of a membership value in fuzzy numbers can be different from the non-membership value, in which case we can model using intuitionistic fuzzy numbers as they provide flexibility by defining both a membership and a non-membership functions. In this article, we consider the intuitionistic fuzzy linear programming problem with intuitionistic polygonal fuzzy numbers, which is a generalization of the previous polygonal fuzzy numbers found in the literature. We present a modification of the simplex method that can be used to solve any general intuitionistic fuzzy linear programming problem after approximating the problem by an intuitionistic polygonal fuzzy number with n edges. This method is given in a simple tableau formulation, and then applied on numerical examples for clarity.
The performance of artificial intelligence in prostate magnetic resonance im...IJECEIAES
Prostate cancer is the predominant form of cancer observed in men worldwide. The application of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as a guidance tool for conducting biopsies has been established as a reliable and well-established approach in the diagnosis of prostate cancer. The diagnostic performance of MRI-guided prostate cancer diagnosis exhibits significant heterogeneity due to the intricate and multi-step nature of the diagnostic pathway. The development of artificial intelligence (AI) models, specifically through the utilization of machine learning techniques such as deep learning, is assuming an increasingly significant role in the field of radiology. In the realm of prostate MRI, a considerable body of literature has been dedicated to the development of various AI algorithms. These algorithms have been specifically designed for tasks such as prostate segmentation, lesion identification, and classification. The overarching objective of these endeavors is to enhance diagnostic performance and foster greater agreement among different observers within MRI scans for the prostate. This review article aims to provide a concise overview of the application of AI in the field of radiology, with a specific focus on its utilization in prostate MRI.
Seizure stage detection of epileptic seizure using convolutional neural networksIJECEIAES
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), seventy million individuals worldwide suffer from epilepsy, a neurological disorder. While electroencephalography (EEG) is crucial for diagnosing epilepsy and monitoring the brain activity of epilepsy patients, it requires a specialist to examine all EEG recordings to find epileptic behavior. This procedure needs an experienced doctor, and a precise epilepsy diagnosis is crucial for appropriate treatment. To identify epileptic seizures, this study employed a convolutional neural network (CNN) based on raw scalp EEG signals to discriminate between preictal, ictal, postictal, and interictal segments. The possibility of these characteristics is explored by examining how well timedomain signals work in the detection of epileptic signals using intracranial Freiburg Hospital (FH), scalp Children's Hospital Boston-Massachusetts Institute of Technology (CHB-MIT) databases, and Temple University Hospital (TUH) EEG. To test the viability of this approach, two types of experiments were carried out. Firstly, binary class classification (preictal, ictal, postictal each versus interictal) and four-class classification (interictal versus preictal versus ictal versus postictal). The average accuracy for stage detection using CHB-MIT database was 84.4%, while the Freiburg database's time-domain signals had an accuracy of 79.7% and the highest accuracy of 94.02% for classification in the TUH EEG database when comparing interictal stage to preictal stage.
Analysis of driving style using self-organizing maps to analyze driver behaviorIJECEIAES
Modern life is strongly associated with the use of cars, but the increase in acceleration speeds and their maneuverability leads to a dangerous driving style for some drivers. In these conditions, the development of a method that allows you to track the behavior of the driver is relevant. The article provides an overview of existing methods and models for assessing the functioning of motor vehicles and driver behavior. Based on this, a combined algorithm for recognizing driving style is proposed. To do this, a set of input data was formed, including 20 descriptive features: About the environment, the driver's behavior and the characteristics of the functioning of the car, collected using OBD II. The generated data set is sent to the Kohonen network, where clustering is performed according to driving style and degree of danger. Getting the driving characteristics into a particular cluster allows you to switch to the private indicators of an individual driver and considering individual driving characteristics. The application of the method allows you to identify potentially dangerous driving styles that can prevent accidents.
Hyperspectral object classification using hybrid spectral-spatial fusion and ...IJECEIAES
Because of its spectral-spatial and temporal resolution of greater areas, hyperspectral imaging (HSI) has found widespread application in the field of object classification. The HSI is typically used to accurately determine an object's physical characteristics as well as to locate related objects with appropriate spectral fingerprints. As a result, the HSI has been extensively applied to object identification in several fields, including surveillance, agricultural monitoring, environmental research, and precision agriculture. However, because of their enormous size, objects require a lot of time to classify; for this reason, both spectral and spatial feature fusion have been completed. The existing classification strategy leads to increased misclassification, and the feature fusion method is unable to preserve semantic object inherent features; This study addresses the research difficulties by introducing a hybrid spectral-spatial fusion (HSSF) technique to minimize feature size while maintaining object intrinsic qualities; Lastly, a soft-margins kernel is proposed for multi-layer deep support vector machine (MLDSVM) to reduce misclassification. The standard Indian pines dataset is used for the experiment, and the outcome demonstrates that the HSSF-MLDSVM model performs substantially better in terms of accuracy and Kappa coefficient.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
Contact with Dawood Bhai Just call on +92322-6382012 and we'll help you. We'll solve all your problems within 12 to 24 hours and with 101% guarantee and with astrology systematic. If you want to take any personal or professional advice then also you can call us on +92322-6382012 , ONLINE LOVE PROBLEM & Other all types of Daily Life Problem's.Then CALL or WHATSAPP us on +92322-6382012 and Get all these problems solutions here by Amil Baba DAWOOD BANGALI
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Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
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establish communication among the vehicles with infotainment system and then they could be connected via
World Wide Web. Usage of 5G communication system also facilitates such forms of communication system.
However, it is not that simple in reality. In fact there are only countable numbers of vehicles that offer such
services as the devices, infrastructures as well as services are pretty expensive in nature. Therefore, such
applications are few to find in all the countries or accessible to common people. However, demands of
the clients are changing with the evolution of new technologies which is more pervasive or ubiquitous in its
form [8]. There are multiple reason that results in not so proliferation of using infotainment system over
vehicular network viz. i) the first reason is the roadways, network, and transportation infrastructure which has
to be changed accordingly. Road should be equipped with hotspots called as road-side unit and all road-side
units should be connected to some core network connected with cloud or internet, ii) infotainment system
should have integrated with maximum sensors and internal system of the vehicle in order to offer correct
information for safer driving. Infotainment system is a part of on-board unit which should also offer
extensive communication supportability of almost all forms of wireless standards e.g. Bluetooth, Near-Field
Communication, Wi-Fi, GSM, CDMA, etc. Various studies e.g. [9-12] shows that vehicular adhoc network
suffers significant problems and the same problem do exists in vehicular cloud networks too [13].
Therefore, this paper discusses about the research work carried out towards infotainment system
when using cloud-based vehicular adhoc network. The paper also offers insights towards effectiveness and
limitation of existing infotainment system. The organization of the paper is as follow Section 2 discusses
about the basic fundamentals of the infotainment system followed by discussion of existing research
contribution in Section 3. The briefing of the open research issues is carried out in Section 4 while conclusion
of the paper is briefed in Section 5.
2. INSIGHTS ON INFOTAINMENT SYSTEM
Basically, an Infotainment system is a system that integrates the entertainment system as well as
data services in order to facilitate the better form of driving experience. A typical infotainment system is
shown in Figure 1 which consists of audio as well as video interfaces, keypads, and touchscreen. At present,
the availability of infotainment system is restricted only to some premium cars but it is expected to have 80%
increment in the usage of infotainment system by the year 2025 [14].
Figure 1. Apple car play infotainment system
Basically, infotainment system is a safer and smarter mechanism to utilize the smartphones and it
allows the driver to perform all the operation on the visual interface of the infotainment system which they
can do in their smartphone. Various third party applications (e.g. Apple’s digital assistance, Siri, etc) are also
utilized with the infotainment system for improving the features. At present, they can be controlled by knob,
touch screen, and voice-based commands. Hence, infotainment system offers the capability to connect
the complete vehicle with a network as well as a vehicle can also act as a hotspot for other vehicle.
The degree of smartness of infotainment system can be further improved by integrating vehicular adhoc
network and cloud environment. It is potentially important to ensure higher efficiency, minimal delay,
reliability, scalability, as well as security when an infotainment system is connected with vehicular adhoc
network system. Such forms of incorporation of operation incorporate in smartness in offering multiple
services though infotainment giving a shape of intelligent transportation system. Therefore, appending cloud
with the vehicular adhoc network permits amalgamation of various conventional computing systems with
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the available resources of the vehicle. However, there is a lot of difference between typical cloud
environment and vehicular cloud as shown in Figure 2. In vehicular cloud, there are various contributor
e.g. gateway system, infrastructure, and broker. Basically, vehicular cloud system is classified into three
types viz. a) vehicular cloud, b) vehicle using cloud, and c) hybrid system [15]. Basically, typical cloud
system emphasizes on clients, application, platform, and infrastructure in the form of services. However,
vehicular system using cloud will use multiple components connected with specific cloud-based services.
The vehicular nodes are integrated with the clients while different forms of applications used either in
smartphone or the infotainment system is connected with application services on cloud. Different application
could be associated with both information as well as entertainment which utilize various cloud-based
applications. Similarly, usage of on-board units using radio frequencies for communication is connected with
the platform-based services on cloud. Finally, utilization of on-board units and road-side units are integrated
with the infrastructure based cloud services.
Figure 2. Difference between cloud and cloud with
vehicular network
Figure 3. Vehicular cloud service architecture
The conventional vehicular cloud service architecture (Figure 3) consists of only three layers.
The bottom layer is Infrastructure as a Service which is meant for storage, connectivity with data center etc.
The middle layer is for Platform as a Service which is integrating with the conventional IEEE standard of
vehicular adhoc network. The top layer is for Software as a Service which is basically meant for
infotainment system as well as vehicle-to-vehicle communication, as well as different other application of
vehicular cloud system.
3. EXISTING RESEARCH CONTRIBUTION
From the discussion made in prior section, it can be seen that there are various forms of network
services being run within an infotainment system of a vehicle. Network plays a very significant role in
the process of relaying services. At present, there are various research work being carried out towards
leveraging infotainment system over a vehicular network and this section briefs of all the significant
literature addressing the problem. The existing system has been found to be classified into two core methods
towards development of infotainment system which is discussed as below:
3.1. Infotainment system over vehicular networks
The betterment of services offered in infotainment system can be only facilitated by as faster
wireless communication system. Radio over Fiber (RoF) based approach is proven to for faster
communication with the road-side units harnessing the concept of IoV which is also characterized by
multiple interfaces of communication system. This approach was seen in the work of Sherazi et al. [16]
where multiple vehicles perform group-based communication under defined radio access units. All the access
units are integrated with a control system that uses optical fiber to establish connection with its backbone
cloud network. Multiple test environments are used for assessing its outcome with respect to throughput,
load, delay, etc. Usage of open source is also carried out towards developing an interface application of
infotainment system. The main idea behind adding such interface is that existing design of infotainment
system are developed on different platform and hence is always dependent on specific form of application to
Clients Vehicular Nodes
Application
Platform
Infrastructure
Application (V2V,
infotainment, Safety)
802.11p
OBU, RSU
ConventionalCloud
VANETcloud
SaaS
(application of VANET, Infotainment, V2V)
PaaS
IEEE 802.11p
IaaS
(Data Center, Storage)
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be executed within it. Therefore, the work of Kovacevic et al. [17] proved this concept by using java toward
building an application interface followed by developing a prototype application. Apart from the problem of
data forwarding and service transition, it was seen distribution of data in large scale, mobility, and sensitivity
to delay is another set of problems in infotainment system. According to Guo et al. [18], all these problems
can be sorted by compressed sensing methods. This method is reported to assists in video streaming,
recognition of object, sensing vehicle crowd, security and privacy protection, estimation of road traffic
system, tracking object, etc. However, they are too associated with various challenges e.g. hardware design,
analysis of behaviour on-road, streaming data, etc. Service relaying over infotainment system is also
facilitated by using Wi-Fi protocol, however, it suffers from interference problem and can significantly affect
the data to be received in infotainment device. Study towards this direction is carried out by Na et al. [19] has
discussed various approaches to control interference problems e.g. channel hoping approach, power control
policy, infra-structured based cooperation with adjacent nodes, etc. Authors have presented a simulation-
based study with two different case studies to solve interference problems. The study outcome shows that
presented scheme offers better throughput. There are some studies when conventional approaches have been
used quite uniquely to offer better infotainment services. It has been reported that usage of television bands
can facilitate better relaying of service. The work carried out by Chen et al. [20] has specified that reusing
the spatial spectrum can assist in relaying data for infotainment services. However, the only difference it
makes with other conventional approach is that-conventional approaches data is restricted to core internet
network (i.e. cloud) whereas the presented scheme forwards the data to application server and geo-location
database server. The work carried out by Rene et al. [21] have emphasized on adoption of emulation towards
investigating infotainment system associated with the vehicular network. The authors have discussed
a real-time emulation platform called as Vespa for this purpose and discussed various analytical capabilities
of this emulator. Different from main-stream studies, there is a study conducted by Tian et al. [22] that
discusses about the problem associated with the position of display for the infotainment device. The complete
study has been carried out considering multiple display position to find that fluctuation on the position of
lane could be minimize considering position with cluster display. The multiple display position considered
was on radio interface, phone interface and HVAC (Heating, ventilation, and air condition) interface.
Abdullah et al. [23] have used raptor codes in order to assess the relaying services along with using decode
and forward scheme. A simulation-based scheme was adopted over conventional IEEE standard of VANET
as well as design of MAC layer to find increase in its throughput. Another form of such non-conventional
approach was carried out by Cheng and Trivedi [24] where gesture recognition is used for improving
the driving experience over new form of hands-free infotainment system. The scheme make use of
vision-based computational model where supervised learning scheme along with denoising scheme has been
used for training the system to understand hand gestures. The work carried out by Galarza et al. [25] has
presented an adaptive scheme to develop an interface for machine and human interaction in presence of
dynamic scenarios of driving. A prototyping has been carried out for this purpose to check its statistical
outcomes. However, direct applicability as well as work towards developing infotainment system is restricted
only till this much of research papers and no further significant research work found till now.
3.2. Integration cloud with vehicular network
In order to support various services and application over the infotainment system over vehicular
network, there is a potential need of a distributed and large network which is also ubiquitous in nature.
Hence, cloud is one of the most preferred backbone or core network that can solve maximum problems
associated with the accessing diversified services in vehicles [26]. As cloud offers extensive scheme for
supporting various services, therefore studies towards combined usage of cloud and vehicular network is
classified into three types on the basis of the existing research trends:
a. Schema-based Approaches: This kind of approaches makes use of unique schemes and planning in order
to improve the service accessibility over vehicular network that can indirectly improve the performance
of infotainment system. However, it should be known that such studies do not directly target towards
infotainment system; however, their outcomes are claimed to offer better supportability towards
challenging services accessed using infotainment system over vehicular network. Most recently,
the work carried out by Shah et al. [27] discussed that transmit-power has prominent effect as well as it
also has direct connectivity with the state of congestion in vehicular network. Hence, the solution offered
by author was by using game theory for developing an adaptive scheme for congestion control
considering transmit-power. It was also seen that usage of fog computing too offers advantage to
vehicular cloud network. One such usage can be found in the work of Tang et al. [28] where fog
computing is used for smart parking system using experimental approach over vehicular network.
A typical algorithm is written for exploring the free parking slot using multiple optimization objects.
The analysis of the study is carried out using cost over space of parking. However, the study doesn’t
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consider many other essential elements e.g. information and domain related systems and is focused only
on specific information. Emphasis on information as well as domain related schemes has been
theoretically discussed by Grewe et al. [29] using different use cases. The study reveal that existing
approaches using such schemes have diversified differences with respect to mechanism of data
dissemination, naming, or security, etc; however, all the approaches offer equal emphasis to the mobility
problems. Moreover, the impact of data offloading is not much found to be discussed in this work.
It is believed that data offloading results in challenging situation of data explosion over wireless network
and hence a control scheme is required. The study towards addressing this problem was carried out by
Huang et al. [30] where an integration of mobile edge computing and software defined network has been
utilized to develop a control scheme. This scheme allows a formulation of better route for vehicle-to-
vehicle communication scheme using contextual information. It should be noted that majority of such
system is basically operational over IP network which doesn’t offer suitability for any form of content-
centric network. Hussain et al. [31] claimed that if such IP network is connected with vehicular cloud
network that such problems could be resisted. Existing system also offers a scheme for catering up
demands of autonomous vehicles. The work carried out by Maalej et al. [32] uses computer vision in
order to develop a multimodal scheme for identification of object by the vehicle followed by recognition
of it. A hypothetical scheme towards improving vehicular cloud has been also emphasized
by Gong et al. [33] and Huang et al. [34]. Study towards resource allocation for effective heterogeneous
vehicle is carried out by Lin et al. [35] using Markov modeling. The work of Quan et al. [36] has
emphasized on improving the delivery quality by packetizing the multimedia file content over vehicular
cloud network. The authors have used Markov chain for system model. A storage scheme was presented
by Wu et al. [37] where it targeted for transmitting the data to a different vehicular node prior to
transmitting the data to particular zone. Fuzzy logic was utilized and cluster-based method is used for
transmitting the data. The problem associated with the energy efficiency and the quality of experience is
investigated by Xu et al. [38]. The work of Girau et al. [39] have presented a discussion of reusability of
different layers considering IoT for developing a social platform of all the objects that are connected to
each other. The work carried out by Kim et al. [40] has presented discussion on the solution towards
the data forwarding scheme. The scheme uses greedy algorithm as well as learning scheme in order
model data dissemination process. Li et al. [41] have presented a discussion of a scheme that uses smart
phone for facilitating routing scheme on vehicular network. Adoption of game theory is also seen in
the work of Zhang et al. [42] towards intelligent transportation system. The mechanism introduces
a trajectory-based system to establish communication among the vehicles. A search-based approach is
developed by Mershad and Artail [43] where an efficient cloud server is looked for.
b. Security-based Approaches: Owing to the utilization of the diversified adhoc network in highly
distributed fashion, the communications within the vehicular nodes are highly vulnerable. Hence,
security is of higher degree of concern when it comes to vehicular cloud network. The consequences of
security breach can cost the life of a driver by remotely tampering the infotainment system.
As infotainment system also retains various private information about the vehicle owner, hence privacy
is always of higher concern. Most recently, the work carried out by Huang et al. [44] have addressed
such security problems quite uniquely. A security schema is designed that is capable of resisting all
sorts of negative messages or counterfeited messages. The work carried out by Yang et al. [45] have
used game theory in order to compute the channel capacity associated with different vehicles for
controlling the security breach and make the communication more efficient. Problems associated with
the privacy problems are discussed by Xue et al. [46]. The authors have used encryption based
mechanism using fog computing to perform prediction of mobility of vehicular nodes to fog server.
Shao et al. [47] have presented a privacy protection scheme over vehicular cloud network by combining
digital signature scheme and tree-based authentication mechanism. Another study over privacy problem
is addressed by Ni et al. [48] where a navigation assistance system has been designed. The technique
uses Bloom filter for retrieving the data for supporting querying system and a mathematical model is
presented using digital signature which ensure validation and updating of all the vehicular nodes.
Solution towards data stealing problems from infotainment system can be resisted of the vehicular
communication is safeguarded with fail-proof mechanism. Study towards such direction was carried out
by Luo and Ma [49] where multi-authority scheme of attribute based cryptography has been
implemented for controlling access on the vehicles. Study towards emphasis on data security has been
presented by Li et al. [50]. According to the study, over channel utilization, is one indicator of security
breach and existing security approaches doesn’t offer comprehensive security solution. The study carried
out by Fan et al. [51] have discussed that mobility with high speed and distribution of node with high
density can significantly affect data forwarding as well as may invite security problems too.
Therefore, the solution presented by authors is based on retrieving the ciphertext with higher efficiency.
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The problem associated with the privacy problem is also addressed in the work of Hussain et al. [52].
An interesting solution has been presented by the author where images are captured from the site of
interest by the image capturing devices of the vehicles and the information is forwarded to the cloud.
The capturing of image is carried out only when the vehicular node encounters any event. An incentive-
based mechanism is introduced in order to promote participation of many vehicles. The works carried
out by Soleymani et al. [53] have presented a trust-based framework in order to maintain the reliability
and integrity among the vehicular nodes. Harnessing fuzzy logic, the model is capable of checking
the validity often messages exchanged by the vehicles. Usage of message authentication codes is also
reported for ensuring better anonymity of the messages exchange in vehicular networks. The work of
Jiang et al. [54] has used hash message authentication codes for performing authentication of list of
revoked certificate. The implementation has used pseudonym for strengthening the privacy factor too.
A unique study carried out by Zhou et al. [55] have used delay tolerant network in order to resist
the node compromise attack. The study also shows that it can offer equal performance towards data
delivery performance too apart from security. Another unique study was proposed by Liu et al. [56]
where a downlink dissemination of the message is presented. According to the study, the delivery of
the secured messages are offered with higher priority using specifically defined gateways followed by
message dissemination among the vehicle.
c. Traffic-based Scheme: Traffic-based scheme is another approach which has been implemented by some
of the researchers. The prime motive of this kind of approach is to basically to develop a unique
topological policy which has a direct impact on the traffic system of vehicular network. Majority of such
scheme make use of directionality factor and various conditional options for allowing the traffic.
Most recently, there was no such approach and the only latest approach in this regard is found in the year
2016, where Azizian et al. [57] have presented a transmission scheduling. In such schemes sensor has
been utilized for scheduling by using a cluster formation approach for newly forming vehicular cloud
dynamically and not in predefined fashion. Calculation towards relative mobility is carried out for
selecting the broker node. The approach uses medium access control using contention free approach.
Usage of cooperative relaying also assists in formation of a new traffic system for an efficient service
relaying over infotainment system in vehicular cloud networks. The work carried out by Feteiha and
Hassanein [58] has discussed about the cooperative relaying mechanism over 4G networks. According to
the authors, existing relaying scheme suffers from performance degradation that adversely affects
the data arriving on the infotainment device while using existing vehicular cloud system. It also suffers
from more degree of channel related errors. Therefore, the presented scheme uses cooperative technique
with pre-coded scheme which is meant for extracting the spatial diversity information of 4G network.
Adoption of this scheme is claimed to enhance the traffic system among the node communication.
According to Salahuddin et al. [59], the contribution of software defined network is essential for framing
up the traffic system of vehicular cloud. The authors have presented an architecture where a unique road
side unit is developed for dynamic traffic management.
Therefore, it can be seen that there are various forms of algorithms as well as approaches which
directly as well as indirectly assists in enriching the operation of infotainment system. The direct systems are
developed towards infotainment system while the indirect systems are developed towards improving
the vehicular cloud system which can directly contribute to support the better performance of infotainment
system. Table 1 summarizes all the existing research contribution.
Table 1. Summary of existing research contribution
Authors Problems Techniques Advantages Limitation
Infotainment System over Vehicular N/W
Sherazi et al.
[16]
Data forwarding RoF-communication Better connectivity No model of constraints of
infotainment considered
Kovacevic et
al. [17]
Service transition Open Source based
Application programming
interface
Highly flexible for
supporting
heterogeneous task
Lack of extensive analysis
Na et al. [19] Interference while using
WiFi protocol
Power controlling, channel
hopping
Better throughput Narrowed scope of study
Chen et
al.[20]
Throughput
maximization
Reuse of spatial spectrum,
Service relaying over
television bands
Better throughput No extensive analysis
Tian et al.
[22]
Effective position of
infotainment
Prototyping with 3 different
position
Offers better decision
with respect to multiple
visibility
Diversity of the
information displayed on
infotainment is not
considered.
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Table 1. Summary of existing research contribution (continue)
Authors Problems Techniques Advantages Limitation
Infotainment System over Vehicular N/W (continue)
Abdullah et
al. [23]
Throughput
maximization
Raptor Codes Time improvement No benchmarking
Cheng and
Trivedi [24]
Vision-based controlling
of infotainment system
Gesture recognition Effective for
infotainment with
limited service option
No analysis of response
time in adverse condition
Galarza et al.
[25]
Dealing with dynamic
driving scenario
Adaptive interaction between
machine and human,
prototyping
Positive feedback No comparative analysis
Schema based Approach
Shah et al.
[27]
Increase in transmit
power during congestion
Game theory Increase in throughput Computational complexity
not considered
Tang et al.
[28]
Smart parking system Analytical scheme Lower cost Specific to one application
only
Huang et al.
[30]
Data offloading Mobile edge, software
defined network, context
Increases average
lifetime
Accuracy is context
processing not ensured
Hussain et
al.[31]
IP based network Integrating vehicular cloud
with content centric network
Comprehensive
architecture
No numerical analysis
Maalej et al.
[32]
Autonomous vehicle Computer vision, multimodal
scheme
Effective object
detection
Complexity with object
detection not considered.
Lin et al. [35] Resource allocation Semi-Markov decision Effective cost
computation
No comparative analysis
Quan et al.
[36]
Delivery quality of
multimedia streaming
Queuing, multipath Improved delivery
quality
Network problems not
considered
Wu et al.[37] Independence from
infrastructure usage
Fuzzy logic, cluster-based
transmission, learning
scheme
Simplified scheme No comparative analysis
Xu et al. [38] Energy efficiency in
multimedia streaming
Markov process, in-
networking caching,
multipath transmission,
processing on cloud
Highly reduced delay Computational complexity
evaluation not carried out
Girau et
al.[39]
Connectivity among
devices
Social IoT reduced delay Less extensive evaluation
Kim et al. [40 Data dissemination Greedy approach,
combinatorial approach
Reduces connectivity
problems.
Narrowed study scope
Li et al.[41] Improving on-board unit
performance
Integrating Smart-phone with
on-board unit.
Improved performance
of delay and packet
delivery
Computational constraint
during peak traffic is not
discussed
Zhang et al.
[42]
Vehicle connectivity Game theory, simulation
based
Better benefits Computational constraint
during peak traffic is not
discussed
Mershad and
Artail [43]
Search for cloud serve Simulation based Reduced delay No comparative analysis
Security-based Approach
Huang et al.
[44]
Resisting negative
message
Algorithm to distribute and
redistribute negative message
Reduced complexity Doesn’t balance with
increased throughput
Yang et al.
[45]
Secure communication
among vehicles
Game theory Optimize channel
capacity
Doesn’t discusses about
complexity in
communication
Xue et al.
[46]
Privacy problems Encryption-based Reduced transmission
time
Complexity is not analyzed
with respect to different
attack scenarios
Shao et al.
[47]
Privacy Bilinear pairing, digital
signature
Reduced time
consumption
Doesn’t discuss about
throughput
Ni et al. [48] Privacy Digital signature,
mathematical model
Reduced cost of time
and communication
Doesn’t discuss about
throughput
Luo and Ma
[49]
Data stealing Attribute-based encryption,
multi-authority
Reduced encryption
time
Doesn’t discuss about
throughput
Fan et al. [51] Security Ciphertext retrieval, hybrid
indexing
Reduced search time No comparative analysis,
doesn’t discuss about
throughput.
Hussain et al.
[52]
Privacy Incentive mechanism,
pseudonym exchange
Simplified approach Doesn’t discuss about
throughput
Soleymani et
al. [53]
Trust issue Fog computing, fuzzy logic Easy assessing of
accuracy of event
Doesn’t discusses about
complexity in
communication
Jiang et al.
[54]
Privacy Hash message authentication
code, pseudonym
Reduced delay Doesn’t deal with non-
linear constraints
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Table 1. Summary of existing research contribution (continue)
Authors Problems Techniques Advantages Limitation
Security-based Approach (continue)
Zhou et al.
[55]
Privacy Delay tolerant network,
incentive scheme
Offers reliability Doesn’t discusses about
complexity in
communication
Liu et al. [56] Secure message
dissemination
Gateway and target area,
selection of delegator node,
mathematical modeling
Reduce delay, lower
overhead
Doesn’t discusses about
complexity in
communication
Traffic-based Scheme
Azizian et al.
[57]
Transmission scheduling Contention free medium
access control
Stabilized performance
of newly formed
vehicular cloud
Analysis doesn’t consider
peak traffic condition
Feteiha and
Hassanein
[58]
Channel fading Cooperative transmission,
spatial diversity
Lower outage
probability
Issues of LTE not modeled
Salahuddin et
al. [59]
Cloud resource
management
A new roadside unit,
reinforcement learning
Minimized cost of
configuration, reduced
delay
Complexity associated in
peak traffic not analyzed.
4. OPEN END PROBLEMS OR RESEARCH GAPS
There is no denying the fact that existing research contribution discussed in prior section has given
a considerable edge of features towards infotainment system. However, majority of the problems are
associated with the loopholes which are yet to be investigated. Following are some briefing of the open end
problems extracted after reviewing the existing system:
a. Bias focus on Problems: In order to offer a superior form of service relaying on infotainment system, it is
required that existing research contribution should offer better quality of service, flexible form of
modeling, resistivity capability against all form of potential threats, and capability to deal with all sorts
of traffic / network related issues. Unfortunately, majority of the research work are focused on security
problems and least on other quality of service problems. The operation carried out by an infotainment
system demands a complete supportability of vehicular cloud network which has many other problems
critical than security problems. Even from security solution discussed, they are not meant for dynamic
adversarial attack but are quite specific to one form of attacks. Moreover, maximum approaches have no
evidence that they are also effective towards data delivery performance along with security. Hence, there
is a long way to go ahead even to obtain a better form of security solution.
b. Doesn’t Cater up Actual Demand of Infotainment System: A robust and better form of infotainment
system can be only said if they have complete support of minimal latency, offers optimal bandwidth, and
maximum retention of connectivity among the vehicles. Although, there are many literatures that claims
of lower delay, but they are not found to claim for other performance factors which are equally essential
to prove the supportability of futuristic infotainment system. Without lower latency, it is not feasible to
support delivery of massive streams of contents while maximum channel capacity is required for
seamless uploading of necessary back end services and data to offer online loading of dynamic services.
Similarly, seamless connectivity is highly essential as infotainment system for upcoming driverless
vehicle requires non-intermittent and fail-proof connectivity. There is no such literature where all these
problems are sorted out in reality.
c. Lack of consideration of Infotainment Device: Basically, an infotainment device is a part of the on-board
unit in intelligent transportation system. In order to offer better service supportability with better quality
of experience, it is required that all the capability factor associated with radio communication of
the vehicle should be considered e.g. adopted channels for radio frequency, radio communication using
single/multiple hops, bit rate, available channel capacity, degree of compensation towards propagation
issues for radio signals, etc. In existing system, all these factors are considered only for road side units
and never for on-board units.
d. Non-Applicability to Road Transport System: A closer look into various scheme-based approach as well
as traffic-based approach shows good conceptual model but without any evidence of their applicability
to road transport system. It was seen that majority of the research contribution under this uses data
dissemination process using unicast and broadcasting scheme. The unicast mechanism uses trajectory-
based, stability factor of link, and geographic-based. Such approaches results in vehicle to fail in
exploring the next vehicular node to perform forwarding because network related global knowledge is
not provided to the vehicles. For this, the data dissemination schemes are not equipped with global data.
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2085
Apart from this, existing approaches of data dissemination on vehicular cloud are carried out on specific
network model which is pre-configured.
e. Unrealistic Test Environment & Modeling: Basically, the service to support infotainment requires
massive flow of information. Therefore, real-time usage of infotainment system is shrouded with
different challenges due to maximum transmission rate of data along with adaptability of dynamic
topology. This requires a joint accomplishment of interference-free network, higher bandwidth, lower
resource consumption, etc. Unfortunately, all these are hard to achieve at same time as per existing
approaches without which it is not feasible for achieve superior quality of streamed data. Existing studies
towards multimedia streaming doesn’t deal with contention problem as well as they also lack resisting
problems like congestion and collision.
f. Lack of Optimization Approach: There are no research works carried out towards optimization.
At present, there are various optimization algorithms dealing with wide range of scientific problems.
Even in cloud computing, machine learning is slowly increasing in almost all the application to offer
better optimized outcomes in order to meet user demands. Unfortunately, the research work using
optimization based approach is significantly missing which has capability to solve maximum problems.
There is an immense need of novel optimization technique to find best solution for supportability of
seamless services on infotainment devices using vehicular cloud network.
5. CONCLUSION
This manuscript discusses about the actual scenario of infotainment system in vehicular network.
After reviewing the existing studies it is just concluded that there are lot of scope of work to be carried out
over vehicular cloud system with more emphasis on comprehensive computational model. Existing work can
be just treated as a better form of guidelines to start a new work with more exposure towards achievements as
well as limitation. The contribution of the this manuscript is that it offers better idea of Advancement in
Infotainment System in Automotive Sector with Vehicular Cloud Network by introdcing the basic
fundamentals of the infotainment system along with gaps in the research area of Automotive Sector with
Vehicular Cloud Network. The future work could be on the direction of the addressing the open end issues
discussed in prior section. A novel computational model can be constructed with inclusion of real-time
non-linear constraints so that maximum problems associated with robust and efficient service supportability
towards infotainment system can be developed.
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BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS
Reshma S. received her degree in Computer Science and Engineering from UBDT college of
Engineering (2001)-Davanagere. She received her masters (M.Tech) degree from BIET (2009)-
Davanagere. She worked as Lecturer in Govt. Polytechnic college (2002), BIET (2002-2005) and
STJIT (2005-2009). Currently, she is working as Assistant professor in Global Academy of
Technology (from 2011), Bangalore. She had been counselor in IGNOU for two years. She has
authored or published 2 publications. Her areas of interest are Networking and cloud computing.
Dr. Chetanaprakash had been Board of Studies member in VTU (2016-2019), BOE member in
VTU and Kuvempu University, working as NODAL officer for AISHE institute and Dept.
Web-coordinator. She has been session chair for IWSSIP, South-East Europe (2011), session chair
and reviewer in iCATccT-2015. She has authored or published ...publications. Her area of interest
are analysis & design of algorithms, Discrete mathematical structures, Speech Signal Processing,
Image processing, Time frequency analysis, ANN techniques etc.