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Literature Search Techniques
- 1. Literature Search Dr Bhaskar Borgohain MBBS (AMC), MS Ortho (Delhi Univ.), DNB Ortho (NAMS), AO Trauma Fellow, (Germany), Arthroplasty Fellow (Computer Navigation) Professor & HoD, Orthopaedics NEIGRIHMS Shillong www.neigrihms.gov.in ublishing your dissertatio Dr Murali Poduval (Orth) DNB(Orth) PGDM nt Engineering and Industrial Services aConsultancy Services Mumbai or : Indian Journal of Orthopaedics IJO-NILD-WBOA sponsored National workshop on Research Methodology and scientific publication: Kolkata 29TH September, 2019
- 2. PubMed • Pubmed is a free search database that contains Medline, plus additional information in dentistry, nursing, history of medicine and complimentary & alternative medicine.
- 3. Million documents indexed in Google scholar Million papers listed in Pubmed Million papers listed in science direct Scientific papers published every minute
- 4. We now live in Information age Information boom Information overload Problem of plenty
- 5. List of common medical databases • Pubmed (Journals) • Medline- Medical literature analysis and retrieval system online • CINAHL- Cumulative index of Nursing and allied health literature (Journals, books, conference proceedings) • Cochrane library- EBM • Science direct • Ovid • Psychinfo- psychological information (Journals, books, book chapters, dissertations) • Web of science (Journals, book chapters, conference proceedings) A database is a system intended to organize , store and retrieve large amount of data easily
- 7. Examples of grey literature include: • conference proceedings • theses • government documents- Ministry reports • Research reports- e.g. ICMR annual Report • annual reports- e.g. AIIMS • fact sheets and bulletins- e.g. WHO Bulletin • Reports – e.g. Joint registry of Sweden • Newspapers- medical negligence • informal communication (blogs, podcasts) • pamphlets May require manual searches
- 8. So you need a Smart Search strategy Better to Begin with the end in mind
- 10. The Literature search cycle
- 11. First thing What is your Research question PICOS in Systematic review Population/ Problem Intervention Comparison outcome
- 12. Key words, operators & filters: Tools- terms- techniques
- 13. Next thing: What are the Key words How to brainstorm
- 15. Choosing search terms: Define the key words “Treatment and prevention of osteoporotic fractures in women” • Identify synonyms: Define keywords for each concept. - Treatment / intervention/therapy/cure/management - Prevention / prophylaxis - Women/ females • It is very important to use targeted keywords. • Vertebral, Wrist fractures, Compression fracture, postmanopausal Tip: You can use a dictionary/thesaurus such as ‘VisuWords’ (visuwords.com) to identify synonyms and related concepts Break up the topic - find main concepts Next, expand the list by writing down synonyms and alternative phrasings for each keyword. Identify keyword from your topic How to brainstorm
- 16. Search techniques:- Refine your searches Use of Filter to define Limit • Age - children • Time - last 5 years • Language - English • Article type - RCT, Metanalysis • Subject - tumors • [mh] to search a MeSH heading • [majr] to search a MeSH heading that is a major topic of an article
- 17. Brainstorming: Checklist for defining keywords • What alternative vocabulary is used by others in discussion of my topic? • Are there American and British variants of spelling or vocabulary? Esophagus- Oesophagus • Identify a truncation e.g., child* to find child, children, or childish. • Are common abbreviations, acronyms used? Fat embolism, FES, Cerebral fat embolism • What more general terms describe my topic? • What categories I'd like to exclude? How to brainstorm
- 18. To develop a search strategy : • define and write down your research question - what is it that you are going to research? • determine a timeframe (When) from your research, if needed • consider what type material you will include and why • identify where you will search for the information
- 19. Wild card & Truncation Internal truncation or Wild card If you type Colo?r It will find both color and colour- And Both English , American Journals will be covered External truncation If you Type “ Prevent*” It will search all of the following • Prevention • Preventable • preventative Search techniques
- 20. Search strategy
- 21. Search strategy: Combine Key words and Boolean logic In adolescent smokers is brief counseling session help to quit smoking Research question P-Population I-Intervention O-Outcome
- 22. A hierarchy of terms is arranged in ‘trees’ starting with a broad topic and branching into more specific ones Search techniques: MeSH Tree
- 23. Example: • If you type eye [mh] it will retrieve citations indexed to: Eye Eyebrows Eyelids Eyelashes Eyelids etc Search techniques
- 24. Field tag Type [au] for Author e.g. John (au) Type [ti] to search for Title of the paper Type [ta] for search for the journal- but will not pick up ebooks hypertension [ta]- to search for the Journal only Note: this will find the journal named HYPERTENSION but not pick up the keyword “hypertension” Type [dp] for date of publication- period blood[au] AND hypertension[ta] AND 2005[dp] Search techniques
- 25. Use Boolean operator to search • English Mathematician George Boole • Must type in capital letter- AND, OR, NOT • But not in small letters : and, or not • PUBMED automatically uses AND if you don't use any Boolean operators Search techniques
- 26. There is no single correct way to do every search! Searching is not always error free, the success depends on: • expertise of the searcher • searcher’s ability to define topic precisely • how specific & accurate is the indexing Search techniques
- 29. When more than two concepts are combined using different Boolean operators, grouping (or nesting) should be applied. This is because some computer programs process Boolean "AND" before "OR", others process "OR" before, still others process strategy from left to right, and in each processing different results are achieved (shaded part below). To override this, grouping using parenthesis should be utilized. Search techniques
- 30. Phrase search • Used to force retrieval of two or more words next to each other, i.e. appearing as a phrase. • “Fat embolism syndrome” • “Damage control orthopaedics” • “Mad cow disease” • This will limit your search to the exact phrase Search techniques
- 31. KEEPING A RECORD OF YOUR SEARCH ACTIVITY • A search methodology could ideally include a search diary or document detailing your search so that someone else can reproduce your steps and get the same results. • Keep a record of your search strategies, the sources searched and search results from each. • Include: • The names of the sources you search- Pubmed, Cochrane, Ovid • Author • Journal • Citation manager – endnote, Rayyan QRCI • YEAR
- 32. A typical flow chart for Systematic review of literature Keeping meticulous records from the beginning is critical
- 34. Keep a written record of your searches • Note down the names of journals that you come across often during your searches. • Over time, you will get a good idea of which journals are most prominent in your field and which journals you should consider publishing in. • Keep a list of the keywords and keyword combinations that return the best results- Reduce time taken for future searches plus also yield a list of terminologies that are common
- 35. Use a references manager • With the huge number of studies you will probably have to sift through and track, manual compilation of references is no longer an option. • Use a reference manager like Endnote (purchase required) or Zotero (free). • Reference managers allow you to download and save papers in your computer’s library directly from journal websites with just one button click. • make it very easy to organize your library and compile reference lists. • Although these programs may be difficult to use initially, skimming through their help manual or video tutorial along with a few days of learning through trial and error are all that’s required to become comfortable with them
- 36. I am starting to use Rayyan QRCI for systematic review Multiple reviewer can work online Mobile app also available You can store your search
- 37. Thank you
- 38. You can set up subject alert • You can set up alerts for new articles on your topic of interest. Such facility is available in • Scopus • Taylor and Francis online • Science direct • find more studies is by looking through the reference lists of these articles (backward searching) • Also, look at the papers that have cited the articles published (forward searching) & find the newer studies