Introduction: Carbon Monoxide (CO) is a colourless, odourless and euphoric gas produced as a result of incomplete combustion of organic materials. It could either cause morbidity or mortality depending on the concentration and duration of exposure. Aim: The aim of this study was to examine the long term effect of CO inhalation on haematological parameters.
Glyphosate research papers - Compiled by Dr.Alex Vasquez and Dr Eva Sirinaths...João Soares
Uma compilação de resumos de artigos científicos sobre os malefícios do glifosato sobre o ambiente, os animais e a saúde pública. Esta compilação foi efectuada pelo Dr. Alex Vasquez e a Dr. Eva Sirinathsinghji, do Instituto de Ciências na Sociedade e contém 245 páginas.
«Glyphosate Research Compilation – Abstracts of studies: Glyphosate’s adverse effects on the environment & on animal & human health - by Dr. Alex Vasquez & Dr. Eva Sirinathsinghji, Institute of Science in Society (245 pages)»
Hematological Study on Obligate Air Breathing, Fish Channa punctatus (Bloch) ...BRNSS Publication Hub
An attempt has been taken to analyze the effect of cythion on the hematological parameters of an air-breathing fish Channa punctatus. It is found that this pesticide causes a significant reduction in red blood cell count, hemoglobin content, oxygen capacity, and packed cell volume.
Evaluation of biological and physicochemical risk of hospital liquid waste in...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— Hospitals could be the source of pollution that must be taken into account in a general approach to health and environmental risk assessment. This study is part of the characterization of hospital liquid waste in a region in Morocco, whose objective is to assess their physicochemical, bacteriological and toxicological quality. The physicochemical analyzes carried out on 144 samples taken during one year showed a great fluctuation of some parameters such as: BOD5, COD, MES, PH, T°, as well as an important bacteriological load: Total coliforms, E coli, faecal Streptococci, pathogenic germs such as: Salmonella, Staphylococcus, 20% multi-resistant, virulent germs of emerging nature such as: Pseudomonas aeroginosa, and trace metal elements such as: mercury and copper that exceed the threshold of acceptability. At the end of this study, it turned out that hospital effluents are heavily loaded with pollutants. We therefore hope, in the light of the results provided by this study, to have generated a real awareness of the competent authorities on strengthening and improving the treatment of hospital liquid effluents such as developed countries, as the impact of these effluents on human and environmental health is harmful and can spread emerging diseases.
Comparison of ground water quality between CEPZ industrial area and Hathazari...IOSRJAC
Assessment of the quality of underground water is an important issue for the safety of mankind who uses this as drinking water and other purposes. For this reason, the present research activities have been focused on various essential physico-chemical parameters such as pH, electrical conductivity, total solids, total suspended solids, total dissolved solids, total hardness, turbidity, sulphate, nitrite, nitrate, phosphate, chloride, total alkalinity, arsenic, iron, manganese, chromium, nickel, cadmium, lead, magnesium, potassium, calcium, cobalt, mercury, copper and zinc of water samples from study area. In Chittagong Export Processing Zone (CEPZ) industrial area, most of the values of physico-chemical parameters for collected samples have exceeded the acceptable range of World Health Organization (WHO) and Bangladesh Standard and Testing Institute (BSTI). On the other hand, in Hathazari non-industrial area, almost all the values of both physical and chemical parameters as well as the trace metals have not crossed the acceptable limit according to WHO and BSTI.
Glyphosate research papers - Compiled by Dr.Alex Vasquez and Dr Eva Sirinaths...João Soares
Uma compilação de resumos de artigos científicos sobre os malefícios do glifosato sobre o ambiente, os animais e a saúde pública. Esta compilação foi efectuada pelo Dr. Alex Vasquez e a Dr. Eva Sirinathsinghji, do Instituto de Ciências na Sociedade e contém 245 páginas.
«Glyphosate Research Compilation – Abstracts of studies: Glyphosate’s adverse effects on the environment & on animal & human health - by Dr. Alex Vasquez & Dr. Eva Sirinathsinghji, Institute of Science in Society (245 pages)»
Hematological Study on Obligate Air Breathing, Fish Channa punctatus (Bloch) ...BRNSS Publication Hub
An attempt has been taken to analyze the effect of cythion on the hematological parameters of an air-breathing fish Channa punctatus. It is found that this pesticide causes a significant reduction in red blood cell count, hemoglobin content, oxygen capacity, and packed cell volume.
Evaluation of biological and physicochemical risk of hospital liquid waste in...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— Hospitals could be the source of pollution that must be taken into account in a general approach to health and environmental risk assessment. This study is part of the characterization of hospital liquid waste in a region in Morocco, whose objective is to assess their physicochemical, bacteriological and toxicological quality. The physicochemical analyzes carried out on 144 samples taken during one year showed a great fluctuation of some parameters such as: BOD5, COD, MES, PH, T°, as well as an important bacteriological load: Total coliforms, E coli, faecal Streptococci, pathogenic germs such as: Salmonella, Staphylococcus, 20% multi-resistant, virulent germs of emerging nature such as: Pseudomonas aeroginosa, and trace metal elements such as: mercury and copper that exceed the threshold of acceptability. At the end of this study, it turned out that hospital effluents are heavily loaded with pollutants. We therefore hope, in the light of the results provided by this study, to have generated a real awareness of the competent authorities on strengthening and improving the treatment of hospital liquid effluents such as developed countries, as the impact of these effluents on human and environmental health is harmful and can spread emerging diseases.
Comparison of ground water quality between CEPZ industrial area and Hathazari...IOSRJAC
Assessment of the quality of underground water is an important issue for the safety of mankind who uses this as drinking water and other purposes. For this reason, the present research activities have been focused on various essential physico-chemical parameters such as pH, electrical conductivity, total solids, total suspended solids, total dissolved solids, total hardness, turbidity, sulphate, nitrite, nitrate, phosphate, chloride, total alkalinity, arsenic, iron, manganese, chromium, nickel, cadmium, lead, magnesium, potassium, calcium, cobalt, mercury, copper and zinc of water samples from study area. In Chittagong Export Processing Zone (CEPZ) industrial area, most of the values of physico-chemical parameters for collected samples have exceeded the acceptable range of World Health Organization (WHO) and Bangladesh Standard and Testing Institute (BSTI). On the other hand, in Hathazari non-industrial area, almost all the values of both physical and chemical parameters as well as the trace metals have not crossed the acceptable limit according to WHO and BSTI.
VHIR Seminar led by Daniel De Backer, PhD., from the Dpt of Intensive Care Erasme University Hospital Brussels - Belgium.
Abstract: Multiple studies have shown that alterations in microcirculatory perfusion are frequently observed in patients with septic shock. These alterations are characterized by heterogeneity of perfusion with capillaries with stop flow in close vicinity to well perfused capillaries. What are the consequences of these alterations? The presence of stop flow capillaries favours development of zones of tissue hypoxia, even though total perfusion to the organ is preserved. In addition, the heterogeneity in perfusion is associated with inadequate matching of flow to metabolism and is hence less well tolerated by tissues than an homogeneous decrease in perfusion. In patients with septic shock, the severity of the microvascular alterations was associated with development of organ dysfunction and an increase risk of death.
Different mechanisms have been implicated in the development of these alterations including loss of communication between vascular segments, impaired endothelial reactivity, alterations in red and white blood cells rheology, alteration in endothelial glycocalyx, platelet aggregation and microthrombosis. In view of the various mechanisms implicated in the development of these alterations, it is unlikely that therapies used in usual hemodynamic resuscitation. Novel therapies should aim at improving the matching of perfusion to metabolism rather than further increasing flow in the already perfused vessels or non selectively dilating microvessels.
Red Blood Cell Lipids, Serum Trace Elements and Immunological Markers in Pros...ijtsrd
Aim In this study, the red cell lipids, serum trace elements and immunological markers in prostatic disease patients attending the Nephrology Department of Abia state University Teaching Hospital Aba were evaluated.METHODOLOGY A total of one hundred and ten 110 adult males aged 40 80years comprising of 60 prostatic disease patients and fifty 50 normal subjects were recruited. The prostatic disease patients comprised of thirty 30 prostatitis, twenty 20 benign prostatic hyperplasia BPH and ten 10 prostate cancer patients. Red cell lipids, trace elements and immunological markers were determined on blood samples collected from the subjects between January 2017 and December 2020.RESULTS Results obtained following analysis indicated a significant increase in red cell total cholesterol, red cell LDL cholesterol, red cell Triglyceride and red cell phospholipids P 0.05 compared to control subjects whereas red cell HDL cholesterol were significantly decreased compared to control subjects P 0.05 serum trace elements copper were significantly decreased in prostatitis and BPH compared to control subjects P 0.05 but no significant decrease in prostate cancer patients compared to control subjects P 0.05 . Serum iron and lead showed no significant difference in prostatic patients compared to control subjects. Serum manganese levels showed significant increase in BPH patients compared to control subjects P 0.05 whereas prostatitis and prostate cancer patients showed no significant decrease P 0.05 compared to control subjects. Globulin concentrations of prostatatic patients did not show significant increase in prostatic disease patients compared to control subjects P 0.05 .CONCLUSION Lipids serves as a promoter of peroxidation, oxidative stress and oxidative damage which has been implicated in many diseases and immunological markers is an evidence of inflammation which is evidence and risk factors in development of prostatic diseases. Agbugba. N. Agnes | Ohaeri. O. Christopher | Ijioma. N. Solomon | R. T. Uroko | Onyeabo Chimaroke | Achi. K. Ngozi | Nwaokorie Ernest A. "Red Blood Cell Lipids, Serum Trace Elements and Immunological Markers in Prostatic Disease Patients: An Investigative Study" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-2 , February 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49441.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biochemistry/49441/red-blood-cell-lipids-serum-trace-elements-and-immunological-markers-in-prostatic-disease-patients-an-investigative-study/agbugba-n-agnes
Study of Glutathione Peroxidase GPX Activity Among Betel Quid Chewers of Indi...ijtsrd
"Introduction Betel quid BQ chewing, a habit practiced in Eastern and North Eastern part of India, has known to be associated with cancer of the oral or buccal cavity. BQ is also one of the common mood elevating substances among Indian population. The BQ is a mixture of areca nut Areca catechu , catechu Acacia catechu and slaked lime calcium oxide and calcium hydroxide wrapped in a betel leaf Piper betel .BQ products have been classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer IARC as group I human carcinogens . Glutathione peroxidise GPx , one of the major enzymatic antioxidant defence system, responsible for scavenging free radicals. Antioxidant enzymes catalyze decomposition of ROS. Overall balance between production and removal of ROS may be more important in various cancers including OSCC Oral squamous cell carcinoma or oral cancer. Methods In this study subjects were screened from Department of Oral and Maxillofacial surgery andE.N.T. of Ramakrishna Mission Seva Pratishthan Hospital RKMSP , Kolkata and different areas of West Bengal and North Eastern states of India. Quantitative in vitro determination of glutathione peroxidase activities in whole blood were estimated manually with 0.05 ml whole blood. The samples were assayed by UV Visible Spectrophotometer SPECORD 50 PLUS at a wavelength of 340nm. Results Most of the subjects had betel quid chewing habit. Glutathione peroxidase values are higher in healthy control than Cancer cases and Pre cancer with betel quid chewing habit, which is statistically significant. Conclusion Reactive oxygen species are generated due to slaked lime, one of the important constituents of betel quid which can modulate the oral pathology and promote carcinogenesis. Aniket Adhikari | Madhusnata De ""Study of Glutathione Peroxidase (GPX) Activity Among Betel Quid Chewers of Indian Population"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd21619.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biochemistry/21619/study-of-glutathione-peroxidase-gpx-activity-among-betel-quid-chewers-of-indian-population/aniket-adhikari"
Es un articulo acerca de las lesiones que pueden producir el cigarrillo electrónico en cavidad oral, que consideraciones debemos tener en cuenta y como tratarlo
VHIR Seminar led by Daniel De Backer, PhD., from the Dpt of Intensive Care Erasme University Hospital Brussels - Belgium.
Abstract: Multiple studies have shown that alterations in microcirculatory perfusion are frequently observed in patients with septic shock. These alterations are characterized by heterogeneity of perfusion with capillaries with stop flow in close vicinity to well perfused capillaries. What are the consequences of these alterations? The presence of stop flow capillaries favours development of zones of tissue hypoxia, even though total perfusion to the organ is preserved. In addition, the heterogeneity in perfusion is associated with inadequate matching of flow to metabolism and is hence less well tolerated by tissues than an homogeneous decrease in perfusion. In patients with septic shock, the severity of the microvascular alterations was associated with development of organ dysfunction and an increase risk of death.
Different mechanisms have been implicated in the development of these alterations including loss of communication between vascular segments, impaired endothelial reactivity, alterations in red and white blood cells rheology, alteration in endothelial glycocalyx, platelet aggregation and microthrombosis. In view of the various mechanisms implicated in the development of these alterations, it is unlikely that therapies used in usual hemodynamic resuscitation. Novel therapies should aim at improving the matching of perfusion to metabolism rather than further increasing flow in the already perfused vessels or non selectively dilating microvessels.
Red Blood Cell Lipids, Serum Trace Elements and Immunological Markers in Pros...ijtsrd
Aim In this study, the red cell lipids, serum trace elements and immunological markers in prostatic disease patients attending the Nephrology Department of Abia state University Teaching Hospital Aba were evaluated.METHODOLOGY A total of one hundred and ten 110 adult males aged 40 80years comprising of 60 prostatic disease patients and fifty 50 normal subjects were recruited. The prostatic disease patients comprised of thirty 30 prostatitis, twenty 20 benign prostatic hyperplasia BPH and ten 10 prostate cancer patients. Red cell lipids, trace elements and immunological markers were determined on blood samples collected from the subjects between January 2017 and December 2020.RESULTS Results obtained following analysis indicated a significant increase in red cell total cholesterol, red cell LDL cholesterol, red cell Triglyceride and red cell phospholipids P 0.05 compared to control subjects whereas red cell HDL cholesterol were significantly decreased compared to control subjects P 0.05 serum trace elements copper were significantly decreased in prostatitis and BPH compared to control subjects P 0.05 but no significant decrease in prostate cancer patients compared to control subjects P 0.05 . Serum iron and lead showed no significant difference in prostatic patients compared to control subjects. Serum manganese levels showed significant increase in BPH patients compared to control subjects P 0.05 whereas prostatitis and prostate cancer patients showed no significant decrease P 0.05 compared to control subjects. Globulin concentrations of prostatatic patients did not show significant increase in prostatic disease patients compared to control subjects P 0.05 .CONCLUSION Lipids serves as a promoter of peroxidation, oxidative stress and oxidative damage which has been implicated in many diseases and immunological markers is an evidence of inflammation which is evidence and risk factors in development of prostatic diseases. Agbugba. N. Agnes | Ohaeri. O. Christopher | Ijioma. N. Solomon | R. T. Uroko | Onyeabo Chimaroke | Achi. K. Ngozi | Nwaokorie Ernest A. "Red Blood Cell Lipids, Serum Trace Elements and Immunological Markers in Prostatic Disease Patients: An Investigative Study" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-2 , February 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49441.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biochemistry/49441/red-blood-cell-lipids-serum-trace-elements-and-immunological-markers-in-prostatic-disease-patients-an-investigative-study/agbugba-n-agnes
Study of Glutathione Peroxidase GPX Activity Among Betel Quid Chewers of Indi...ijtsrd
"Introduction Betel quid BQ chewing, a habit practiced in Eastern and North Eastern part of India, has known to be associated with cancer of the oral or buccal cavity. BQ is also one of the common mood elevating substances among Indian population. The BQ is a mixture of areca nut Areca catechu , catechu Acacia catechu and slaked lime calcium oxide and calcium hydroxide wrapped in a betel leaf Piper betel .BQ products have been classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer IARC as group I human carcinogens . Glutathione peroxidise GPx , one of the major enzymatic antioxidant defence system, responsible for scavenging free radicals. Antioxidant enzymes catalyze decomposition of ROS. Overall balance between production and removal of ROS may be more important in various cancers including OSCC Oral squamous cell carcinoma or oral cancer. Methods In this study subjects were screened from Department of Oral and Maxillofacial surgery andE.N.T. of Ramakrishna Mission Seva Pratishthan Hospital RKMSP , Kolkata and different areas of West Bengal and North Eastern states of India. Quantitative in vitro determination of glutathione peroxidase activities in whole blood were estimated manually with 0.05 ml whole blood. The samples were assayed by UV Visible Spectrophotometer SPECORD 50 PLUS at a wavelength of 340nm. Results Most of the subjects had betel quid chewing habit. Glutathione peroxidase values are higher in healthy control than Cancer cases and Pre cancer with betel quid chewing habit, which is statistically significant. Conclusion Reactive oxygen species are generated due to slaked lime, one of the important constituents of betel quid which can modulate the oral pathology and promote carcinogenesis. Aniket Adhikari | Madhusnata De ""Study of Glutathione Peroxidase (GPX) Activity Among Betel Quid Chewers of Indian Population"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd21619.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biochemistry/21619/study-of-glutathione-peroxidase-gpx-activity-among-betel-quid-chewers-of-indian-population/aniket-adhikari"
Es un articulo acerca de las lesiones que pueden producir el cigarrillo electrónico en cavidad oral, que consideraciones debemos tener en cuenta y como tratarlo
— Hospitals could be the source of pollution that must be taken into account in a general approach to health and environmental risk assessment. This study is part of the characterization of hospital liquid waste in a region in Morocco, whose objective is to assess their physicochemical, bacteriological and toxicological quality. The physicochemical analyzes carried out on 144 samples taken during one year showed a great fluctuation of some parameters such as: BOD5, COD, MES, PH, T°, as well as an important bacteriological load: Total coliforms, E coli, faecal Streptococci, pathogenic germs such as: Salmonella, Staphylococcus, 20% multi-resistant, virulent germs of emerging nature such as: Pseudomonas aeroginosa, and trace metal elements such as: mercury and copper that exceed the threshold of acceptability. At the end of this study, it turned out that hospital effluents are heavily loaded with pollutants. We therefore hope, in the light of the results provided by this study, to have generated a real awareness of the competent authorities on strengthening and improving the treatment of hospital liquid effluents such as developed countries, as the impact of these effluents on human and environmental health is harmful and can spread emerging diseases.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
A 5-year old boy, with an established diagnosis of a topic
dermatitis, previously treated by topical corticosteroids and emollient cream with a good improvement, developed widespread papules on his legs, hands and forearm that appeared 5 months ago.
Methods: Retrospectively, the file records of the patients who underwent sleeve gastrectomy were examined. Demographic features, Body Mass Index (BMI), the mouth opening, Mallampati score, thyromental distance, sternomental distance, neck circumference measurements and videolaryngoscopic examination results were recorded Results: In a total of 140 consecutive patients (58 male, 82 female) were included in the study. The mean age of the study participants was 35.40 ± 9.78 and the mean BMI of the patients was 44.33 ± 7.52 kg/m2
. The mean mouth opening of the patients was 4.82 ± 0.54 cm
and the mean neck circumference was 43.52 ± 4.66 cm. The mean thyromental distance was 8.02 ± 1.00 cm and the mean sternomental distance was16.58 ± 1.53 cm. Difficult intubation was determined in 8 (5.7%) patients. In logistic regression analysis, age (p : 0.446), gender (p : 0.371), BMI (p : 0.947), snoring (p : 0.567), sleep apnea (p : 0.218), mouth opening (p : 0.687), thyromental distance (p :0.557), sternomental (p : 0.596) and neck circumference (p : 0.838) were not the independent predictors of difficult intubation. However, Mallampati score (p : 0.001) and preoperative direct laryngoscopy findings (p : 0.037) performed in outpatient clinic were the significant
predictors of difficult intubation. Interestingly, all patients with grade 4 laryngoscopy findings had difficult intubation.
Introduction: Laparoscopic surgery has been performed in Mexico since 1989, but no reports about training tendencies exist. We conducted a national survey in 2015, and here we report the results concerning training characteristics during the surgical residence of the respondents. Materials and Methods: A prospective study was conducted through a survey questioning demographic data, laparoscopic training during pre and post surgical residency and other of areas of laparoscopic practice. The sample was calculated and survey piloted before
application. Special interest in this report was placed on type and quality of training received. Data are reported in percentages.
Heterotopic Ossification (HO) is defined as pathological bone formation at locations where bone normally does not exist. The
presence of HO has been found to be a rare complication after stroke in several studies, whereas there are only sporadic references relating HO to Cerebral Palsy (CP) and few for CP and stroke. No effective treatment for HO has yet been found, whereas the cellular and molecular mechanisms have not been completely understood. Therefore, increased awareness among physicians is required, as a challenge for early diagnosis and treatment. A case of a male patient with CP, who developed HO on the paretichip joint following an ischemic stroke is presented.
Objectives: To assess the practice of food hygiene and safety, and its associated factors among street food vendors in urban areas of Shashemane, West Arsi Zone, Oromia Ethiopia, 2019.
Methods: Cross-sectional study design was applied from December 28, 2019 to January 27, 2020. Data was collected from 120 food handlers, which were selected by purposive sampling techniques. Information was gathered from interview and field observation by conducting food safety survey and using questionnaires via face to face interview. The collected data was entered using Epi Data 3.1 and finally, it was analyzed using SPSS VERSION 20.
A Division I football athlete experienced acute posterior leg pain while pushing off on the line of scrimmage. Ultrasound (US) showed a midsubstance plantaris tendon rupture, an injury that, to our knowledge, has only been described once before in the medical literature [1]. US was also used to assist with rehab progression and return to previous level of activity, which was achieved three weeks after the injury. While there currently are no guidelines regarding return to sport after this injury, this case demonstrates that once pain is controlled and ROM restored, progression through rehabilitation and return to elite level sport is simply based on symptoms.
Type 1 Diabetes (T1D), is a severe disease, representing 5-10% of all reported cases of diabetes worldwide. Fulminant Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (FT1D) is a subtype of type 1 diabetes mellitus that is largely characterized by the abrupt onset of Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) and severe hyperglycemia without insulin defi ciency. Viral infections have been hypothesized to play a major role in the pathogenesis of Fulminant Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (FT1D) through the complete and rapid destruction of pancreatic beta cells. Coxsackie viral infection has been detected in islets of 50% of the pancreatic tissue recovered from recent-onset Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) patients. In this report we have highlighted a case where the patient developed a Group B Coxsackie virus infection culminating in the development of Fulminant Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (FT1D).
Methods: Cercariae are released by infected water snails. To determine the occurrence of cercariae-emitting snails in SchleswigHolstein, 155 public bathing places were visited and searched for fresh water snails. Family and genus of the collected snails were determined and the snails were examined for the shedding of cercariae, using a standard method and a newly developed method.
Objective: To generate preliminary information about of enteroviruses and Enterovirus 71 (EV71) in patients with aseptic meningitis in Khartoum State, Sudan.
Method: Cerebrospinal fluid specimens were collected from 89 aseptic meningitis patients from different Khartoum Hospitals
(Mohammed Alamin Hamid Hospital, Soba Teaching Hospital, Omdurman Military Hospital, Alban Gadeed Teaching Hospital and Police Hospital) within February to May 2015. Among these 89 patients, 43 (48%) were males and 46 (52%) were females. The patient’s age ranged between 1 day and 30 years old. The collected specimens were assayed to detect enteroviruses and EV71 RNA using Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) technique
Femoral hernias, comprise 2% to 4% of all hernias in the inguinal region, and occur most commonly in women. Th ey present typically with a mass below the level of the inguinal ligament. The sac may contain preperitoneal fat, omentum, small bowel, or other structures and have a high rate of incarceration and strangulation due to the small size of the hernia neck orifice, requiring emergency surgery. We present the case of a 54-year-old female patient with intestinal occlusion due to incarcerated femoral hernia, repaired by laparoscopic approach, that gave the patient the opportunity to attend her daughter’s wedding the same day.
Small Supernumerary Marker Chromosome (sSMC) is a rare genetic condition marked by the presence of an extra chromosome to the 46 human chromosomes. This case report describes a 4 year old child with SSMC on the 46th chromosome. The child presented with delayed speech and language development, seizures and mild developmental delay. Speech and Language evaluation was carried out and management options are discussed.
A catheter is a thin tube made from medical grade materials that serve a broad range of functions, but mainly catheters are medical devices that can be inserted in the body to treat disease or perform surgical procedures. Catheters have been inserted into body cavities, ducts, or vessels to allow for drainage, administration of therapeutic fluids or gases, operational access for surgery. Catheters help perform tasks in various systems such as cardiovascular, urological, gastrointestinal, neurovascular, and ophthalmic systems. A dataset of 12 patients with varying “weights” and “heights” was recorded along with the lengths of their catheter tubes. This data set was found from two revered statistical textbooks on linear regression and the Department of Scientific Computing at Florida State University. This data set was not able to be linked to any particular clinical or experimental research studies, but the data set can be used to help catheter manufacturers and medical professionals better decide on what particular catheter lengths to use for patients knowing only their height & weight. These research insights could be helpful to healthcare professionals that have patients with incomplete or no healthcare records
to decide what catheter length to use. The main investigative inquiry that needed to be answered was how does patient weight & height influence catheter length together and separately? We conducted linear regression and other statistical analysis procedures in R program & Microsoft Excel and discovered that this data exhibited a quality called multi collinearity. With multi collinearity, all predictors (2 or more
independent variables) are not significant in an all encompassing linear aggression, but the predictors might be significant in their own individual linear regressions. Individual linear regression analyses were conducted for both patient height & weight to see how much they both contribute to varying catheter length. Patient weight was found to be more impatful than patient height in relationship to catheter length, even though height and weight are a classical example of multi collinearity predictors.
Bovine mastitis has a negative impact through economic losses in the dairy sector across the globe. A cross sectional study was carried out from September 2015 to July 2016 to determine the prevalence of bovine mastitis, associated risk factors and isolation of major causative bacteria in lactating dairy cows in selected districts of central highland of Ethiopia. A total of 304 lactating cows selected randomly from five districts were screened by California Mastitis Test (CMT) for subclinical mastitis. Based on CMT result and clinical examination, over all prevalence of mastitis at cow level was 70.62% (214/304).
Two hundred fourteen milk samples collected from CMT positive cows were cultured for isolation of major causative bacteria. From 214 milk samples,187 were culture positive and the most prevalent isolates were Staphylococcus aureus 42.25% (79/187) followed by Streptococcus agalactiae 14.43%
(27/187). Other bacterial isolates were included Coagulase Negative Staphylococcus species 12.83% (24/187), Streptococcus dysgalactiae 5.88% (11/187), Escherichia coli 13.38% (25/187) and Entrococcus feacalis 11.23% (21/187) were also isolated. Moreover, age, parity number, visible teat abnormalities,husbandry practice, barn fl oor status and milking hygiene were considered as risk factors for the occurrence of bovine mastitis and they were found significantly associated with the occurrence of mastitis (p < 0.05). The findings of this study warrants the need for strategic approach including dairy extension that focus on enhancing dairy farmers’ awareness and practice of hygienic milking, regular screening for subclinical mastitis, dry cow therapy and culling of chronically infected cows.
Kratom is an herbal product that is derived from Southeast Asian Mitragyna speciose tree leaves [1-10]. This compound is used for many purposes such as stimulation, euphoria, or analgesia [1-10]. It has been recently identified as a drug of abuse by the United States Drug Enforcement Administration [2,8]. Side-effects from this compound have not been well documented. We describe a case of a 36-year-old female who develop nephrotoxicity after taking an herbal supplement. She took kratom as an adjunctive therapy for back pain management. She developed right upper quadrant pain and nausea. Laboratory tests showed elevated liver enzymes without evidence of bile duct obstruction. Liver enzymes normalized several weeks after Kratom discontinuation. We advise clinicians to be vigilant about Kratom’s hepatotoxic potential on patient health.
The assessment, diagnosis and treatment of critically ill patients is extremely challenging. Patients often deteriorate whilst being
reviewed and their rapidly changing pathophysiology barrages healthcare professionals with new data. Furthermore, comprehensive assessments must be postponed until the patient has been stabilised. So, important data and interventions are often missed in the heat of the moment. In emergency situations, suboptimal management decisions may cause signifi cant morbidity and mortality. Fortunately, standardisation and careful design of documentation (i.e. proformas and checklists) can enhance patient safety. So, I have developed a series of checklist proformas to guide the assessment of critically ill patients. These proformas also promote the systematic recording and presentation of information to facilitate the retrieval of the precise data required for the management for critically ill patients. The proformas have been modifi ed extensively over the last twenty years based on my personal experience and extensive consultation with colleagues in several world-renowned centres of excellence. The proformas were originally developed for use in the intensive therapy unit
or high dependency unit. However, they have been adapted for use by outreach teams reviewing patients admitted outside of critical care areas. The use of these tools can direct eff orts to provide appropriate organ support and provides a framework for diagnostic reasoning.
Systemic Hypertension (HTN) accounts for the largest amount of attributable Cardiovascular (CV) mortality worldwide. There are several factors responsible for the development of HTN and its CV complications. Multicenter trials revealed that risk factors responsible for Micro Vascular Disease (MVD) are similar for those attributable to Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) which include tobacco use, unhealthy cholesterol levels, HTN, obesity and overweight, physical inactivity, unhealthy diet, diabetes, insulin resistance, increasing age and genetic predisposition. In addition, the defective release of Nitric Oxide (NO) could be a putative candidate for HTN and MVD. This study reviewed the risk stratification of hypertensive population employing cardiac imaging modalities which are of crucial importance
in diagnosis. It further emphasized the proper used of cardiac imaging to determine patients at increased CV risk and identify the management strategy. It is now known that NO has an important effect on blood pressure, and the basal release of endothelial Nitric Oxide (eNOS) in HTN may be reduced. Although there are different forms of eNOS gene allele, there is no solid data revealing the potential role of the polymorphism of the eNOS in patients with HTN and coronary vascular diseases. In the present article, the prevalence of eNOS G298 allele in hypertensive patients with micro vascular angina will be demonstrated. This review provides an update on appropriate and justified use of non-invasive imaging tests in hypertensive patients and its important role in proper diagnosis of MVD and CAD. Second, eNOS gene allele and its relation to essential hypertension and angina pectoris are also highlighted.
Methods: Two groups were selected by non-probability random sampling technique including case group of 154 patients with
suspected dengue (fever>2days and <10days) and control group of 146 patients with febrile illness other than dengue. Clinical,hematological and serologic markers of cases and control groups were analyzed. The frequency distribution was used to compare categorical serologic markers and paired sample T test was applied for hematologic variables before and after treatment of dengue using SPSS version 21.
Researchers from Utrecht recently published yet another paper on the use of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)demonstrating an additional failed attempt to understand the importance of qualitative versus quantitative imaging, and anatomic versus physiologic imaging. Th e implications of this failure here cannot be overstated.
Introduction: Stroke is an even more dramatic major public health problem in young people. Goal of the study: Contribute to the knowledge of strokes in young people. Methodology: This was a retrospective study carried out over a period of 02 years (January 2017 to December 2018) including the files of patients aged 18 to 49 years hospitalized for any suspected case of stroke in the Neurology department of the University Hospital
Center of the Sino-Central African Friendship (CHUSCA) of Bangui.
Background: This report describes a unique case of a patient that developed psychotic symptoms believed to be secondary
to a tentorial meningioma with associated hydrocephalus. These psychotic symptoms subsequently abated with placement of a
ventriculoperitoneal shunt. Case description: 60-year-old female was admitted to an inpatient psychiatric facility on a psychiatric involuntary commitment petition due to progressive paranoia, homicidal ideation and psychosis. The work up showed a calcified six cm tentorial meningioma with associated hydrocephalus. The patient initially rejected treatment but later became amenable to placement of Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt
(VPS).
More from SciRes Literature LLC. | Open Access Journals (20)
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
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Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
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Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
2. Advanced Journal of Toxicology: Current Research
SCIRES Literature - Volume 3 Issue 1 - www.scireslit.com Page - 002
BACKGROUND STUDIES
Carbon Monoxide (CO) is a poisonous non-irritant gas produced
by incomplete combustion of organic materials due to insufficient
oxygen supply [1]. It has 200 to 300 times more affinity for
haemoglobin(Hb) than oxygen (02
), forming carboxyhaemoglobin
which is quite stable [1]. The product of the reaction renders
haemoglobin incapable of carrying oxygen resulting in tissue hypoxia.
As long as CO is in the atmosphere, it goes on accumulating and fixed
in blood, leading to acute chemical asphysia [1].
Carbon monoxide poisoning is the inhalation of large quantity of
CO which is deleterious to the body. The poisoning could be acute or
chronic depending on the quantum of CO inhaled and the duration.
Chronic poisoning involves inhalation of mild concentration of CO
for a longer duration without an immediate effect. The inhalation of
CO could result to morbidity or mortality based on the concentration
of CO, the duration of inhalation, the health status or age of the victim.
The sources of carbon monoxide, according to the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA), include: generators and other gasoline
powered equipment, automobile exhaust etc. Small amounts of CO
are also produced endogenously as a result of metabolic conversion
of haem to biliverdin [2].
Haematological parameters entail components and
measurements of blood. Blood is a carrier of life; hence any distortion
has a holistic impact on the entirety of the body. The components
of blood such as red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets aid
the body in transportation of nutrients, wastes and gases. Also, the
defense capacity and clotting competences are the prerogative of
blood and its components. Blood and life are knitted together and
any dysfunctionality usually results to morbidity or mortality.
Handful of researches have been conducted with respect to CO
impacts on haematological parameters. The meta-analysis findings
on the effect of CO poisoning on haematological parameters are
divers with contrary and supportive opinions [3-11].
The nutshell of the findings from the above listed authors pointed
to the fact that CO is a toxic gas whose production must be curtailed.
Nigerians are exposed to varying degrees of CO exposures due to
the high demand for CO producing machines and equipment. A
deliberate study of the aftermath effect of chronic exposure of CO on
arrays of haematological parameters will possibly open up unknown
pathophysiology of some idiopathic diseases. It may further aid in
the diagnosis of chronic CO poisoning occasioned by the patterns of
findings established from this study.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
The choice location was for this study was Bayelsa State. Bayelsa
State is located in the south-south region of Nigeria; the center of
oil exploration and gas flaring. The animal intoxication and the
haematological analysis were conducted at the fringe of Epie Creek in
Igbogene Epie and the Haematology Department of the Niger Delta
University Teaching Hospital Laboratories, Okolobiri, Yenagoa,
Bayelsa State respectively.
Study population
Twenty (20) rabbits were utilized for the research as supported
by Mead's resource equation [12]. The rabbits were divided into four
groups. The first group constituted the control. The control group was
not exposed to CO prior to mechanical sacrifice. The remaining three
groups (10th, 20th and 30th) were exposed to CO for 30 minutes
daily for ten days, twenty day and thirty days respectively. The carbon
monoxide was produced from one stroke generator (SUMEC).
The CO concentration was determined using method as applied
by Golden et al. [13] and Struttmann et al. [14]. The concentration
of CO was maintained at a maximum of 200 ppm. The generator’s
exhaust pipe was directed into an enclosed rabbit cage about a meter
from the rabbits. Carbon monoxide produced from the generator
was conveyed into the cage in a concentration that cannot cause
immediate death for a maximum of 30 minutes. Blood was extracted
from all the groups for the haematological analysis after the final
intoxication.
Ethical approval
The ethical clearance and experimental protocol were approved
by the Ethics Committee of the Bayelsa State Ministry of Health.
The Animal Welfare Act of 1985 of the United States of America for
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Carbon Monoxide (CO) is a colourless, odourless and euphoric gas produced as a result of incomplete combustion of
organic materials. It could either cause morbidity or mortality depending on the concentration and duration of exposure.
Aim: The aim of this study was to examine the long term effect of CO inhalation on haematological parameters.
Materials and Methods: Twenty (20) rabbits were utilized for the study as supported by Mead’s resource equation. Carbon monoxide
used for the study was sourced from portable generating set (SUMEC). The study was divided into four groups; controls, ten days,
twenty days and thirty days’ exposures respectively. All the groups except the control were exposed daily to mild CO concentration for
30 minutes for the durations of the study. Blood sample were extracted using standard procedures. The haematological parameters
analysed included full blood count, red cell indices and film reading. The samples were analyzed using SYSMEX Automated Blood Count
machine (SYSMEX KX-21N ANALYZER) and microscopy for blood film reading.
Results: Data were analyzed by one-way Anova (Post Hoc-LSD) with statistical significance considered at p-value < 0.05 using
Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) 18-20 version. The results showed that RBCs, lymphocytes and basophils were
significantly raised (P < 0.05). On the contrary, platelets, white blood cell, neutrophils, monocytes, eosinophils, MCV, MCH and MCHC
were significantly decreased (P < 0.05).
Conclusion: In conclusion, the findings of the study revealed that chronic CO inhalation has the predisposition of distorting
haematological profiles.
Keywords: Haematological parameters; White Cell differential; Red Cell indices; Carbon monoxide
3. Advanced Journal of Toxicology: Current Research
SCIRES Literature - Volume 3 Issue 1 - www.scireslit.com Page - 003
research and Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC)
protocol were the basis upon which this study was carried out.
Selection criteria
Rabbits used were apparently healthy and active as confirmed
and approved by the research veterinary doctor. Rabbits that showed
signs and/or symptoms of illness were excluded from the research.
The research utilized only male albino rabbits of same age and weight.
The age range was between six to eight months. The weight brackets
were 1.5-2kg.
Collection of sample
Blood samples were collected from the heart using method
postulated by Ness, [15]. The blood samples collected were averagely
four (4) ml and were introduced into EDTA containers for
haematological analysis. Haematological investigations carried out
included: haemoglobin, haematocrit, red blood cells, white blood cell
counts and differentials, platelets and red cell indices (MCHC, MCH,
and MCV). Blood film was read with the aid of a microscope.
Sample analysis
Full blood count and red cell indices were estimated in whole
blood sample using automated analyzer. The brand of automated
analyzer used was SYSMEX Automated Blood Count machine
(SYSMEX KX-21N ANALYZER). The film reading was done with the
aid of a compound microscope (Olumpus).
RESULTS
Table 1 shows that red blood cells increased significantly (P <
0.05) as the days and durations of chronic CO intoxications increases.
Contrarily, White Blood Cells (WBC), Platelets (PLT), Mean Cell
Volume (MCV), Mean Cell Haemaglobin (MCH) and Mean Cell
Haemaglobin Concentration (MCHC) decreased significantly (P <
0.05) as the days and durations of chronic CO intoxications increases.
Table 2 shows that white blood cells, neutrophils, monocytes,
eosinophils and basophils decreased significantly (P < 0.05) as the
days and durations of chronic CO intoxications increases, whereas
lymphocytes increased significantly (P < 0.05). Plate 1 shows a normal
film exhibiting blood components within the reference range. Plate
2 shows microcytic cells, roulaux formation, hypochromic RBCs
and leucopenia. Plate 3 shows microcytic RBC, hypochromic RBC,
roulaux formation and neutrophil band. Plate 4 shows decreased
RBC, Anisocytosis, marked hypochromasia, platelet aggregation and
lymphocytosis.
DISCUSSION
Carbon monoxide (CO) is very poisonous and rapidly causes
damage to cells or tissues basically by hypoxia. This study was carried
out to establish the chronic effect of continuous inhalation of low
concentration of CO on some vital haematological parameters.
Table 1: Multiple Comparisons of Full Blood Cell Components and Red Cell
Indices on the basis of Duration of Chronic CO Intoxications.
Parameters Control
Duration of CO Exposure
Day 10 Day 20 Day 30
Hb (g/dl) 9.6 ± 0.9 9.7 ± 0.7 10.1 ± 0.5 9.7 ± 0.4
PCV (%) 33 ± 3 34 ± 3 33 ± 3 35 ± 1
RBC (x
1012
/L)
4.2 ± 0.80 5.0 ± 0.38a
5.1 ± 0.12a
4.5 ± 0.12
WBC (x
109
/L)
8.1 ± 3.0 2.7 ± 0.4a
4.2 ± 0.3 a
5.3 ± 0.4ab
PLT (x
1012
/L)
349 ± 136 103 ± 21a
189 ± 12a
213 ± 32ab
MCV (fl) 77.0 ± 8.6 66.7 ± 0.9a
66.4 ± 0.6a
21.8 ± 0.97ac
MCH (pg) 23.9 ± 2.35 19.6 ± 0.30a
21.8 ± 1.73 21.8 ± 0.97
MCHC (g/dl) 30.5 ± 0.4 28.7 ± 1.2a
32.3 ± 2.0b
26.9 ± 0.3ac
Data are in mean ± SD; Significant at p < 0.05
Symbols- a: p < 0.05 vs control, b: p < 0.05 vs Day 10, c: p < 0.05 vs Day 20
Legend: Hb-Haemoglobin; PCV-Packed Cell Volume; RBC-Red Blood Cell;
WBC- White Blood Cell; PLT-Platelets; MCV-Mean Cell Volume; MCH-Mean
Cell Haemoglobin; MCHC-Mean Cell Haemoglobin Concentration.
Table 2: A Multiple Comparisons of White Cell Differentials on the basis of
Durations of Chronic CO Intoxications.
Parameters Control
Duration of CO Exposure
10 Days 20 Days 30 days
WBC (x
109
/L)
8.1 ± 3.0 2.7 ± 0.4a
4.2 ± 0.3a
5.3 ± 0.4ac
NEU (%) 49 ± 4 22 ± 2a
5 ± 3ab
4 ± 2abc
LYM (%) 30 ± 1 72 ± 2a
92 ± 3ab
74 ± 5ac
MONO (%) 13 ± 3 3 ± 2a
2 ± 1a
10 ± 3ac
EOS (%) 8 ± 2 4 ± 2a
1 ± 1 a
6 ± 3ac
BAS (%) 0 ± 0 1 ± 0a
1 ± 0 1 ± 0
Data are in mean ± SD; Significant at p < 0.05
Symbols- a: P < 0.05 vs control, b: P < 0.05 vs Day 10, c: P < 0.05 vs Day 20
Legend: Hb- Haemoglobin; WBC- White Blood Cell; NEU-Neutrophils; LYM-
Lymphocytes MONO- Monocytes; EOS- Eosinophils; BAS- Basophils.
Plate 1: Control Blood Film.
Plate 1 showed a normal film exhibiting blood components within the
reference range.
Plate 2: Blood film of the 10th Day of Chronic CO intoxication.
Plate 2 shows microcytic cells, roulaux formation, hypochromic RBCs and
leucopenia.
4. Advanced Journal of Toxicology: Current Research
SCIRES Literature - Volume 3 Issue 1 - www.scireslit.com Page - 004
The study showed a significant increase (P < 0.05) in Red Blood
Cell (RBC) counts as the duration of CO intoxication increases (Table
1). The increase could be attributable to the strong affinity of Hb for
CO. The hypoxic mechanism of CO usually stimulates haemopoietic
processes; a compensatory measure to enhance oxygen supply in the
body. The increases in RBCs help in the transportation oxygen across
the body due to the unavailability or reduced free haemoglobin [1].
The findings of this research are in agreement with that of Wang et al.
[2] that also showed raised red blood cells. In same vein, increase in
RBC, Hb and PCV occasioned by the hypoxic activity of CO were also
observed by Mohammed et al. [11]. A study carried out by Ganesh
and Saravanan, et al. [4] using cigarrete smokers as subjects also
posited that RBC and PCV increased amongst smokers.
However, the result of the WBC counts showed a glaring
decrease in concentration after the initial exposure (first 10th day).
Furthermore, the counts increased as the exposures progresses to
the 20th and 30th day, though not as the control counts (Table 1).
This finding ley credence to the leucopenia observed on the blood
film’s plates 2-4. The sudden decrease in WBCs could be attributed
to sequestration and/or massive attraction of leucocytes to damaged
areas occasioned by the ferocity of CO hypoxic activities. This could
have been abated after the causative agent was discovered with the
consequent production of more WBCs. This finding is similar to
that proffered by Harper and Croft-Baker, et al. [16] on reasons of a
decrease in concentration of WBC. This finding contrasted with that
of Vanuxem et al. [5] which showed a characteristic haematological
change increase in the form of leukocytosis and neutrophilia. The
findings by Sung-Soo and II-Saing et al. [17] follow same with the
above stated authors. Utilizing cigarrate smokers, Ganash and
Saravanan et al. [4] observed leukocytosis occasioned by hypoxia.
Moreover, the findings of the study clearly showed that platelets
counts decreased (P < 0.05) upon persistent exposure to CO during
the study duration (Table 1). The blood film result supported
platelet counts as shown in Plate 4. Decrease in levels of platelets is
termed thrombocytopenia. Most cytotoxic drugs or some drugs that
utilize similar mechanism of action as CO are known culprits of
thrombocytopenia [18]. The results of this research is similar to that
of Suphan and Jamsai et al. [7] and Oscar et al [8] which reported
a decrease in platelets level upon persistent exposure to chronic CO
exposure.Thedecreasecouldbeattributedtotheinhibitorycapacityof
CO to both the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways of platelets synthesis.
However, Oscar et al [8] knotted the decrease in platelets counts to
inhibition of calcium as also reported by Agoro, et al. [19]. A study
carried out by Agoro et al. [19] showed a decrease in concentration of
serum and vitreous calcium upon exposure of rabbits to CO.
Furthermore, red cells indices are most frequently used in
the classification of types of anaemia and other haematological
abnormalities. The result revealed that MCV, MCH and MCHC
levels decreased as concentration of the CO exposures and durations
increased (Table 1).The blood film observed under the microscope
also points to an anaemic situation (Plate 2-4). Red cells are pivotal to
normal red cell indices estimation. Increase in red cells as established
in this research have a spillover effects on the red cells indices. Since
it is a tool for classification of anaemia; the deranged red cell indices
as observed in this study could be a pointer to the preponderances
of chronic CO exposure to causing anaemia. Hence, chronic CO
intoxication has the propensity of causing anaemia. The result of the
research is similar to the findings of Penney and Bishop et al. [10]. The
finding disagreed with that of Muhammed et al. [11] that revealed a
non-significant difference in MCV and MCHC levels.
Differential white cell count provides information on white cells
presence in the circulating blood, i.e. neutrophils, lymphocytes,
monocytes, eosinophils, basophils (rarely seen). The findings revealed
that neutrophils, monocytes and eosinophils were significantly
decreased after exposures to chronic graded CO, whereas lymphocytes
exhibited a significant increase upon exposure to chronic graded CO
(Table 2). The result of the blood film on the 30th day also showed
lymphocytosis (Plate 4). The result was synonymous with the findings
on decreased WBCs. Hence the decrease in total WBC was occasioned
most especially by neutrophils, monocytes and eosinophils. The
scientific basis of the decrease is same with that of WBCs explained
above. The increase observed in the lymphocytes counts could be
attributed to toxic changes and initial shock of CO intoxication. Toxic
changes of which CO is known for is characteristic of leukocytosis
[17]. The study carried out by Ganash and Saravanan, [4] also noted
leukocytosis amongst cigarettes smokers. The research showed
explicitly that the lymphocytosis observed could be due to hypoxic
activity of CO poisoning. In the nutshell, chronic Co intoxication
could result to immune depression making the body vulnerable to
arrays of idiopathic diseases.
The study utilized rabbits as a substitute for humans. This is due to
the scientific inappropriateness of humans in such as study. Another
Plate 3: Blood film of the 20th Day of Chronic CO intoxication./
Plate 3 shows microcytic RBC, hypochromic RBC, roulaux formation and
neutrophil band.
Plate 4: Blood film of the 30th Day of Chronic CO intoxication.
Plate 4 shows decreased RBC, Anisocytosis, marked hypochromasia,
platelet aggregation and lymphocytosis.
5. Advanced Journal of Toxicology: Current Research
SCIRES Literature - Volume 3 Issue 1 - www.scireslit.com Page - 005
limitation noted in this study is the use of a single controls, instead
of a matched controls. The paucity of funds was the main reasons of
most of the handicaps recorded in this study.
CONCLUSIONS
The findings of the study explicitly showed that continuous
exposure to mild concentration of CO over a long time has a
deleterious effect on the body system. The immune depression
shown in this study could be the gate to the ever increasing number
of idiopathic diseases in CO infested environments. The findings are
a clarion call to the governments of the various nations especially
Nigeria where CO pollution is poorly regulated. The need for a tight
regulatory framework to reduce CO emission is strongly advocated.
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