This document provides an overview of advanced Hibernate concepts including: - The persistence lifecycle of objects in Hibernate and the four states objects can be in: transient, persistent, detached, and removed. - The persistence context and how it acts as a cache and guarantees object identity within a session scope. - Transaction management in Hibernate including demarcating transaction boundaries programmatically or declaratively. - Additional topics covered include the persistence manager, concurrency control, caching, and batch processing.

1. Advanced Hibernate
Haitham Raik

2. Agenda
 Persistence Lifecycle
 Persistence Context
 Persistence Manager
 Transaction Management
 Concurrency
 Session Scope
 Caching
 Lazy-Loading
 Batch Processing

3. Agenda
 Hibernate Annotations
 Hibernate Validator

4. Prerequisites
 You should know the following:
 Session
 SessionFactory
 Query
 Criteria
 Basic Mapping

5. Persistence Lifecycle

6. Persistence Lifecycle
 The object in hibernate has four states:
1. Transient:
 Transient instance means it isn’t associated with any database
row.
 Transient instance state is lost as soon as they’re no longer
referenced.
 Instances that are referenced only by other transient instances
are transient.
2. Persistent:
 An entity instance with a database identity.
 Persistent instances are always associated with a persistence
context.

7. Persistence Lifecycle
3. Detached:
 Detached instance is associated with a database row.
 Detached instance are not associated with a persistence
context.=
4. Removed:
 Removed instances are scheduled for deletion, but are still
managed by the persistence context.

8. Persistence Lifecycle

9. Persistence Context

10. Persistence Context
 Each session has one internal persistence context.
 Persistence context can be considered as a cache of
persistent instanced.
 Persistence context is useful for:
 Automatic Dirty Check
 First-level cache
 Guarantee a scope of java object identity

11. Persistence Context – Automatic Dirty Check
 Automatic Dirty Check:
 Changes made to persistent objects aren’t immediately
propagated to database (write-behind).
 To keep lock-times as short as possible.
 At synchronization time, Hibernate propagates only
modified persistent instances (Dirty Objects).
 Hibernate has a strategy to detect which persistent
objects have been modified.
 By default, all the columns of a table are included in the
SQL UPDATE statement.

12. Persistence Context – Automatic Dirty Check
 Automatic Dirty Check:
 Hibernate has the ability to detect exactly which
properties have been modified.
 To enable dynamic update/insert:
<class name="BlogItem" table="BLOG_ITEMS"
dynamic-update="true" dynamic-insert="true" >
</class>
 It is recommended to use this setting when you have an
extraordinary large number of columns (more than 50 columns)

13. Persistence Context – First Level Cache
 First-Level Cache:
 Hibernate session is a cache of its persistent instances.
 Hibernate session remembers all its persistent instances.
 Persistence context has a reference to the persistent
object and its snapshot.
 Snapshot is used for dirty checking.
 It is always on and you can’t turn it off.
 Benefits:
 Significant performance enhancement
 Protects your application from stack overflows, in the case of
circular references.
 Changes made in a particular context are always visible to all
other code executed inside that context.

14. Persistence Context – Object Identity
 Object Identity and Equality:
 Persistent object has two identifiers:
 Java Identifier: x==y is true, if x and y have the same java
identifier
 Database Identifier: x.getId().equals(y.getId()) is
true, if x and y represents the same database row.
 The scope of object identity: is the scope under which the java
identity is guaranteed to be equivalent to the database identity.
 No Identity Scope: if a row is accessed twice, then two different java
instances will be returned.
 Session-scoped identity: if a row is accessed twice within a
session, then one java instance will be returned.
 Process-scoped identity: one instance represents the row in the
whole JVM.
 Hibernate implements session –scoped identity.

15. Persistence Context – Object Identity
Session session1 = sessionFactory.openSession();
Transaction tx1 = session1.beginTransaction();
Item a = (Item) session1.get(Item.class, new Long(1234) );
Item b = (Item) session1.get(Item.class, new Long(1234) );
( a==b ) // True, persistent a and b are identical
(a.getId().equals(b.getId())) // True, match the same record
tx1.commit();session1.close();
// References a and b are now to an object in detached state
Session session2 = sessionFactory.openSession();
Transaction tx2 = session2.beginTransaction();
Item c = (Item) session2.get(Item.class, new Long(1234) );
( a==c ) // False, detached a and persistent c are not
identical
(a.getId().equals(c.getId())) // True, match the same record
tx2.commit();session2.close();

16. Persistence Context – Object Identity
 Do not treat detached objects as identical in memory.
 Consider a, b and c are detached objects, what is the size of
the Set collection?
session2.close();
Set allObjects = new HashSet();
allObjects.add(a);
allObjects.add(b);
allObjects.add(c);
 If the equals() method is implemented well, then the set size is
one.
 Otherwise,
 The size is one, if a, b and c objects are fetched using the same
session.
 The size is more than one, if a, b and c objects are fetched using
different sessions.

17. Persistence Context – Object Equality
 To prevent the previous conflict, you need to supply
your own implementation of the equals() and
hashcode():
 Equality Implementations:
 Database Identifier Equality (Primary Key)
 All Properties Equality (Except the primary key)
 Business Key Equality

18. Persistence Context – Object Equality
 Database Identifier Equality:
 Can’t be used for transient objects
 For example:
public boolean equals(Object o) {
if (this==o) return true;
if (id==null) return false;
if ( !(o instanceof User) ) return false;
final User that = (User) o;
return this.id.equals( that.getId() );
}

19. Persistence Context – Object Equality
 All Properties Equality
 Instances for this row from different Sessions are no longer equal
if one is modified; (For example user changed his password)
 For example:
public boolean equals(Object o) {
if (this==o) return true;
if ( !(o instanceof User) ) return false;
final User that = (User) o;
if (!this.getUsername().equals(that.getUsername()))
return false;
if( !this.getPassword().equals(that.getPassword()))
return false;
return true;
}

20. Persistence Context – Object Equality
 Business Key Equality:
 Hints to identify a business key:
 Attribute that would identify our instance in the real world.
 Immutable attributes (rarely updated attributes)
 Every attribute has a UNIQUE database constraint.
 Any date or time-based attribute, for example the creation
datetime

21. Persistence Manager

22. Persistence Manager
 Persistence Manager exposed by many interfaces:
Session, Query, Criteria and Transaction
 Persistence Manager provide services for the
following:
 Basic CRUD operations
 Query Execution
 Control of Transactions
 Management of the Persistence Context

23. Persistence Manager - Saveing
 Making Transient Object Persistent:
Item item = new Item();
item.setName("Playstation3 incl. all accessories");
item.setEndDate( ... );
Session session = sessionFactory.openSession();
Transaction tx = session.beginTransaction();
Serializable itemId = session.save(item);
tx.commit();session.close();

24. Persistence Manager - Retrieving
 Retrieving a persistent object:
Session session = sessionFactory.openSession();
Transaction tx = session.beginTransaction();
Item item = (Item) session.load(Item.class, new
Long(1234));
// Item item = (Item) session.get(Item.class, new
Long(1234));
tx.commit();session.close();

25. Persistence Manager - Updating
 Modifying a Persistent Object:
Session session = sessionFactory.openSession();
Transaction tx = session.beginTransaction();
Item item = (Item) session.get(Item.class, new Long(12));
item.setDescription("This Playstation is good as new!");
tx.commit();
session.close();

26. Persistence Manager - Deleting
 Making a persistent object transient
Session session = sessionFactory.openSession();
Transaction tx = session.beginTransaction();
Item item = (Item) session.load(Item.class, new
Long(1234));
session.delete(item);
tx.commit();session.close();
 hibernate.use_identifier_rollback

27. Persistence Manager - Replicating
 Retrieve objects from one database and store them
in another.
// Load From DB1
Session session = sessionFactory1.openSession();
Transaction tx = session.beginTransaction();
Item item = (Item) session.get(Item.class, new Long(1234));
tx.commit();session.close();
// Replicate to DB2
Session session2 = sessionFactory2.openSession();
Transaction tx2 = session2.beginTransaction();
session2.replicate(item, ReplicationMode.LATEST_VERSION);
tx2.commit();
session2.close();

28. Persistence Manager - Replicating
 Replication Modes
 ReplicationMode.IGNORE
 ReplicationMode.OVERWRITE
 ReplicationMode.EXCEPTION
 ReplicationMode.LATEST_VERSION (requires optimistic
lock enabled)

29. Persistence Manager - Reattaching
 Reattaching a modified detached instance
item.setDescription(...); // Loaded in previous Session
Session sessionTwo = sessionFactory.openSession();
Transaction tx = sessionTwo.beginTransaction();
sessionTwo.update(item); // re-attach the object as dirty
//sessionTwo.delete(item); //re-attach the object for deletion
item.setEndDate(...);
tx.commit();sessionTwo.close();
 select-before-update=“true”

30. Persistence Manager - Reattaching
 Reattaching an unmodified detached object:
Session s2 = sessionFactory.openSession();
Transaction tx = s2.beginTransaction();
s2.buildLockRequest(LockOptions.NONE).lock(item);// Re-attach as
a clean object
item.setDescription(...);
item.setEndDate(...);
tx.commit();
s2.close();

31. Persistence Manager - Merging
 Merging the state of a detached object
 The following will cause an exception
 NonUniqueObjectException
 Error Message: persistent instance with the same database
identifier is already associated with the Session.
detachedItem.getId(); // The database identity is "1234"
detachedItem.setDescription(...);
// New Session is created
Session s = sessionFactory.openSession();
Transaction tx = s.beginTransaction();
Item item2 = (Item) s.get(Item.class, new Long(1234));
session.update(detachedItem); // Throws exception!
tx.commit();session.close();

32. Persistence Manager - Merging
 Hibernate provide merge() to solve this issue
item.getId() // The database identity is "1234"
item.setDescription(...);
// Create new session
Session s= sessionFactory.openSession();
Transaction tx = s.beginTransaction();
Item item2 = (Item) s.get(Item.class, new Long(1234));
Item item3 = (Item) s.merge(item);
(item == item2) // False
(item == item3) // False
(item2 == item3) // True
return item3;
tx.commit();session.close();

33. Persistence Manager - Merging

34. Persistence Manager – Manage Persistence
Context – Control First Level Cache
 Controlling the persistence context cache (first-level
cache)
 Persistence context has a reference for the persistent
object and its snapshot
 Persistence context cache never shrinks automatically.
 This may lead to OutOfMemoryException.
 You can detach persistent objects manually using
 Session.evict(object): to detach specific object
 Session.clear(): to detach all persistent objects
 You can disable dirty checking using:
 Session.setReadOnly(object, true): Persistence context will no
longer maintain the snapshot.

35. Persistence Manager – Manage Persistence
Context - Flushing
 Flushing the persistence context
 Changes made to persistent object are not immediately
propagated to database (Write-behind)
 Collect many changes into a minimal number of database
requests.
 Shorter lock durations inside the database
 Take advantage of the JDBC Batch
 Flushing occurs at the following times:
 When a transaction is committed
 Before a query is executed, only if the results of the query will
be affected by the changes.
 Call session.flush() explicitly

36. Persistence Manager – Manage Persistence
Context - Flushing
 You can control the default behavior of hibernate
flushing by calling session.setFlushMode(FlushMode
mode):
 FlushMode.AUTO: this is the default behavior
 FlushMode.COMMIT
 FlushMode.MANUAL

37. Transaction Management

38. Transaction Management – Essentials
 Transaction Attributes:
 Atomicity: if one step fails, the whole unit of work must
fail.
 Consistency: left data in a clean and consistent state after
the transactions complete.
 Isolation: multiple users can work concurrently without
compromising the data correctness.
 Durability: once the transaction completes, all changes
become persistent.

39. Transaction Management – Transaction
Demarcation
 Transaction Demarcation
 Defines the transaction boundaries (the start and the end
points).
 There is no way to send an SQL statement outside a
transaction boundaries.
 Transactions have to be short to reduce resources
allocation.

40. Transaction Management – Transaction
Boundaries
 Transaction boundaries can be set either programmatically
or declaratively.
 Programmatically using:
 JDBC API: to handle transactions on one resource
 JTA (requires Application Server): to handle transactions on many
resources
 Declaratively using CMT (requires EJB container)

41. Transaction Management – Transactions in
Hibernate
 Hibernate Transactions:
 Represented by org.hibernate.Transaction
interface
 Hibernate transaction is unified:
 It works in a non-managed plain JDBC environment
 It works in an application server with JTA
 Hibernate transaction integrates with persistence context
 For example, session is flushed automatically when you commit
 Hibernate doesn’t roll back in-memory changes to
persistent objects

42. Transaction Management – Transactions in
Hibernate
 Hibernate Transactions over JDBC API
Session session = null;
Transaction tx = null;
try {
session = sFactory.openSession(); //session is lazy
// a conn will obtained only when the trxn begins
tx = session.beginTransaction(); // conn.setAutoCommit(false)
concludeAuction(session);
tx.commit(); // flush and commit (here conn is released)
// here you can begin another trxn with the same session
} catch (RuntimeException ex) {
tx.rollback();
} finally {session.close();} // release all other resources

43. Transaction Management – Transactions in
Hibernate
 Hibernate Transactions over JTA
 To enable JTA transactions:
 hibernate.transaction.factory_class = org.
hibernate.transaction.JTATransactionFactory
 hibernate.transaction.manager_lookup_class =
org.hibernate.transaction.WebSphereTransactionManagerLookup
 The previous example will work without code changes.

44. Transaction Management – Transactions in
Hibernate
 Hibernate Transactions over JTA with Multiple Resources
 Use JTA interfaces directly
UserTransaction utx = (UserTransaction) new InitialContext()
.lookup("java:comp/UserTransaction");
Session session1 = null;
Session session2 = null;
try {
utx.begin();
session1 = auctionDatabase.getCurrentSession();
session2 = billingDatabase.getCurrentSession();
concludeAuction(session1);
billAuction(session2);
session1.flush(); // it‟s your responsibility to sync with db
session2.flush();utx.commit();
} catch (RuntimeException ex) {utx.rollback();
} finally {session1.close();session2.close();}

45. Transaction Management – Transactions in
Hibernate
 Hibernate can sync with the database automatically
before JTA transaction end using
 hibernate.transaction.flush_before_complet
ion
 Hibernate can close session automatically after JTA
transaction end using:
 hibernate.transaction.auto_close_session

46. Transaction Management – Transactions in
Hibernate
UserTransaction utx = (UserTransaction) new InitialContext()
.lookup("java:comp/UserTransaction");
Session session1 = null;
Session session2 = null;
try {
utx.begin();
session1 = auctionDatabase.getCurrentSession();
session2 = billingDatabase.getCurrentSession();
concludeAuction(session1);
billAuction(session2);
utx.commit(); // session1 and session2 are flushed and closed automatically
} catch (RuntimeException ex) {
utx.rollback();
}

47. Transaction Management – Transactions in
Hibernate
 It is always recommended to use JTA interfaces
directly
 It supports transactions handling over multiple resources.
 Hibernate can automatically bind the “current” session to
the current JTA transaction
 You can separate the transaction demarcation code from data
access code; for example:

48. Transaction Management – Transactions in
Hibernate
 Without direct use for JTA interface
public void sessionPerOperationBizMethod() {
myDAO1.getObj(); //uses openSession() and open new trxn
myDAO2.saveObj();//uses openSsession() and open new trxn}
 With direct use for JTA interface
public void sessionPerRequestBizMethod() {
jtaTrxn.begin();
myDAO1.getObj();// uses getCurrentSession() to get new session
myDAO2.saveObj();//uses getCurrentSession() to get same session
jtaTrxn.commit;}
 Without direct use for JTA, we need to open a new session and a
new transaction for each database operation.
 With direct use for JTA, one transaction and one session are
used to handle the entire request.

49. Transaction Management – Transactions in
Hibernate
 To enable CMT with hibernate set the following
configuration:
 hibernate.transaction.factory_class = org.
hibernate.transaction.CMTTransactionFactory

50. Concurrency

51. Concurrency - Essentials
 Transaction isolation ensures the concurrent
transactions work without affecting data integrity.
 Traditionally, this has been implemented using locks.
 Application inherits the isolation guarantees provided
by the DBMS
 Hibernate never locks anything in memory
 Your responsibility is to understand the database isolation
and how to change the isolation behavior

52. Concurrency – Isolation Issues
 Transaction Isolation Issues
1. Lost Update:
 Occurs if two transactions update the same row and then the
second transaction aborts, causing both changes to be lost.
 This occurs in systems that don’t implement locking.
 The concurrent transactions are not isolated.

53. Concurrency – Isolation Issues
2. Dirty Read:
 Occurs if a transaction reads changes made by another
transaction that has not been committed.
 The changes of the other transaction may later be rolled back.
 Impact: Reading dirty data (not committed data)

54. Concurrency – Isolation Issues
3. Unrepeatable Reads:
 Occurs if a transaction reads a row twice and reads different
state each time.
 This situation occurs when another transaction updating the row
and committing between the two reads.

55. Concurrency – Isolation Issues
4. Second Lost Update:
 This is a special case of Unrepeatable Reads
 Occurs if two concurrent transactions read a row; the first one
writes to it and commits, and then the second one writes to it
and commits.
 Impact: The changes made by the first transaction are lost
Tx B COMMIT
COMMIT
Tx A

56. Concurrency – Isolation Issues
5. Phantom Read:
 Occurs when a transaction executes a query twice, the second
result set includes rows that weren’t visible in the first result set.
 This situation occurs when another transaction inserting or
deleting rows and committing between the execution of the two
queries

57. Concurrency – Isolation Levels
 Isolation Levels:
1. Read Uncommitted:
 This level permits dirty read but doesn’t permit lost updates
 One transaction can not write to a row if another uncommitted
transaction has already written to it.

58. Concurrency – Isolation Levels
2. Read Committed:
 This level permits unrepeatable reads but doesn’t permit dirty
reads and doesn’t permit lost updates.
 Reading a transactions don’t block other transactions from
accessing a row (reading and writing).
 Uncommitted writing transaction blocks all other transactions
from accessing the row.

59. Concurrency – Isolation Levels
3. Repeatable Read:
 This isolation level doesn’t permit: unrepeatable read, dirty
reads and lost updates.
 Phantom reads may occur
 Reading transactions block writing transactions (but not other
reading transactions)
 Writing transactions block all other transactions

60. Concurrency – Isolation Levels
4. Serializable:
 Provides the strictest isolation
 This isolation level executes the transactions one after another
serially rather than concurrently.
 This isolation level doesn’t permit phantom reads.

61. Concurrency – Isolation Levels
Isolation Lost Updates Dirty Reads Non- Phantom
Level Repeatable Reads
Reads
Read - May Occur May Occur May Occur
Uncommitted
Read - - May Occur May Occur
Committed
Repeatable - - - May Occur
Read
Serializable - - - -
• There is no DBMS allows “Lost Updates”

62. Concurrency – Isolation Levels
Isolation Level Write Lock Read Lock Range Lock
Read Exclusive - -
Uncommitted
Read Committed Exclusive Shared -
Repeatable Read Exclusive Exclusive -
Serializable Exclusive Exclusive Exclusive
• Read-Lock: Allow other transactions to read but not to write.
• Share Read-Lock: DBMS releases the read-lock as soon as the
SELECT operation is performed
• Exclusive Read-Lock: DBMS keeps the read-lock until the end of the
transaction
• Write-Lock: Block other transaction from reading or writing
• Exclusive Write-Lock: DBMS keeps the write-lock until the end of the
transaction

63. Concurrency – Isolation Levels
 How to choose an isolation level:
 Read Uncommitted: is extremely dangers you don’t need to
read dirty data
 Serializable: most applications don’t need it; phantom reads
are not usually problematic.
 This isolation level tends to scale poorly
 Rather rely on pessimistic locks that forces serialized executions for
certain situations.
 Repeatable Reads: with hibernate you don’t need this
isolation level as hibernate cache already gives you the
repeatable read isolation features.
 Read Committed: is the most acceptable isolation level for
most of the database transactions if you use hibernate.
 Use Pessimistic locks to force serialized executions for certain
cases.

64. Concurrency – Isolation Levels in Hibernate
 Setting an isolation level:
 Use hibernate configuration option:
 (hibernate.connection.isolation)
 This option values:
1. Read Uncommitted
2. Read Committed
4. Repeatable Reads
8. Serializable

65. Concurrency – Pessimistic Locks
 Obtaining Additional Isolation Guarantees
 For the following example assume Read Committed
isolation is used:
Item i = (Item) session.get(Item.class, 123);
// May be another concurrent trxn changes the price
i.setPrice(i.getPrice() - 10);
tx.commit();// will sync with db
Tx B 4. Commit
6. Commit
Tx A

66. Concurrency – Pessimistic Locks
 For the previous example, what is the expected
behavior, if the isolation level used was repeatable
read?
 To prevent the previous situation you can either:
 Increase the isolation level to serializable at application-
level
 Or keep the isolation level as it is and use pessimistic lock
for this specific case.
Item i = (Item)
session.get(Item.class, 123, LockMode.UPGRADE); //
select … for update
i.setPrice(i.getPrice() - 10);
tx.commit();// will sync with db

67. Session Scope

68. Session Scope
 Session-per-operation (Anti-pattern)
 Session-per-request
 Session-per-request-with-detached-objects (long
conversations)
 Session-per-conversation (long conversations)
 Session-per-application (Anti-pattern; Don’t use it)

69. Session Scope – Session Per Operation
 Session per operation
 This is an anti-pattern
 Open and close a session for each database call
 Session scope is the same as the transaction scope.
 Remember openSession()

70. Session Scope – Session Per Request
 Session Per Request
 This is the most common transaction pattern
 A single session will be used to process single user event.
 Session scope is the same as the transaction scope.
 Remember getCurrentSession().

71. Session Scope – Session Per Request with
Detached Objects
 Session Per Request with Detached Objects
 This implementation pattern can be used for long
conversations (for example wizard dialog)
 Objects are held in detached state during user think-time.
 Any modification of these objects is made persistent
manually through reattachment or merging.
 Automatic Versioning must be enabled to isolate
concurrent conversations.
 The conversation in this implementation is not Atomic as
the conversation spans several database transactions

72. Session Scope – Session Per Request with
Detached Objects

73. Session Scope – Session Per Conversation
 Session per Conversation
 Extend a persistence context to span the whole conversation
 You have to disable automatic flush
 Persistence context isn’t closed after completing a user
request. It is just disconnected from the database.
(session.disconnect())
 When the user continues in the conversation, the persistence
context re-connect to the database (session.connect()).
 At the end of the conversation, the persistence context will be
synchronized with the database and closed.
 This implementation eliminate the detached object state.
 Automatic Versioning must be enabled to isolate concurrent
conversations.
 The conversation in this implementation is Atomic as the
changes are flushed until the last step.

74. Session Scope – Session Per Conversation

75. Caching

76. Caching - Essentials
 The cache keeps a representation of current
database state close to the application to avoid a
database hit.
 Caching Scopes:
 Session-Scope Cache
 Process-Scope Cache (Shared for the entire JVM)
 Cluster-Scope Cache (Shared between multiple
processes)

77. Caching – Hibernate Caching
 Hibernate uses different types of caches:
 First-Level Cache
 Session-Scoped Cache
 Mandatory
 Lookup using the entity primary key using
session.load()/session.get()
 Second-Level Cache
 Process-Scoped Cache & Cluster-Scoped Cache; depends on
the caching provider (SessionFactory-scope)
 Optional; to enable it set
hibernate.cache.use_second_level_cache=true
 You need to define a cache provider using
 hibernate.cache.region.factory_class
 Lookup using the entity primary key using
session.load()/session.get() methods

78. Caching – Hibernate Caching
 Query Cache
 Process-Scoped Cache
 Optional; to enable it set hibernate.cache.use_query_cache=true
 You need to define a cache provider using
 hibernate.cache.region.factory_class
 Second-Level Cache can be disabled; but Query Cache will be useless
 Hibernate perform the lookup using the query and the parameters;
{query, params}
 It only caches the entity Id; {„from Emp where name=?‟, „ahmad‟}:
4, 6, 7
 For each query/params a new cache entry will be added.
 Hibernate uses Query Cache to get the entity id, then it will get the entity
using:
 First-Level Cache
 if it is not in the first-level cache, it will use the Second-level cache (if enabled)
 If it is not there, it will execute a direct hit to the database using the primary key.
 If hibernate updated the table, then hibernate will evict the query cache
automatically.

79. Caching – Second-Level Cache
 Good Candidates for Second-Level Cache:
 Data changes rarely
 Non-Critical Date
 Non-Financial Data
 Data that is local to the application and not shared

80. Caching – Second-Level Cache Configuration
 To enable Second-Level Cache
 hibernate.cache.provider_class =
org.hibernate.cache.EhCacheProvider
 hibernate.cache.use_second_level_cache = true
 To Control the Second-Level Cache
Programmatically:
 SessionFactory.evict()
 To Control the Query Cache Programmatically
 SessionFactory.evictQueries()

81. Lazy Loading

82. Lazy Loading – Object-Retrieval Options
 Hibernate provides the following ways to get objects
out of the database:
 Navigating the object graph; For example:
user.getAddr().getCity()
 Retrieval by identifier; using get() and load() methods
 Criteria interface
 HQL
 Native SQL Queries

83. Lazy Loading - Essentials
 Hibernate by default loads only the objects you’re
querying for.
Item item = (Item) session.load(Item.class, new
Long(123));
 Session.load() creates a proxy that looks like
the real thing

84. Lazy Loading - Proxy
 Proxy is a placeholder that is generated at runtime.
 Proxy holds only the entity Id.
 Proxy triggers the loading of the real object when it’s
accessed for the first time.
 By default, hibernate fetches associated objects and
collections lazily.

85. Lazy Loading - Proxy
Item item = (Item) session.load(Item.class, 1L);
item.getId();
item.getDescription(); // Initialize the proxy
 After line 3, the real object is initialized but the
associated objects are lazily loaded:

86. Lazy Loading - Proxy
 To disable proxy generation for a particular entity:
<class name="CompanyBean" table="company" lazy="false">
session.load(CompanyBean.class, new Integer(2));// no
proxy
 To disable proxy generation for a particular
association (Eager Loading):
<class name="UserBean" table="user">
<many-to-one name=“address" column=“addId”
class = “Address" not-null="true“
lazy="false"/>
</class>

87. Lazy Loading – N+1 Selects Problem
 When the lazy loading is enabled, if you access any
associated proxy, a second SELECT statement is
executed.
1. List allItems = session.createCriteria(Item.class).list();
// suppose allItems size is 3
2. ((Item) allItems.get(0)).getSeller().getName();
3. ((Item) allItems.get(1)).getSeller().getName();
4. ((Item) allItems.get(2)).getSeller().getName();
 Line 1 will trigger the execution for:
Line 1: select * from ITEM
 While lines 2 to 4 will trigger the execution for:
Line 2: Select * from User where id = ?
Line 3: Select * from User where id = ?
Line 4: Select * from User where id = ?

88. Lazy Loading – N+1 Selects Problem
 N+1 Selects Problem Solution
 Batch Fetching
 Global Fetch Join
 Dynamic Fetch Join

89. Lazy Loading – N+1 Selects Problem – Batch
Fetching
 Batch Fetching
 Using the Batch Fetching, if one proxy must be
fetched, go ahead and initialize several association in the
same time.
 Batch Fetching is a blind-guess optimization
 You make a guess and apply a batch size to your class mapping
file, for example:
<class name="User” table="USERS” batch-size=“3">
 The result is n/3+1 SQL statements
SELECT * FROM item
SELECT FROM seller WHERE itemId IN (?,?,?)

90. Lazy Loading – N+1 Selects Problem – Global
Fetch Join
 Global Fetch Join:
 Don’t use it unless you really need it; for example:
 ”Every time I need an Item, I also need the seller of that item”
<class name="Item" table="ITEM">
<many-to-one name="seller” class="User”
column="SELLER_ID” fetch="join"/>
</class>
 The Following SQL statement will be executed
select i.*, u.* from ITEM i left outer join USERS u on
i.SELLER_ID = u.USER_ID where i.ITEM_ID = ?
 To control the number of joined tables use the following config
 hibernate.max_fetch_depth=3
 The Recommended value is 1-5 tables

91. Lazy Loading – N+1 Selects Problem – Dynamic
Fetch Join
 Dynamic Fetch Join
 Using HQL
 from UserBean u join fetch u.company c where u.name
like '%a%' and c.name = 'STS‟
 Select [DISTINCT] u from UserBean u left join fetch
u.addresses a where u.name like '%a%' and a.city =
„amman‟
 Using Criteria
 Criteria criteira = session.createCriteria(User.class)
.createCriteria(“company”).add…
 Criteria criteira = session.createCriteria(User.class)
.createAlias(“company”, “c”).add…
 Criteria criteira = session.createCriteria(User.class)
.createAlias(“company”, “c”, JoinType.RIGHT_OUTER_JOIN).
add…

92. Bulk and Batch Processing

93. Bulk Processing – Updating and Deleting
 Batch Processing enables you to update/delete
objects without retrieving them
Query q = session.createQuery("update Item i set
i.isActive = :isActive");
q.setBoolean("isActive", true);
int updatedItems = q.executeUpdate();

94. Bulk Processing – Copying
 insert a new entity from another selected entity. For
example:
 VIPCustomer must be subclass of Customer.
Session session = sessionFactory.openSession();
Transaction tx = session.beginTransaction();
String hqlInsert =
"insert into VIPCustomer (id, name) select
c.id, c.name from Customer c where c.balance > 10000";
int createdEntities =
s.createQuery( hqlInsert ).executeUpdate();
tx.commit();
session.close();

95. Batch Processing
 Example:
ScrollableResults itemCursor =
session.createQuery("from Item")
.scroll(); // cursor is a pointer to a rs that stays in DB
int count=0;
while ( itemCursor.next() ) {
Item item = (Item) itemCursor.get(0);
modifyItem(item);
if ( ++count % 100 == 0 ) {
session.flush();session.clear();
}
}
tx.commit();session.close();

96. Batch Processing - Tuning
 For best performance set the value of
hibernate.jdbc.batch_size as the size of your
procedure batch. (100 in our previous example)
 Disable the second-level cache for that persistent
class.

97. Hibernate Annotations

98. Hibernate Annotations - Essentials
 Hibernate Annotations provides annotation-based
mapping metadata.
 Metadata source:
 Annotations
 Can be overridden using XML
 Hibernate Annotations include
 Standard JPA annotations
 Hibernate-specific extension annotations

99. Hibernate Annotations – Marking POJO as
persistent entity
 To mark a POJO as persistent entity use @Entity
annotation at class-level
@Entity
public class Flight implements Serializable {
 In this example, Flight class is mapped to Flight table
 To define the table, category, and schema names
use @Table annotation
@Entity @Table(name="tbl_sky")
public class Sky
 You can use @Table to define unique constraints
@Table(name="tbl_sky",
uniqueConstraints = {@UniqueConstraint(columnNames={"month
", "day"})} )

100. Hibernate Annotations - Define Identity
property
 To declare the identifier property of a persistent
entity, use @Id annotation at field level
@Id
private long id;
 To define the identifier generation strategy use
@GeneratedValue annotation
@Id @GeneratedValue(strategy=GenerationType.SEQUENCE, g
enerator="SEQ_STORE")
private long id;
@Id @GeneratedValue(strategy=GenerationType.IDENTITY)
private long id;

101. Hibernate Annotations - Define Basic
Property
 Every non-static property of an entity is considered
persistent, unless you annotate it as @Transient
@Transient
private String message;
 To define the column name, constraints and length
use @Column annotation at field level
@Column(updatable = false, name = "flight_name", nullable
= false, length=50, unique=false)
private String name;

102. Hibernate Annotations - Association
 One-to-One Association
@OneToOne(cascade = CascadeType.ALL)
@PrimaryKeyJoinColumn
private Heart heart;
 Many-to-One Association
@ManyToOne( cascade = {CascadeType.PERSIST, CascadeType.MERGE})
@JoinColumn(name="COMP_ID")
private Company comp;

103. Hibernate Validator

104. Hibernate Validator - Essentials
 Hibernate Validator defines a metadata model and
API for JavaBean validation.
 Metadata source:
 Annotations
 Can be overridden using XML
 The API is not tied to a specific application tier.

105. Hibernate Validator – Applying Constraints
 Example:
public class Car {
@NotNull
private String manufacturer;
@NotNull @Size(min = 2, max = 14)
private String licensePlate;
@Min(2)
private int seatCount;
}

106. Hibernate Validator – Validating Constraints
Car car = new Car("Morris", "DD-AB-123", 1);
Set<ConstraintViolation<Car>> constraintViolations =
validator.validate(car);

107. Q&A