The document discusses Java 5 concurrency features including locks, conditions, atomic variables, blocking queues, concurrent hash maps, synchronizers like semaphores and mutexes, and the executor framework. Key points include: - Locks provide an alternative to synchronized blocks and methods, and allow more flexible locking behavior. ReentrantLock is a common lock implementation. - Conditions (condition variables) allow threads to wait/signal and are used with locks rather than synchronized monitors. - Atomic variables ensure thread-safe operations on single variables without locking.

1. Java 5 Concurrency
1.1 Locks
Before Java 5 concurrency was achieved using synchronized locks and
wait/notify idiom. Synchronization is a locking mechanism where a block of
code or method is protected by a software lock. Any thread that wants to
execute this block of code must first acquire the lock. The lock is released
once the thread exits the synchronization block or method. Acquiring of lock
and releasing it is done by compiler thus relieving programmer of lock book-
keeping. However, there are some draw backs while using synchronization as
you will see below.
Wait/Notify idiom allows a thread to wait for a signal from other thread.
Wait can be timed or can be interrupted (using Thread.interrupt()).
Wait is signaled using notify.
1.1.1 Drawbacks of Synchronization
No Back-off: Once a thread enters a synchronization block or
method, it has to wait till lock is available. It cannot back off
to execute other instructions if lock is not available or it is
taking very long time to get the lock.
No Read-Only Access: Multiple threads cannot acquire lock even if
read-only access is required.
Compile Time: Code synchronization is compile time decision.
Synchronization cannot be turned off because of run-time
conditions. To enable this, a lot of code duplication is
required.
No Metadata: Lock metadata like number of threads waiting for
lock, average time to acquire lock is not available in java
program.
1.1.2 Lock Interface
As of Java 5, Lock interface implementations can be used instead of
synchronization.
When a thread creates lock object, memory synchronization with cache occurs.
This behavior is similar to entering a synchronized block or method.
Lock interface has methods to lock and lock interruptibly.

2. Lock Interruptibly: This method acquires the lock unless the thread is interrupted
by another thread. On calling this method, if lock is available it is
acquired. If lock is not available, the thread becomes dormant and waits for
lock to be available. If some other thread calls interrupt on this thread,
then interrupted exception is thrown.
tryLock: This methods immediately acquires the lock and returns true if lock is
available. If lock is not available, it returns false.
1.1.3 Lock Implementation
1.1.3.1 ReentrantLock
Reentrant Lock is an implementation of Lock Interface. It allows a thread to
re-enter the code that is protected by this lock object.
It has additional methods that return the state of the lock and other meta
information.
Reentrant Lock can be created with fair parameter. Lock is then acquired by
thread in arrival order.
1.1.3.2 ReentrantReadWriteLock
This is an implementation of ReadWriteLock. It hold a pair of associated
locks one for read only operations and other for write only operations.
The corresponding locks are readlock and writelock. Read locks can be shared
by multiple readers. Write lock is exclusive, i.e., write lock can be granted
to only one writer thread when no reader thread has a read lock.
A reader thread is one that performs a read operation. A writer thread
performs write operations.
When fair is true, the locks are granted based on arrival order of threads.
Lock Downgrading
Lock downgrading is allowed, i.e., if a thread holds write lock, it can then
hold a read lock and then release write lock
ReentrantReadWriteLock l = ne ReentrantReadWriteLock();
l.writelock().lock();
l.readLock.lock();
l.writelock.unlock();

3. Lock Upgrading
Lock Upgrading is not allowed, ie. if a thread holds read lock then it cannot
hold write lock without releasing read lock.
RenetrantReadWriteLock l = new ReentrantReadWriteLock();
l.readLock().lock();
//process..
l.readLock.unlock();// first unlock then acquire write lock
l.writeLock().lock();
Concurrency Improvement
When there are large numbers of reader threads and small number of writer
threads, readwritelock will improve concurrency.
1.1.4 Typical Lock Usage
public class LockedMap {
private Lock l = new ReentrantLock();
Map myMap = new HashMap();
public Object get(Object key){
l.lock();
try {
return myMap.get(key);
} finally {
l.unlock();
}
}
public void put(Object key, Object val) {
l.lock();
try{
myMap.put(key,val);
}finally{
l.unlock();
}
}
}

4. 1.2 Condition
Condition interface factors out object monitor methods wait, notify,
notifyall into separate class. Condition objects are intrinsically bound to a
lock and can be obtained by calling newCondition() on lock instance.
When lock replaces synchronized methods and blocks, conditions replace object
monitor methods.
Conditions are also called condition variables or condition queues.
On the same lock object multiple condition variables can be created.
Different set of threads can wait on different condition variable. A classic
usage is in producer and consumers of a bounded buffer.
public class BoundedBuffer {
final Object[] buffer = new Object[10];
Lock l = new ReentrantLock();
Condition producer = l.newCondition();
Condition consumer = l.newCondition();
int bufferCount, putIdx, getIdx;
public void put(Object x) throws InterruptedException{
l.lock();
try {
while (bufferCount == buffer.length)
producer.await();
buffer[putIdx++] = x;
if (putIdx == buffer.length)
putIdx = 0;
++bufferCount;
consumer.signal();
} finally {
l.unlock();
}
}
public Object get() throws InterruptedException {
l.lock();
try{
while (bufferCount==0)
consumer.await();

5. Object x = buffer[getIdx++];
if(getIdx==buffer.length)
getIdx=0;
--bufferCount;
producer.signal();
return x;
}finally{
l.unlock();
}
}
}
Await UnInterruptibly
This method on condition variable causes the thread to wait until a signal is
executed on that variable.
IllegalMonitorStateException
The thread calling methods on condition variable should hold the
corresponding lock. If it doesn’t then illegalmonitorstateexception is
thrown.
1.3 Atomic Variables
Atomic variables are used for lock free, thread safe programming on single
variables.
As case with volatile variables, atomic variables are never cached locally.
They are always synced with main memory.
CompareAndSet
Atomic variables use compare and swap (CAS) primitive of processors. CAS has
three operands a memory location (V), expected old value of memory location
(A), new value of memory location (B). If current value of memory location
matches the expected old value(A), then new value (B) is written to memory
location (V) and true is returned. In case the current value is different
from expected old value, then memory is not updated and false is return.
Code logic can retry this operation if false is returned.

6. Below code shows CAS algorithm. However, the actual implementation is in
hardware for processors that support CAS. For processors that do not support
CAS, locking as shown below is done to simulate CAS.
public class SimulatedCAS {
private int value;
public synchronized int getValue() { return value; }
boolean synchronized comapreAndSet(expectedVaue, updateValue) {
bool set=false;
if(value==expectedvalue) {
value=newvalue;
set=true;
}else {
set=false
}
return set;
}
}
1.4 Data Structures
1.4.1 Blocking Queue
It is a queue data structure with additional features like consumers of queue
wait/block when queue is empty and producers wait/block when queue is full.
Queue implementations can guarantee fairness where in longest waiting
consumer/producer get the first chance to access the queue.
Below code depicts producer, consumer using blocking queue
public class Producer implements Runnable {
private final BlockingQueue q;
public Producer(BlockingQueue q) {
super();
this.q = q;
}

7. @Override
public void run() {
try {
while(true) {
q.put(produce());
}
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
// TODO Auto-generated catch block
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
private Object produce() {
// TODO Auto-generated method stub
return new Object();
}
}
public class Consumer implements Runnable {
private final BlockingQueue q;
public Consumer(BlockingQueue q) {
super();
this.q = q;
}
@Override
public void run() {
try {
while(true) {
consume(q.take());
}
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
// TODO Auto-generated catch block
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
private void consume(Object take) {
// TODO Auto-generated method stub
}
}

8. public class Setup {
/**
* @param args
*/
public static void main(String[] args) {
BlockingQueue q = new ArrayBlockingQueue(10,true);
Producer p = new Producer(q);
new Thread(p).start();
new Thread(new Consumer(q)).start();
new Thread(new Consumer(q)).start();
}
}
1.4.2 ConcurrentHashMap
Concurrent Has Map is a thread safe hash map but does not block all get and
put operations as synchronized version of hash map does. It allows full
concurrency of gets and expected concurrency of puts.
Concurrent Hash Map internally divides its storage in bins. The entries in
bin are connected by link list.
Nulls are not allowed in key and value.
get operation generally does not entail locking. But algorithm checks if
return value is null the bin (segment) is first locked and then the value is
fetched. A value can be null because of compiler reordering of instructions.
put operations are performed by locking that particular bin (segment).
1.5 Synchronizers
Synchronizers control the flow of execution in one or more threads.
1.5.1 Semaphore
A counting semaphore is used to restrict number of threads that can access a
physical or logical resource. Semaphore maintains a set of permits. Each call
to acquire consumes a permit, possibly blocking if permit is not available.
Each call to release(), releases a permit also signals a waiting acquirer.

9. Usage:
A library has N seats and thus allows only N members at one time to use it.
If all seats are occupied, then arriving members wait for the seat to get
vacant. Design a model for the library.
package com.concur.semaphore;
import java.util.concurrent.Semaphore;
public class Library {
private final Semaphore s = new Semaphore(50, true);
public void enter() throws InterruptedException {
s.acquire();
}
public void exit() throws InterruptedException {
s.release();
}
public void borrowBooks(int id){
//implementation
}
public void returnBook(int id){
//implementaion
}
public static void main(String args) {
Library l = new Library();
try {
l.enter();
l.borrowBooks(1234);
l.exit();
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
// TODO Auto-generated catch block
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
1.5.2 Mutex
Mutex is a counting semaphore with only one permit. They have lot in common
with locks. The difference is that in mutex some other thread can call a
release than the one holding the permit.

10. 1.5.3 Cyclic Barrier
In cyclic barrier, each threads come to a barrier and wait there till all
threads have reached the barrier. Once all threads reach barrier, they are
released for further processing. Optionally a method can be called before
threads are released.
package com.concur.cyclic;
import java.util.concurrent.BrokenBarrierException;
import java.util.concurrent.CyclicBarrier;
public class Barrier {
final int num_threads;
final CyclicBarrier cb;
final boolean complete=false;
public Barrier(int n) {
num_threads=n;
cb= new CyclicBarrier(num_threads, new Runnable(){
@Override
public void run() {
System.out.println("All threads reached barrier");
//check if complete and set complete
}});
}
public void process() throws InterruptedException, BrokenBarrierException {
while(!complete) {
//process
cb.await();
//exits if process completed else loops
}
}
}
1.5.4 Countdown Latch
Count down latch is similar to cyclic barrier but differs in way the treads
are released. In cyclic barrier, threads are released automatically when all
threads reach barrier. In countdown latch that is initialized by N, threads
are released when countdown has been called N times. Any call to await block
threads if N!=0. Once N reaches 0, await() returns immediately.

11. Countdown latches cannot be reused. Once N reaches 0, all await() return
immediately.
package com.concur.countdown;
import java.util.concurrent.CountDownLatch;
public class Latch {
private class Worker implements Runnable {
final CountDownLatch start, done;
public Worker(CountDownLatch start, CountDownLatch done) {
this.start = start;
this.done = done;
// TODO Auto-generated constructor stub
}
@Override
public void run() {
try {
start.await();
// do process
done.countDown();
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
// TODO Auto-generated catch block
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
Latch l= new Latch();
CountDownLatch start = new CountDownLatch(1);
CountDownLatch done = new CountDownLatch(10);
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
new Thread(l. new Worker(start, done)).start();
}
try {
//do something
start.countDown();
//do something
done.await();
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
// TODO Auto-generated catch block
e.printStackTrace();
}

12. }
}
1.6 Executor Framework
Executor framework has API to create thread pool and submit tasks to be
executed by thread pools.
Executor interface has only one method execute that takes a runnable object.
Executor thread pools can be created by calling factory methods
Executors.newCachedThreadPool(): If thread is available, ot will be used else
new thread will be created. Threads not used for 60 seconds will be removed
fro cache.
Executors.newFixedThreadPool(n); N threads are created and added to the pool.
The tasks are stored in unbounded queue and pool threads pick up tasks from
the queue. If thread terminates due to failure, new thread is created and
added to pool.
Executor.newSingleThredExecutor(): A pool of single thread.
Executor Usage:
package com.concur.executor;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.net.ServerSocket;
import java.net.Socket;
import java.util.concurrent.Executor;
import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
public class WebServer {
Executor pool = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(50);
public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException{
WebServer ws = new WebServer();
ServerSocket ssocket= new ServerSocket(80);
while(true) {
Socket soc = ssocket.accept();
Runnable r = new Runnable(){

13. @Override
public void run() {
handle(soc);
}
};
ws.pool.execute(r);
}
}
}
1.7 Future
Future represents a task and serves as a wrapper for the tasks. The task may
not have started execution, or may be executing or may have completed. The
result of the task can be obtained by calling future.get().
future.get() returns immediately if task is completed, else it blocks till
the task gets completed.
FutureTask is an implementation of future interface. It also implements
runnable interface and allows the task to be submitted to
executor.execute(Runnable r).
Bow code snippet shows usage of future task class to implement a thread safe
cache.
package com.concur.cache;
import java.util.concurrent.Callable;
import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentHashMap;
import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentMap;
import java.util.concurrent.ExecutionException;
import java.util.concurrent.Executor;
import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
import java.util.concurrent.FutureTask;
public class SimpleCache <K, V> {
private ConcurrentMap<K, FutureTask<V>> cache = new ConcurrentHashMap();
Executor pool = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(10);
public V get(final K key) throws InterruptedException, ExecutionException {
FutureTask<V> val = cache.get(key);
if(val==null) {
Callable<V> c = new Callable<V>(){
@Override

14. public V call() {
System.out.println("Cache Miss");
return (V)new Integer(key.hashCode());
}
};
val = new FutureTask<V>(c);
FutureTask<V> oldVal=cache.putIfAbsent(key, val);
if(oldVal==null){
//this thread should execute future task to get the actual
cache value associated with key
pool.execute(val);
}else {
//assign val to oldVal as other thread has won the race to
store its future task in concurrent map
val=oldVal;
}
}else{
System.out.println("Cache Hit");
}
return val.get();
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
try {
SimpleCache<String,Integer > sc = new
SimpleCache<String,Integer>();
System.out.println(sc.get("Hello"));
System.out.println(sc.get("Hello"));
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
// TODO Auto-generated catch block
e.printStackTrace();
} catch (ExecutionException e) {
// TODO Auto-generated catch block
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}