- The document outlines key challenges in designing skills training programs, using case studies from the Adolescent Girls Initiative (AGI) in Liberia and Nepal.
- There are tradeoffs to consider in targeting beneficiaries, determining appropriate skills to teach, incentivizing trainee participation, monitoring training providers, and building government ownership.
- Successful programs address binding constraints on trainees, provide market-relevant and comprehensive skills packages, invest in quality control, and involve government from the beginning to facilitate scale-up and ownership.
A Skills beyond School Review of Egypt examines what type of training is needed to meet the needs of a changing economy, how programmes should be funded, how they should be linked to academic and university programmes, and how employers and unions can be engaged. The country reviews in the series form part of Skills beyond School, the OECD policy review of postsecondary vocational education and training.
Education is highly valued in Korean society. While this has some drawbacks, it has also contributed to the rise in upper secondary enrolment rates. Korean students have high educational aspirations and a high share of young people
progress into tertiary education.
Visit www.oecd.org/education/vet to download your copy of the review for free
A Skills Beyond School Review of KazakhstanEduSkills OECD
A Skills beyond School Review of Kazakhstan examines what type of training is needed to meet the needs of a changing economy, how programmes should be funded, how they should be linked to academic and university programmes, and how employers and unions can be engaged. The country reviews in the series form part of Skills beyond School, the OECD policy review of postsecondary vocational education and training.
A Skills Beyond School Review of South AfricaEduSkills OECD
A Skills beyond School Review of South Africa examines what type of training is needed to meet the needs of a changing economy, how programmes should be funded, how they should be linked to academic and university programmes, and how employers and unions can be engaged. The country reviews in the series form part of Skills beyond School, the OECD policy review of postsecondary vocational education and training.
A Skills beyond School Review of Egypt examines what type of training is needed to meet the needs of a changing economy, how programmes should be funded, how they should be linked to academic and university programmes, and how employers and unions can be engaged. The country reviews in the series form part of Skills beyond School, the OECD policy review of postsecondary vocational education and training.
Education is highly valued in Korean society. While this has some drawbacks, it has also contributed to the rise in upper secondary enrolment rates. Korean students have high educational aspirations and a high share of young people
progress into tertiary education.
Visit www.oecd.org/education/vet to download your copy of the review for free
A Skills Beyond School Review of KazakhstanEduSkills OECD
A Skills beyond School Review of Kazakhstan examines what type of training is needed to meet the needs of a changing economy, how programmes should be funded, how they should be linked to academic and university programmes, and how employers and unions can be engaged. The country reviews in the series form part of Skills beyond School, the OECD policy review of postsecondary vocational education and training.
A Skills Beyond School Review of South AfricaEduSkills OECD
A Skills beyond School Review of South Africa examines what type of training is needed to meet the needs of a changing economy, how programmes should be funded, how they should be linked to academic and university programmes, and how employers and unions can be engaged. The country reviews in the series form part of Skills beyond School, the OECD policy review of postsecondary vocational education and training.
Question and answer session to support applications for the Youth Apprenticeship Notice of Funding Opportunity (NOFO), addressing questions concerning the application, partnerships, fiscal assistance, and employer engagement.
Session III: Lay-Cheng Tan - Promoting Youth Employment: the potential of ent...OECD CFE
The OECD’s Regional Policy Network on Education and Skills aims to foster knowledge exchange in support of national growth and regional integration. The Network encourages a whole-of-government approach to formulating and implementing sound skills policies. It draws on the growing participation by Southeast Asian countries in the OECD’s education surveys and local job creation policy reviews, which provide valuable comparative data and analysis that can help countries in the region build more efficient and effective employment and skills systems.
Final report “Transition from VET TO WORK in Latvia” (available above) reflects a short summary of each issue raised during the discussions, proposals and recommendations, and illustrates a number of good practices which also arouse inspiration for further cooperation and development.
Key Characteristics of Strong Vocational SystemsEduSkills OECD
Set out over the following slides are a set of key characteristics of strong vocational systems. These characteristics are based on the policy recommendations for vocational education and training advanced in the OECD reports Learning for Jobs (2010) and Skills Beyond School: Synthesis Report (2014).
FITT Toolbox: Master Class in Entrepreneurial SkillsFITT
iStep is a 3 day inhouse master class training in enterprenuerial skills aimed at researchers and staff member of business partners of IBBT. iStep provides participants with practical insights and tools into the making of a technology-based start up: from R&D to business idea, IPR, human resources, market assessment and approach, financial plan and valuation, sources of finance and launch of the company.
www.FITT-for-Innovation.eu
Explains what NSQF entails; the objectives of NSQF. The 3 pillars of NSQF. The impetus given to skill development to promote employability of students.
Question and answer session to support applications for the Youth Apprenticeship Notice of Funding Opportunity (NOFO), addressing questions concerning the application, partnerships, fiscal assistance, and employer engagement.
Session III: Lay-Cheng Tan - Promoting Youth Employment: the potential of ent...OECD CFE
The OECD’s Regional Policy Network on Education and Skills aims to foster knowledge exchange in support of national growth and regional integration. The Network encourages a whole-of-government approach to formulating and implementing sound skills policies. It draws on the growing participation by Southeast Asian countries in the OECD’s education surveys and local job creation policy reviews, which provide valuable comparative data and analysis that can help countries in the region build more efficient and effective employment and skills systems.
Final report “Transition from VET TO WORK in Latvia” (available above) reflects a short summary of each issue raised during the discussions, proposals and recommendations, and illustrates a number of good practices which also arouse inspiration for further cooperation and development.
Key Characteristics of Strong Vocational SystemsEduSkills OECD
Set out over the following slides are a set of key characteristics of strong vocational systems. These characteristics are based on the policy recommendations for vocational education and training advanced in the OECD reports Learning for Jobs (2010) and Skills Beyond School: Synthesis Report (2014).
FITT Toolbox: Master Class in Entrepreneurial SkillsFITT
iStep is a 3 day inhouse master class training in enterprenuerial skills aimed at researchers and staff member of business partners of IBBT. iStep provides participants with practical insights and tools into the making of a technology-based start up: from R&D to business idea, IPR, human resources, market assessment and approach, financial plan and valuation, sources of finance and launch of the company.
www.FITT-for-Innovation.eu
Explains what NSQF entails; the objectives of NSQF. The 3 pillars of NSQF. The impetus given to skill development to promote employability of students.
Arriving and thriving: Student research resultsAbilityNet
Slide deck from webinar with Alistair McNaught of McNaught Consultancy, Amy Low, Adam Tweed and Helen Wickes of AbilityNet.
The webinar took place on Tuesday 27 October and provided an overview of the Higher Education Commission's 'Arriving at Thriving?' report into the experiences of disabled students, the challenges and potential solutions offered that may help your institution or organisation.
Find out more at: https://abilitynet.org.uk/news-blogs/new-research-reveals-tough-situations-many-disabled-students
This presentation is part of the work conducted during strategy plaining training conducted by MOBILY company in Saudi Arabia in December 2014.
different strategy modeless are used such as Porters Five Forces, Value Chain Analysis , BCG Matrix , Space Matrix
While continuing the World Bank’s commitment to help countries reach the education Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), the new Education Strategy 2020 focuses on the goal of Learning for All. Learning for All means giving all people equitable opportunities to acquire the knowledge and skills they need to have healthy and satisfying lives, to be good citizens, and to be productive
contributors to their countries’ economic development.
The World Bank invited attendees of Women Deliver 2013 to join a conversation about using Results-Based Financing (RBF) approaches to improve access to health services and health outcomes for mothers, newborns and children in developing countries. The Health Results Innovation Trust Fund (HRITF) presented promising data that is starting to come in from its portfolio of RBF programs.
PHP Frameworks: I want to break free (IPC Berlin 2024)Ralf Eggert
In this presentation, we examine the challenges and limitations of relying too heavily on PHP frameworks in web development. We discuss the history of PHP and its frameworks to understand how this dependence has evolved. The focus will be on providing concrete tips and strategies to reduce reliance on these frameworks, based on real-world examples and practical considerations. The goal is to equip developers with the skills and knowledge to create more flexible and future-proof web applications. We'll explore the importance of maintaining autonomy in a rapidly changing tech landscape and how to make informed decisions in PHP development.
This talk is aimed at encouraging a more independent approach to using PHP frameworks, moving towards a more flexible and future-proof approach to PHP development.
GraphSummit Singapore | The Art of the Possible with Graph - Q2 2024Neo4j
Neha Bajwa, Vice President of Product Marketing, Neo4j
Join us as we explore breakthrough innovations enabled by interconnected data and AI. Discover firsthand how organizations use relationships in data to uncover contextual insights and solve our most pressing challenges – from optimizing supply chains, detecting fraud, and improving customer experiences to accelerating drug discoveries.
Removing Uninteresting Bytes in Software FuzzingAftab Hussain
Imagine a world where software fuzzing, the process of mutating bytes in test seeds to uncover hidden and erroneous program behaviors, becomes faster and more effective. A lot depends on the initial seeds, which can significantly dictate the trajectory of a fuzzing campaign, particularly in terms of how long it takes to uncover interesting behaviour in your code. We introduce DIAR, a technique designed to speedup fuzzing campaigns by pinpointing and eliminating those uninteresting bytes in the seeds. Picture this: instead of wasting valuable resources on meaningless mutations in large, bloated seeds, DIAR removes the unnecessary bytes, streamlining the entire process.
In this work, we equipped AFL, a popular fuzzer, with DIAR and examined two critical Linux libraries -- Libxml's xmllint, a tool for parsing xml documents, and Binutil's readelf, an essential debugging and security analysis command-line tool used to display detailed information about ELF (Executable and Linkable Format). Our preliminary results show that AFL+DIAR does not only discover new paths more quickly but also achieves higher coverage overall. This work thus showcases how starting with lean and optimized seeds can lead to faster, more comprehensive fuzzing campaigns -- and DIAR helps you find such seeds.
- These are slides of the talk given at IEEE International Conference on Software Testing Verification and Validation Workshop, ICSTW 2022.
Dr. Sean Tan, Head of Data Science, Changi Airport Group
Discover how Changi Airport Group (CAG) leverages graph technologies and generative AI to revolutionize their search capabilities. This session delves into the unique search needs of CAG’s diverse passengers and customers, showcasing how graph data structures enhance the accuracy and relevance of AI-generated search results, mitigating the risk of “hallucinations” and improving the overall customer journey.
Why You Should Replace Windows 11 with Nitrux Linux 3.5.0 for enhanced perfor...SOFTTECHHUB
The choice of an operating system plays a pivotal role in shaping our computing experience. For decades, Microsoft's Windows has dominated the market, offering a familiar and widely adopted platform for personal and professional use. However, as technological advancements continue to push the boundaries of innovation, alternative operating systems have emerged, challenging the status quo and offering users a fresh perspective on computing.
One such alternative that has garnered significant attention and acclaim is Nitrux Linux 3.5.0, a sleek, powerful, and user-friendly Linux distribution that promises to redefine the way we interact with our devices. With its focus on performance, security, and customization, Nitrux Linux presents a compelling case for those seeking to break free from the constraints of proprietary software and embrace the freedom and flexibility of open-source computing.
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
Alt. GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using ...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
Threats to mobile devices are more prevalent and increasing in scope and complexity. Users of mobile devices desire to take full advantage of the features
available on those devices, but many of the features provide convenience and capability but sacrifice security. This best practices guide outlines steps the users can take to better protect personal devices and information.
Pushing the limits of ePRTC: 100ns holdover for 100 daysAdtran
At WSTS 2024, Alon Stern explored the topic of parametric holdover and explained how recent research findings can be implemented in real-world PNT networks to achieve 100 nanoseconds of accuracy for up to 100 days.
Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
The publishing industry has been selling digital audiobooks and ebooks for over a decade and has found its groove. What’s changed? What has stayed the same? Where do we go from here? Join a group of leading sales peers from across the industry for a conversation about the lessons learned since the popularization of digital books, best practices, digital book supply chain management, and more.
Link to video recording: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/selling-digital-books-in-2024-insights-from-industry-leaders/
Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
The Art of the Pitch: WordPress Relationships and SalesLaura Byrne
Clients don’t know what they don’t know. What web solutions are right for them? How does WordPress come into the picture? How do you make sure you understand scope and timeline? What do you do if sometime changes?
All these questions and more will be explored as we talk about matching clients’ needs with what your agency offers without pulling teeth or pulling your hair out. Practical tips, and strategies for successful relationship building that leads to closing the deal.
The Art of the Pitch: WordPress Relationships and Sales
Labor Markets Core Course 2013: Case Study of the Adolescent Girls Initiative
1. Shubha Chakravarty and Mattias Lundberg
Labor Markets Core Course
World Bank
May 2013
Design and Implementation of
Skills Training Programs:
A Case Study of the Adolescent
Girls Initiative
2. • 6 Key Challenges
• Background on the AGI
• Answering the Challenges
• Summary
• Additional advice
• Where to Get Help
Outline of Presentation
2
3. 1. Whom to target: “Vulnerability” vs. “Employability”
2. What to teach: Demand-driven vs. market-driven
3. What to teach: Technical skills vs. full package of skills
4. How to incentivize trainees: Complementary services
5. How to incentivize training providers: Performance-
based contracts
6. How to build client ownership: Institutional
arrangements
6 Key Design Challenges
3
4. • Objective: Economic empowerment for young women (aged 16-
24) in 8 countries worldwide
• Design Features:
– Private sector/NGO training providers competitively selected to provide
market-relevant skills training
– Vocational Skills for wage or self employment
– Life skills training to address girls’ vulnerabilities
– Financial literacy and business development
– Microfinance (South Sudan)
– Stipend (Rwanda, Afghanistan)
– Job placement through performance-based contracts (Liberia, Nepal)
• Today, we’ll focus on Liberia and Nepal (with some anecdotes
from non-AGI programs in Uganda and Kenya)
Background on the AGI
5. • Implemented by Ministry of Gender
• Design Features:
– 4 NGO service providers competitively selected (plus 4 more sub-
contracted)
– Trainees choose between job skills and business development
– Wide variety of training areas: painting, hotel/ restaurant work, driving,
etc.
– Coverage: 2500 girls in Greater Monrovia
– Training conducted in small groups
– Six month follow-up period for job placement
• Video: http://www.youtube.com/worldbank#p/c/35/9rP4-b1FN_g
AGI in Liberia (EPAG)
6. • Implemented by Helvetas (International NGO, with Govt.)
• Design Features:
– Builds upon an existing model for private sector skills training (supported
by DfID and SDC)
– Focus on wage employment
– Training providers conduct rapid market assessments (RMAs) to identify
traditional and non-traditional trades
– Mixed classrooms with males and older students (up to age 40)
– Wide geographic coverage: 4000 girls in 50 districts of country
• Video: http://www.youtube.com/worldbank#p/c/1/ljKBQob27sI
AGI in Nepal (AGEI)
7. • Tradeoff between “Vulnerability” vs. “Employability”
• Option 1: Define clearly whom you want to train, define realistic
targets, and adjust as needed (Liberia)
– Entrepreneurship Target: 85%. Job Skills Target: 55%
– Original eligibility criteria loosened, literacy feeder component added.
• Option 2: Let the market decide (Nepal)
– Set clearly defined (and verifiable) vulnerability criteria
– Pay a per-student incentive for members of vulnerable groups
– Adjust the criteria as needed (e.g., some groups may not require
incentives over time)
• Don’t assume the “vulnerable” will come to you
– Specialized communications and outreach strategies (Liberia)
– Leverage civil society groups to reach out to specific groups (Nepal)
Bottom line: Acknowledge the tradeoff by either adjusting targets
or budgeting more for vulnerable groups
Challenge 1: Whom to target
7
8. • Tradeoff between demand-driven vs. market-driven trades
• Various challenges with venturing into new trades:
– Availability of curricula, trainers, skills certification
– Higher risk of dropouts
– For women: stigma associated with male-dominated trades may constrain
their employment after the training
• Tradeoff between entrepreneurship and wage employment
• Various approaches to facilitating an informed choice among
trainees:
– Informal counseling (Liberia)
– Orientation session before application (Kenya)
– Advertisements (e.g., radio spots) before application (Nepal)
– Induction period after application (Rwanda)
Bottom Line: Educate (yourself and) your beneficiaries before they
choose a trade. Equip all trainees with basic entrepreneurship skills.
Challenge 2: What to teach
8
9. • Trainees have various learning needs: tradeoff between how many
to address
• Emerging evidence that comprehensive skills packages have good
results:
– One (or more) technical skills (multi-skilling)
– Entrepreneurship and financial literacy
– Life skills: Customer service, interview skills, negotiation, communication,
stress management, worker rights
• Employers often say that the “other stuff” matters more than the
technical skills themselves
• Various challenges with delivering skills packages:
– Might need to engage various training providers
– Additional complexity and cost reduces potential for scale-up
Bottom Line: In most contexts, purely technical skills training is not
enough. Experiment with different packages to learn what’s
absolutely necessary.
Challenge 3: What to teach
9
10. • Although rarely reported, high dropout rates plague many skills
training programs
• Trainees have many constraints to participation: Tradeoff between
how many to address
• Related tradeoff between facilitating participation and attracting
less motivated students
• Types of incentives:
– Stipends: None, transport only, transport plus subsistence
– Other monetary incentives: completion bonus, microfinance loans, start-
up kits
– Non-monetary incentives: child care, one-on-one mentoring,
interventions, prizes for attendance
• Pre-program assessments help, but “revealed preferences” are
more telling
Bottom line: Figure out which constraints are binding, and focus on
addressing those
Challenge 4: Incentivizing Trainees
10
11. • Tradeoff between investing in monitoring and training more
students
• Require a market assessment
– Provide training/ guidance on how to conduct (Nepal)
• Frequent and unannounced quality control visits
– Can be done cheaply using part-time monitors (Liberia)
– Develop checklist in conjunction with training providers
– Follow-up doggedly with any issues discovered until resolution
• Use performance-based contracts:
– Reserve a portion of the contract amount to be paid upon verification of
employment of graduates
– In Liberia: “Withheld Incentive Payment”
– In Nepal: “Output-based financing”
Bottom line: too many programs under-invest in quality control and
job placement.
Challenge 5: Incentivizing training providers
11
12. • Tradeoff between govt. and NGO/private sector delivery of skills training
• If you choose non-govt. service delivery, there are multiple levels of
involvement with govt.:
– Advisory and oversight role
– Implementation role: hiring and management of training providers
– Quality control: monitoring and certification of training providers
– Curriculum standardization
– Skills Certification
– Policy/ Advocacy role (e.g., Adolescent Girls Unit)
• If you choose govt. service delivery, there are many potential ways to
collaborate with civil society/ private sector:
– Advisory and oversight role
– Capacity building of public TEVT agencies
– Third party monitoring
– Beneficiary outreach and selection
Bottom line: Choose the highest quality option for training provision, but
don’t wait until the end of Phase I to put government in the driver’s seat.
Challenge 6: Building Client Ownership
12
13. Acknowledge the tradeoff between vulnerability and
employability by either adjusting targets or budgeting more
for vulnerable groups.
Educate your beneficiaries before they choose a trade. Equip
all trainees with basic entrepreneurship skills.
Experiment with different packages of skills to learn what’s
absolutely necessary.
Find out which constraints are binding when incentivizing
trainee participation.
Invest in quality control and use performance-based contracts
to maximize post-training employment.
Even if they don’t deliver the training, government ownership
needs to built from the beginning.
Summary
13
14. • Do an impact evaluation during Phase 1 (please!)
– Advocate for expansion (or not)
– Know which components are essential
– Compare your program to other interventions
– Learn which beneficiaries are succeeding and which need more help
• Do include trainees in your monitoring efforts
– Participant feedback via mobile phones or in-person
– Participants can collect data and do data entry
– Graduates can help recruit/ mentor the next batch of trainees
– Participants are powerful advocates for expansion/ scale-up
Additional Friendly Advice
14
15. • WB’s Youth Employment Inventory (www.youth-employment-inventory.org)
– Global repository of youth employment programs (WB and non-WB)
• AGI “Learning from Practice” series
– Tips on designing skills training programs based on lessons learned from the implementation
of AGI pilots
• Hempel, Fiala 2012. “Measuring Success of Youth Livelihood Interventions: A
practical guide to monitoring and evaluation”. World Bank and IYF.
• UNESCO 2012 report: “Youth and Skills: Putting Education to Work”
• Ibarraran Shady 2009: “Evaluating the impact of job training programs in Latin
America: Evidence from IDB funded operations”
• ILO’s Global Employment Trends for Youth/ Women (annual publications)
• International Youth Foundation (IYF)
• Global Partnership on Youth Employment (GPYE)– ILO, WB, IYF
• Youth Employment Network (ILO, WB)
• Making Cents International (makingcents.com)
– Annual conference (good place to meet NGOs working on youth employment), plus various
off-the-shelf curricula
Where to Get Help
15