This document provides information on physical examination of urine, including volume, color, odor, reaction/pH, and specific gravity. It discusses normal ranges and causes for conditions like nocturia (urinating frequently at night), polyuria (excessive urine production), oliguria (low urine output), and anuria (no urine production). The color, odor, reaction/pH, and specific gravity of urine can provide clues to normal functioning or abnormalities in the urinary system and kidneys. The document was written by Adnan adil, son of Md. Monir alam, a student at USHA MARTIN UNIVERSITY, RANCHI.

1. Name:- Adnan adil.
S/o:-Md.monir alam.
Class:-BMLT
University:-USHA MARTIN
UNIVERSITY, RANCHI.

2. *Physical examination of urine*
•AIM:-physical examination of urine.
• Introduction of physical examination of urine :- it is consists of volume, colour,
odour, reaction/P.H and specific gravity.
1. Volume:-normal range of urine Volume is 700-2500ml & average Volume of
urine are 1200ml.
• Nocturia:-Nocturia is a condition that causes you to wake up during the night
pee is called nocturnal.
• urine passed >500ml during the night is known as nocturia.
• Causes of nocturia:-
• Drinking too much fluid before bedtime.
• Reduced bladder capacity.
• Bladder obstruction, swelling & pain in you bladder.

3. • Symptoms of nocturial:- at night. These include:

6. • Polyuria:- Polyuria means excessive urine production is called Polyuria.
• Urine passed >2500ml in 24hrs is known as Polyuria.
• Causes of Polyuria:- Central diabetes insipidus (partial or complete).
• Amyloidosis.
• Hypercalcemia (due to cancer, hyperparathyroidism, or granulomatous disease).
• Hypokalemia.
• Obstruction uropathy.
• Sickle cell disease.
• Inherited disorder.
• Drugs (lithium, cidofovir, foscarnet).
• Kidney disease or kidney failure.
• Liver disease.

7. • Symptoms of Polyuria:-
• Feel thristy. You’re losing a lot of fluid, and that can lead to dehydration.
• Wake up often at night. Your urge to go doesn’t stop when you sleep.
• Oliguria:- Oliguria is the medical term for low urine output. If you have a blockage,
your kidney are producing urine but you aren’t able to excrete it
• If you aren’t producing urine, you may have disease of the kidneys, heart or lungs
is known as oliguria.
• Urine passed <500ml in 24hrs is called oliguria.
• Causes of oliguria:- low blood volume (Hypovolemia)
• Heavy blood loss, decrease fluid intake, burns, sepsis, liver failure and surgery.
• Heart and lung problem.
• Vascular disease of your kidneys, acute tubular necrosis & urethral stones.

8. • Anuria:- Anuria is a medical emergency. Your kidneys are responsible for
removing waste and extra fluid from your body & when the wastes and fluids
build up in your body, it can be very dangerous in fatal.
• Complete cessation of urine is passed <150ml in 24hrs is called anuria.
• Causes of anuria:- extreme dehydration.
• Blood loss.
• Severe infection.
• Shock.
• Heart & liver failure.

9. • Colour:-Normal urine colour is pale yellow & straw colour due to pigment
urochrome.
1. Red colour due to haematuria and hemoglobinuria.
2. Brown colour due to bile.
3. Orange colour due to urobilinogen.
4. Milky colour due to pus or fat.
5. Colourless colour due to diabetes inspidus and diabetes mellitus.
6. Green colour due to phenol poisoning.
7. Smoky colour due to small amount of blood.
8. Deep Amber colour due muscular excercise and high fever.
Odour:-Normal has aromatic faint odour.
• Putrid due to UTI.

10. • Fruity due to ketonacidosis.
• Mousy due to phenylketonuria.
Reaction/p.h:-It reflect of kidney maintain H+ ion concentration in plasma and
extracellar fluids.
• Normal range of p.h is 4.6 to 7.0 and average range is 6.0
Acidic urine is due to the following:-
1. High protein.
2. Respiratory and metabolic acidosis.
3. UTI by E.coli.
Alkaline urine is due to the following:-
1. Vegetable.
2. Respiratory and metabolic alkalosis.
3. UTI by proteus.

11. Specific gravity:-Normal range 1.003 to 1.030.
 Low specific gravity occur in:-
• Excess water.
• Diabetes inspidus.
 High specific gravity occur in:-
• Dehydration.
• Albuminuria.
• Thanks you
Written by:-
Adnan adil , S/0 Md. Monir alam.