The aim of this practical was to sort out mistakes in the hospital biochemistry laboratory where as laboratory has mixed up some urine samples because the label has been lost

1. SORTING OUT MISTAKES IN THE
HOSPITAL BIOCHEMISTRY LABORATORY
The aim of this practical was to sort out
mistakes in the hospital biochemistry laboratory
where as laboratory has mixed up some urine
samples because the label has been lost

2. INTRODUCTION
• Laboratory is the special room designed for conducting scientific
experiments, test or investigations.
• Hospital laboratory are responsible for analyzing a huge variety of
sample using microscopy looking for malaria parasites and
biochemical test for testing glucose in blood and urine.
• A urine test checks different components of the urine, a waste
product made by kidney.
• Urinalysis is the set of screening test that can detect some common
diseases .

3. Intro……continues
• A regular urine test maybe done to find out causes of symptoms the
test can give information about health of the person Urine has many
different waste ,what we eat and drink, how much we exercise how
well our kidney work affect what is in the urine
• A urine test can be done to check for the disease or infection of the
urinary track.
• Symptoms of the urine infection may include coloured or bad smell,
pain when urinating, find it hard to urinate and blood in the urine.
• A test may also be done to the treatment of a condition such as
diabetes, kidney s stone, a urinary tract infection (UTI) or liver disease

4. Intro…..continues
• In this experiment we are provided with urine samples and these are
• Mr. A: she is pregnant suffering from high blood pressure
• Mr. B: He is 55 years who has diabetes.
• Miss C: She was a woman in her 30s who is often tired. The doctor
suspected diabetes, but in fact her urine sample is normal
• Mr. D: He was a man in his 2os who had bad accident on his
bodaboda. He was hit in the back and one kidney is damaged. Since
his urine samples were mixed up, we did experiment so as to sort out
and to identify the urine sample of each patient

5. MATERIALS
• Minimum of 10cm3 of each urine samples
• 2×103 syringes, 8 test tubes rack
• test tubes holder
• Bunsen burner
• benedict reagent
• Burette reagent
• marker/labels and distilled water bottles.

6. PROCEDURES
• We were provided with four urine sample labelled W,X,Y,Z
• We observed and noticed on the appearances of each of the sample
and recorded the colour change
• We tested each urine sample for protein and glucose and the result
were recoded as follow

8. S/N TEST FOR PROCEDURES OBSERVATION INFERENCE
1
Glucose 5cm3 of urine sample
W,X,Y,Z was placed into
test tube then equal
amount of benedict
reagent was added an
heated at 90oc for five
minutes
Sample solution X colour changed
from green, yellow and finally brick
red
Glucose was
present
Sample solution W Nothing
observed(no colour change)
Glucose was absent
Sample solution Y
Retained colour of the reagent
Glucose was absent
Sample solution Z coloured changed
from yellow, green, orange, and
finally brick red
Glucose was
present
QUESTION
1.

9. S/N TEST FOR PROCEDURES OBSERVATION INFERENCE
2 Protein 5cm3 of urine sample W,X,Y,Z was
placed into test tube then equal
amount of NaOH solution was
added then followed by few drops
of CUSO4 solution then shaken well
Violent colour observed in sample
solution S
Protein was
present
No colour change was observed in
sample solution W
Protein was
absent
Purple colour was observed in
sample solution Y
Protein was
present
Sample solution Z retained colour
of the reagent
Protein was
absent
QUESTION
1. cont…..

10. QUESTION cont……
1. (a) There are two basic causes of glycosuria. One is that the level of
blood glucose is so high that the renal tubules are unable to
reabsorb all that is presented.
• The other is a failure of the tubules to reabsorb all glucose at a level
where this should be possible. The latter is called renal glycosuria.
• NOTE: Glycosuria a condition characterized by an excess of sugar in
the urine, typically associated with diabetes or kidney disease.
• Frequent or ongoing high blood sugar can cause damage to your
nerves, blood vessels, and organs.

11. • 1 b) The reason for the presence of protein the urine of a
pregnant woman may be due to chronic high , blood pressure
which cause the condition known as preeclampsia
• Develops after 20 weeks of pregnancy is marked by high blood
pressure and high levels of protein in free clampsia
• A lot of small blood pressure clamp down in the liver the
kidneys, the brain and other
• Preeclampsia may also caused by an imbalance in prostaglandins
hence to the presence of protein urine of pregnant woman.

12. • . Urinary Tract Infection Or Kidney Infection:
• The presence of protein in urine while pregnant can also be because
of urinary tract infections. Here is what you should check:
• Urinary tract infections must be treated promptly to avoid conditions
like kidney infections that may surface in the form of back pains,
vomiting, nausea, and chills.
• Infection in the urinary tract may also affect one’s baby. It leads to
premature delivery and low birth weights.

13. Questions
1. C. Another investigation that doctor may want to carry out to
determine why miss C is so tired is simple blood test. The blood
should be checked to look out physical causes such as lack of iron
(anaemia) and an underactive Thyroid gland (hypothyroidism).
• Tiredness may be caused by wide range of physical illness, for
example
• A tendency to be lacking in iron(anaemia)
• An underactive thyroid gland(hypothyroidism)

14. Questions…..continue
• Heart failure
• Bowel problems(for example coeliac diseases)
• Chest illness(including asthma and chronic abstractive pulmonary
diseases)
• As well as diabetes as suggested before

15. Iron Deficiency Anaemia
• Is a condition where a lack of iron in the body leads to a reduction in
the number of red blood cells.
• Iron is used to produce red blood cells, which help store and carry
oxygen in the blood.
• If you have fewer red blood cells than is normal, your organs and
tissue won’t get as much as they usually would
• Most common symptoms of iron deficiency anemia are
• Tiredness and lack of energy

16. Iron Deficiency Anaemia….continues
• Shortness of breath
• Noticeable heart(heart palpitation)
• Hence the level of iron in the blood should be investigated. Also Anaemia
caused by lack of vitamin B12 can be the cause of tiredness.
• The lack of vitamin B12cause the body to produce abnormal large blood
cell that can’t function properly.
• RBCs carry oxygen around the body and remove CO2 out of the body using
hemoglobin. Vitamin B12 perform several functions including keeping
nervous system healthy.
• A deficiency problems, commonly extreme tiredness and lack of energy.

17. Underactive thyroid gland
• Hypothyroidism occurs when thyroid gland does not produce enough
hormones.
• The common symptom of this is tiredness, weight gain and feeling
depressed