Adib Rizvi - Pakistan - Monday 28 - Strategies to increase the number of cadaveric donors

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Societal factors in Pakistan influence deceased donor programs. These include tribal and feudal societies where family patriarchs make life and death decisions, reverence for the dead, and mistrust of the medical profession. Cultural factors also affect donor programs, such as moral views weighing treatment benefits against harms. Religious factors operational in Islamic societies include the belief that the body belongs to God and a preference for quick burial. Commercial organ trade has undermined donor programs, but new laws and societal efforts aim to establish ethical living donor transplantation. Overcoming economic, cultural, and religious hurdles remains important to maximize public awareness.

Health & Medicine Business

Societal Factors influencing Deceased Donor Programs Sindh Institute of Urology and Transplantation Dow Medical College, Karachi

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[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Knowledge and attitudes towards organ donation Pakistan: Adult Population (Ashraf O, Artificial Organs 2005) Malaysia: (Adult Population (Wong LP, Clin Transplant 2011) India: Postgraduate Medical Students (Bapat U, SJKT 2009)

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Cultural Factors affecting Deceased Donor Programs Oliver M, et al. NDT 2011, Wong LP Transplant Proc 2010 Hamdy S Revue Internationale Interdisciplinaire 2010

Religious Factors affecting Deceased Donor Programs ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],All religions have sanctioned deceased organ donation Al-Khader et al. Exp Clin Transplant. 2003, Oliver M, et al. NDT 2011, Alkhawari FS et al. AJT 2005

Social Factors Commercialism and Medical Profession ,[object Object],The Grim Set Back Rizvi SAH, Naqiv SAA, Zafar MN, et al. Int J Org Transplant Med 2010

Outcome of Commercialism Deceased Donors Activity (pmp) Countries with commercial transplants Countries with altruistic donor transplants WHO. Global Observatory on Donation & Transplantation 2008

Society Motivated Promulgation of Transplant Law Unanimous Approval by the Parliament Efforts with the help of media, judiciary and the society to implement the law

A new era of ethical living related transplant activity in Pakistan ? ? ? ? Transplant Ordinance ? ? Bile KM, Qureshi JARH, Rizvi SAH, Naqvi SAA et al . East Med Health J 2010

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The document discusses the concepts of altruism and solidarity in organ donation. It analyzes these concepts from both an Aristotelian perspective and using the principles of biomedical ethics. While solidarity is sometimes defined as involving reciprocal duties and obligations (RDO), the document argues that "altruistic solidarity" is a better conception that does not impose requirements on organ recipients. It concludes that understanding solidarity as RDO is inconsistent with international principles of organ transplantation and basic human rights.

Principles Of Trauma Care

MD Specialclass

This document provides an overview of organ transplantation, including: 1. A brief history of transplantation from early experiments to modern developments in immunosuppression. 2. Definitions of different types of transplants including autotransplants, allotransplants, and xenotransplants. 3. A discussion of transplant immunobiology including allorecognition and the mechanisms of rejection. 4. Descriptions of different types of clinical rejection such as hyperacute, acute, and chronic rejection. 5. An overview of commonly used immunosuppressive drugs including corticosteroids, cyclosporine, and monoclonal antibodies.

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This document discusses management and organization models for organ donation and transplantation in Eastern Mediterranean countries. It provides data on transplant activity and compares it to factors like human development index, public health expenditure, literacy rates, and poverty levels. It also examines religious, cultural, and social influences on donation and transplantation in these countries and discusses challenges and ways to improve systems.

BEL311:organ donation as a social responsibility

MARYAM ARIFFIN

This document discusses organ donation as a social responsibility. It provides background on organ donation, noting that anyone can donate organs after death to save lives of those in need. However, awareness of organ donation is still low in Malaysia. The document outlines benefits of donation for both donors and recipients and discusses ways to increase awareness, such as education campaigns and establishing expert transplant organizations. Overall, it argues that organ donation is important and allowed by most religions, so more should be done to support and encourage donation.

Trafficking of human beings for the purpose of organ removal problems and cha...AryanJawaharPrasadMa

Deceased organ donation

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Organ transplantation is a medical advancement that has improved lives, but organ shortage remains a challenge globally. In India, the deceased organ donation rate is only 0.34 per million people compared to higher rates in other countries. Cultural and religious beliefs influence decisions around organ donation in India. Lack of awareness, religious beliefs, and lack of trust in the healthcare system are major reasons families refuse consent for organ donation. Efforts are ongoing to increase rates through education, organizational support, and legislation.

This document summarizes the key points of an initiative to increase organ donation rates in India. It discusses establishing a state transplant organization for Haryana, developing a culture of organ pledging through education, designating more hospitals as organ retrieval centers, and sensitizing police to help expedite the organ donation process. The goal is to convert 1% of brain deaths and 1% of the eligible population to organ donors each year.

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This document discusses organ donation in India, outlining several key challenges. It notes that the organ donation rate in India is very low at 1 donor per million people compared to countries like Spain with a rate of 35 donors per million. Some obstacles mentioned include bureaucratic hurdles in approving transplants, a lack of awareness about organ donation among the public and reluctance from families of potential donors. It also discusses the challenges with identifying brain dead donors and religious superstitions that sometimes prevent donation. The document advocates for reducing red tape and increasing education to improve organ donation rates in India.

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HE 485W Bioethics for Public H.docx

hallettfaustina

HE 485W Bioethics for Public Health please answers each of the following in a brief paragraph. l. Please explain why we should have cause for concern regarding the Bioethical issues facing us in today's modern contemporary Society 2. When does an individuals' right to choose begin to threaten the autonomy of others? Likewise, when does the quest for autonomy begin to threaten individual rights? 3. Please explain how genetic engineering and testing along with Bio-technology has the potential to promote discrimination. 4. Please describe the inherent social challenges in cloning human beings as we have discussed them in class or otherwise. 5. In your opinion, would it ever be appropriate for employers to screen for predetermined genetic disorders. Why and Why not? 6. Would it ever be ethical to withhold information from a dying patient? Why and Why not? Organ Transplants Ethical Issues What are Organ Transplants?Cadaveric organ donation: Involves removing organs from a recently deceased donor.Living organ donation: Involves the donation of one of a paired organ (ex: kidneys) or a portion of an organ (such as a lobe of the liver or lung). The donor's organ system is still able to function after the donation. Living donors are often related to the patient, but that is not always the case. HistoryIn 1954, the first successful kidney transplant was performed in the United States. It was a kidney from a living identical twin donor. History cont.More than a half of a century after the very first transplant, more than 80,000 people whose death without a donor is certain are on waitlists in the United States waiting for a new lung, kidney, heart, or liver. The United Network for Organ Sharing reports that about half of these people will die without receiving the necessary organs. Human organs are a scarce medical resource and have many ethical issues concerning organ transplantation. ConsentA donor card is the main signal for permission to collect an organ from a potential donor. Also there is an attempt to gain approval from a next of kin or other family members. If a family member isn’t present for that decision then recovery agencies would act solely on the donor card. Donor Card ConcernsThere is fear and distrust that if you are a organ donor then less effort would be placed into saving your life if your death meant organs for others.Coercion takes place when signing up for a license, because everyone’s license is marked with the decision to be a organ donor or not. Allocation ConcernsOrgan recipients are chosen from a long waiting list after they have been medically determined to be a eligible candidate. The criteria for these lists are weighed upon factors such as age range, causes of failure, and stage of organ failure. An attempt to balance justice...The United Network for Organ Sharing policy tries to make the decision of organ donating fair by placing criteria on the donatin ...

$E:\Alex Thesis\Organ Donation And Transplantion Fr Alexander$ $E:\Alex Thesis\Organ Donation And Transplantion Fr Alexander$

E:\Alex Thesis\Organ Donation And Transplantion Fr Alexander

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1. The document discusses a qualitative study conducted in Rotterdam, Netherlands to investigate views on living kidney donation and transplantation among ethnic minority groups. 2. Focus group discussions and interviews were held with 50 participants from various ethnic backgrounds. Religion was not seen as an obstacle to donation by participants but lack of awareness in their communities was an issue. 3. The study results informed the development of a home-based educational intervention program currently being evaluated in a randomized controlled trial to increase living kidney donation and transplantation among ethnic minorities.

Assessment of Willingness for Organ Donation: A cross- sectional descriptive ...

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—Organ donation is very important action by which a life can be saved, so it is advisable to determine fill the formalities for organ donation at least at the time of death. But due to lack of awareness along with myths and misconceptions add to the low percentage of organ donation in India. So this descriptive study was carried out on 815 more than 18 year aged participants with the aim to assess the willingness for organ donation in participants with reasons for willingness as well as for unwillingness. It was found willingness for donate their organ were only in 50.4% of participants whereas 20.9% did not want to donate and 28.7% did not decide. The most common reason found for willingness in this study was 'I could save many life from donating my body' i.e. in 80.8% followed by 'After death I will be alive' response (51.5%), 'It's saintly work' response (50.6%), 'Society will be benefited' response in 42.2% and 'On being motivated by media and people ' response in 35.8% of participants. And when reasons for not willing to donate their organ was discovered in this study, it was found that majority (55.9%) could not explain any reason for that while 17.1% were feared that family and doctors will not save them, 14% said that family members will sell their organ (14.0%) and few (12.9%) said that it's against my religion. It can be observed that a quantifiable (35.8%) of participants were motivated for willingness for organ donation through media and people are having myths regarding organ donation. So to promote organ donation, awareness for organ donation and its related issues should be encouraged through various medias.

Becoming An Organ Transplant

Help With Paper Capital University

Organ transplants affect over 100,000 Americans each year by providing a lifesaving treatment when organ failure occurs, however the shortage of donated organs means that many patients die waiting for transplants. The process of organ donation begins with an individual agreeing to donate their organs after death, which allows their organs to potentially save multiple lives, but the lack of donated organs contributes to the gap between those needing transplants and available organs. Increasing organ donation would help reduce this shortage and save more lives.

Organ TransplantsEthical Issues What are Organ T.docx

gerardkortney

Organ Transplants Ethical Issues What are Organ Transplants?Cadaveric organ donation: Involves removing organs from a recently deceased donor.Living organ donation: Involves the donation of one of a paired organ (ex: kidneys) or a portion of an organ (such as a lobe of the liver or lung). The donor's organ system is still able to function after the donation. Living donors are often related to the patient, but that is not always the case. HistoryIn 1954, the first successful kidney transplant was performed in the United States. It was a kidney from a living identical twin donor. History cont.More than a half of a century after the very first transplant, more than 80,000 people whose death without a donor is certain are on waitlists in the United States waiting for a new lung, kidney, heart, or liver. The United Network for Organ Sharing reports that about half of these people will die without receiving the necessary organs. Human organs are a scarce medical resource and have many ethical issues concerning organ transplantation. ConsentA donor card is the main signal for permission to collect an organ from a potential donor. Also there is an attempt to gain approval from a next of kin or other family members. If a family member isn’t present for that decision then recovery agencies would act solely on the donor card. Donor Card ConcernsThere is fear and distrust that if you are a organ donor then less effort would be placed into saving your life if your death meant organs for others.Coercion takes place when signing up for a license, because everyone’s license is marked with the decision to be a organ donor or not. Allocation ConcernsOrgan recipients are chosen from a long waiting list after they have been medically determined to be a eligible candidate. The criteria for these lists are weighed upon factors such as age range, causes of failure, and stage of organ failure. An attempt to balance justice...The United Network for Organ Sharing policy tries to make the decision of organ donating fair by placing criteria on the donating circumstances. These circumstances include; the need for the organ and those with the possibility of the maximum outcome. UNOS Criteria Maximize the availability of transplantable organs. Maximize patient and graft survival (allograft-human to human transplant). Minimize the deaths while waiting for a transplant. UNOS Criteria cont. Maximize opportunity for patients with biological or medical disadvantages to receive a transplant. Minimize the effects related to geography. Allow convenient access to transplantation. UNOS Criteria cont.Minimize overall transplantation costs.Provide for flexibility in policy making. Provide for accountability and public trust. The UNOS Ethical PositionThe only ethically sound motivation for donation is humanity. They interpret humanity to be solidarity with the national community and the absence of personal benefit. Racial BiasRacial bia.

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The report summarizes the findings of a committee set up by the Ministry of Health to investigate organ pledging and donation trends in Malaysia over the years. It finds that while the number of organ pledges increases following public awareness campaigns, actual donations remain low due to families refusing to donate organs of deceased loved ones. The Chinese community contributes the most organ pledges compared to other ethnic groups. However, getting family consent remains the biggest challenge to increasing organ donations. The report makes recommendations to address issues of lack of awareness, cultural and religious sensitivities that discourage organ donation among Malaysians.

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Name 1 Student NameProfessor Morris English 2367 .docx

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Name 1 Student Name Professor Morris English 2367 14 November 2019 Organ Donation: You Can Make a Difference The national organ transplant waiting list continues to grow larger and larger, day by day, and we need to take action to decrease the number of patients dying before they receive a lifesaving organ. Although the idea of everyone receiving a transplant that will save their life is desirable, it’s practically impossible to save every single person that is on the waiting list. It may not be possible to reduce the amount of names added to the waiting list everyday, but it is certainly possible to reduce the amount of people that die each day while waiting for a lifesaving transplant. Significant research has been done to explain the reason for the continuous shortage of organ donors and possible solutions have been proposed to put an end to the issue. Majority of research on organ donation agrees that proper education about donation processes, improved procurement processes, and donation after circulatory or cardiac death are all potential solutions to increase the donor pool. Implementation of these ideas is necessary to decrease the amount of patients dying and to increase the amount of registered donors. Many people are opposed to and become uncomfortable when the topic of organ donation arises in conversation. The primary cause of this opposition and fear are the numerous believable but certainly untrue misperceptions regarding organ donation after deceased. In his TED Talk, “Giving the Gift of Life through Organ Donation,” transplant surgeon Chris Barry speaks with a great deal of emotion and knowledge about organ donation after deceased. Dr. Chris Barry lists a cmorris71 Highlight Name 2 few of the formidable myths that surround organ donation which include: belief that a person’s religion does not accept organ donation, doctors will not work as hard to save your life if they know that you are a registered organ donor, and finally the belief that one is too old to donate their organs. He states that, “This kind of thinking is killing people.” It’s important for everyone to be informed about the facts regarding organ donation and to not fall into the trap of the countless misperceptions. In fact, Paolo Bruzzone, MD provides the facts of religious beliefs on organ donation in his article, “Religious Aspects of Organ Transplantation,” he confirms that “No religion formally forbids donation or receipt of organs or is against transplantation from living or deceased donors.” These myths are recognized and explained in the majority of research done on organ donation and transplantation. Specifically, the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA) informs the public about the myths and provides the facts about the myths eliminating any confusion about organ donation and transplantation. The HRSA states that, “There’s no age limit to organ donation. To date, .

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This study examined differences in spirituality, purpose in life, and attitudes toward organ donation between people who signed an organ donor card and those who did not. The study found that those who signed a card had higher scores on measures of purpose in life and positive attitudes toward organ donation. Those who did not sign had higher scores on a measure of transcendental spirituality. A logistic regression analysis determined that purpose in life, attitudes toward donation, and transcendental spirituality explained 34.3% of the variance in whether someone signed an organ donor card. The study suggests that assessing a patient's spirituality and encouraging nurses to share their experience signing a card could help increase organ donation rates.

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This document summarizes a presentation on organ donation in India. It notes that India has one of the lowest organ donation rates in the world despite legalization over 20 years ago. Fewer than 5% of the 1.5-2 lakh people annually awaiting kidney transplants receive them due to lack of available donors. While some states like Tamil Nadu have higher donation rates, overall only 4-6% of hospital deaths result from brain death when organs could be donated. The document calls for more research and an improved framework involving researchers, policymakers, and professionals to address this public health issue. It also recommends the media play a role in educating the public to build support for donation.

Jeremy Chapman - Australia - Tuesday 29 - Who Guiding Principles and quest fo...

incucai_isodp

The document discusses Australia seeking national self-sufficiency in organ transplantation through various achievements and responsibilities. It outlines capacities needed including legislation, healthcare facilities, human resources, and regional cooperation. It also discusses opportunities for care like education, screening, and prevention for conditions requiring organ transplantation. Charts show the numbers of patients with kidney disease on dialysis, listed for transplant, receiving deceased donor organs, and being transplanted.

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GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS AND GASTRITIS Osvaldo Bernardo Muchanga Gastrointestinal Infections GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS result from the ingestion of pathogens that cause infections at the level of this tract, generally being transmitted by food, water and hands contaminated by microorganisms such as E. coli, Salmonella, Shigella, Vibrio cholerae, Campylobacter, Staphylococcus, Rotavirus among others that are generally contained in feces, thus configuring a FECAL-ORAL type of transmission. Among the factors that lead to the occurrence of gastrointestinal infections are the hygienic and sanitary deficiencies that characterize our markets and other places where raw or cooked food is sold, poor environmental sanitation in communities, deficiencies in water treatment (or in the process of its plumbing), risky hygienic-sanitary habits (not washing hands after major and/or minor needs), among others. These are generally consequences (signs and symptoms) resulting from gastrointestinal infections: diarrhea, vomiting, fever and malaise, among others. The treatment consists of replacing lost liquids and electrolytes (drinking drinking water and other recommended liquids, including consumption of juicy fruits such as papayas, apples, pears, among others that contain water in their composition). To prevent this, it is necessary to promote health education, improve the hygienic-sanitary conditions of markets and communities in general as a way of promoting, preserving and prolonging PUBLIC HEALTH. Gastritis and Gastric Health Gastric Health is one of the most relevant concerns in human health, with gastrointestinal infections being among the main illnesses that affect humans. Among gastric problems, we have GASTRITIS AND GASTRIC ULCERS as the main public health problems. Gastritis and gastric ulcers normally result from inflammation and corrosion of the walls of the stomach (gastric mucosa) and are generally associated (caused) by the bacterium Helicobacter pylor, which, according to the literature, this bacterium settles on these walls (of the stomach) and starts to release urease that ends up altering the normal pH of the stomach (acid), which leads to inflammation and corrosion of the mucous membranes and consequent gastritis or ulcers, respectively. In addition to bacterial infections, gastritis and gastric ulcers are associated with several factors, with emphasis on prolonged fasting, chemical substances including drugs, alcohol, foods with strong seasonings including chilli, which ends up causing inflammation of the stomach walls and/or corrosion. of the same, resulting in the appearance of wounds and consequent gastritis or ulcers, respectively. Among patients with gastritis and/or ulcers, one of the dilemmas is associated with the foods to consume in order to minimize the sensation of pain and discomfort.

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Statistics- Statistics is the science of collecting, organizing, presenting, analyzing and interpreting numerical data to assist in making more effective decisions. A statistics is a measure which is used to estimate the population parameter Parameters-It is used to describe the properties of an entire population. Examples-Measures of central tendency Dispersion, Variance, Standard Deviation (SD), Absolute Error, Mean Absolute Error (MAE), Eigen Value

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