Islamic fundamentalism, gender and new hermeneuticsinventionjournals
Control of women has been worldwide one of the most common subjects of fundamentalisms. Claiming allegiance to their sacred text, interpretative authority (monopoly of interpretation) and legitimacy for its implementation, the fundamentalists in their will to power deny to women equal conditions to those ones offered to men, claiming a hierarchical distinction between men and women in the social order as well as an ontological distinction between them, being men considered naturally superior to women. This article aims to clarify the relationship between Islamic fundamentalism and the domination of women and argue about the importance of the emerging feminist Hermeneutics in the context of Islam for the confrontation of female subjugation.
Emerging Moral Issues and their Influence on African Studies: An Interpretati...AJHSSR Journal
The discourse on the incipient ethical themes is not novel in the context of African studies. The
moral issues that this paper interests itself with are abortion, capital punishment, and euthanasia. The
employment of the locution emerging moral issues is in the loose sense tinctured with acaveat as some of these
societal quandaries are as antique as humanity itself. The underlying tenet of these three subjects‟candidature
threshold qualification for deeming is due to their vitiation of the core of human life. The comprehension at this
juncture ought not to be that they are the exclusive ones. Whenever we are faced with this realism, the nagging
enquiry endures being what the conceivable approaches through which the African studies could ameliorate the
status quo are? The problematic facet is that there appears to be a privation of a viable approach by which these
two sorts of cultures might fertilely interact with a telos of nourishing each other instead of being in a melee of
antagonism. In pursuing the conceivable mode out to this, the exposition utilizes the phenomenological method
coupled with hermeneutic in the deciphering of the available literature. The upshot of this endeavour realized
that the apt resolve to this competition of these two cultures which are alien to each other is through the doctrine
of interculturality. The intercommunication of values, consequently, remains to be the most apposite remedy in
the preservation of African culture(s) since the point of departure of any culture ought to be the pursuit of truth.
It is this veracity that unifies humanity as the human intellect is predisposed to the verisimilitude whose sequel
is human emancipation. Additionally, human beings derive the gist of their lives from values.
Islamic fundamentalism, gender and new hermeneuticsinventionjournals
Control of women has been worldwide one of the most common subjects of fundamentalisms. Claiming allegiance to their sacred text, interpretative authority (monopoly of interpretation) and legitimacy for its implementation, the fundamentalists in their will to power deny to women equal conditions to those ones offered to men, claiming a hierarchical distinction between men and women in the social order as well as an ontological distinction between them, being men considered naturally superior to women. This article aims to clarify the relationship between Islamic fundamentalism and the domination of women and argue about the importance of the emerging feminist Hermeneutics in the context of Islam for the confrontation of female subjugation.
Emerging Moral Issues and their Influence on African Studies: An Interpretati...AJHSSR Journal
The discourse on the incipient ethical themes is not novel in the context of African studies. The
moral issues that this paper interests itself with are abortion, capital punishment, and euthanasia. The
employment of the locution emerging moral issues is in the loose sense tinctured with acaveat as some of these
societal quandaries are as antique as humanity itself. The underlying tenet of these three subjects‟candidature
threshold qualification for deeming is due to their vitiation of the core of human life. The comprehension at this
juncture ought not to be that they are the exclusive ones. Whenever we are faced with this realism, the nagging
enquiry endures being what the conceivable approaches through which the African studies could ameliorate the
status quo are? The problematic facet is that there appears to be a privation of a viable approach by which these
two sorts of cultures might fertilely interact with a telos of nourishing each other instead of being in a melee of
antagonism. In pursuing the conceivable mode out to this, the exposition utilizes the phenomenological method
coupled with hermeneutic in the deciphering of the available literature. The upshot of this endeavour realized
that the apt resolve to this competition of these two cultures which are alien to each other is through the doctrine
of interculturality. The intercommunication of values, consequently, remains to be the most apposite remedy in
the preservation of African culture(s) since the point of departure of any culture ought to be the pursuit of truth.
It is this veracity that unifies humanity as the human intellect is predisposed to the verisimilitude whose sequel
is human emancipation. Additionally, human beings derive the gist of their lives from values.
Everyone has to face trouble in his or her life, so you are no different. Just try to keep yourself away from all the bad habits. Thus, you can lead a wonderful existence.
under trade sanctions. The success in beating economic sanctions mostly lies with shrewd and sterategic management practices, which will be made evident in this study
Every year, Muslims spend one entire month in daytime fasting. Learn more about the observance of Ramadan and the holiday that follows its completion, Eid al-Fitr (the Festival of Fast-Breaking).
History of ncia squadron heidelberg and the heidelberg nato commandsIrfan iftekhar
NATO has numerous agencies and organizations and the NATO Communication and Information Systems Services Agency is one of them. A glorious in NATO's history began in 1970 with the formation of The NATO Communication and Information Systems Services Agency (NCSA) which transformed into different NATO organizations. The creation of NATO standardized the allied military procedures and technology. NATO Integrated Communications Systems Central Operating Authority (NICS-COA) was the first ever communications and information date delivering organization, established with a view to operate, maintain and control NATO communication system.
Young girls in developed countries are primarily affected with eating disorders. Persons with anorexia are honest, do not disobey, and hide their inner feeling, tend to be good in whatever they do and often excellent athletes. Research says that anorexia people eat less to gain a sense of control over their lives.
This is an argumentative Essay, this was written by me for a client who told me that some one already has submitted a paper on this topic. So it is here for you.
Oil spillage and gas flaring by the oil industry has devastated the Niger Delta for more than half a century. Oil pollution causes both immediate damage and long-term harm to fish, agricultural lands and the health of the living environment.
Edgecombe Community CollegeREL 110 Section OL1 World Religion.docxgidmanmary
Edgecombe Community College
REL 110 Section OL1
World Religions
Rev. Stephen A. Herring, Instructor
Midterm Assignment
For our midterm this semester we are going to compose a well- developed essay examining the role of human rights and human responsibilities in one of the eastern religions. The “Eastern Religions” are those of Asia, or the orient, also known as the eastern world.
These are covered in your book in chapters 6, 7, and 8. They are:
· Hinduism
· Buddhism
· Daoism
· Confucianism
· Shinto
For this project you want to develop two basic concepts. These are human rights and human responsibilities. Rights are privileges which belong to every human being simply by virtue of their being a person. Human rights have to do with our deeper understanding of what it means to be human. The way we understand the definition of “a person” shapes the ways we treat one another. The problem is that in various ways we treat people differently depending on which sort of people we are talking about. Across human cultures, we afford more rights to one sort of people and fewer rights to other sorts of people. This makes the whole discussion about human rights very complex and intertwined with our cultural perspective.
Responsibilities are obligations that also come with our being human. In each culture, people are expected to comply with certain expectations. One way to understand any religion is by looking at these rights and responsibilities. Viewed in this way, any religion tells its followers two basic things: “This is who you are.” And “This is what you are expected to do.” As a preacher, I don’t know how many sermons I have given where one of these two themes have been touched upon. “This is who we are, and this is what we are expected to do.”
On the surface this seems very simple, but it rapidly gets all wrapped up in the privileges and expectations that come with each culture. To look into this, we can look at the rights of women in the culture surrounding any given religion. We might also look at the rights of minorities, or people who are at the fringes of the culture. People at the fringes of cultural acceptance are known as “marginalized populations.” Here we are looking at the lives of people who are not accepted by the predominant culture. We can also look at attitudes toward “outsiders”, or people who belong to other cultures or other religions.
So, your assignment is as follows;
Please compose a well-developed essay examining human rights and human responsibilities in one of the eastern religions covered in chapters 6, 7, or 8. Your essay should be at least 3 pages long but not more than 5 pages long. (double spaced) Remember to include a clear works cited page. DO NOT try to copy your response off the internet. Please email me if you have any questions.
Y6
Hongkun Yi
Professor Morris
English 2367
2/27/2020
Organ Donation
The debate on organ donation has different dimensions because of the so ...
Edgecombe Community CollegeREL 110 Section OL1 World Religion.docxtidwellveronique
Edgecombe Community College
REL 110 Section OL1
World Religions
Rev. Stephen A. Herring, Instructor
Midterm Assignment
For our midterm this semester we are going to compose a well- developed essay examining the role of human rights and human responsibilities in one of the eastern religions. The “Eastern Religions” are those of Asia, or the orient, also known as the eastern world.
These are covered in your book in chapters 6, 7, and 8. They are:
· Hinduism
· Buddhism
· Daoism
· Confucianism
· Shinto
For this project you want to develop two basic concepts. These are human rights and human responsibilities. Rights are privileges which belong to every human being simply by virtue of their being a person. Human rights have to do with our deeper understanding of what it means to be human. The way we understand the definition of “a person” shapes the ways we treat one another. The problem is that in various ways we treat people differently depending on which sort of people we are talking about. Across human cultures, we afford more rights to one sort of people and fewer rights to other sorts of people. This makes the whole discussion about human rights very complex and intertwined with our cultural perspective.
Responsibilities are obligations that also come with our being human. In each culture, people are expected to comply with certain expectations. One way to understand any religion is by looking at these rights and responsibilities. Viewed in this way, any religion tells its followers two basic things: “This is who you are.” And “This is what you are expected to do.” As a preacher, I don’t know how many sermons I have given where one of these two themes have been touched upon. “This is who we are, and this is what we are expected to do.”
On the surface this seems very simple, but it rapidly gets all wrapped up in the privileges and expectations that come with each culture. To look into this, we can look at the rights of women in the culture surrounding any given religion. We might also look at the rights of minorities, or people who are at the fringes of the culture. People at the fringes of cultural acceptance are known as “marginalized populations.” Here we are looking at the lives of people who are not accepted by the predominant culture. We can also look at attitudes toward “outsiders”, or people who belong to other cultures or other religions.
So, your assignment is as follows;
Please compose a well-developed essay examining human rights and human responsibilities in one of the eastern religions covered in chapters 6, 7, or 8. Your essay should be at least 3 pages long but not more than 5 pages long. (double spaced) Remember to include a clear works cited page. DO NOT try to copy your response off the internet. Please email me if you have any questions.
Collaborative Writing Project
Peer Review Worksheet
Collaborative Writing Project
Peer Review WorksheetPeer Review Worksheet
Name of aut.
Rev. Latino-Am. Enfermagem
2010 May-Jun; 18(3):459-66
www.eerp.usp.br/rlae
Corresponding Author:
Flavio Braune Wiik
Universidade Estadual de Londrina. Centro de Letras e Ciências Humanas.
Departamento de Ciências Sociais
Campus Universitário. Caixa-Postal 6001
CEP 86051-990 Londrina, PR, Brasil
E-mail: [email protected]
Anthropology, Health and Illness: an Introduction to the Concept of
Culture Applied to the Health Sciences
Esther Jean Langdon1
Flávio Braune Wiik2
This article presents a reflection as to how notions and behavior related to the processes of
health and illness are an integral part of the culture of the social group in which they occur.
It is argued that medical and health care systems are cultural systems consonant with the
groups and social realities that produce them. Such a comprehension is fundamental for the
health care professional training.
Descriptors: Culture; Anthropology; Health Care; Health Sciences.
1 Anthropologist, Ph.D. in Anthropology, Full Professor, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, SC, Brazil.
Email: [email protected]
2 Social Scientist, Ph.D. in Anthropology, Adjunct Professor, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, PR, Brazil.
Email: [email protected]
Original Article
460
www.eerp.usp.br/rlae
Antropologia, saúde e doença: uma introdução ao conceito de cultura
aplicado às ciências da saúde
O objetivo deste artigo foi apresentar uma reflexão de como as noções e comportamentos
ligados aos processos de saúde e de doença integram a cultura de grupos sociais onde
os mesmos ocorrem. Argumenta-se que os sistemas médicos de atenção à saúde,
assim como as respostas dadas às doenças, são sistemas culturais, consonantes com os
grupos e realidades sociais que os produzem. A compreensão dessa relação se mostra
fundamental para a formação do profissional da saúde.
Descritores: Cultura; Antropologia; Atenção à Saúde; Ciências da Saúde.
Antropología, salud y enfermedad: una introducción al concepto de
cultura aplicado a las ciencias de la salud
Este artículo presenta una reflexión acerca de como las nociones y comportamientos
asociados a los procesos de salud y enfermedad están integrados a la cultura de los
grupos sociales en los que estos procesos ocurren. Se argumenta que los sistemas
médicos de atención a la salud, así como las respuestas dadas a la enfermedad son
sistemas culturales que están en consonancia con los grupos y las realidades sociales
que los producen. Comprender esta relación es crucial para la formación de profesionales
en el área de la salud.
Descriptores: Cultura; Antropología; Atención a la Salud; Ciencias de la Salud.
Introduction
Perhaps it seems out of place to address the theme
of culture in a journal dedicated to the Health Sciences
or to argue that the concept of culture can be useful
for professionals of this area. Everyone has a common
sense idea of what “culture” means. We say that a person
“has culture” when he or sh ...
The rituals and ceremony that follows the death of a person in order.pdfanonaeon
The rituals and ceremony that follows the death of a person in order to dispose off the body
along with religious fervor is called a funeral. Normally family and friends are the attendees who
follow the funerary customs and beliefs based on complex religious practices to remember and
respect the dead. Grieving and death rituals vary across cultures and are often heavily influenced
by religion (Chachkes & Jennings, 1994; Younoszai, 1993). How and when rituals are practiced
vary depending on the country of origin and level of acculturation into the mainstream society.
The duration, frequency, and intensity of the grief process may also vary based on the manner of
death and the individual family and cultural beliefs (Clements et al., 2003). These rituals give the
families and friends a chance to give up the deceased and properly mourn the loss. Common
secular motivations for funerals include mourning the deceased, celebrating their life, and
offering support and sympathy to the bereaved.
Types of funeral rituals based on religions:
Assignment topic - Organ donation
Organ donation is considered as an honorary way of disposing off a dead body. On deceased
donor can save up to eight lives and can save and enhance more than 100 lives through tissue
donation. Organs that can be donated after death are the heart, liver, kidneys, lungs, pancreas and
small intestines. Tissues include corneas, skin, veins, heart valves, tendons, ligaments and bones.
The cornea is the most commonly transplanted tissue. More than 40,000 corneal transplants take
place each year in the United States. Most major religions support organ and tissue donation.
Typically, religions view organ and tissue donation as acts of charity and goodwill. Costs
associated with recovering and processing organs and tissues for transplant are never passed on
to the donor family. The family may be expected to pay for medical expenses incurred before
death is declared and for expenses involving funeral arrangements. the average North American
traditional funeral costs between $7,000 and $10,000. This price range includes the services at
the funeral home, burial in a cemetery, and the installation of a headstone.
While the cost of organ donation is a widely accepted part of the procedure today, some scholars
have analysed the ethical incentives involved in this act rather than its monetary counterpart.
There have been instances in the past where the act itself was performed with an altruist motive
and the donors were left uncompensated, whether dead or alive. Despite that, there are other
ethical incentives apart from a sense of magnanimity that a person feels from organ donation.
Board (2002) talks about various forms of such incentives that influence people’s behaviour. A
donor medal of honour can be thought of as similar to an award for employee of the month in
terms of the satisfaction that it provides to people. Apart from that he also talks about a medical
leave for organ donation in order t.
Everyone has to face trouble in his or her life, so you are no different. Just try to keep yourself away from all the bad habits. Thus, you can lead a wonderful existence.
under trade sanctions. The success in beating economic sanctions mostly lies with shrewd and sterategic management practices, which will be made evident in this study
Every year, Muslims spend one entire month in daytime fasting. Learn more about the observance of Ramadan and the holiday that follows its completion, Eid al-Fitr (the Festival of Fast-Breaking).
History of ncia squadron heidelberg and the heidelberg nato commandsIrfan iftekhar
NATO has numerous agencies and organizations and the NATO Communication and Information Systems Services Agency is one of them. A glorious in NATO's history began in 1970 with the formation of The NATO Communication and Information Systems Services Agency (NCSA) which transformed into different NATO organizations. The creation of NATO standardized the allied military procedures and technology. NATO Integrated Communications Systems Central Operating Authority (NICS-COA) was the first ever communications and information date delivering organization, established with a view to operate, maintain and control NATO communication system.
Young girls in developed countries are primarily affected with eating disorders. Persons with anorexia are honest, do not disobey, and hide their inner feeling, tend to be good in whatever they do and often excellent athletes. Research says that anorexia people eat less to gain a sense of control over their lives.
This is an argumentative Essay, this was written by me for a client who told me that some one already has submitted a paper on this topic. So it is here for you.
Oil spillage and gas flaring by the oil industry has devastated the Niger Delta for more than half a century. Oil pollution causes both immediate damage and long-term harm to fish, agricultural lands and the health of the living environment.
Edgecombe Community CollegeREL 110 Section OL1 World Religion.docxgidmanmary
Edgecombe Community College
REL 110 Section OL1
World Religions
Rev. Stephen A. Herring, Instructor
Midterm Assignment
For our midterm this semester we are going to compose a well- developed essay examining the role of human rights and human responsibilities in one of the eastern religions. The “Eastern Religions” are those of Asia, or the orient, also known as the eastern world.
These are covered in your book in chapters 6, 7, and 8. They are:
· Hinduism
· Buddhism
· Daoism
· Confucianism
· Shinto
For this project you want to develop two basic concepts. These are human rights and human responsibilities. Rights are privileges which belong to every human being simply by virtue of their being a person. Human rights have to do with our deeper understanding of what it means to be human. The way we understand the definition of “a person” shapes the ways we treat one another. The problem is that in various ways we treat people differently depending on which sort of people we are talking about. Across human cultures, we afford more rights to one sort of people and fewer rights to other sorts of people. This makes the whole discussion about human rights very complex and intertwined with our cultural perspective.
Responsibilities are obligations that also come with our being human. In each culture, people are expected to comply with certain expectations. One way to understand any religion is by looking at these rights and responsibilities. Viewed in this way, any religion tells its followers two basic things: “This is who you are.” And “This is what you are expected to do.” As a preacher, I don’t know how many sermons I have given where one of these two themes have been touched upon. “This is who we are, and this is what we are expected to do.”
On the surface this seems very simple, but it rapidly gets all wrapped up in the privileges and expectations that come with each culture. To look into this, we can look at the rights of women in the culture surrounding any given religion. We might also look at the rights of minorities, or people who are at the fringes of the culture. People at the fringes of cultural acceptance are known as “marginalized populations.” Here we are looking at the lives of people who are not accepted by the predominant culture. We can also look at attitudes toward “outsiders”, or people who belong to other cultures or other religions.
So, your assignment is as follows;
Please compose a well-developed essay examining human rights and human responsibilities in one of the eastern religions covered in chapters 6, 7, or 8. Your essay should be at least 3 pages long but not more than 5 pages long. (double spaced) Remember to include a clear works cited page. DO NOT try to copy your response off the internet. Please email me if you have any questions.
Y6
Hongkun Yi
Professor Morris
English 2367
2/27/2020
Organ Donation
The debate on organ donation has different dimensions because of the so ...
Edgecombe Community CollegeREL 110 Section OL1 World Religion.docxtidwellveronique
Edgecombe Community College
REL 110 Section OL1
World Religions
Rev. Stephen A. Herring, Instructor
Midterm Assignment
For our midterm this semester we are going to compose a well- developed essay examining the role of human rights and human responsibilities in one of the eastern religions. The “Eastern Religions” are those of Asia, or the orient, also known as the eastern world.
These are covered in your book in chapters 6, 7, and 8. They are:
· Hinduism
· Buddhism
· Daoism
· Confucianism
· Shinto
For this project you want to develop two basic concepts. These are human rights and human responsibilities. Rights are privileges which belong to every human being simply by virtue of their being a person. Human rights have to do with our deeper understanding of what it means to be human. The way we understand the definition of “a person” shapes the ways we treat one another. The problem is that in various ways we treat people differently depending on which sort of people we are talking about. Across human cultures, we afford more rights to one sort of people and fewer rights to other sorts of people. This makes the whole discussion about human rights very complex and intertwined with our cultural perspective.
Responsibilities are obligations that also come with our being human. In each culture, people are expected to comply with certain expectations. One way to understand any religion is by looking at these rights and responsibilities. Viewed in this way, any religion tells its followers two basic things: “This is who you are.” And “This is what you are expected to do.” As a preacher, I don’t know how many sermons I have given where one of these two themes have been touched upon. “This is who we are, and this is what we are expected to do.”
On the surface this seems very simple, but it rapidly gets all wrapped up in the privileges and expectations that come with each culture. To look into this, we can look at the rights of women in the culture surrounding any given religion. We might also look at the rights of minorities, or people who are at the fringes of the culture. People at the fringes of cultural acceptance are known as “marginalized populations.” Here we are looking at the lives of people who are not accepted by the predominant culture. We can also look at attitudes toward “outsiders”, or people who belong to other cultures or other religions.
So, your assignment is as follows;
Please compose a well-developed essay examining human rights and human responsibilities in one of the eastern religions covered in chapters 6, 7, or 8. Your essay should be at least 3 pages long but not more than 5 pages long. (double spaced) Remember to include a clear works cited page. DO NOT try to copy your response off the internet. Please email me if you have any questions.
Collaborative Writing Project
Peer Review Worksheet
Collaborative Writing Project
Peer Review WorksheetPeer Review Worksheet
Name of aut.
Rev. Latino-Am. Enfermagem
2010 May-Jun; 18(3):459-66
www.eerp.usp.br/rlae
Corresponding Author:
Flavio Braune Wiik
Universidade Estadual de Londrina. Centro de Letras e Ciências Humanas.
Departamento de Ciências Sociais
Campus Universitário. Caixa-Postal 6001
CEP 86051-990 Londrina, PR, Brasil
E-mail: [email protected]
Anthropology, Health and Illness: an Introduction to the Concept of
Culture Applied to the Health Sciences
Esther Jean Langdon1
Flávio Braune Wiik2
This article presents a reflection as to how notions and behavior related to the processes of
health and illness are an integral part of the culture of the social group in which they occur.
It is argued that medical and health care systems are cultural systems consonant with the
groups and social realities that produce them. Such a comprehension is fundamental for the
health care professional training.
Descriptors: Culture; Anthropology; Health Care; Health Sciences.
1 Anthropologist, Ph.D. in Anthropology, Full Professor, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, SC, Brazil.
Email: [email protected]
2 Social Scientist, Ph.D. in Anthropology, Adjunct Professor, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, PR, Brazil.
Email: [email protected]
Original Article
460
www.eerp.usp.br/rlae
Antropologia, saúde e doença: uma introdução ao conceito de cultura
aplicado às ciências da saúde
O objetivo deste artigo foi apresentar uma reflexão de como as noções e comportamentos
ligados aos processos de saúde e de doença integram a cultura de grupos sociais onde
os mesmos ocorrem. Argumenta-se que os sistemas médicos de atenção à saúde,
assim como as respostas dadas às doenças, são sistemas culturais, consonantes com os
grupos e realidades sociais que os produzem. A compreensão dessa relação se mostra
fundamental para a formação do profissional da saúde.
Descritores: Cultura; Antropologia; Atenção à Saúde; Ciências da Saúde.
Antropología, salud y enfermedad: una introducción al concepto de
cultura aplicado a las ciencias de la salud
Este artículo presenta una reflexión acerca de como las nociones y comportamientos
asociados a los procesos de salud y enfermedad están integrados a la cultura de los
grupos sociales en los que estos procesos ocurren. Se argumenta que los sistemas
médicos de atención a la salud, así como las respuestas dadas a la enfermedad son
sistemas culturales que están en consonancia con los grupos y las realidades sociales
que los producen. Comprender esta relación es crucial para la formación de profesionales
en el área de la salud.
Descriptores: Cultura; Antropología; Atención a la Salud; Ciencias de la Salud.
Introduction
Perhaps it seems out of place to address the theme
of culture in a journal dedicated to the Health Sciences
or to argue that the concept of culture can be useful
for professionals of this area. Everyone has a common
sense idea of what “culture” means. We say that a person
“has culture” when he or sh ...
The rituals and ceremony that follows the death of a person in order.pdfanonaeon
The rituals and ceremony that follows the death of a person in order to dispose off the body
along with religious fervor is called a funeral. Normally family and friends are the attendees who
follow the funerary customs and beliefs based on complex religious practices to remember and
respect the dead. Grieving and death rituals vary across cultures and are often heavily influenced
by religion (Chachkes & Jennings, 1994; Younoszai, 1993). How and when rituals are practiced
vary depending on the country of origin and level of acculturation into the mainstream society.
The duration, frequency, and intensity of the grief process may also vary based on the manner of
death and the individual family and cultural beliefs (Clements et al., 2003). These rituals give the
families and friends a chance to give up the deceased and properly mourn the loss. Common
secular motivations for funerals include mourning the deceased, celebrating their life, and
offering support and sympathy to the bereaved.
Types of funeral rituals based on religions:
Assignment topic - Organ donation
Organ donation is considered as an honorary way of disposing off a dead body. On deceased
donor can save up to eight lives and can save and enhance more than 100 lives through tissue
donation. Organs that can be donated after death are the heart, liver, kidneys, lungs, pancreas and
small intestines. Tissues include corneas, skin, veins, heart valves, tendons, ligaments and bones.
The cornea is the most commonly transplanted tissue. More than 40,000 corneal transplants take
place each year in the United States. Most major religions support organ and tissue donation.
Typically, religions view organ and tissue donation as acts of charity and goodwill. Costs
associated with recovering and processing organs and tissues for transplant are never passed on
to the donor family. The family may be expected to pay for medical expenses incurred before
death is declared and for expenses involving funeral arrangements. the average North American
traditional funeral costs between $7,000 and $10,000. This price range includes the services at
the funeral home, burial in a cemetery, and the installation of a headstone.
While the cost of organ donation is a widely accepted part of the procedure today, some scholars
have analysed the ethical incentives involved in this act rather than its monetary counterpart.
There have been instances in the past where the act itself was performed with an altruist motive
and the donors were left uncompensated, whether dead or alive. Despite that, there are other
ethical incentives apart from a sense of magnanimity that a person feels from organ donation.
Board (2002) talks about various forms of such incentives that influence people’s behaviour. A
donor medal of honour can be thought of as similar to an award for employee of the month in
terms of the satisfaction that it provides to people. Apart from that he also talks about a medical
leave for organ donation in order t.
Symbolic Interactionism Theory - PHDessay.com. (PDF) Symbolic Interactionism. Symbolic Interactionism In Sociology Pdf - slide share. Symbolic Interactionism | PDF | Sociology | Gender. Compare and contrast two of the following: functionalism, conflict .... Symbolic Interactionism as a Tool for Conveying Ideas: Dissecting the .... 10 Symbolic Interactionism Examples (And Easy Definition).
CLINICAL SCHOLARSHIPSpirituality as a Predictive Factor fo.docxbartholomeocoombs
CLINICAL SCHOLARSHIP
Spirituality as a Predictive Factor for Signing an Organ Donor
Card
Anat Peles Bortz, RN, PhD1, Tamar Ashkenazi, RN, PhD2, & Semyon Melnikov, RN, PhD1
1 Lecturer, Department of Nursing, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
2 Director, National Organ Donation and Transplantation Center, Ministry of Health, Tel Aviv, Israel
Key words
Spirituality, purpose in life, attitudes toward
organ donation, organ donor card
Correspondence
Dr. Semyon Melnikov, Department of Nursing,
Tel Aviv University, PO Box 39040, Ramat Aviv
69978, Tel Aviv, Israel.
E-mail: [email protected]
Accepted: August 10, 2014
doi: 10.1111/jnu.12107
Abstract
Purpose: To examine differences in spirituality, purpose in life, and attitudes
toward organ donation between people who signed and those who did not
sign an organ donor card.
Design: A descriptive cross-sectional survey conducted in Israel with a sample
of 312 respondents from the general population, of whom 220 (70.5%) signed
an organ donor card. Data were collected during April–June 2013.
Methods: Participants completed a paper questionnaire and a Web-based
questionnaire consisting of four sections: spiritual health, purpose in life, at-
titudes toward organ donation, and social-demographic questions. Descriptive
statistics, t test, chi-square test, and a logistic regression analysis were per-
formed.
Findings: Differences in mean scores between respondents who signed an
organ donor card and those who did not were indicated in transcendental
spirituality (p < .01), purpose in life (p < .05), and attitudes toward organ
donation (p < .01). No statistically significant difference was found between
the groups in the overall spirituality mean score. The spiritual transcendental
dimension, individual’s purpose in life, and attitudes toward organ donation
explained 34.3% of the variance of signing an organ donor card.
Conclusions: Signing an organ donor card was found to be correlated with
high purpose in life, positive attitudes toward organ donation, and low level of
transcendental spirituality.
Clinical Relevance: Nurses should assess the patient’s spiritual needs in or-
der to construct appropriate programs for promoting signing an organ donor
card. Nurses who signed an organ donor card should be encouraged to share
this information with their patients.
Organ donation in the Western world is entirely depen-
dent on the willingness of people to donate organs af-
ter their death. In Israel, organ donation from deceased
donors is made following the determination of donor
brain death, after which the family is required to make
a decision about whether to donate the deceased fam-
ily member’s organs. When family members are aware
of the decedent’s wish to donate organs, they will usu-
ally give consent to donate (Haddow, 2004; Merchant
et al., 2008; Rassin, Lowenthal, & Silner, 2005). When
the family isn’t aware of the decedent’s wishes, they usu-
ally will not donate (Burroughs, Hong, Kappel, & .
An Argument for Abstinence. - GCSE English - Marked by Teachers.com. ᐅ Essays On Abstinence Free Argumentative, Persuasive, Descriptive .... Has Abstinence-Only Curriculum Impacted Sexually Transmitted Disease .... Abstinence Programs - Do They Work Essay Example Topics and Well .... Both Abstinence and Safe Sex Should be Taught in High Schools - 2311 .... 58657148 abstinence-only-vs-comprehensive-sexuality-education-programs. Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome and Nursing Care - 1155 Words Research .... 20 benefits of abstinence essay - The Pentecostal Church. Abstinence-only Sex Education - Free Essay Example PapersOwl.com. Abstinence Project Essay.pdf - Abstinence Project Summary Essay If I .... Copy of Abstinence by nyamarie103. abstinence article Sex Education Condom. Harm Reduction vs Abstinence: A Debate on Addiction Treatment Success .... 8 03GettheFacts.docx - FACTS ABOUT ABSTINENCE 8.3 Work File Below you .... Abstinence is the Best Choice Essay. Abstinence Lesson Plan From Life Planning Education. AIDS And Abstinence - 1989 Words Free Essay Example on GraduateWay. PPT - What is abstinence? PowerPoint Presentation, free download - ID .... PDF Promoting sexual abstinence intention among female university .... The Failure of Abstinence-Only Programs - IVCC. Major Issues of Abstinence Essay Example Topics and Well Written .... Read Abstinence Essay Sample for Free at SupremeEssays.com. The Prevalence of Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome Essay Example Topics .... Safe Sex Versus Abstinence: Arguments For and Against - 1422 Words .... PDF Abstinence-Only Policies and Programs: An Overview. Essay on abstinence only education in florida. Abstinence Fact Sheet Fact sheet, Abstinence, Parenting. Essay on Abstinence Education Compared with Comprehensive Sexual .... Abstinence Only vs. Abortion Rates - Free Essay Example PapersOwl.com. Abstinence Only vs. Comprehensive Education in Teen Pregnancy Essay. PDF Abstinence and abstinence-only education: A review of U.S .... Examples of abstinence. Abstinence as a Form of Contraception. 2019-01-11. Abstinence Sexually Transmitted Infection Puberty Abstinence Essay Abstinence Essay
E:\Alex Thesis\Organ Donation And Transplantion Fr Alexanderguest723430
This ppt would explain about the types of organ transplantion and the ethical aprasal. It encourages others to go for organ donation. "Mannil puthaipathai vida perar udalil vithaipom". Be charitable even after death.
Human Rights, Gender Equality, and the Question of Justice: A Re-Examination ...IJAEMSJORNAL
Traditional cultural practices reflect the values and beliefs held by members of a community for periods of time. Every social grouping in the world has specific traditional cultural practices and beliefs, some of which are beneficial to all members, while others have become harmful to a specific group, such as women. These harmful and, sometimes, discriminatory traditional practices include early and forced marriages, virginity testing, widow’s ritual, female genital mutilation, the primogeniture rule, and witch-hunting. Despite their harmful nature and their violation of national and international human rights laws, such practices persist because they are not questioned or challenged and therefore take on an aura of morality in the eyes of those practicing them. The purpose of this study is to discuss the impact of culture, tradition, customs, and law on gender equality in Africa. Applying the critical and analytic methods in philosophy, the study observes that law reform and development have traditionally focused on state legal institutions to the exclusion of customary legal system, and that where the courts had an opportunity to develop the customary legal system they either reinforced archaic customary laws or imposed Western ideology. This study further investigates, by means of interview in Nsukka part of Igbo-Africa, how ordinary men and women in Africa understand women’s right, and how their attitudes are tied to local conception of masculinity. The investigation reveals that a new configuration of gender relations is evident in Africa – one that accommodates some aspects of women’s rights while retaining previous notions of innate male authority. It concludes by showing that harmful traditional practices are unjust as they violate women’s human rights (guaranteed in the Constitution), perpetuate the inequalities between women and men, and contribute to extreme poverty that government should fight to eradicate. Man and woman have the same dignity and are of equal value ontologically, and as such, we recommend that different African societies should uphold this ontological equality and dignity while socially constructing gender.
By Paul J. HoehnerThroughout the land, arising from the throngTawnaDelatorrejs
By Paul J. Hoehner
Throughout the land, arising from the throngs of converts to bioethics awareness, there can be heard a mantra, “...beneficence…autonomy…justice…” It is this ritual incantation in the face of biomedical dilemmas that beckons our inquiry (Clouser & Gert, 1990, p. 219).
Ethics as a theological discipline is the auxiliary science in which an answer is sought in the Word of God to the questions of the goodness of human conduct. As a special elucidation of the doctrine of sanctification it is reflection on how far the Word of God proclaimed and accepted in Christian preaching effects a definite claiming of man. (Barth, 1981, p. 3)
Essential Questions
· What are the four elements of a Christian worldview and how do they influence a Christian approach to medicine, healing, and medical ethics?
· What are the four principles of medical ethics and how are they defined? How can a Christian appropriately use these four principles?
· What is meant by specifying, balancing, and weighing the principles? How does a Christian worldview influence how one defines and uses each of these four principles?
· What is the four-boxes approach to organizing an ethical case study? What is the difference and the relationship between the four-boxes approach, and the four principles of medical ethics?
· What are the four ethical topics that compose the four-boxes approach and what questions does each topic entail? How does the four-boxes approach help solve ethical dilemmas in a case study?
Introduction
Biomedical ethics, or bioethics, is a subfield of ethics concerned with the ethics of medicine and the ethical issues involving the life sciences, particularly those raised by modern technologies, such as stem cell research and cloning. The term medical ethics is closely related to biomedical ethics but is primarily focused on ethical issues raised in the practice of medicine and medical research, such as abortion, euthanasia, and medical treatment decisions (World Medical Association, 2015).
Because the terms biomedical ethics and medical ethics are closely related and involve a great deal of overlapping subject area, they will be used interchangeably to avoid confusion. The study of biomedical ethics and medical ethics presents some of the most complex and controversial challenges in applied ethics. The complexities of dealing with individual patients and the intricacies of modern health care, coupled with the rapid advances being made in medical science, present formidable challenges. For many health care workers, clinical ethical dilemmas will often challenge their own settled positions, especially if they have not taken the opportunity to reflect critically on their own moral presuppositions and how their own intuitive ethical positions may be justified.
When one encounters the many ways the world and even portions of the Christian church respond to ethical issues, it is easy to be tempted to think there are no right or wrong answers. The complexity o ...
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A healthy eating essay sample and professional writing help. 016 Healthy Eating Essay Example High School Persuasive Topics Sample .... Concept 29+ Healthy Food Essay.
A healthy eating essay sample and professional writing help. 016 Healthy Eating Essay Example High School Persuasive Topics Sample .... Concept 29+ Healthy Food Essay.
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Unimanual and bimanual intensive training Irfan iftekhar
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. Knowing how to speed read could save time and increase comprehension and retention of the subject. When you learn how to speed read, which is focusing on important words, the fluency of reading is developed. With this come better understanding, better comprehension and pleasure of reading. The reader will have less stress and still gain the knowledge needed to be successful
Today, innovation in razors and blades is thwarted by a lack of new technology and increasing consumer reluctance to pay for the ‘‘latest and greatest’’ in shaving technology. Gillette relied on extensive research and development to create a single product for global distribution. The product was supported by a marketing premise that it would be equally valuable to customers globally.
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In this book I want to analyze the scientific notion conveyed to us more than 1500 years ago and Western scholars took no time to label it as a fairy tale which remained to them a fairy tale for more than 1400 years, only in the last century Western scientists admitted that it the torpor phenomenon as described in this surah is possible in human beings.
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These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
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Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
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- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
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Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
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Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
1. Commercialization of Organ Transplants
Summary
Since the first successful kidney transplant in the United States by Dr. Joseph Murray in 1954
and the discovery of the immunosuppressive drugs beginning in the 1970s, organ transplantation,
particularly live renal donation, has been successfully adopted by physicians in many countries
around the world. Borders of developing countries such as Pakistan have been remarkably
porous to medical science and technology. Scientific journals of the last two decades are replete
with reports of successful renal transplants (which still constitute a majority of all transplants),
and graft and recipient survival rates in developing nations compare favorably with results
reported from established medical centers in the developed world. In comparison, there is a
paucity of studies on the sociological and cultural dimensions of organ transplantation on donors,
recipients, and their families in non-Western societies, on persons who, while participating in the
medical benefits of what is now a global procedure, are nevertheless products of cultures that
have vastly different social and historical evolutions and distinctive moral worlds. A few
publications have appeared, largely in medical journals, in which authors attempt to highlight
some of the “non-medical” issues of organ transplantation in cultures that are non-Western in
their orientation. A majority of these involve quantitative, empirical research, including surveys
by indigenous physicians and transplant surgeons, that focuses on concern at the reluctance of
people to donate both live and cadaver organs. Writers identify religion, culture, and local beliefs
as possible causative factors for this reluctance, but what is largely missing in these studies are
2. the voices of patients and their families. What is also striking is that even while acknowledging
the different cultural and societal norms of “non-Western” countries, the language used and the
arguments proposed by the authors to increase organ donation are generally grounded in
“Western” metaphors and solutions. These include recommendations for full-time dedicated
transplant coordinators, public education and publicity campaigns about “gifting” organs,
government legislation, and even organ donor cards, in effect many of the measures that have
yielded only equivocal success in increasing organ donation sufficient to meet the needs of
industrialized countries. n the last four decades social scientists, philosophers and theologians
have studied and written extensively on the ethical, legal, sociological, psychological, and indeed
political dimensions of organ transplantation in Western Europe and North America. These have
included discourse on the relationship of a human being to his body and “body parts” and
whether organs of the body can be considered and handled as a form of property.
In Asia, especially in India and Pakistan, healthcare professionals, chiefly physicians rather than
theologians, philosophers, lawyers, and others, will shape and set the trajectory for clinical ethics
in years to come. For the thousands of distressed patients and their families, physicians who
minister to them daily in the flesh will continue to embody moral authority for them. Related to
this is a growing desire within the medical community to learn more about indigenous value
systems, especially those that can be traced to Muslim history or be discovered within
contemporary discourse of either the Hindu pundits or the Muslim scholars or ulema. Members
of healthcare professions in these two countries with combined population which is higher than
China, products of their culture and familiar with local realities, are well positioned to contribute
to and enrich the often philosophical, always secular, dialogue within contemporary bioethics.
3. This is only possible, however, if, unlike the sometimes unquestioning way in which science and
biotechnology have been transplanted into the country, they begin to reflect on the moral
complexities, the good and the bad, of their own culture. There is a similar need for American
bioethicists to begin to reflect on some of their own historical and social imprinting of their
understanding of what constitutes moral interactions between society and its healers.
In order to truly “internationalize” bioethics, the diversity of human voices and experiences must
be brought into the fold. It is necessary to comprehend the many ways in which people
experientially fashion and interpret concepts of dignity and respect for people, interpret caring
for one another, and decide what constitutes ethical conduct between laypeople and those who
assume responsibility for their health. It will serve us all well to move beyond the overdone and
polarizing debates on the dichotomy of universalism and relativism, the individual and the
community, the secular and the religious, West and East, and search for a better understanding of
real lives of real people in actual societies.
There is a well-known parable by Jelaluddin Rumi, a Muslim Sufi or saint, in which he describes
people in a dark room attempting to explain what an elephant looks like. Each touches one part
and visualizes the animal accordingly. To Rumi it is only by combining the experience of all
those present in the room that the true picture of the entire elephant can be formulated. Human
morality is a bit like the elephant. Understanding it requires enlarging intelligible discourse
between people who are quite different from one another in their history, culture, language,
outlook on life, and moral values. Such dialogue is crucial, for as Geertz says, 'we are all
contained in a world in which it is increasingly difficult to get out of each other’s way.'
4. In India, according to Dr. A.K. Tharien, of the Christian Fellowship Hospital in the Indian
province of Tamil Nadu, the commercialization of organs in India has been taking place through
an organized network involving hospitals. Legal regulation of organ donation that permits it only
within kinship relations has been circumvented through dubious arrangements such as ‘kidney
marriage’. In such instances, a rich person can marry a girl for her kidney; divorce her soon after
surgery, hence ridding him of the responsibility of care (Tharien, 1996: 168-9).
Conclusion
No religion formally forbids donation or receipt of organs or is against transplantation from
living or deceased donors. The society and healthcare professionals must consider living organ
donation as “praiseworthy but optional, even if living donors view their acts as obligatory.” It is
an act that must remain altruistic, an act that transcends duties normally expected and imposed
on any human for the benefit of another, even if close kin. This study shows that the
This study also tries to address one of the less examined aspects of live organ donation
worldwide. Although much has been written about tissue and organ donation, there is a dearth of
ethnographic field research that focuses on the “non-medical” aspects of live donation of kidneys
to genetically related kin. Only a handful of studies exist in the United States that deal primarily
with live, related kidney donors, their families, and the involved healthcare professionals. In a
world of 'organ trafficking' where organs mafias are working internationally in a close network,
it is often very hard to flatly say yes or no to the question of organ transplantation.
At the same time, increasing numbers of publications originating from developing countries
revolve around medical and scientific aspects of organ transplantation including graft and patient
5. survival rates. Many of these works also note a paucity of available cadaveric organs in their
societies and allude to indigenous religious beliefs and value systems as major deterrents to
procuring such organs. What is also becoming clear is that despite attempts to increase the
supply of cadaveric organs, living donation of solid organs is on the rise in many countries
around the world. Living donors, related and unrelated, continue to remain the primary source of
organs, especially kidneys, for transplantations undertaken in a majority of developing countries.
It is also focused on how shared values inform and mediate interactions, relationships, and
decision-making processes of protagonists when they were faced with a situation in which the
survival of a family member was possible only through the donation of a kidney by kin.
Donation of a solid organ, both live and cadaveric often carries with it almost a religious, biblical
imagery with a Judeo-Christian tradition of self-sacrifice for the love of another human being
whether kin, friend, or stranger. In the United States in particular, such self sacrifice to save the
life of a stranger assumes a prominent motif for the procurement of cadaveric organs. It is
mentioned in the holy books of Judaism, Christianity and Islam, the four major religions of the
world, that 'Man is the image and glory of God', therefore to act that noble and glorious way it is
best to give life to those whose only chance is an organ donation. But just as there is a principle
and a set of rules in nature, so let there be a principle and a set of rules for organ donations.
6. References:
Cherry M J. Kidney for sale by owner: human organs, transplantation, and the market.
Washington: Georgetown University Press; 2005.
Nanji, Azim A. “Medical Ethics and the Islamic Tradition.” Journal of Medicine and
Philosophy13 (1988): 257–275.
7. References:
Cherry M J. Kidney for sale by owner: human organs, transplantation, and the market.
Washington: Georgetown University Press; 2005.
Nanji, Azim A. “Medical Ethics and the Islamic Tradition.” Journal of Medicine and
Philosophy13 (1988): 257–275.