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This document discusses acquired heart disease. It defines acquired heart disease as conditions affecting the heart and blood vessels that develop during a person's lifetime, unlike congenital heart diseases which are present at birth. It then discusses the etiology, or causes, which can include bacterial or viral infections. It also discusses the pathogenesis, risk factors, clinical manifestations, physical exam findings, and treatment options which include antibiotics, anti-inflammatory medications, and sometimes surgical repairs for childhood heart defects.
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Mitral Regurgitation (Mitral Insufficiency)
Mitral regurgitation, or mitral insufficiency, causes fatigue, dyspnea, orthopnea, and paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea. Symptoms develop slowly over many years with rheumatic origin but can occur acutely if the mitral valve is perforated or the chordae tendineae or papillary muscles are ruptured. Physical exam may reveal a displaced apex beat, widened heart borders, soft first heart sound, apical pansystolic murmur, and accentuated second heart sound on pulmonary artery. Echocardiography and Doppler ultrasound can demonstrate mitral regurgitation, left atrial and ventricular enlargement, and hypertrophy of the right ventricle
Cardiac rehabilitation
Cardiac rehabilitation aims to help people with heart disease return to an active lifestyle and prevent further cardiac events through physical, psychological, and social interventions. It involves exercise training and education on risk factor management in a phased program with inpatient, outpatient, and community-based components. Exercise training in cardiac rehab improves cardiac outcomes by increasing functional capacity and reducing mortality risk factors. Precautions are taken regarding any contraindications to exercise on a case-by-case basis.
Myocarditis
Myocarditis is an inflammation of the heart muscle that can cause thickening and swelling of the heart. It has infectious causes like viruses and bacteria, as well as non-infectious causes like drugs. Symptoms range from mild fatigue to life-threatening arrhythmias or heart failure. Diagnosis involves EKG, blood tests, imaging and endomyocardial biopsy. Treatment focuses on supporting heart function, reducing workload, and addressing the underlying cause. Complications can include arrhythmias, cardiomyopathy and sudden cardiac death if not properly managed.
Diseases of the aorta
The aorta is prone to several diseases that can lead to significant morbidity and mortality. Diseases such as cystic medial degeneration, atherosclerosis, and inflammation can weaken the aortic wall and cause aneurysm or dissection. Aortic aneurysms are classified based on location in the thoracic or abdominal aorta. Diagnostic imaging can identify aneurysms, which often require surgical repair when they reach a certain size to prevent complications like rupture. Aortic dissection involves splitting of the aortic wall and formation of a false lumen, typically requiring emergent surgery if the ascending aorta is involved.
Pulmonary hypertension
This document provides an overview of pulmonary hypertension (PH), including its definition, classification, mechanisms, pathology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis. PH is defined as a mean pulmonary arterial pressure greater than 25 mm Hg at rest. It is classified into 5 groups based on etiology. Common mechanisms include vasoconstriction, vascular obstruction, increased blood flow, and loss of pulmonary vascular bed. Pathology often involves remodeling of small pulmonary arteries and arterioles. Presentation is usually nonspecific symptoms like dyspnea. Diagnosis involves echocardiogram, cardiac catheterization, and ruling out other causes. Treatment includes vasodilators, anticoagulation, diuretics, oxygen supplementation and sometimes
Aortic Regurgitation
Aortic regurgitation is a condition where the aortic valve leaks, causing blood to flow back into the left ventricle from the aorta during diastole. It can be chronic or acute, with chronic causes including rheumatic heart disease, infections, and connective tissue disorders. Symptoms are usually mild at first and include palpitations and fatigue, but can progress to cardiac failure. Signs include a high-volume pulse, elevated systolic blood pressure with low diastolic pressure, a diastolic murmur heard at the heart base, and signs of left ventricular volume overload. Echocardiography can confirm the diagnosis and severity. Treatment involves managing heart failure symptoms medically, but severe
Coronary artery disease or Ischemic heart disease
Cardiovascular disease are becoming a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in developed countries and they are also emerging as prominent national health problem in developing countries.
Coronary artery disease has become the major cause of early death and disability in the population.
Coronary artery disease (CAD) can also be used interchangeably with the terms atherosclerotic heart disease or ischemic heart disease.
All of these terms imply insufficient perfusion of the coronary arteries from an abnormal narrowing of the vessels, leading to insufficient oxygen delivery to the myocardial tissue.
The term coronary heart disease, also known as coronary artery disease or Ischemic heart disease, is a condition refers to diseases of the heart that result from a decrease in blood supply to the heart muscle.
Non modifiable risk factors
Modifiable risk factors
Contributing risk factors
Myocarditis
Myocarditis is an inflammatory disease of the heart muscle that is usually caused by viral infections. It can lead to dilated cardiomyopathy and heart failure. Viruses are the most common cause, with adenovirus now more prevalent than coxsackievirus. Myocarditis presents with symptoms of heart failure, chest pain, or arrhythmias. Diagnosis involves EKG, cardiac biomarkers, echocardiogram, cardiac MRI, and endomyocardial biopsy. Treatment focuses on managing arrhythmias and heart failure with medications, while immunosuppression may benefit some forms of myocarditis but not others.
Recommended
Mitral Regurgitation (Mitral Insufficiency)
Mitral regurgitation, or mitral insufficiency, causes fatigue, dyspnea, orthopnea, and paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea. Symptoms develop slowly over many years with rheumatic origin but can occur acutely if the mitral valve is perforated or the chordae tendineae or papillary muscles are ruptured. Physical exam may reveal a displaced apex beat, widened heart borders, soft first heart sound, apical pansystolic murmur, and accentuated second heart sound on pulmonary artery. Echocardiography and Doppler ultrasound can demonstrate mitral regurgitation, left atrial and ventricular enlargement, and hypertrophy of the right ventricle
Cardiac rehabilitation
Cardiac rehabilitation aims to help people with heart disease return to an active lifestyle and prevent further cardiac events through physical, psychological, and social interventions. It involves exercise training and education on risk factor management in a phased program with inpatient, outpatient, and community-based components. Exercise training in cardiac rehab improves cardiac outcomes by increasing functional capacity and reducing mortality risk factors. Precautions are taken regarding any contraindications to exercise on a case-by-case basis.
Myocarditis
Myocarditis is an inflammation of the heart muscle that can cause thickening and swelling of the heart. It has infectious causes like viruses and bacteria, as well as non-infectious causes like drugs. Symptoms range from mild fatigue to life-threatening arrhythmias or heart failure. Diagnosis involves EKG, blood tests, imaging and endomyocardial biopsy. Treatment focuses on supporting heart function, reducing workload, and addressing the underlying cause. Complications can include arrhythmias, cardiomyopathy and sudden cardiac death if not properly managed.
Diseases of the aorta
The aorta is prone to several diseases that can lead to significant morbidity and mortality. Diseases such as cystic medial degeneration, atherosclerosis, and inflammation can weaken the aortic wall and cause aneurysm or dissection. Aortic aneurysms are classified based on location in the thoracic or abdominal aorta. Diagnostic imaging can identify aneurysms, which often require surgical repair when they reach a certain size to prevent complications like rupture. Aortic dissection involves splitting of the aortic wall and formation of a false lumen, typically requiring emergent surgery if the ascending aorta is involved.
Pulmonary hypertension
This document provides an overview of pulmonary hypertension (PH), including its definition, classification, mechanisms, pathology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis. PH is defined as a mean pulmonary arterial pressure greater than 25 mm Hg at rest. It is classified into 5 groups based on etiology. Common mechanisms include vasoconstriction, vascular obstruction, increased blood flow, and loss of pulmonary vascular bed. Pathology often involves remodeling of small pulmonary arteries and arterioles. Presentation is usually nonspecific symptoms like dyspnea. Diagnosis involves echocardiogram, cardiac catheterization, and ruling out other causes. Treatment includes vasodilators, anticoagulation, diuretics, oxygen supplementation and sometimes
Aortic Regurgitation
Aortic regurgitation is a condition where the aortic valve leaks, causing blood to flow back into the left ventricle from the aorta during diastole. It can be chronic or acute, with chronic causes including rheumatic heart disease, infections, and connective tissue disorders. Symptoms are usually mild at first and include palpitations and fatigue, but can progress to cardiac failure. Signs include a high-volume pulse, elevated systolic blood pressure with low diastolic pressure, a diastolic murmur heard at the heart base, and signs of left ventricular volume overload. Echocardiography can confirm the diagnosis and severity. Treatment involves managing heart failure symptoms medically, but severe
Coronary artery disease or Ischemic heart disease
Cardiovascular disease are becoming a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in developed countries and they are also emerging as prominent national health problem in developing countries.
Coronary artery disease has become the major cause of early death and disability in the population.
Coronary artery disease (CAD) can also be used interchangeably with the terms atherosclerotic heart disease or ischemic heart disease.
All of these terms imply insufficient perfusion of the coronary arteries from an abnormal narrowing of the vessels, leading to insufficient oxygen delivery to the myocardial tissue.
The term coronary heart disease, also known as coronary artery disease or Ischemic heart disease, is a condition refers to diseases of the heart that result from a decrease in blood supply to the heart muscle.
Non modifiable risk factors
Modifiable risk factors
Contributing risk factors
Myocarditis
Myocarditis is an inflammatory disease of the heart muscle that is usually caused by viral infections. It can lead to dilated cardiomyopathy and heart failure. Viruses are the most common cause, with adenovirus now more prevalent than coxsackievirus. Myocarditis presents with symptoms of heart failure, chest pain, or arrhythmias. Diagnosis involves EKG, cardiac biomarkers, echocardiogram, cardiac MRI, and endomyocardial biopsy. Treatment focuses on managing arrhythmias and heart failure with medications, while immunosuppression may benefit some forms of myocarditis but not others.
Valvular heart diseases
This document discusses various valvular heart diseases including global burden, aortic stenosis, aortic regurgitation, mitral stenosis, and mitral regurgitation. Key points include: rheumatic heart disease is a leading cause in developing countries while age-related calcific disease is most common in developed nations; surgical options depend on severity and include valve repair/replacement; complications can include atrial fibrillation, pulmonary hypertension, and systemic embolism. Medical management focuses on symptom control through medications and lifestyle changes while surgery aims to correct valvular abnormalities.
Congenital & Acquired valvular Heart diseases
This document provides an overview of congenital and acquired valvular heart diseases. It defines valvular heart disease and describes the four main types of valves in the heart. It then discusses several specific congenital valvular diseases that can occur, including pulmonary atresia, pulmonary stenosis, tricuspid atresia, and bicuspid aortic valve disease. Symptoms, causes, investigations, treatments and complications are outlined for each one. It also discusses acquired valvular diseases such as aortic stenosis and mitral regurgitation.
Coarctation of aorta
commonly used for medical students, and helpful to use this ppt to study for them, and also a common man can understand very easily what is coarctation of aorta.
acquired heart disease
This document discusses acquired heart disease, specifically infective endocarditis and rheumatic heart disease. It defines infective endocarditis as an inflammation of the inner lining of the heart caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi. Rheumatic fever is described as a non-suppurative complication that can occur weeks after a Group A Streptococcal infection. The document outlines the etiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of these conditions through 23 pages of detailed text and images.
Aortic anurysm
An aortic aneurysm is a localized sac or dilation formed at a weak point in the aortic wall. They most commonly occur in the abdominal aorta and can be caused by conditions like hypertension, atherosclerosis, and smoking. Aortic aneurysms are classified as either saccular or fusiform based on their shape and size. Untreated aneurysms risk rupture, which can cause massive hemorrhage and death. Surgical treatment involves replacing the diseased aortic segment with a synthetic graft to prevent rupture.
Pericardial diseases
The document discusses various pericardial diseases including acute pericarditis, constrictive pericarditis, pericardial effusion, and cardiac tamponade. It provides details on the anatomy and functions of the pericardium, pathophysiology, clinical features, diagnostic tests, and management of these conditions. Key points include that pericardial diseases can present with non-specific symptoms, clinical suspicion is important for diagnosis, and treatment depends on underlying etiology and presence of hemodynamic compromise. Differentiating constrictive pericarditis from restrictive cardiomyopathy is important as treatment approaches differ significantly.
Heart Transplant
A heart transplant involves removing a diseased heart and replacing it with a healthy donor heart. It is a complex three-stage surgery where the donor heart is first removed, then the recipient's heart, and finally the donor heart is implanted. After surgery, patients undergo rehabilitation and lifelong immunosuppressant drugs to prevent rejection while monitoring for complications. Though risky, transplant significantly increases survival for end-stage heart failure patients compared to just medical treatment.
Chest deformities
1. The document discusses several chest wall deformities including pectus excavatum, pectus carinatum, Poland syndrome, Jeune syndrome, sternal defects, kyphosis, and scoliosis.
2. Pectus excavatum is a sunken chest where the breastbone caves in. Pectus carinatum involves overgrowth of cartilage causing a protruding or "pigeon chest" deformity.
3. Other conditions discussed include Poland syndrome which is underdevelopment of chest muscles on one side, Jeune syndrome causing a narrow chest cavity, and various sternal defects including ectopia cordis.
Patent ductus arteriosus
The document discusses the Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA), which is a persistent opening between the pulmonary artery and the aorta that usually closes shortly after birth. It provides details on the epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical features, diagnostic measures, and management of PDA. PDA is more common in preterm infants and left untreated can cause complications like pulmonary hypertension, congestive heart failure, and infections. Treatment involves the use of medications like indomethacin or ibuprofen to close the opening or surgical ligation if medications fail. Nursing care focuses on relieving respiratory distress, improving cardiac output and oxygenation, adequate nutrition, and preventing infections.
Aneurysms and dissections
- Aortic dissections occur when blood tears the inner layer of the aorta and flows down between the layers, splitting them apart. This creates a false lumen that can expand and rupture the aorta.
- Risk factors include hypertension, connective tissue disorders like Marfan syndrome, and family history. The intimal tear allows blood to dissect the medial layers, often extending throughout the aorta.
- Clinical symptoms include severe chest or back pain. Prognosis has improved with surgical techniques to repair the aorta before rupture occurs.
LUNG ABSCESS
Lung abscess is a localized area of lung tissue necrosis and pus formation that can be either primary or secondary. Primary lung abscesses usually develop from aspiration of infected material and are often single and large, located in the lower right lung lobe. Secondary lung abscesses are usually multiple and small, developing post-pneumonia or following septic embolism. Lung abscesses are caused by bacteria like streptococci, staphylococci, and gram-negative organisms introduced via aspiration, preceding lung infection, bronchial obstruction, septic embolism, or direct extension from other sites. Lung abscesses vary in size and can be acute, with poorly-defined ragged walls, or chronic
Pericarditis
Pericarditis is inflammation of the pericardial sac surrounding the heart that causes chest pain. It can be caused by viruses, bacteria, fungi, uremia, myocardial infarction, or autoimmune disorders. Symptoms include chest pain worsened by deep breathing or lying down, fever, and potential heart failure from fluid buildup or tamponade. Diagnosis involves patient history, physical exam for rubs, ECG changes, imaging like echocardiogram, and labs. Treatment focuses on identifying and treating the underlying cause with rest, drainage procedures, antibiotics, anti-inflammatories, and steroids along with pain management and monitoring for complications like cardiac tamponade.
Cardiomyopathy
Cardiomyopathy is a disease that affects the structure and function of the heart muscle. There are three main types: dilated cardiomyopathy which enlarges the heart ventricles, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy which causes thickening of the heart muscle, and restrictive cardiomyopathy which stiffens the heart muscle. Causes include genetics, infections, hypertension, alcohol use, and other factors. Symptoms vary depending on the type but can include fatigue, shortness of breath, irregular heartbeats, and fluid buildup. Diagnosis involves examinations, tests like echocardiograms, and biopsies. Treatment focuses on managing symptoms with medications, surgery in some cases, and lifestyle changes.
Congenital heart diseases
Congenital heart defects (CHDs) are structural abnormalities in the heart present at birth. Most CHDs disrupt normal blood flow through the heart by obstructing blood flow, allowing blood to flow in the wrong direction, or blocking blood flow completely. CHDs are among the most common birth defects and a leading cause of birth defect-related deaths. While most CHDs have no known cause, certain maternal illnesses, medications, genetic syndromes, and family history can increase the risk of a baby being born with a CHD. Diagnostic tests like echocardiograms, electrocardiograms, and cardiac catheterizations are used to evaluate CHDs.
Ischaemic heart diseases
Coronary artery Disease [CAD] is the most common , serious, chronic life threatening diseases in the USA.
More than 11 million Persons have CAD in USA.
Myocardial Ischemia [Reduced blood & oxygen supply to Heart Muscle ], Caused by
Lack of oxygen due to Inadequate perfusion which result from an Imbalance
Between oxygen supply & Demand.
Sinus arrhythmia
A sinus arrhythmia is an irregular heartbeat that's either too fast or too slow. One type of sinus arrhythmia, called respiratory sinus arrhythmia, is when the heartbeat changes pace when you inhale and exhale. In other words, your heartbeat cycles with your breath. When you breathe in, your heart rate increases.
Cardiomyopathies
This document discusses various types of cardiomyopathies:
- Dilated cardiomyopathy is caused by an unknown etiology and results in left ventricular dilatation and systolic dysfunction. It is a common cause of heart failure.
- Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy involves abnormal thickening of the heart muscle and can lead to outflow obstruction. It is a common cause of sudden death in young athletes.
- Restrictive cardiomyopathy causes stiff ventricles and impaired ventricular filling due to disorders like amyloidosis. It presents with symptoms of right and left heart failure.
- Other rare types discussed include arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia and obliterative cardiomyopathy. Diagnosis involves imaging and endomyocardial biopsy
Congenital heart disease
Congenital heart diseaseDr. Vitthalrao Vikhe Patil Foundation's College of Physiotherapy, Ahmednagar
This document discusses congenital heart diseases (CHDs). It begins by describing fetal circulation and the contents include fetal circulation, incidence and classification of CHDs, hemodynamics of common CHDs like atrial septal defect (ASD), ventricular septal defect (VSD), patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), tetralogy of fallot, and transposition of the great vessels. For each condition, the document discusses clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management. The classification divides CHDs into acyanotic and cyanotic types. The document provides an overview of several major CHDs, their presentations, and treatment approaches.Cardiac surgeries
Cardiac surgeries can be open-heart or closed-heart depending on whether a heart-lung machine is used. Open-heart surgeries involve opening the chest wall to access the heart directly while closed-heart surgeries work on external structures. Common types of heart surgery include valvular surgeries to repair or replace faulty heart valves, coronary artery bypass grafting to reroute blood flow around blockages, and treatments for congenital defects. Valve repairs and replacements are the most common adult cardiac surgeries.
CONGENITAL HEART DISEASES
This document discusses congenital heart defects, specifically atrial septal defects (ASD). It describes the types of ASDs, including ostium secundum, patent foramen ovale, and ostium primum. Clinical manifestations are typically asymptomatic for infants and children, with possible findings of a heart murmur, EKG changes, and enlarged heart on xray. Echocardiogram can diagnose and show the defect. Small defects may close on their own, while larger defects are treated with devices or surgery if causing heart failure or pulmonary hypertension. Surgical repair involves closing the defect with sutures or a patch.
Myocarditis pediatrics ppt
Myocarditis is an inflammation of the heart muscle that is most commonly caused by viral infections in children. Symptoms can range from mild to severe and include fatigue, chest pain, palpitations, and signs of heart failure like shortness of breath. Diagnosis is challenging as symptoms are often subtle, but can involve electrocardiograms, echocardiograms, cardiac MRI, and endomyocardial biopsy. Treatment is supportive with medications for heart failure, though immunoglobulin therapy may help in some cases of proven viral infection. Prognosis depends on age and severity of symptoms, with poorer outcomes more common in newborns and those with more severe heart failure.
Infective endocarditis
Infective endocarditis is a serious infection of the heart valves, usually caused by bacteria entering the bloodstream and adhering to previously damaged valves. It can occur in patients with normal or abnormal heart anatomy. Viridans streptococci and Staphylococcus aureus are common causes. It may present with nonspecific symptoms like fever or with signs of complications. Diagnosis involves blood cultures, echocardiogram, and applying the Duke criteria. Treatment is antibiotics with possible surgery. Prevention focuses on antibiotic prophylaxis before procedures for high-risk patients.
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Valvular heart diseases
This document discusses various valvular heart diseases including global burden, aortic stenosis, aortic regurgitation, mitral stenosis, and mitral regurgitation. Key points include: rheumatic heart disease is a leading cause in developing countries while age-related calcific disease is most common in developed nations; surgical options depend on severity and include valve repair/replacement; complications can include atrial fibrillation, pulmonary hypertension, and systemic embolism. Medical management focuses on symptom control through medications and lifestyle changes while surgery aims to correct valvular abnormalities.
Congenital & Acquired valvular Heart diseases
This document provides an overview of congenital and acquired valvular heart diseases. It defines valvular heart disease and describes the four main types of valves in the heart. It then discusses several specific congenital valvular diseases that can occur, including pulmonary atresia, pulmonary stenosis, tricuspid atresia, and bicuspid aortic valve disease. Symptoms, causes, investigations, treatments and complications are outlined for each one. It also discusses acquired valvular diseases such as aortic stenosis and mitral regurgitation.
Coarctation of aorta
commonly used for medical students, and helpful to use this ppt to study for them, and also a common man can understand very easily what is coarctation of aorta.
acquired heart disease
This document discusses acquired heart disease, specifically infective endocarditis and rheumatic heart disease. It defines infective endocarditis as an inflammation of the inner lining of the heart caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi. Rheumatic fever is described as a non-suppurative complication that can occur weeks after a Group A Streptococcal infection. The document outlines the etiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of these conditions through 23 pages of detailed text and images.
Aortic anurysm
An aortic aneurysm is a localized sac or dilation formed at a weak point in the aortic wall. They most commonly occur in the abdominal aorta and can be caused by conditions like hypertension, atherosclerosis, and smoking. Aortic aneurysms are classified as either saccular or fusiform based on their shape and size. Untreated aneurysms risk rupture, which can cause massive hemorrhage and death. Surgical treatment involves replacing the diseased aortic segment with a synthetic graft to prevent rupture.
Pericardial diseases
The document discusses various pericardial diseases including acute pericarditis, constrictive pericarditis, pericardial effusion, and cardiac tamponade. It provides details on the anatomy and functions of the pericardium, pathophysiology, clinical features, diagnostic tests, and management of these conditions. Key points include that pericardial diseases can present with non-specific symptoms, clinical suspicion is important for diagnosis, and treatment depends on underlying etiology and presence of hemodynamic compromise. Differentiating constrictive pericarditis from restrictive cardiomyopathy is important as treatment approaches differ significantly.
Heart Transplant
A heart transplant involves removing a diseased heart and replacing it with a healthy donor heart. It is a complex three-stage surgery where the donor heart is first removed, then the recipient's heart, and finally the donor heart is implanted. After surgery, patients undergo rehabilitation and lifelong immunosuppressant drugs to prevent rejection while monitoring for complications. Though risky, transplant significantly increases survival for end-stage heart failure patients compared to just medical treatment.
Chest deformities
1. The document discusses several chest wall deformities including pectus excavatum, pectus carinatum, Poland syndrome, Jeune syndrome, sternal defects, kyphosis, and scoliosis.
2. Pectus excavatum is a sunken chest where the breastbone caves in. Pectus carinatum involves overgrowth of cartilage causing a protruding or "pigeon chest" deformity.
3. Other conditions discussed include Poland syndrome which is underdevelopment of chest muscles on one side, Jeune syndrome causing a narrow chest cavity, and various sternal defects including ectopia cordis.
Patent ductus arteriosus
The document discusses the Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA), which is a persistent opening between the pulmonary artery and the aorta that usually closes shortly after birth. It provides details on the epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical features, diagnostic measures, and management of PDA. PDA is more common in preterm infants and left untreated can cause complications like pulmonary hypertension, congestive heart failure, and infections. Treatment involves the use of medications like indomethacin or ibuprofen to close the opening or surgical ligation if medications fail. Nursing care focuses on relieving respiratory distress, improving cardiac output and oxygenation, adequate nutrition, and preventing infections.
Aneurysms and dissections
- Aortic dissections occur when blood tears the inner layer of the aorta and flows down between the layers, splitting them apart. This creates a false lumen that can expand and rupture the aorta.
- Risk factors include hypertension, connective tissue disorders like Marfan syndrome, and family history. The intimal tear allows blood to dissect the medial layers, often extending throughout the aorta.
- Clinical symptoms include severe chest or back pain. Prognosis has improved with surgical techniques to repair the aorta before rupture occurs.
LUNG ABSCESS
Lung abscess is a localized area of lung tissue necrosis and pus formation that can be either primary or secondary. Primary lung abscesses usually develop from aspiration of infected material and are often single and large, located in the lower right lung lobe. Secondary lung abscesses are usually multiple and small, developing post-pneumonia or following septic embolism. Lung abscesses are caused by bacteria like streptococci, staphylococci, and gram-negative organisms introduced via aspiration, preceding lung infection, bronchial obstruction, septic embolism, or direct extension from other sites. Lung abscesses vary in size and can be acute, with poorly-defined ragged walls, or chronic
Pericarditis
Pericarditis is inflammation of the pericardial sac surrounding the heart that causes chest pain. It can be caused by viruses, bacteria, fungi, uremia, myocardial infarction, or autoimmune disorders. Symptoms include chest pain worsened by deep breathing or lying down, fever, and potential heart failure from fluid buildup or tamponade. Diagnosis involves patient history, physical exam for rubs, ECG changes, imaging like echocardiogram, and labs. Treatment focuses on identifying and treating the underlying cause with rest, drainage procedures, antibiotics, anti-inflammatories, and steroids along with pain management and monitoring for complications like cardiac tamponade.
Cardiomyopathy
Cardiomyopathy is a disease that affects the structure and function of the heart muscle. There are three main types: dilated cardiomyopathy which enlarges the heart ventricles, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy which causes thickening of the heart muscle, and restrictive cardiomyopathy which stiffens the heart muscle. Causes include genetics, infections, hypertension, alcohol use, and other factors. Symptoms vary depending on the type but can include fatigue, shortness of breath, irregular heartbeats, and fluid buildup. Diagnosis involves examinations, tests like echocardiograms, and biopsies. Treatment focuses on managing symptoms with medications, surgery in some cases, and lifestyle changes.
Congenital heart diseases
Congenital heart defects (CHDs) are structural abnormalities in the heart present at birth. Most CHDs disrupt normal blood flow through the heart by obstructing blood flow, allowing blood to flow in the wrong direction, or blocking blood flow completely. CHDs are among the most common birth defects and a leading cause of birth defect-related deaths. While most CHDs have no known cause, certain maternal illnesses, medications, genetic syndromes, and family history can increase the risk of a baby being born with a CHD. Diagnostic tests like echocardiograms, electrocardiograms, and cardiac catheterizations are used to evaluate CHDs.
Ischaemic heart diseases
Coronary artery Disease [CAD] is the most common , serious, chronic life threatening diseases in the USA.
More than 11 million Persons have CAD in USA.
Myocardial Ischemia [Reduced blood & oxygen supply to Heart Muscle ], Caused by
Lack of oxygen due to Inadequate perfusion which result from an Imbalance
Between oxygen supply & Demand.
Sinus arrhythmia
A sinus arrhythmia is an irregular heartbeat that's either too fast or too slow. One type of sinus arrhythmia, called respiratory sinus arrhythmia, is when the heartbeat changes pace when you inhale and exhale. In other words, your heartbeat cycles with your breath. When you breathe in, your heart rate increases.
Cardiomyopathies
This document discusses various types of cardiomyopathies:
- Dilated cardiomyopathy is caused by an unknown etiology and results in left ventricular dilatation and systolic dysfunction. It is a common cause of heart failure.
- Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy involves abnormal thickening of the heart muscle and can lead to outflow obstruction. It is a common cause of sudden death in young athletes.
- Restrictive cardiomyopathy causes stiff ventricles and impaired ventricular filling due to disorders like amyloidosis. It presents with symptoms of right and left heart failure.
- Other rare types discussed include arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia and obliterative cardiomyopathy. Diagnosis involves imaging and endomyocardial biopsy
Congenital heart disease
Congenital heart diseaseDr. Vitthalrao Vikhe Patil Foundation's College of Physiotherapy, Ahmednagar
This document discusses congenital heart diseases (CHDs). It begins by describing fetal circulation and the contents include fetal circulation, incidence and classification of CHDs, hemodynamics of common CHDs like atrial septal defect (ASD), ventricular septal defect (VSD), patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), tetralogy of fallot, and transposition of the great vessels. For each condition, the document discusses clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management. The classification divides CHDs into acyanotic and cyanotic types. The document provides an overview of several major CHDs, their presentations, and treatment approaches.Cardiac surgeries
Cardiac surgeries can be open-heart or closed-heart depending on whether a heart-lung machine is used. Open-heart surgeries involve opening the chest wall to access the heart directly while closed-heart surgeries work on external structures. Common types of heart surgery include valvular surgeries to repair or replace faulty heart valves, coronary artery bypass grafting to reroute blood flow around blockages, and treatments for congenital defects. Valve repairs and replacements are the most common adult cardiac surgeries.
CONGENITAL HEART DISEASES
This document discusses congenital heart defects, specifically atrial septal defects (ASD). It describes the types of ASDs, including ostium secundum, patent foramen ovale, and ostium primum. Clinical manifestations are typically asymptomatic for infants and children, with possible findings of a heart murmur, EKG changes, and enlarged heart on xray. Echocardiogram can diagnose and show the defect. Small defects may close on their own, while larger defects are treated with devices or surgery if causing heart failure or pulmonary hypertension. Surgical repair involves closing the defect with sutures or a patch.
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This document discusses cardiovascular disease, including congenital heart disease, ischemic heart disease, and hypertension. It provides details on the causes, clinical features, investigations, and management of these conditions. Congenital heart disease can be cyanotic or acyanotic and often requires surgical correction. Ischemic heart disease is usually due to atherosclerosis and has several modifiable risk factors. Dental management of patients with cardiovascular disease focuses on minimizing stress and using local anesthetics carefully.
dentalmanagementofamedicallycompromisedpatient-170408190417.pdf
Medically compromised patients have systemic diseases or conditions that impact dental treatment. This document discusses management of common conditions like diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, liver disorders, and respiratory diseases. For all conditions, consultation with the patient's physician is important. Procedures should be minimally invasive and avoid general anesthesia when possible. Vital signs must be monitored closely due to risk of infection or complications from medications.
Maternal death autopsy
Maternal death can be classified as direct, indirect, or coincidental based on the cause. Direct causes are conditions directly related to pregnancy and delivery, such as pre-eclampsia, postpartum hemorrhage, and sepsis. Indirect causes do not directly involve pregnancy but are exacerbated by it, like venous thromboembolism and cardiac diseases. Autopsies aim to determine the precise cause of death through examination of organs like the lungs, brain, kidneys, and placenta as well as sterile blood cultures and histopathological analysis. Understanding the cause is important for improving maternal healthcare and assessing claims of clinical negligence.
Medically compromised children 1
• Cardiology, children with special need, Congenital heart disease, CHD, Acyanotic conditions, Atrial septal defect, ASD, Ventricular septal defect, VSD, Patent ductus arteriosus, PDA, Coarctation, localized constriction of the aorta, Aortic stenosisor narrowing of the aortic central orifice, Pulmonary stenosis, Tetralogy of Fallot, Transposition of great vessels, Eisenmenger syndrome, Red cell disorders, anemia, Haemolytic anaemia, Glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase, G6PD, Aplastic anaemia, Haemoglobinopathies, Thalassaemia, α-Thalassaemia, β-Thalassaemia, Sickle cell disease, platelet function analysis, Full blood count, FBC, Vascular disorders, Coagulation tests, prothrombin time, PT, Platelet disorders, Platelet function disorders, Inherited coagulation disorders, Haemophilia A, Haemophilia B, Christmas disease, Von Willebrand’s disease, Antifibrinolytics, Anticoagulant therapy, warfarin, Coumadin, Heparin, Enoxaparin sodium, Clexane, Local haemostatic measures, haemorrhage, Immunodeficiency, Sickle cell disease, Phagocytic disorders, Neutropenia, Primary immunodeficiencies, B-cell defects, T-cell defects, Secondary immunodeficiency, acquired immunodeficiencies, Combined immunodeficiencies, Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, AIDS, HIV, Serodiagnosis, immune function, ELISA test, Candidosis, Ulceration, Atypical gingivitis, Salivary gland enlargement, Kaposi’s sarcoma, Hairy leukoplakia, HIV-related periodontitis, Oncology, Leukaemia, Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, ALL, Chronic myeloid leukaemia, CML, Solid tumours in childhood, Brain tumours, Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, Wilms’ tumours, Neuroblastoma, Rhabdomyosarcoma, Hodgkin’s disease, Retinoblastoma, Osteosarcoma, Ewing’s sarcoma, Langerhans’ cell histiocytosis, Post-surgery, Post-radiotherapy, Chemotherapy, Growth disturbances, Xerostomia, bone marrow transplantation, Graft-versus-host disease, GVHD, Bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw, BRONJ,
Cardiomyopathy - lecture.ppt
Cardiomyopathies are diseases of the heart muscle that are not caused by hypertension, coronary artery disease, valvular or pericardial abnormalities. They can be classified as primary (involving the myocardium of unknown cause) or secondary (caused by a systemic disease).
The document discusses the main types of cardiomyopathy - dilated, hypertrophic and restrictive. It provides details on their definitions, causes, clinical features, diagnostic evaluations and treatments. Dilated cardiomyopathy is the most common and causes ventricular enlargement and impaired systolic function. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy causes disproportionate left ventricular hypertrophy. Restrictive cardiomyopathy results in stiff ventricles that impede filling.
PROSTHETIC CONSIDERATIONS IN MEDICALLY COMPROMISED PATIENTS
Prosthetic considerations in medically compromised patients require careful assessment and management. For patients with cardiovascular diseases like angina or myocardial infarction, stress should be minimized and medications adjusted. Diabetic patients need monitoring of blood glucose levels. Those with bleeding disorders require local hemostatic measures. Patients on anticonvulsants may develop gingival hyperplasia requiring prophylaxis. Prosthetic treatment for patients with conditions like osteoporosis aims to preserve underlying tissues. Overall, consultation with physicians is important for safe dental treatment of medically compromised patients.
Investigating The Heart Failure Patient
This document provides an overview of investigating heart failure patients. It discusses evaluating a clinical vignette of a heart failure patient and outlines the objectives, outline, epidemiology, etiology, classification, pathophysiology, clinical features, specific and non-specific investigations, diagnosis, and treatment of heart failure. It summarizes the findings and management of the clinical vignette case, and provides details on specific heart failure investigations including electrocardiography, chest x-ray, and echocardiography.
Idiopathic intracranial hypertension
Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH), also known as pseudotumor cerebri, is a disorder characterized by increased intracranial pressure without a tumor or other cause. It predominantly affects obese women of childbearing age and has been linked to recent weight gain. Left untreated, IIH can cause vision loss or blindness in up to 25% of cases through papilledema, or swelling of the optic disc. While the exact pathophysiology is unclear, theories involve dural venous sinus stenosis reducing drainage of blood from the brain. Obesity is also thought to increase abdominal and cardiac pressures, impeding venous return from the brain.
Intracerebral hemorhage Diagnosis and management
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is bleeding within the brain tissue. The document discusses the causes, risk factors, clinical features, diagnosis and management of ICH. The major causes are hypertension and vascular abnormalities like aneurysms. Clinical features depend on the location of bleeding and may include altered consciousness, headache, vomiting and focal neurological deficits. CT scan is the primary imaging method to detect ICH. Prognosis depends on factors like hematoma size, location and growth. Management involves controlling blood pressure, treating the underlying cause and complications.
Intracerebral hemorhage Diagnosis and management
About ICH - Diagnosis and management, Discussed the clinical presentation, evaluation, radiological features and management including recent guidelines
Rheumatic heart disease
Rheumatic heart disease is a condition where the heart valves are permanently damaged by rheumatic fever, which can result from untreated strep throat infections. It is characterized by inflammation and scarring of the heart valves. Risk factors include poverty, overcrowding, a history of rheumatic fever, and strep throat infections. Symptoms include heart valve problems, joint pain, and heart failure. Treatment involves antibiotics to prevent future strep infections, medications for heart failure, and potentially heart valve surgery. Complications can include heart failure, bacterial endocarditis, and ruptured heart valves.
Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension
This document provides information about idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH), including its symptoms, pathophysiology, risk factors, diagnosis, and treatment. IIH is characterized by increased intracranial pressure without a tumor or other identifiable cause. Common symptoms include headache, nausea, visual disturbances, and papilledema. The main risk factors are obesity, particularly in women of childbearing age. The cause is unknown but may involve increased cerebrospinal fluid production or impaired cerebral venous drainage. Diagnosis involves evaluating signs and symptoms of increased intracranial pressure and ruling out other potential causes through imaging and lumbar puncture.
Stroke in children
This document discusses childhood stroke, including:
- Childhood stroke differs from adult stroke in its causes, which include cardiac abnormalities, infections, genetic conditions, and hematologic disorders rather than atherosclerosis.
- Diagnosing childhood stroke is challenging due to its rarity and non-specific clinical presentations. Imaging and laboratory tests are used to determine the cause and guide treatment.
- Treatment depends on the underlying cause but may include thrombolysis, anticoagulation, surgery, or lifestyle changes. Recurrence risks vary based on identified risk factors. Outcomes range from full recovery to lasting deficits, though prognosis is generally better than in adult strokes.
Clinical pathology
Myocardial ischemia occurs when blood flow to the heart muscle is reduced, depriving it of oxygen. It can be caused by conditions like atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease. Treatment aims to improve blood flow and may include medications, angioplasty, or bypass surgery. Left untreated, prolonged ischemia can lead to a myocardial infarction (heart attack).
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dentalmanagementofamedicallycompromisedpatient-170408190417.pdf
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acqired heart diseases.pptx
- 1. Acquired Heart Disease BHAVANA RAJANNA 89A
- 2. Outline 2 • Definition • Etiology • Pathogenesis • Diagnosis and c/f • Treatment
- 3. DEFINITION: 3 • Acquired heart diseases are conditions affecting the heart and its associated blood vessels that develop during a person's lifetime, in contrast to congenital heart diseases, which are present at birth.
- 5. Etiology 5 • They can be caused by illnesses such as a bacterial or viral infection. • Viridans type streptococci. • Staphylococcus aureus, • Group D enterococci ( lower GI or GU manipulation) • Others pseudomonas aeruginosa in IVDA
- 6. Epidemiology Acquired HD Mario's 5/21/2018 6 • Males are commonly affected • IE is often a complication of congenital or Rheumatic Heart Disease • Can occur in children with out any abnormal valves or cardiac malformation • In developed countries CHD is commonest predisposing factor
- 7. Pathogenesis Acquired HD Mario's 5/21/2018 7 • Patients with CHD where there is a turbulent blood flow, if there is high pressure gradient across the defect, turbulent flow Traumatizes the Endothelium, creates a substrate for deposition of fibrin and platelets • Formation of non bacterial thrombotic embolus which is initiating lesion for IE • Transient bacteremia there will be colonization of NBTE by bacteria and Bacterial proliferation occurs
- 8. Risk factor Acquired HD Mario's 5/21/2018 8 • Intravenous Drug use • Prosthetic heart valves • Structural Heart Disease(CHD/RHD) • Central venous catheter • Dental, Intestinal or Urinary tract procedure In 30% a predisposing factor is identified
- 9. Clinical Manifestation Acquired HD Mario's 5/21/2018 9 • Onset may be acute and severe with HGIF and prostration • Prolonged fever without other manifestations • Common Symptoms are • Myalgia, arthralgia, headache, nausea and vomiting
- 10. Physical Examination Acquired HD Mario's 5/21/2018 10 • New/ changing heart murmur • Splenomegaly • Signs of Heart Failure • clubbing • Classic skin findings develop late in the course of the disease • Osler Nodes (tender pea sized intradermal nodules in the pads of fingers) • Janeway Leshions (painless small hemorrhagic lesions on palms and soles) • Splinter Hemorrhages • This lesions may represent vasculitis prodiced by Ag-Ab Complex
- 11. Treatment • Antibiotics: regardless of throat culture result • Amoxicillin PO for 10 days • Single IM benzathine penicillin Anti-inflammatory Therapy: • Asprin • corticosteroids
- 12. Surgical treatment: • Some childhood heart defects require repairs that can only be made through open-heart surgery. These repairs may be needed right away, or they may be delayed for months or even years. Sometimes repairs can be made in a single surgical procedure. Other times, a series of operations may be needed. It all depends on the type and severity of the heart defect and how sick the patient is.
- 13. Acquired HD Mario's 5/21/2018 13