This document provides an overview of phenols, including their preparation from haloarenes, benzene sulphonic acid, diazonium salts, and cumene. It describes the physical properties of phenols, such as their higher boiling points compared to hydrocarbons due to hydrogen bonding. Several reactions of phenols are also outlined, including Kolbe's reaction, Reimer-Tiemann reaction, Fries rearrangement, acetylation, nitration, halogenation, and their reaction with bromine water. Finally, the document lists some common uses of phenols as precursors for plastics, drugs, disinfectants, and in molecular biology techniques.
Germany has a population of over 80 million people, most of whom are ethnically German. Germany has a strong economy and is Europe's largest. Business etiquette in Germany is very formal - meetings follow strict agendas, titles and positions are important, and punctuality is expected. Dining etiquette also involves strict rules like waiting to start eating until a host says "guten appetit" and placing knives and forks in parallel positions on plates when finished. Gift giving is not common in business settings in Germany.
this presentation will be helpful to understand the importance of both Arts and Science as a discipline and will help students and teachers to accept the equal importance of the two Disciplines
A chemical bond is a lasting attraction between atoms that enables the formation of chemical compounds. The bond may result from the electrostatic force of attraction between atoms with opposite charges, or through the sharing of electrons as in the covalent bonds
This document provides an overview of phenols, including their preparation from haloarenes, benzene sulphonic acid, diazonium salts, and cumene. It describes the physical properties of phenols, such as their higher boiling points compared to hydrocarbons due to hydrogen bonding. Several reactions of phenols are also outlined, including Kolbe's reaction, Reimer-Tiemann reaction, Fries rearrangement, acetylation, nitration, halogenation, and their reaction with bromine water. Finally, the document lists some common uses of phenols as precursors for plastics, drugs, disinfectants, and in molecular biology techniques.
Germany has a population of over 80 million people, most of whom are ethnically German. Germany has a strong economy and is Europe's largest. Business etiquette in Germany is very formal - meetings follow strict agendas, titles and positions are important, and punctuality is expected. Dining etiquette also involves strict rules like waiting to start eating until a host says "guten appetit" and placing knives and forks in parallel positions on plates when finished. Gift giving is not common in business settings in Germany.
this presentation will be helpful to understand the importance of both Arts and Science as a discipline and will help students and teachers to accept the equal importance of the two Disciplines
A chemical bond is a lasting attraction between atoms that enables the formation of chemical compounds. The bond may result from the electrostatic force of attraction between atoms with opposite charges, or through the sharing of electrons as in the covalent bonds
This document provides an introduction to organic chemistry, including:
- Organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds, which make up living things.
- Friedrich Wöhler disproved the idea that organic compounds contained a "vital force" by creating urea in the lab from inorganic precursors.
- The four main types of hydrocarbons are aromatic hydrocarbons like benzene, and aliphatic hydrocarbons which include alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes. Nomenclature rules are used to systematically name organic compounds.
The document provides information about the British monarchy, including the name of the royal family (Windsor), key events (Trooping the Colours on the Queen's birthday), and biographies of current members. It details that Queen Elizabeth II has been the monarch since 1952 and has four children, including Prince Charles and Prince William. The document also includes a timeline of British kings and queens and tasks for learning more about the royal family and British government.
Age of Tennyson - History of English LiteratureSuganthiB1
This document provides an overview of the Victorian novel and its major proponents during the Age of Tennyson. It discusses how the novel evolved from prose to become a vehicle for ideas and entertainment that reflected the complex modern world. Three major novelists are highlighted: Charles Dickens, William Makepeace Thackeray, and George Eliot. For Dickens, it summarizes his inspirations, style, qualities as a writer, focus on humanitarianism and social reform, and some of his most notable works.
This document discusses the properties and reactions of amines. It describes how amines are moderately polar and soluble in water due to hydrogen bonding. Their boiling points are higher than non-polar compounds due to intermolecular hydrogen bonding. Amines are basic due to the lone pair of electrons on nitrogen. Common reactions of amines include salt formation, alkylation, conversion to amides, aromatic substitution, Hofmann elimination, and formation of diazonium salts. Diazonium salts can undergo replacement or coupling reactions.
This document provides an overview of organic chemistry topics including alkanes, alkenes, alcohols, carboxylic acids, and macromolecules. It defines key terms such as homologous series and discusses the physical properties and reactions of these organic compounds. For example, it explains that alkanes form a homologous series with a general formula of CnH2n+2 and that their melting and boiling points increase with chain length. It also summarizes how alcohols can undergo combustion, oxidation to form carboxylic acids, and esterification reactions.
The document summarizes Britain's prehistory from the earliest settlers to the Iron Age Celts and the Roman conquest. It describes how Britain became separated from the continent after the last ice age, the earliest hunter-gatherer populations, the introduction of farming in the Neolithic period, and the emergence of ceremonial sites like Stonehenge. It then discusses the Bronze Age, the arrival of the Celts in the Iron Age, and key aspects of Celtic culture like hillforts, roundhouses, religion, and warrior traditions before concluding with the Roman invasion of Britain in 43 AD and their inability to conquer Scotland.
The document discusses national identity cards in the UK and France. It provides details on the security features and procedures for obtaining identity cards in both countries. In the UK, identity cards were cancelled in 2011 due to privacy concerns, but age entitlement cards are still used. France issues optional national identity cards that are valid for 15 years and can be used for travel within the EU.
Rudyard Kipling was born in 1865 in Bombay, India to British parents. He spent his early childhood in India but was sent to England at age 6 for school, where he was mistreated by his foster family. Kipling drew on his experiences in India for many of his stories. As an adult, he settled in Brattleboro, Vermont with his wife. Kipling wrote many famous works including The Jungle Book and was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature. However, he suffered personal tragedies with the deaths of his young daughter and son during World War I, from which he never fully recovered. Kipling continued writing until his death in 1936.
This document provides an introduction to organic chemistry, including:
- Organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds, which make up living things.
- Friedrich Wöhler disproved the idea that organic compounds contained a "vital force" by creating urea in the lab from inorganic precursors.
- The four main types of hydrocarbons are aromatic hydrocarbons like benzene, and aliphatic hydrocarbons which include alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes. Nomenclature rules are used to systematically name organic compounds.
The document provides information about the British monarchy, including the name of the royal family (Windsor), key events (Trooping the Colours on the Queen's birthday), and biographies of current members. It details that Queen Elizabeth II has been the monarch since 1952 and has four children, including Prince Charles and Prince William. The document also includes a timeline of British kings and queens and tasks for learning more about the royal family and British government.
Age of Tennyson - History of English LiteratureSuganthiB1
This document provides an overview of the Victorian novel and its major proponents during the Age of Tennyson. It discusses how the novel evolved from prose to become a vehicle for ideas and entertainment that reflected the complex modern world. Three major novelists are highlighted: Charles Dickens, William Makepeace Thackeray, and George Eliot. For Dickens, it summarizes his inspirations, style, qualities as a writer, focus on humanitarianism and social reform, and some of his most notable works.
This document discusses the properties and reactions of amines. It describes how amines are moderately polar and soluble in water due to hydrogen bonding. Their boiling points are higher than non-polar compounds due to intermolecular hydrogen bonding. Amines are basic due to the lone pair of electrons on nitrogen. Common reactions of amines include salt formation, alkylation, conversion to amides, aromatic substitution, Hofmann elimination, and formation of diazonium salts. Diazonium salts can undergo replacement or coupling reactions.
This document provides an overview of organic chemistry topics including alkanes, alkenes, alcohols, carboxylic acids, and macromolecules. It defines key terms such as homologous series and discusses the physical properties and reactions of these organic compounds. For example, it explains that alkanes form a homologous series with a general formula of CnH2n+2 and that their melting and boiling points increase with chain length. It also summarizes how alcohols can undergo combustion, oxidation to form carboxylic acids, and esterification reactions.
The document summarizes Britain's prehistory from the earliest settlers to the Iron Age Celts and the Roman conquest. It describes how Britain became separated from the continent after the last ice age, the earliest hunter-gatherer populations, the introduction of farming in the Neolithic period, and the emergence of ceremonial sites like Stonehenge. It then discusses the Bronze Age, the arrival of the Celts in the Iron Age, and key aspects of Celtic culture like hillforts, roundhouses, religion, and warrior traditions before concluding with the Roman invasion of Britain in 43 AD and their inability to conquer Scotland.
The document discusses national identity cards in the UK and France. It provides details on the security features and procedures for obtaining identity cards in both countries. In the UK, identity cards were cancelled in 2011 due to privacy concerns, but age entitlement cards are still used. France issues optional national identity cards that are valid for 15 years and can be used for travel within the EU.
Rudyard Kipling was born in 1865 in Bombay, India to British parents. He spent his early childhood in India but was sent to England at age 6 for school, where he was mistreated by his foster family. Kipling drew on his experiences in India for many of his stories. As an adult, he settled in Brattleboro, Vermont with his wife. Kipling wrote many famous works including The Jungle Book and was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature. However, he suffered personal tragedies with the deaths of his young daughter and son during World War I, from which he never fully recovered. Kipling continued writing until his death in 1936.
2. Acidobazické reakce
synonymum Protolytické reakce
Uskutečňují se mezi kyselinami a zásadami
Dochází ke štěpení na ionty (nabité částice)
Základem jsou teorie kyselin a zásad
Nejznámější reakcí je neutralizace
3. Arrheniova teorie
Nejstarší teorií kyseliny vůbec
Kyselina je látka schopná odštěpit
vodíkový kation H+
Zásada je látka schopná odštěpit
hydroxidový anion OH-
Nebere v úvahu částice rozpouštědla!
5. Brönsted-Lowryho teorie
Kyselina je schopná odštěpit proton
Zásada je schopná vázat proton
Konjugovaný pár
= dvojice tvořená kyselinou v reaktantu a zásadou v produktu;
zásadou v reaktantu a kyselinou v produktu
Bere v úvahu částice rozpouštědla
7. Lewisova teorie
Kyselina je látka s volným valenčním
orbitalem schopná přijmout el. pár
Zásada je látka s volnými el. páry pro
zaplnění valenčních orbitalů
Nejobecnější teorie
Princip koordinačně-kovalentní vazby
9. Síly kyselin a zásad
Kyselina je tím silnější, čím snadněji
odštěpí proton H+
Zásada je tím silnější, čím snadněji přijme
proton H+
Existují případy, kdy se nějaká kyselina
může chovat též jako zásada
10. Síla kyslíkatých kyselin
Velmi slabé (HnXOn) – HBrO, HClO
Slabé (HnXOn+1) – H2SO3, H2CO3
Silné (HnXOn+2) – H2SO4, HNO3
Velmi silné (HnXOn+3) – HClO4, H2OsO5
11. Síla bezkyslík. kyselin, hydroxidů
Síla bezkyslíkaté kyseliny roste společně
se zvyšujícím se protonovém čísle
(HF > HCl > HBr > HI)
Silné jsou hydroxidy s prvky I. a II.A
skupiny periodické soustavy prvků
12. Autoprotolýza vody
Samovolná reakce stejných molekul
rozpouštědla
H2O + H2O => H3O+ + OH-
K1 Z1 K2 Z2
Konjugované páry
13. Číselné stanovení síly kyselin a
zásad
V 1x107 dm3 vody je 1 mol H+ a OH-
Používáme název iontový součin vody (Kv)
Kv =[H3O+]*[OH-] = [1×10-7] *[1×10-7] =
= 1×10-14
[] – označení pro hodnotu koncentrace
16. pH a pOH
pH je vyjádřeno jako kladný exponent
koncentrace H3O+ v roztoku
(Při [H3O+] = 1×10-3 se pH = 3)
pOH je vyjádřeno jako kladný exponent
koncentrace OH- v roztoku
(Při [OH-] = 1×10-3 se pOH = 3)
Hodnota pH a pOH je rozdíl mezi číslem
14 a hodnotou druhé veličiny
17. Výpočet pH a pOH
Z udané koncentrace můžeme snadno
hodnoty těchto veličin spočítat jako:
pH = - log [H3O+]
pOH = - log [OH-]
18. Měření pH
Univerzální indikátorové papírky
Elektronický pH metr
Činidla pH (fenolftalein, lakmus aj.)
