Absolutism
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This document provides an overview of absolute monarchs, including definitions, characteristics, and historical context. It defines an absolute monarch as a king or queen who believes all power rests in their hands and rules without limits. Key characteristics included believing in the divine right of kings and controlling all aspects of society. The document traces the rise of absolutism in Europe following the decline of feudal systems and weakened power of the church. Periods of crisis led many leaders to consolidate power and rule without restraints in order to impose order in response to unrest over high taxes needed to fund large standing armies.
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Rome began as a small village but grew to become a powerful republic ruled initially by kings and later by elected leaders. Power was shared between the Senate, consuls, and citizen assemblies. Through military expansion, by 200 BC Rome controlled land from Greece to Spain. Later, political divisions emerged between the patrician elite and plebeians. The Gracchi brothers attempted land reform but were killed, sparking violence. Rome transitioned to empire under Augustus, though abuses of power by later emperors weakened it. Christianity emerged and was adopted by Constantine, but the empire declined due to overspending, crime, taxation, and invasions.
1 2 challenges from within
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This document discusses absolutist and anti-absolutist political theories in 16th century France. It outlines how Protestant reformers influenced ideas of royal absolutism through doctrines like passive obedience to the monarch. However, events like the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre led writers like Hotman and de la Noue to argue that sovereignty lies with the people and kings have limited power. The Jesuits and Catholic League also developed anti-absolutist ideas, while royalists emphasized the divine right of kings and that strong monarchic rule was needed for order. Theories of resistance to tyranny and the right of rebellion against oppressive rulers were debated.
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1. Senators and administrators formed the highest class due to their political power and membership in the senate, dominated by noble families.
2. Nobles, known as patricians, were wealthy families who occupied all official positions and formed the basis for aristocracy after the dissolution of monarchy.
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- Dictatorship where one person or party has total power like Cuba under Castro or China's Communist Party.
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The document summarizes the revolution in China and the establishment of Communist China. It describes how the Qing Dynasty fell in 1911 leading to a period of civil war. The Nationalists led by Chiang Kai-shek and Communists led by Mao Zedong fought for control of China from 1925-1937. Japan then invaded China in 1937. After World War 2, the civil war resumed until 1949 when the Communists declared the People's Republic of China. Under Mao's leadership, China underwent land redistribution, industrialization, and the consolidation of power by the Communist party through imprisoning dissidents. However, the Great Leap Forward failed and led to a famine causing over 20 million deaths.
Intro ussr communist 2014
Dynastic monarchies in Russia and China faced economic and social problems in the early 20th century, leading to revolutions. In Russia, the tsar was overthrown and a provisional democratic government formed, but it failed amid World War I losses. Radicals like the Bolsheviks gained power, and their leader Lenin seized control. A civil war ensued as anti-communist forces fought back, but the Bolsheviks prevailed. Lenin established communist rule, redistributing land and industrializing through five-year plans. In China, the Qing dynasty fell in 1912 and a provisional government took over, but problems continued and communists gained victory in 1949, establishing the People's Republic of China.
World wars compared
This document provides an overview comparison of World War I and World War II. It discusses the causes, warfare, and results of each war. For causes, it describes the alliances, nationalism, militarism, and imperialism that led to WWI, as well as the resentment over the Treaty of Versailles and global economic depression that contributed to WWII. The warfare of each war included new weapons and tactics. Results of both wars involved massive destruction, deaths, and redrawn maps, as well as long term impacts such as new governments, international organizations, and an emerging Cold War.
Global economic depression overview
The document provides an overview of the global economic depression known as the Great Depression that began in 1929 and lasted through World War II. It discusses several key causes, including overproduction in industry and agriculture which lowered prices and increased unemployment, the crash of the American stock market, and demands for international loan payments which destabilized European economies. The results were widespread bank failures around the world, plummeting agricultural and industrial production, high unemployment rates of 30% in some countries, and a major slowdown in global trade with exports dropping by 50% or more in many areas.
19 and 20 review
This document provides a list of topics to review related to European imperialism between the 18th and 19th centuries, including the Industrial Revolution's effects; problems faced by China and the Ottoman Empire; rebellions within China and reforms within the Ottoman Empire; the rise of nationalism; Japan's opening to the West; methods of European colonial control in India and Africa; systems of labor and agriculture utilized in colonies; and related social and ideological changes in colonized societies.
Review 1750 1900 2
This document summarizes the decline of three major empires - the Ottoman Empire, Qing Chinese Empire, and Japanese Empire - between 1750-1900 as well as the rise of European imperialism during this period. It discusses how the Ottoman and Qing Empires resisted economic change and underestimated European power, leading to their decline, while Japan modernized and industrialized without foreign debt to avoid this fate. It also outlines how Europeans colonized much of Africa and Asia in this era due to new technologies, ideologies of racial superiority, and pursuit of profits from new territories.
Imperialism 2014
Industrialized nations like European powers, the United States, Russia, and later Japan strengthened control over their colonies and established overseas empires in Asia, Africa, and the Pacific between the 18th-19th centuries. They did so to gain profits from trade, capture markets for factory goods, absorb excess population, and achieve national prestige. Imperialism involved exploiting weaker nations' resources and asserting the dominance of European races through the ideology of social Darwinism. Colonizers used military might, alliances with local elites, and economic coercion to partition and dominate Africa and Asia.
Imperialism second wave
The document summarizes the second wave of European colonial conquests from 1750-1900. It involved new European powers like Germany, Italy, Belgium, the US, and Japan expanding their colonies to South and Southeast Asia, Africa, and the Pacific Islands. The colonies were divided into "white colonies" like Canada, Australia and New Zealand that were settlements for Europeans, and "non-white colonies" in Asia and Africa that were ruled indirectly through local elites but controlled by European governments from abroad. By the late 1800s, European powers had partitioned most of Africa at the Berlin Conference and established control over 90% of the land by 1914.
Japan meiji 1700s-1900s
Under the Tokugawa shogunate in the early 1600s, Japan pursued a policy of isolationism, expelling foreigners and prohibiting the Japanese from leaving. However, in the 1800s-1900s, outside pressures from Western powers and a desire for change led Japan to transform itself from a closed, feudal society into a major industrial and military world power through adopting Western ideas and institutions while maintaining independence. The Meiji government oversaw Japan's rapid modernization through industrialization, building infrastructure like railroads, expanding the military, and sending students abroad to learn from Europe. By the early 1900s, Japan had become an imperialist power that gained control of territories like Korea, Taiwan, and Manchuria.
Ottoman & qing 1750 1900s
Between 1750 and 1900, the Ottoman Empire and Qing Dynasty of China experienced turbulent times as industrialized European nations extended their political and economic control overseas through imperialism. Both empires resisted economic changes and faced challenges like nationalist revolts and loss of territory to European powers. By the late 1800s, the Ottoman Empire was seen as weak and the Qing Dynasty struggled against European incursions including the Opium Wars, leading to their eventual collapse in the early 20th century.
Imperialism 2014
Industrialized nations like European powers, the United States, Russia, and later Japan strengthened control over their colonies and established overseas empires in Asia, Africa, and the Pacific between the 18th-19th centuries. They did so to gain profits from trade, capture markets for factory goods, absorb excess populations, and achieve national prestige. Imperialism involved the political and economic domination of weaker nations by stronger industrialized countries through military force, cooperation with local elites, and the use of new technologies like guns and steam ships.
Industrial revolution changes
The Industrial Revolution transformed societies through industrialization in Western Europe, the United States, and later Japan during the 19th century. It introduced factories powered by new technologies like steam engines, which replaced human and animal labor. This led to massive social changes like urbanization, new divisions of social class, and changes in family structures. While industrialization provided economic growth and technological progress, it also had negative consequences for workers and the environment, including dangerous working conditions, pollution, low wages, and lack of regulations. Responses to these issues included government reforms and the rise of labor unions and radical groups advocating for workers' rights.
Industrial revolution review
This document contains images and questions about analyzing images from the 19th and 21st centuries. The images depict various impacts of the industrial revolution like overcrowded cities, growth of the middle class through new jobs, and changes in labor patterns from agricultural to factory work. One image shows a political cartoon about the Luddite movement resisting new technologies. Another image is a chart showing population growth which could indicate demographic changes from the industrial revolution.
Industrial revolution intro 2015
The Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain in the late 18th century and spread to other parts of Western Europe, the United States, Japan, and Russia in the 19th century. It introduced new patterns of machine-powered mass production that transformed how goods were manufactured and consumed. While industrialization provided benefits like increased production, it also had negative consequences like poor working conditions, low wages, and lack of regulations regarding the environment and resource use. The revolution brought significant social and economic changes such as urbanization, new social classes, expanded government and industry influence, and new philosophies about politics and economics.
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Absolutism
- 2. Absolute Monarchs as defined by Merriam-Webster Absolute : being governed by, or characteristic of a ruler or authority completely free from constitutional or other restraint Monarch: a person who reigns over a kingdom or empire: as a: a sovereign ruler b: a constitutional king or queen 2: one that holds preeminent position or power Absolute Monarchs: A king or queen who believed that all power within their state’s boundaries rested in their hands. They ruled without limits.
- 3. A Voice From the Past Jean Bodin, an influential French Writer, describing an absolute ruler: The first characteristic of the sovereign prince is the power to make general and special laws, but—and this qualification is important—without the consent of superiors, equals, or inferiors. If the prince requires the consent of superiors, then he is a subject himself; if that of equals, he shares his authority with others; if that of his subjects, senate or people, he is not sovereign. JEAN BODIN, Six Books on the State
- 4. Characteristics of an Absolute Monarch Their goal was to control every aspect of society. Believed in Divine Right: the idea that God created the monarchy and that the monarch acted as God’s representative on Earth. You might hear an absolute ruler say: “God put me (my family) here on Earth for a reason. And that reason is to rule this country without limits.” “Taking away my power would be like taking away a God-given right.” “Do I deserve a castle, servants, and unlimited power? Well, it’s not for me to decide. It was God’s decision.” “If you are unhappy with the way I rule, take it up with God. He is the only one I answer to, not to mere mortals.”
- 5. Absolute Rulers from the Past Absolute rulers were not a new concept Roman Caesars Darius in Persia Russian Czars The Pope--- In a way--- maybe… ------BUT----- After the decline of the Roman Empire, European monarchs had become weak. The feudal system had taken power away from a central government and put it in the hands of many different people. The Church became the dominant ruling force in the Middle Ages.
- 6. Monarch’s Powers Grow A few factors led to the increase in monarchs throughout Europe The end of feudalism The rise of city populations The weakened power of the Church In addition, the middle class tended to back monarchs because they promoted a positive business environment.
- 7. Times of Crisis lead to Absolutism A chain of events led to many absolute leaders Religious and territorial conflicts in Europe This caused governments to build large armies Levied high taxes to pay for these armies High taxes brought on unrest, sometimes leading to revolt In response, many leaders tried to impose order by increasing their power. Their goal was to free themselves from the limits imposed by the nobility and representative bodies.