This document provides a training module on rotary absolute encoders, specifically the AMT203 absolute encoder produced by CUI Inc. It describes the functional theory of encoders, the benefits of absolute encoders over incremental encoders, and the key components and features of the AMT203 including its capacitive sensing technology, flexible shaft and mounting options, serial interface, and purchasing options. The training objectives are to familiarize the reader with encoder technology and highlight the capabilities and advantages of CUI's AMT203 absolute encoder.
This document contains a syllabus for the course ME407 Mechatronics taught by Sukesh O P. The syllabus covers various topics related to mechatronics including sensors, actuators, microelectromechanical systems, mechatronics applications in CNC machines and robotics. It also provides details of course modules which discuss different types of sensors like encoders, resolvers, synchros and vibration sensors along with principles and working.
The document discusses servomotors, which are motors used in closed-loop control systems. Servomotors consist of a motor, feedback sensor, and control circuitry. The feedback sensor constantly monitors the motor's position and sends signals to compare with the desired position. If a difference is detected, an error signal is sent to adjust the motor until the desired position is reached. Common feedback sensors include potentiometers, resolvers, and encoders. Continuous rotation servomotors can control speed and direction but not precise position.
The document discusses different types of position sensors used in brushless DC motors. It describes how Hall effect sensors detect the rotor position by sensing changes in the magnetic field as poles pass by. Optical sensors use a light source and phototransistors to generate pulses as a shutter coupled to the rotor revolves. Sensorless methods can also determine position by sensing zero crossings of unenergized winding currents.
The document discusses speed control methods for DC motors. It describes various types of speed control for DC series and shunt motors, including flux control, armature voltage control, potential divider control, and applied voltage control. It also discusses the Ward-Leonard system of speed control, which uses a motor-generator set to provide smooth and rapid variable speed control and is commonly used for elevators and industrial machinery. The document outlines advantages like smooth wide range speed variation but also disadvantages like low efficiency and high initial cost.
The document describes 8 rules for reducing block diagrams:
1) Gains of blocks in cascade are multiplied. Gains of blocks in parallel are added.
2) Feedback loops can be eliminated by expressing the output in terms of the input and the loop gain.
3) Summing points can be rearranged or split using associative laws. Summing points can also be shifted before or after blocks.
Examples show applying the rules to reduce complex block diagrams into simplified expressions relating the output to the input.
This document discusses variable frequency drives (VFDs) which vary the frequency and voltage supplied to electric motors to control their speed. It describes the key components of a VFD including the rectifier, DC bus, and inverter. The rectifier converts AC power to DC, the DC bus stores and filters it, and the inverter converts it back to AC of variable frequency to control motor speed. VFDs can operate in scalar or vector control modes, and their parameters like frequency and voltage settings must be configured for the specific motor. VFDs allow controlling motor speed without a mechanical transmission and provide braking methods like DC injection to slow motors.
This document provides an overview of programmable logic controllers (PLCs). It defines a PLC as a digital computer used for industrial control systems. The document outlines the history of PLCs, their major components including the processor, power supply, and I/O modules. It describes the operational sequence of a PLC including input scan, logic solve, and output scan. Programming methods like ladder logic and functional block diagrams are discussed. Examples are provided of ladder logic programs for starting and stopping a motor. Advantages of PLCs include reliability, flexibility, and cost effectiveness. The document concludes by listing some common industrial applications of PLCs.
This document contains a syllabus for the course ME407 Mechatronics taught by Sukesh O P. The syllabus covers various topics related to mechatronics including sensors, actuators, microelectromechanical systems, mechatronics applications in CNC machines and robotics. It also provides details of course modules which discuss different types of sensors like encoders, resolvers, synchros and vibration sensors along with principles and working.
The document discusses servomotors, which are motors used in closed-loop control systems. Servomotors consist of a motor, feedback sensor, and control circuitry. The feedback sensor constantly monitors the motor's position and sends signals to compare with the desired position. If a difference is detected, an error signal is sent to adjust the motor until the desired position is reached. Common feedback sensors include potentiometers, resolvers, and encoders. Continuous rotation servomotors can control speed and direction but not precise position.
The document discusses different types of position sensors used in brushless DC motors. It describes how Hall effect sensors detect the rotor position by sensing changes in the magnetic field as poles pass by. Optical sensors use a light source and phototransistors to generate pulses as a shutter coupled to the rotor revolves. Sensorless methods can also determine position by sensing zero crossings of unenergized winding currents.
The document discusses speed control methods for DC motors. It describes various types of speed control for DC series and shunt motors, including flux control, armature voltage control, potential divider control, and applied voltage control. It also discusses the Ward-Leonard system of speed control, which uses a motor-generator set to provide smooth and rapid variable speed control and is commonly used for elevators and industrial machinery. The document outlines advantages like smooth wide range speed variation but also disadvantages like low efficiency and high initial cost.
The document describes 8 rules for reducing block diagrams:
1) Gains of blocks in cascade are multiplied. Gains of blocks in parallel are added.
2) Feedback loops can be eliminated by expressing the output in terms of the input and the loop gain.
3) Summing points can be rearranged or split using associative laws. Summing points can also be shifted before or after blocks.
Examples show applying the rules to reduce complex block diagrams into simplified expressions relating the output to the input.
This document discusses variable frequency drives (VFDs) which vary the frequency and voltage supplied to electric motors to control their speed. It describes the key components of a VFD including the rectifier, DC bus, and inverter. The rectifier converts AC power to DC, the DC bus stores and filters it, and the inverter converts it back to AC of variable frequency to control motor speed. VFDs can operate in scalar or vector control modes, and their parameters like frequency and voltage settings must be configured for the specific motor. VFDs allow controlling motor speed without a mechanical transmission and provide braking methods like DC injection to slow motors.
This document provides an overview of programmable logic controllers (PLCs). It defines a PLC as a digital computer used for industrial control systems. The document outlines the history of PLCs, their major components including the processor, power supply, and I/O modules. It describes the operational sequence of a PLC including input scan, logic solve, and output scan. Programming methods like ladder logic and functional block diagrams are discussed. Examples are provided of ladder logic programs for starting and stopping a motor. Advantages of PLCs include reliability, flexibility, and cost effectiveness. The document concludes by listing some common industrial applications of PLCs.
PLC Ladder Diagram basics, with two solved examples
For more information go to
http://shrutizpresentations.blogspot.in/2014/04/plc-ladder-diagram-basics.html
SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) systems are used to remotely control and monitor industrial processes. SCADA systems allow users to access process data, control field instruments remotely, convert analog and digital signals, and communicate with various protocols. They do not require proximity to control processes and can be used across different applications and industries.
PPTS on Topic-PLC
In this ppts there is simple introduction to plc and one example of project using PLC. This also include programming for the given project (Metal segregation using PLC)
This document discusses stepper motors and their industrial applications, specifically for robotic systems. It provides an overview of stepper motor construction, working principles, driving techniques like single excitation, full step, half step, and microstepping. It also discusses types of stepper motors like permanent magnet, variable reluctance, and hybrid synchronous. The document outlines how to select a stepper motor based on torque-speed requirements. It lists advantages like simple construction and disadvantages like reduced torque at high speeds. Finally, it discusses applications of stepper motors in robotics through a simulation example of a two-phase permanent magnet stepper motor drive model.
1. A DC motor runs on direct current electricity. It has a field winding that produces a magnetic field when energized, and an armature winding that rotates when placed in this magnetic field.
2. The key parts of a DC motor include the yoke, poles, field winding, armature core, armature winding, commutator, and brushes. The field winding produces flux, and the rotation of the armature winding within this flux induces voltage that is used to power the load.
3. DC motors can be shunt wound, series wound, or compound wound depending on how the field and armature windings are connected. Shunt and series motors have different torque-speed characteristics due
this presentation gives a clear idea of how the servo motor and servo drive working explained in detail and attached video have a clear idea of how servo motor works......enjoy, i hope you will like this.... :)
Variable frequency drives (VFDs) are used to control the speed of AC induction motors by varying the frequency of the power supplied to the motor. A VFD system consists of an AC motor, controller, and operator interface. VFDs allow for control of motor speed, torque, and power to match application needs. They provide benefits like energy savings, protection from overloads, and flexibility in motor control for various industrial applications like pumps, fans, conveyors, and compressors.
The document provides an overview of optical encoders from Grayhill Inc., including how they work, common parameters, and applications. It describes incremental and absolute encoders, as well as human interface, general purpose, special function, and machine interface encoder products. Specific encoder models are detailed along with their typical resolution, features, and suitable applications.
The document provides information about Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs) including:
(1) An overview of PLCs, their history and components. PLCs were developed to replace relays and are used to automate industrial processes.
(2) Details on how PLCs work, including their main components like the CPU, power supply, and input/output modules. Programs are written and stored in memory to control inputs and outputs.
(3) Examples of ladder logic programming including basic logic elements, timers, counters, and latching circuits. Ladder diagrams provide a visual way to program sequences of operations and control flows.
The document discusses root locus techniques for analyzing control systems. It begins with an overview and objectives of root locus analysis. It then defines the root locus and describes how to sketch a root locus by determining the starting and ending points, branches, symmetry, behavior at infinity, and real axis segments. The document provides examples of using properties of root loci to find breakaway and break-in points, asymptotes, and the frequency and gain at imaginary axis crossings.
A chopper is a static device that uses pulse width modulation or variable frequency control to obtain a variable DC output voltage from a constant DC input voltage. Choppers are widely used to control motors and regenerate braking energy. The document describes different types of choppers - Type A chops the input voltage to produce positive output voltage and current. Type B allows regenerative braking by producing negative current. Type C operates in both quadrants while Type D's output voltage can be positive or negative.
Variable frequency drive working and operationSai Kumar
this presentation describes about the working of the variable frequency drives and its applications explained in detail. go through and have a clear idea of variable frequency drive....hope you will like it. thank you
This document describes how to build a robot that can be controlled via Bluetooth from a mobile phone or PC. An HC-05 Bluetooth module connects to a microcontroller on the robot to receive commands from a Bluetooth-enabled device. The microcontroller then uses a motor driver IC to control the robot's motors to move forward, reverse, or turn based on the received commands.
INTRODUCTION TO LVDT,RVDT and Potentiometer SACHINNikam39
This document discusses different types of displacement transducers, including linear variable differential transformers (LVDTs) and rotary variable differential transformers (RVDTs). It provides details on their construction, working principles, advantages, disadvantages, and applications. LVDTs and RVDTs both work on the principle of mutual induction to convert mechanical motion or vibrations into an electrical output signal. LVDTs are used to measure linear displacement, while RVDTs are used to measure angular displacement. Potential applications mentioned include automation, power turbines, aircraft, hydraulics, and more.
1) A servo is a feedback control system that controls the position or motion of a mechanical system. It receives an input signal and uses feedback to control velocity and position.
2) An electrical servo system relies on electrical energy and feedback to provide fast, accurate, and remote control. It has an error detector, amplifier, and error corrector to match the controlled variable to a reference signal.
3) A DC servo motor uses separate power sources for the field and armature windings. It can be field controlled, where the field is controlled by feedback, or armature controlled, where the armature is controlled by feedback. Field control provides slower response while armature control provides faster response.
This document summarizes different types of stepper motors, including variable reluctance, permanent magnet, and hybrid stepper motors. It describes their construction, working principles, modes of operation like single phase ON, two phase ON, and half step modes. It also discusses static characteristics like torque vs step angle/current and dynamic characteristics like pull in and pull out. Finally, it lists some common industrial applications of stepper motors such as in printers, disk drives, machine tools, robotics, and tape drives.
A variable frequency drive (VFD) controls the speed and torque of an AC electric motor by varying the frequency and voltage of the power supplied to the motor. It does this by drawing AC power from the utility, converting it to DC, and then converting the DC back to a variable AC waveform. VFDs help conserve energy by only providing the power needed based on the motor's load, rather than running the motor at full speed all the time. The document outlines the basic components and operation of a VFD, as well as goals and timelines for designing and building a VFD circuit.
Servo motors have an output shaft that can be positioned to specific angular positions by sending a coded signal. They are constructed from basic DC motors with added gear reduction, a position sensor, and control circuitry. There are two main types - DC servo motors which are controlled by DC command signals applied directly to coils, and AC servo motors which are controlled by AC command signals. Servo motors offer advantages for sewing machines by allowing precise control of speed and silent operation when not engaged.
The document discusses electrical drives and converters used in electric drive systems. It describes controlled rectifiers, switched-mode converters, and various types of converters including two-quadrant and four-quadrant converters. It also discusses DC motor drives, induction motor drives, and field-oriented control of induction motors. Simulation examples using Simulink are provided for different drive systems.
A variable frequency drive (VFD) controls the speed of AC motors by adjusting both the voltage and frequency supplied to the motor. This allows for continuous speed control as opposed to discrete speeds from gearboxes. VFDs improve efficiency by matching the motor speed to the required process demands. They provide benefits like energy savings, improved power factor, soft starting and stopping of motors, and elimination of mechanical drive components. The document then discusses different types of motor loads and applications that can benefit from VFDs before explaining how pulse width modulation VFDs work by converting AC power to DC, and then back to AC with a controlled frequency.
This document provides a training module on rotary absolute encoders, specifically the AMT203 absolute encoder produced by CUI Inc. It describes the functional theory of encoders, the components and operation of the AMT203, and its benefits over other encoder types. Installation and programming of the AMT203 using a demo board is also covered.
The Si2035 is a programmable stepper drive/indexer packaged in a rugged steel case. It can be programmed using SiTM software for stand-alone operation or Si Command Language (SCL) for control from a PC or PLC. It is compatible with NEMA 11, 14, 17, and 23 stepper motors and provides options for single or multi-axis control of up to 8 motors. Key features include adjustable current, resolution, and idle current reduction for the motors.
PLC Ladder Diagram basics, with two solved examples
For more information go to
http://shrutizpresentations.blogspot.in/2014/04/plc-ladder-diagram-basics.html
SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) systems are used to remotely control and monitor industrial processes. SCADA systems allow users to access process data, control field instruments remotely, convert analog and digital signals, and communicate with various protocols. They do not require proximity to control processes and can be used across different applications and industries.
PPTS on Topic-PLC
In this ppts there is simple introduction to plc and one example of project using PLC. This also include programming for the given project (Metal segregation using PLC)
This document discusses stepper motors and their industrial applications, specifically for robotic systems. It provides an overview of stepper motor construction, working principles, driving techniques like single excitation, full step, half step, and microstepping. It also discusses types of stepper motors like permanent magnet, variable reluctance, and hybrid synchronous. The document outlines how to select a stepper motor based on torque-speed requirements. It lists advantages like simple construction and disadvantages like reduced torque at high speeds. Finally, it discusses applications of stepper motors in robotics through a simulation example of a two-phase permanent magnet stepper motor drive model.
1. A DC motor runs on direct current electricity. It has a field winding that produces a magnetic field when energized, and an armature winding that rotates when placed in this magnetic field.
2. The key parts of a DC motor include the yoke, poles, field winding, armature core, armature winding, commutator, and brushes. The field winding produces flux, and the rotation of the armature winding within this flux induces voltage that is used to power the load.
3. DC motors can be shunt wound, series wound, or compound wound depending on how the field and armature windings are connected. Shunt and series motors have different torque-speed characteristics due
this presentation gives a clear idea of how the servo motor and servo drive working explained in detail and attached video have a clear idea of how servo motor works......enjoy, i hope you will like this.... :)
Variable frequency drives (VFDs) are used to control the speed of AC induction motors by varying the frequency of the power supplied to the motor. A VFD system consists of an AC motor, controller, and operator interface. VFDs allow for control of motor speed, torque, and power to match application needs. They provide benefits like energy savings, protection from overloads, and flexibility in motor control for various industrial applications like pumps, fans, conveyors, and compressors.
The document provides an overview of optical encoders from Grayhill Inc., including how they work, common parameters, and applications. It describes incremental and absolute encoders, as well as human interface, general purpose, special function, and machine interface encoder products. Specific encoder models are detailed along with their typical resolution, features, and suitable applications.
The document provides information about Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs) including:
(1) An overview of PLCs, their history and components. PLCs were developed to replace relays and are used to automate industrial processes.
(2) Details on how PLCs work, including their main components like the CPU, power supply, and input/output modules. Programs are written and stored in memory to control inputs and outputs.
(3) Examples of ladder logic programming including basic logic elements, timers, counters, and latching circuits. Ladder diagrams provide a visual way to program sequences of operations and control flows.
The document discusses root locus techniques for analyzing control systems. It begins with an overview and objectives of root locus analysis. It then defines the root locus and describes how to sketch a root locus by determining the starting and ending points, branches, symmetry, behavior at infinity, and real axis segments. The document provides examples of using properties of root loci to find breakaway and break-in points, asymptotes, and the frequency and gain at imaginary axis crossings.
A chopper is a static device that uses pulse width modulation or variable frequency control to obtain a variable DC output voltage from a constant DC input voltage. Choppers are widely used to control motors and regenerate braking energy. The document describes different types of choppers - Type A chops the input voltage to produce positive output voltage and current. Type B allows regenerative braking by producing negative current. Type C operates in both quadrants while Type D's output voltage can be positive or negative.
Variable frequency drive working and operationSai Kumar
this presentation describes about the working of the variable frequency drives and its applications explained in detail. go through and have a clear idea of variable frequency drive....hope you will like it. thank you
This document describes how to build a robot that can be controlled via Bluetooth from a mobile phone or PC. An HC-05 Bluetooth module connects to a microcontroller on the robot to receive commands from a Bluetooth-enabled device. The microcontroller then uses a motor driver IC to control the robot's motors to move forward, reverse, or turn based on the received commands.
INTRODUCTION TO LVDT,RVDT and Potentiometer SACHINNikam39
This document discusses different types of displacement transducers, including linear variable differential transformers (LVDTs) and rotary variable differential transformers (RVDTs). It provides details on their construction, working principles, advantages, disadvantages, and applications. LVDTs and RVDTs both work on the principle of mutual induction to convert mechanical motion or vibrations into an electrical output signal. LVDTs are used to measure linear displacement, while RVDTs are used to measure angular displacement. Potential applications mentioned include automation, power turbines, aircraft, hydraulics, and more.
1) A servo is a feedback control system that controls the position or motion of a mechanical system. It receives an input signal and uses feedback to control velocity and position.
2) An electrical servo system relies on electrical energy and feedback to provide fast, accurate, and remote control. It has an error detector, amplifier, and error corrector to match the controlled variable to a reference signal.
3) A DC servo motor uses separate power sources for the field and armature windings. It can be field controlled, where the field is controlled by feedback, or armature controlled, where the armature is controlled by feedback. Field control provides slower response while armature control provides faster response.
This document summarizes different types of stepper motors, including variable reluctance, permanent magnet, and hybrid stepper motors. It describes their construction, working principles, modes of operation like single phase ON, two phase ON, and half step modes. It also discusses static characteristics like torque vs step angle/current and dynamic characteristics like pull in and pull out. Finally, it lists some common industrial applications of stepper motors such as in printers, disk drives, machine tools, robotics, and tape drives.
A variable frequency drive (VFD) controls the speed and torque of an AC electric motor by varying the frequency and voltage of the power supplied to the motor. It does this by drawing AC power from the utility, converting it to DC, and then converting the DC back to a variable AC waveform. VFDs help conserve energy by only providing the power needed based on the motor's load, rather than running the motor at full speed all the time. The document outlines the basic components and operation of a VFD, as well as goals and timelines for designing and building a VFD circuit.
Servo motors have an output shaft that can be positioned to specific angular positions by sending a coded signal. They are constructed from basic DC motors with added gear reduction, a position sensor, and control circuitry. There are two main types - DC servo motors which are controlled by DC command signals applied directly to coils, and AC servo motors which are controlled by AC command signals. Servo motors offer advantages for sewing machines by allowing precise control of speed and silent operation when not engaged.
The document discusses electrical drives and converters used in electric drive systems. It describes controlled rectifiers, switched-mode converters, and various types of converters including two-quadrant and four-quadrant converters. It also discusses DC motor drives, induction motor drives, and field-oriented control of induction motors. Simulation examples using Simulink are provided for different drive systems.
A variable frequency drive (VFD) controls the speed of AC motors by adjusting both the voltage and frequency supplied to the motor. This allows for continuous speed control as opposed to discrete speeds from gearboxes. VFDs improve efficiency by matching the motor speed to the required process demands. They provide benefits like energy savings, improved power factor, soft starting and stopping of motors, and elimination of mechanical drive components. The document then discusses different types of motor loads and applications that can benefit from VFDs before explaining how pulse width modulation VFDs work by converting AC power to DC, and then back to AC with a controlled frequency.
This document provides a training module on rotary absolute encoders, specifically the AMT203 absolute encoder produced by CUI Inc. It describes the functional theory of encoders, the components and operation of the AMT203, and its benefits over other encoder types. Installation and programming of the AMT203 using a demo board is also covered.
The Si2035 is a programmable stepper drive/indexer packaged in a rugged steel case. It can be programmed using SiTM software for stand-alone operation or Si Command Language (SCL) for control from a PC or PLC. It is compatible with NEMA 11, 14, 17, and 23 stepper motors and provides options for single or multi-axis control of up to 8 motors. Key features include adjustable current, resolution, and idle current reduction for the motors.
The SilverNugget N2-IX is a servo controller/driver compatible with QCI's NEMA 11, 17, 23, and 24 frame servo motors. It operates the motors through a single motor interface cable and has a single DB15 connector for power, communications, and 7 digital I/O. The controller includes features like electronic gearing, camming, servo loop control, analog and digital I/O, and 32K of non-volatile memory for program and data storage. It is designed to provide stable, high-performance motion control for direct-drive servo systems.
PREFAC
The main aim of the Project was to make a Robot which is controlled by any mobile phone. The Detection of the Signal is done in Several Steps. Firstly, the Input Signal is sent to DTMF, which processes the signal and sends the 4 bit output to ROM which gives output to the Motor Driver IC on specific 4 bit inputs and the Motor Driver IC powers the motors of the car accordingly.
The Surveillance System is one which is used for the purpose of security system in intrude areas. This system is designed to develop a video monitoring, capturing the image and to store video frames in SD (Secure Digital) memory mounted on the ROBOT for further verification.
A Silicon valley startup is building a surveillance robot that it hope will help security and law enforcement personnel detect trouble while remaining out of harm’s way.
Robot are essentially a self-contained tribute to the wonders of technology. The most advance models use fast computer processing, high- definition cameras, artificial intelligence.
The document is a datasheet for the SilverNugget N2-MX motion controller from QuickSilver Controls. The SilverNugget N2-MX is a compact motion controller and driver for high pole count microstep motors between NEMA 11 and 24 frame sizes. It provides high performance servo positioning and control when paired with a high resolution encoder and bipolar microstep motor. The datasheet provides detailed specifications for the electrical, mechanical, communication, and programming features of the SilverNugget N2-MX controller.
This document provides an overview of an embedded systems presentation. It discusses embedded training programs, products and services from EMBEX including training kits, development boards, and firmware development. It then covers topics related to embedded systems including microcontrollers, features of microcontrollers, software tools like Keil and Proteus, and example interfacing projects with LEDs, motors, and sensors. It concludes with discussing the presenter's line following robot project implemented using an 8051 microcontroller, IR sensors, motor drivers, and software simulation in Proteus.
This document describes a project on using the I2C protocol for serial communication between an AT89C251 microcontroller and an AT24C04 EEPROM chip. It includes an introduction to the project, descriptions of the microcontroller and I2C protocol, and code for programming the microcontroller to save and read data from the EEPROM using I2C addresses and communication procedures.
This document provides an introduction and overview of Arduino and the Arduino IDE. It discusses the objectives of using Arduino, describes the Arduino UNO hardware and specifications, explains how to get started with the Arduino IDE software, and covers basic Arduino programming concepts like variables, data types, logic statements, inputs and outputs. Fundamental Arduino coding examples like blinking an LED and reading/writing analog signals are presented.
NOVOSENSE Company Presentation_EN_H1 2023.pptxLuCedric
Novosense is a leading analog and mixed-signal chip company established in 2013. It provides high-performance and reliable chips for automotive, industrial, and consumer applications. The company has over 645 employees and $242 million in revenue. Novosense's product portfolio includes sensors, sensor signal conditioning ASICs, isolators, interfaces, power drivers, power management, and system solutions for industrial control and automotive.
1) The document describes a collision avoidance system for autonomous vehicles that uses a Raspberry Pi, ultrasonic sensor, camera, GPS module, LCD display, and motor driver.
2) The system is able to detect objects using the ultrasonic sensor and camera, determine the distance to objects using vision processing techniques on images from the camera, and control the vehicle's motors using the motor driver to avoid collisions based on object distances.
3) Experimental results showed the system successfully detecting obstacles, measuring distances, and simulating avoidance maneuvers in response to obstacles getting too close. The goal is to reduce accidents caused by human errors by allowing vehicles to autonomously sense and avoid collisions.
ABSODEX - MESA INDEXADORA - INDEXADOR CKD CORPORATION - ABSODEX - CB054A
Os indexadores oferecem alto desempenho com alta precisão. As plataformas giratórias estão disponíveis em muitas variantes e fornecem um torque máximo entre 6 e 1000Nm. A velocidade máxima está entre 75 e 300 rpm. Ao usar um resolver absoluto, o sensor de posição inicial tornou-se redundante e o toca-discos sempre sabe exatamente onde está. Como 1 revolução é dividida em 540672 posições, uma precisão de indexação de +/- 15 segundos de arco e uma precisão de repetição de 5 segundos de arco. possível. Devido à construção especial do prato giratório, todos os modelos são à prova de poeira e não requerem manutenção. Estão disponíveis tipos que estão em conformidade com IP65. Como padrão, esses toca-discos são fornecidos com um pacote de software para que esses toca-discos possam ser facilmente configurados através do PC. Também é possível fornecer um terminal manual.
Operação Flexível - Com uma função de programação abundante - realize a operação que você deseja.
Reduza a carga de trabalho e economize espaço - Um design simples com 4 recursos úteis padrão.
Alta Confiabilidade e Manutenção Livre - Sem engrenagens.
Software fácil de programar, com até 10mil diferentes tipos de programação.
Durabilidade mínima 10 anos.
Montado diretamente, sem engrenagens, correias ou transmissões.
+ de 10 mil diferentes programações.
+ de 4 Milhões de diferentes posições angulares.
+ de 3600 ângulos diferentes.
100% LIVRE de manutenção.
Conectividade com os protocolos: IOT, ETHERCAT, CCLINK, DEVICENET, PROFIT BUS E ETHERNET.
Link técnico: https://lnkd.in/dgkQjC4c
#GREENTIMESARECOMING
Aerodynamic Technology
11 4177-1010
11 98640-4040
vendas@aerotech.ind.br
www.aerotech.ind.br
IRJET- Data Acquisition using Tensile Strength Testing MachineIRJET Journal
This document describes a tensile strength testing machine that was designed to test the strength of textile materials. It discusses the various components of the machine, including the load cell, rotary encoder, microcontroller, analog-to-digital converter (ADC), and other electronic components. The machine is able to automatically record the load and elongation of a specimen as it is placed under increasing tensile stress. The load, elongation, and other data are sent to a computer for analysis. The design of the data acquisition system and electronic components is explained, and the machine is able to accurately measure and record the load-elongation curve of textile specimens during strength testing.
IRJET- Design & Implementation of Black Box in Automobiles SystemIRJET Journal
This document describes the design and implementation of a black box system for automobiles. The system uses sensors like temperature sensors, door sensors, seat belt sensors, and wheel speed sensors connected to an ARM7 microcontroller. Data from the sensors is stored in EEPROM memory. In the event of an accident, the black box data can be retrieved via an RS232 connection to investigate the cause. The system aims to help prevent accidents and provide safety by recording vehicle data. Infrared and gas sensors were also proposed to add further safety features to the black box.
Automatic car parking system using avr.pptxAlbertGeorge21
The document describes an automated parking system that uses infrared sensors and LED displays to indicate empty parking spots. The system aims to reduce problems with manual parking and save time spent searching for spots. An ATmega32 microcontroller will monitor infrared sensors attached to each parking space to detect occupancy. An LED display at the entrance will show which spaces are empty or full. The microcontroller is interfaced with infrared LEDs, sensors, an LCD display and other components to build the automated parking system.
This document describes a pick and place robot that includes a metal detector and image/video transmission capabilities. It discusses the components of the robot, including a power supply, microcontroller, motors, grippers, communication modules, and a metal detector. The robot can pick and place objects, detect land mines, and transmit images and video to identify detected objects.
AUTOMATIC ACCELERATION CONTROL IN TRAFFIC SIGNAL/SCHOOL ZONEIRJET Journal
This document describes a proposed automatic vehicle acceleration control system for traffic signals and school zones. The system uses RF transmitters placed at the entrances to low-speed zones and RF receivers in vehicles. When a vehicle enters a low-speed zone, its microcontroller will reduce acceleration to limit the vehicle's speed. The system is intended to reduce accidents by enforcing speed limits at traffic signals and in school zones. It provides details on the hardware and software used, including RF modules, ultrasonic sensors, an Arduino microcontroller, and Proteus simulation software. The system is aimed at automatically controlling vehicle speed in specific zones to improve safety.
At the market of electrical distribution, transport and generation networks, SELTA brings decades of experience and partnerships with major Italian and international operators. Solutions range from the systems for the control and management of low and medium voltage distribution substations, up to the automation systems of the high voltage transmission network. SELTA is also one of the top European leaders in Smart Grids.
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Welcome to the CUI Inc training module for the AMT203 absolute encoder. This module will discuss how encoders function, what makes the AMT203 unique and the various parts that make up this revolutionary modular encoder.
An encoder is a device that senses mechanical motion. It translates motion such as speed, direction, and shaft angle into electrical signals. There are many different shapes and kinds of encoders. Most encoders generate square waves, making them ideal for use in digital circuits. For this training module we will consider only rotary encoders although encoders are also available in linear configurations.
Inside an encoder there is a disc fixed to a shaft that is free to rotate. On one side of the disc is signal source, on the other side a receiver. As the disc turns, the signal source is alternately allowed to pass and be blocked. When the signal is passed through the disc, an output pulse is generated.
In the illustration, the signal transmitted in Channel A passes through the disc generating an output pulse. At the same time the signal transmitted in Channel B is blocked and no output pulse is generated. The dotted line represents the position of the disc relative to the output pulses.
Detection of shaft direction is very useful and even critical to some applications. In a radio, the rotational direction of the volume knob tells the receiving circuit whether to increase or decrease the volume with each square wave. In automation equipment, the rotational direction is detected and other operations are initiated when a pre-set number of pulses for that direction has been achieved. An elaborate and sophisticated set of movements can be executed automatically to perform tasks like placing components on a pc board, welding seams in an automobile body, moving the flaps of a jumbo jet or just about anything that involves a set of precise motions. In the first illustration above, signal A leads B, i.e., signal A outputs a rising edge before signal B. This indicates the shaft is rotating counter-clockwise. In the second illustration, signal B leads A. This indicates the shaft is rotating clockwise.
information can be obtained.
Each pulse from Channel A or B increases the counter in a user’s system by one when the encoder is turning counter-clockwise and reduces by one for each pulse from the encoder when it is turning clockwise. The pulse count can be converted into distance based on the relationship between the shaft the encoder is coupled to and the mechanics that convert rotary encoder motion to linear travel.
The index channel pulse occurs only once per revolution. Often the index channel is used to initialize the position of the shaft the encoder is attached to. A motor turns the encoder until the index channel is detected as a zero or starting point and an automated process can begin. The number of complete revolutions the encoder shaft has moved can be read and recorded. The counter adds one revolution when the index occurs during counter-clockwise rotation and subtracts one turn when it occurs during clockwise rotation. By adding the turns count to the pulse count, complete and accurate rotation information can be maintained as long as the encoder is powered.
Encoders can detect speed when output pulses are counted in a specified time span. The time element is typically provided by an oscillator or clock in a microcontroller. The number of pulses in one revolution must also be known. In the equation above, S represents speed, C represents the number of pulses counted, PPR the resolution of the encoder, and t represents the time interval in seconds during which the pulses were counted. The second equation shows that if 60 pulses are counted in a time interval of 10 seconds using a 360 CPR encoder, the shaft speed is 1 RPM.
Encoders can detect distance traveled based on the number of pulses counted. In most applications, rotary motion is converted to linear travel by mechanical components like pulleys, drive gears and friction wheels. In this illustration of a cutting table, if the diameter of the friction wheel and the CPR of the encoder are known, linear travel can be calculated.
In the equation, C = encoder pulse count, L = desired cut length in inches, D = friction wheel diameter in inches, and PPR = total pulses per one revolution of the encoder. The second equation is based desired cut length of 12". Assuming the friction wheel diameter is 8" and encoder PPR is 2,000 we can calculate that 955 pulses must be counted to achieve a cut length of 12".
Quadrature decoding is a means of increasing the accuracy of the encoder by counting every state change from both channels in one cycle. Both channel A and channel B produce two state changes per square wave cycle. The quadrature decoder circuit detects both state changes in each cycle for both channels. You can see that two quad A pulses and two quad B pulses, i.e., 4 pulses are obtained from the encoder for every 1 square wave cycle. The AMT203 has an option for incremental output, a feature not available on other absolute encoders in the industry. When the AMT203 is programmed by the user to generate incremental output, it can be quadrature decoded by the same receiving electronics that are used for other types of position encoders.
Unlike incremental encoders that generate a simple chain of square waves, the absolute encoder generates a unique, digital ‘word’ for each position in its stated resolution. Because it is a digital device, resolution is expressed as an exponent of 2, i.e., 28, 210, 212, etc. The numbers on the right of the absolute output illustration represent the numeric value of the bit when it is ‘on’ or ‘high’. A 6 bit (26) absolute encoder, as illustrated above, can generate 64 unique, digital ‘words’ that represent 64 positions in one revolution. Five positions are illustrated above: At the blue line, only the 20 bit is high, so the output is 1. At the green line, the 20, 21 & 22 bits are all high; 1+2+4 = 7. At the red line, the 20, 21 & 22 and 23 bits are high; 1+2+4+8 = 15.
A major advantage that absolute encoders have over standard incremental encoders is that they offer much higher resolutions such as 212 (4,096)~216 (65,536), allowing for extremely fine position information which is required for high-precision operations. You will notice the illustration of the incremental encoder shows a repetitive train of 0s and 1s. No absolute position can be obtained.
These are just a few of the many devices that absolute encoders are used in. Absolute encoders are typically used for repetitive operations, in applications where exact position must be known even if power is lost and regained, in life-critical devices and devices that aren’t often used. Aerospace, medical devices, material handling, robotics, heavy machinery, and manufacturing are just a few of the market sectors that use absolute encoders.
There are a handful of technology platforms currently in use today to provide absolute positioning information. Mechanical encoders are very low cost, low resolution encoders that generate output code by making and breaking circuits. They are most often used as panel controls such as the volume control on a stereo. Optical absolute encoders are mid-range to high cost and use infrared LEDs and phototransistors to generate output code. Magnetic absolutes can be low to high cost, low to medium resolution and generate output code by detecting changes in magnetic flux fields. Fiber optic absolutes are typically used in explosion-proof applications and are extremely expensive. They use a laser and phototransistor to generate output code. The AMT203 is a low cost, high resolution absolute that generates output code by detecting changes in the frequency of a signal modulated by capacitive reactance. Although capacitive encoders are relatively new, the code generation technology has been used reliably in digital calipers for over two decades.
The revolutionary AMT203 consists of three basic parts as shown in the photograph. The ac field transmitter emits a signal that is modulated by the metal pattern on the rotor as it turns. The sinusoidal metal pattern on the rotor creates a signal modulation that is repetitive and predictable. This occurs as a result of varying capacitive reactance between the signal generated by the transmitter and the metal on the rotor. The field receiver uses a proprietary ASIC to convert the modulated signal into output pulses that can be read by the same circuits used to receive optical encoder output.
If you have ever used digital calipers, you are already familiar with capacitive encoding. The code generation used in digital calipers for decades is the same technology built into the AMT203. This capacitive code-generation technology has been shown to be reliable, accurate, economical and rugged enough to outlast other types of absolute encoders.
The AMT203 is unique among modular, absolute encoders because it utilizes capacitive instead of optical technology. This eliminates handling of the sensitive optical disk and issues related to LED burnout or lens contamination. It also simplifies the assembly process leading to reduced manufacturing cost. Lower current consumption, programmability, higher gap tolerance, expanded temperature range, reduced time to implement and low acquisition cost add to capacitive technology’s competitive advantage vs. optical.
The AMT203 offers a number of key specifications and features that differentiates it vs. the competition. Mechanically, it is low profile and light-weight. The encoder is rugged, offering a broad temperature range and immunity to dust and particulates. It is green, with a current consumption much lower than optical encoders. Finally, the AMT203 is flexible, offering a programmable zero position and a multitude of mounting options.
With 4 mounting options and 9 shaft bushings the AMT203 encoder can easily mount to almost any motor. Its low mass disc means virtually no additional backlash or increased moment of inertia making it a more reliable component for measuring and controlling the motor. Its small size allows for mounting in tight spaces and to small motors.
Zero position is often used in an application as the ‘home’ position, the point where all operations controlled by the encoder feedback begin. The AMT is different than other encoders in that the zero position can be easily set through the SPI interface or by using the AMT203 Demo Board. In either case, no mechanical positioning, which can be tricky and time-consuming, is necessary.
With the disk built-in to the top cover, assembly is very quick and easy. Just snap the shaft adapter over a selected sleeve on the back shaft of a dc motor, align and mount the selected base unit with one of the mounting hole options, and snap the top cover into place in seconds. The top cover of the AMT203 houses the circuitry that detects the motor shaft rotation. These top covers are metal, adding durability. The circuit boards that are responsible for detecting rotation are mounted into the top cover casing to make assembly even easier.
With the disk built-in to the top cover, the assembly is very quick and easy. Just snap the shaft adapter over a selected sleeve on the back shaft of a dc motor, align and mount the selected base unit with one of the mounting hole options, and snap the top cover into place in seconds. The difference between the AMT102 and 103 is that the 102 has a straight output connector while the 103 has a right angle output connector.
The AMT203-V kit comes with 9 color-coded sleeves that will adapt to 9 different motor shaft diameters. Typical absolute encoders on the market today fit only one motor size per sku. For example, if a manufacturer is utilizing motors with 2 mm, 5 mm and 8 mm shafts in their system, they must purchase three separate encoders. With four popular mounting patterns and nine shaft size options, the AMT203- V can fit all three applications under one sku. With the ability to adapt to almost any application, the AMT203 is the most flexible absolute encoder on the market today.
The AMT203 demo board can be interfaced with a PC via USB cable or used on a stand-alone basis. The demo board comes with a sample AMT203 encoder, thumb drive with drivers and TCL software, power supply, interconnect cables and user guide. Data is exchanged via SPI (Serial Parallel Interface) link when connected to a PC or direct using the three membrane switches. It’s an excellent tool for evaluating the outstanding flexibility of the AMT203 absolute encoder.
The AMT203 uses SPI (Serial Parallel Interface) protocol to communicate position information. SPI is very simple, synchronous protocol compatible with many other serial protocols like SSI, I2C, Microwire and others. It is a two-way communications protocol and data can be received by or sent from the master or slave device.
Unlike I2C there is no concept of transferring ownership of the bus i.e. changing bus master and there are no slave device addresses. SPI is a much simpler protocol and because of this you can operate it at speeds greater than 10MHz (compared with the 3.4MHz maximum for I2C). The AMT203 sends data to the master, usually a controller. In SPI, the controller can send data to the encoder on the MOSI line, but only the SCLK output from the master is required because the master does not typically create other data useful to the encoder.
The AMT203-V kit and the AMT203-DMK demo kit are available immediately through Digi-Key. Click on the links to go directly to the Digi-Key product page.