This document discusses architectural criticism in Syria before and after the crisis. It analyzes how a lack of criticism contributed to Syria losing its architectural identity. Before the crisis, critic Afif Bahnassi analyzed how Syria copied Western styles without linking them to identity. Young architect Marwa Al-Sabouni also criticizes how new housing separated people and broke down social cohesion, exacerbating conflicts. The document examines these critics' views on how Syria's architecture influenced its issues, showing how criticism is needed to develop styles respecting cultural identity and social values.
Karl ottoellefsen preservation_and_or_authenticityHenning Thomsen
ing environments, the choices become even
The Architectural Work of Aldo Rossi
more complex. There is a need for priorities
(1966) introduced the concept of the
and strategies. The current debate around
“type” as a recurring element in the city’s
preservation is therefore also a debate
morphology. He saw the city as a palimp-
around the choice of preservation strategies
sest consisting of layers from different
and how to handle the relationship between
periods. Rossi emphasized the importance
preservation and development.
of the genius loci - the spirit of place - in
shaping architecture and cities.
Psychology and Architecture in Cities: Phallic ArchitectureUlaş Başar Gezgin
This document discusses the relationship between psychology and architecture, specifically regarding phallic architecture. It begins by defining phallic architecture and providing examples of intentional and unintentional phallic buildings from around the world. It then discusses the psychological effects of skyscrapers and verticalization of cities. Next, it outlines differences between urban planning research methods and social psychology research methods. It concludes by noting limitations of the paper and questions for future research on topics like patriarchal vs matriarchal societies and Jungian archetypes in architecture.
Sir Banister Fletcher's a History of ArchitectureClarice De Luna
This document provides an overview of the book "A History of Architecture on the Comparative Method" by Professor Banister Fletcher and Banister F. Fletcher. The book uses a comparative method to analyze architectural styles from different time periods and geographic locations. It examines the influences on each style, provides examples of prominent buildings, and compares key elements like plans, walls, openings, roofs, columns and ornamentation. The book contains around 2,000 illustrations and aims to make architectural history accessible and interesting to both professionals and amateur enthusiasts.
This document provides an overview of the book "A History of Architecture on the Comparative Method" by Professor Banister Fletcher and Banister F. Fletcher. The book uses a comparative method to analyze architectural styles, examining influences on architecture such as geography, religion, and history. It then describes architectural characteristics, provides examples of notable buildings, and compares elements of plans, walls, openings, roofs, columns, moldings, and ornamentation across different styles. The book aims to help students, craftsmen, and amateurs understand each architectural style in its historical context. It includes around 2,000 illustrations to complement concise descriptions of buildings.
The document provides an introduction to the Bauhaus, an influential art school established in Germany in 1919. It discusses the school's founders and some of its early leaders. The Bauhaus aimed to bring together the arts and technology and teach students the relationship between art and society. It had a major influence on architecture and design in the 20th century despite being closed by the Nazis in 1933. The Bauhaus emphasized simplicity and functionality over ornamentation.
How Did Architecture Influence Greek ArchitectureDawn Robertson
Postmodernism in architecture emerged in response to Modernism, with Robert Venturi criticizing Modernism's "puritanical moral language" and preference for simplicity and rationality. Venturi proposed alternatives like "both-and" instead of "either-or" and "decorated sheds" over "duck." Examples of Postmodern architecture include the works of Australian architects Glenn Murcutt, who incorporated natural elements into his designs, and Harry Seidler, known for blending international styles with a focus on human scale.
Miguel Jaime summarized his activities during his visiting position at Harvard University's Graduate School of Design for the 1996-1997 academic year. He attended courses on architectural theory, symposiums on architectural education, and lectures on various topics. He also visited architectural sites, exhibitions, and participated in a design studio review. The position helped expand his research and teaching experience to implement the conclusions of his doctoral thesis on using specialized knowledge in design education and practice.
Karl ottoellefsen preservation_and_or_authenticityHenning Thomsen
ing environments, the choices become even
The Architectural Work of Aldo Rossi
more complex. There is a need for priorities
(1966) introduced the concept of the
and strategies. The current debate around
“type” as a recurring element in the city’s
preservation is therefore also a debate
morphology. He saw the city as a palimp-
around the choice of preservation strategies
sest consisting of layers from different
and how to handle the relationship between
periods. Rossi emphasized the importance
preservation and development.
of the genius loci - the spirit of place - in
shaping architecture and cities.
Psychology and Architecture in Cities: Phallic ArchitectureUlaş Başar Gezgin
This document discusses the relationship between psychology and architecture, specifically regarding phallic architecture. It begins by defining phallic architecture and providing examples of intentional and unintentional phallic buildings from around the world. It then discusses the psychological effects of skyscrapers and verticalization of cities. Next, it outlines differences between urban planning research methods and social psychology research methods. It concludes by noting limitations of the paper and questions for future research on topics like patriarchal vs matriarchal societies and Jungian archetypes in architecture.
Sir Banister Fletcher's a History of ArchitectureClarice De Luna
This document provides an overview of the book "A History of Architecture on the Comparative Method" by Professor Banister Fletcher and Banister F. Fletcher. The book uses a comparative method to analyze architectural styles from different time periods and geographic locations. It examines the influences on each style, provides examples of prominent buildings, and compares key elements like plans, walls, openings, roofs, columns and ornamentation. The book contains around 2,000 illustrations and aims to make architectural history accessible and interesting to both professionals and amateur enthusiasts.
This document provides an overview of the book "A History of Architecture on the Comparative Method" by Professor Banister Fletcher and Banister F. Fletcher. The book uses a comparative method to analyze architectural styles, examining influences on architecture such as geography, religion, and history. It then describes architectural characteristics, provides examples of notable buildings, and compares elements of plans, walls, openings, roofs, columns, moldings, and ornamentation across different styles. The book aims to help students, craftsmen, and amateurs understand each architectural style in its historical context. It includes around 2,000 illustrations to complement concise descriptions of buildings.
The document provides an introduction to the Bauhaus, an influential art school established in Germany in 1919. It discusses the school's founders and some of its early leaders. The Bauhaus aimed to bring together the arts and technology and teach students the relationship between art and society. It had a major influence on architecture and design in the 20th century despite being closed by the Nazis in 1933. The Bauhaus emphasized simplicity and functionality over ornamentation.
How Did Architecture Influence Greek ArchitectureDawn Robertson
Postmodernism in architecture emerged in response to Modernism, with Robert Venturi criticizing Modernism's "puritanical moral language" and preference for simplicity and rationality. Venturi proposed alternatives like "both-and" instead of "either-or" and "decorated sheds" over "duck." Examples of Postmodern architecture include the works of Australian architects Glenn Murcutt, who incorporated natural elements into his designs, and Harry Seidler, known for blending international styles with a focus on human scale.
Miguel Jaime summarized his activities during his visiting position at Harvard University's Graduate School of Design for the 1996-1997 academic year. He attended courses on architectural theory, symposiums on architectural education, and lectures on various topics. He also visited architectural sites, exhibitions, and participated in a design studio review. The position helped expand his research and teaching experience to implement the conclusions of his doctoral thesis on using specialized knowledge in design education and practice.
Structuralism is a mode of thinking .pptxseyefeselasse
Structuralism is a mode of thinking and a method of analysis practiced in 20th-centurysocial sciences and humanities. Methodologically, it analyses large-scale systems by examining the relations and functions of the smallest constituent elements of such systems, which range from human languages and cultural practices to folktales and literary texts.
MA Thesis Heritage and Memory Studies - Sophie van Doornmalen 10878246Sophie van Doornmalen
This document provides an abstract for a master's thesis examining how architectural remnants from Rome's fascist era (1922-1943) have been physically and ideologically neglected and reused, and how this reflects changing attitudes towards Italy's fascist past. The thesis analyzes three case studies: the Foro Italico sports complex, Piazza Augusto Imperatore, and the EUR district. It argues that after World War II, fascist architecture was simultaneously reused for practical reasons and neglected to avoid emphasizing divided memories of fascism. However, since the 1990s, as far-right politics re-emerged in Italy, the fascist past has been normalized through reusing and refurbishing its architecture. This ideological neglect reflects
Evaluation of the Thermal Comfort in the Design of the Museum Routes: The Thermal Topology
* Ph.D. Candidate SELMA SARAOUI1, Dr. AZEDDINE BELAKEHAL 2, Dr. ABDELGHANI ATTAR 3 Dr. AMAR BENNADJI 4
1 Department of Architecture, University of Bejaia, Algeria.
² Laboratoire de Conception et de Modélisation des Formes et des Ambiances (LACOMOFA), Department of Architecture, University of Biskra, Algeria.
³MCB at the Department of Architecture, University of Bejaia, Algeria.
4 The Scott Sutherland School of Architecture and Built Environment, the Robert Gordon University, UK
E mail: saraoui.selma@gmail.com , E mail: belakehal@gmail.com , E mail: attar.a.ghani@gmail.com , E mail: a.bennadji@rgu.ac.uk
A B S T R A C T
Museums are nowadays among the most popular projects for the public, the concept of thermal comfort in museums is often treated after the realization. Even if in the design, the architect shows a particular intention to work with daylight which is considered for these projects as main, the architect often considers certain elements that have an influence on the energy balance of these projects such as: orientation, building materials. The museum route is the key to the success of any museum project, it is the space of the visitor, the space in which he is invaded by sensations. In this study, we will first evaluate the thermal comfort in the museum as a whole (building) and then through its route. The objective is to guide reflection in the design of the museum towards the route in order to reduce energy consumption. In order to carry out our study, some European museums were analysed by means of simulation, according to the thermal comfort of their designs for the most unfavourable conditions, then by a thermal analysis of the museum route according to the segmentation principle using the average radiant temperature. This method allowed us to bring out correspondences between the architectural form and the route. Finally, the segmentation method constitutes the basis of a new methodological approach called "thermal topology" based on the discontinuities of the temperatures in the route.
050 contemporary arab architecture space, form, and functionJeremi Jeri
This document provides an abstract for a paper on contemporary Arab architecture focusing on space, form, and function. It summarizes previous research on Islamic architecture that often focused on monumental structures rather than vernacular architecture. It also discusses the debate around form versus function in design and introduces two prominent Arab architects, Hassan Fathy and Rasem Badran, whose theoretical frameworks will be examined. The scope is limited to available literature on Islamic architecture and its influence on contemporary Arab architects.
Contemporary Arab architecture space, form, and functionDania Abdel-aziz
This document provides an abstract for a paper on contemporary Arab architecture focusing on space, form, and function. It summarizes previous research on Islamic architecture that often focused on monumental structures rather than vernacular architecture. It also discusses the debate around form versus function in design and introduces two prominent Arab architects, Hassan Fathy and Rasem Badran, whose theoretical frameworks will be examined. The scope is limited to available literature on Islamic architecture and its influence on contemporary Arab architects.
Vernacular architecture refers to traditional building styles used by ordinary people in a particular area, made with local materials and knowledge. It evolved naturally in response to a region's environment and culture over many generations. Some argue vernacular architecture is obsolete today as modern building methods and materials are available globally. However, others believe vernacular styles still have value in promoting cultural identity and environmental sustainability by being adapted to local conditions. As populations urbanize, preserving vernacular architecture can also help maintain cultural heritage.
The lecture discusses regional approaches to urban-architectural design. It introduces regionics as a new direction of science that began in the 1960s to study architecture, urban planning, and other fields from a regional perspective. The lecture emphasizes that historical and cultural values, as well as natural geographical features, have always influenced the diversity and expression of cities and regions. It states that the regional design method focuses on studying, mastering, and using the best aspects of regional architecture while accounting for different levels of regionality.
Art and architecture are getting divorced despite the fact, there exists thin line to differentiate between art and architecture. If Art is labelled as,’ expression of human creative skill/imagination in visual form, Architecture ,is defined as art and science of creating buildings based on utility ,strength and beauty. If a great piece of art is an object of joy and pleasure, a well designed and constructed building brings joy and happiness for the owner, community and user .As a creative science Art has leveraged architecture in numerous ways giving architecture a new theme, meaning and vocabulary. Chandigarh, a role model in the field of architecture and urban planning, designed by Mon Le-Corbusier and his team of great architects, have made extensive use of art as integral part of the designing various buildings including buildings in Capitol Complex, High Court, Assembly, College of Art and Architecture etc to promote their aesthetics and beauty. If architecture is called the body, art rightly assumes the role of soul. Majority of problems facing the profession of architecture has genesis in growing mismatch between art and architecture. The existing ideology of architectural education and practice needs to be, revisited
Defining Role of Art in promoting Chandigarh architecture JIT KUMAR GUPTA
Art and architecture are getting divorced despite the fact, there exists thin line to differentiate between art and architecture. If Art is labelled as,’ expression of human creative skill/imagination in visual form, Architecture ,is defined as art and science of creating buildings based on utility ,strength and beauty. If a great piece of art is an object of joy and pleasure, a well designed and constructed building brings joy and happiness for the owner, community and user .As a creative science Art has leveraged architecture in numerous ways giving architecture a new theme, meaning and vocabulary. Chandigarh, a role model in the field of architecture and urban planning, designed by Mon Le-Corbusier and his team of great architects, have made extensive use of art as integral part of the designing various buildings including buildings in Capitol Complex, High Court, Assembly, College of Art and Architecture etc to promote their aesthetics and beauty. If architecture is called the body, art rightly assumes the role of soul. Majority of problems facing the profession of architecture has genesis in growing mismatch between art and architecture. The existing ideology of architectural education and practice needs to be, revisited
Architecture, History, and the Debate on Identity in Ethiopia,.docxrossskuddershamus
Architecture, History, and the Debate on Identity in Ethiopia, Ghana, Nigeria, and South
Africa
Author(s): Ikem Stanley Okoye
Reviewed work(s):
Source: Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians, Vol. 61, No. 3 (Sep., 2002), pp. 381-
396
Published by: University of California Press on behalf of the Society of Architectural Historians
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/991791 .
Accessed: 04/01/2013 12:15
Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at .
http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp
.
JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of
content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms
of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]
.
University of California Press and Society of Architectural Historians are collaborating with JSTOR to
digitize, preserve and extend access to Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians.
http://www.jstor.org
This content downloaded on Fri, 4 Jan 2013 12:15:20 PM
All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
http://www.jstor.org/action/showPublisher?publisherCode=ucal
http://www.jstor.org/action/showPublisher?publisherCode=sah
http://www.jstor.org/stable/991791?origin=JSTOR-pdf
http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp
http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp
Architecture, History, and the Debate on Identity in
Ethiopia, Ghana, Nigeria, and South Africa
IKEM STANLEY OKOYE
University of Delaware
Q: Do you think that a modern Nigerian aesthetic is possible? artist Demas Nwoko, for example-to mount a challenge
A: A Nigerian aesthetic? On what would it be based that is as to the fledgling orthodoxy. Nwoko, who in the 1960s, as
solid as that on which Aalto's Finnish tradition or Tange's on the part of the pan-African art group Mbari-Mbayo, wrote
Japanese tradition was? profusely on the significance of Africa's past, was in the
1970s not only commissioned but actually constructed sev-
Maxwell Fry eral important projects. This series of threatening acts nev-
We must ... draw on our traditions. ertheless finally brought legitimacy to the idea that an
understanding of African architectural and art history could David Aradeon
produce buildings that not only would receive critical
Good and up-coming architects are coming to terms with the fact acclaim, but could secure further commissions for one who
that they live in Africa ... you need to look at what's indigenous. was juridically illegitimate.2
Ora Joubert Striving to inculcate an African sensibility in a twenti-
eth-century building, Nwoko created his circa 1967
Dominican chapel (and there is an irony here, of course) in
r~~P~~rer~f~ace~~ ~concrete, capturing the fluidity of an object formed in clay
Interestingly, the A.
Painting under glass technique and plastic dimensionsAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a research study about the painting technique of Abu Subhi Tinawi, a Syrian folk artist known for his paintings under glass. It discusses Tinawi's spontaneous and folk-inspired approach, using readily available natural materials. While his works may lack technical skills by academic standards, they capture folk stories and characters through their symbolic visual narratives and spontaneous compositions. The document also describes Tinawi's glass painting process, which involved preparing pigments from natural sources, drawing designs on glass with ink, then painting transparent colors from the back to create a hidden layer under the glass.
This document outlines the course plan for History of Art and Architecture. It proposes changing the course title to better reflect the literature's focus on both art and architectural history. The objectives are to promote awareness of socio-cultural, political, economic, and technological contexts of past and present architecture. Students will visit historical buildings in Karachi and Thatta and participate in a drama workshop. The curriculum will cover Renaissance/Baroque architecture and the Industrial Revolution's impact, as well as 19th/20th century developments and modern pioneers like Wright and Le Corbusier. Recommended textbooks are also listed.
Archetypal Concept And Contemporary Architectural CriticismKaren Gomez
This article analyzes the use of the concept of archetypes in architectural theory and criticism from the 1950s to today. It discusses how Carl Jung introduced the idea of archetypes as universal patterns from the unconscious mind, and how various architectural critics since then have applied and interpreted this concept in different ways. The article reviews texts that reference Jung's idea of archetypes to explore how the concept has been discussed within the field of architectural theory in the Western perspective. While the existence of architectural archetypes remains an open question, the article aims to trace the discourse around this concept over time through an analysis of relevant literature.
A Relic of Communism, an Architectural Nightmare or a Determinant of the City...Dariusz Tworzydło
This article deals with the issues of architectural elements of public space, treated as components of art and visual communication, and at the same time determinants of the emotional aspects of political conflicts, social disputes, and media discourse. The aim of the considerations is to
show, with the usage of the principles of critical analysis of media discourse, the impact of social events, political communication, and the activity of mass communicators on the perception of the monument of historical memory and the changes that take place within its public evaluation. The
authors chose the method of critical analysis of the media discourse due to its compliance with the planned purpose of the analyses, thus, providing the opportunity to perform qualitative research, enabling the creation of possibly up-to-date conclusions regarding both the studied thread, and allowing the extrapolation of certain conclusions to other examples. The media material relating to the controversial Monument to the Revolutionary Act, located in the city of Rzeszów (Poland), was selected for the analysis. On this example, an attempt was made to evaluate the mutual relations between politically engaged architecture and art, and the contemporary consequences of this involvement in the social and political dimension.
This document contains 3 reaction papers written by a student on architectural theories. The first paper discusses the author Louis Wirth's theory of "Urbanism as a Way of Life" and how urban environments influence social behaviors. The second paper examines the book "Learning from Las Vegas" and how it highlighted the use of symbols over physical form in architecture. The third paper analyzes the concept of phenomenology in architecture and the importance of evoking emotional and experiential qualities in buildings.
This document summarizes three reaction papers written by a student on architectural theory readings. The first paper discusses Louis Wirth's concept of "urbanism" and how population size, density and diversity influence social behavior. The second paper focuses on Robert Venturi's "Learning from Las Vegas" and how symbolism is prioritized over form in Las Vegas architecture. The third paper examines Juhani Pallasmaa's view that modern architecture has become too abstract and detached from deeper meanings, and the importance of evoking emotional and imaginative experiences for users.
This document provides an overview and syllabus for the course "The Architecture of Conflict: Understanding Multi-Levels of Conflict in the Built Environment" to be taught at the University of British Columbia. The course aims to explore how architecture and the built environment both reflect and influence various levels of conflict through interdisciplinary study of related theories, policies, and case studies. Students will analyze the social impacts of architecture and identify the political factors that influence building and reconstruction. The course will combine lectures and discussions, field trips, student research presentations, and assignments including a mapping project, two response papers, and a final term project addressing a real-world architectural component of a conflict.
Effect of cultural and poem identity on the architectural designtheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Architecture Ebook Urban Design - Method And TechniquesSara Parker
This document provides an introduction to the subject matter of the book - the method of urban design. It discusses definitions of key terms like method, technique, methodology and technology as they relate to urban design. It outlines three main goals of urban design - to create developments that are structurally and functionally sound while also providing pleasure. A key goal discussed is achieving sustainable development. The document introduces the idea that the book will illustrate a design process and techniques for measuring environmental impacts to work towards more sustainable cities.
Hans Ibelings is a Dutch art historian and architecture critic. He has written extensively on architectural movements including postmodernism, modernism, deconstructivism, and supermodernism. The document discusses the key principles and influences of each movement. Modernism emphasized simplicity, rejection of ornament, and use of new materials like steel and glass. Postmodernism reacted against modernism with a return to traditional forms and reference to historical styles. Deconstructivism introduced non-rectilinear shapes and fragmentation. Supermodernism refers to a trend toward abstract, neutral architecture reflecting the last phase of modernism. Globalization is discussed as exerting influence on contemporary architecture through increased cross-cultural contact and the image of the global city
The document discusses various aspects of daily life for ancient Egyptians, who largely depended on the Nile River for agriculture, trade, and water. Key details include the social classes of nobles, craftsmen and farmers; popular leisure activities like board games; important trades and crafts; and the practice of mummifying the dead through embalming to preserve the body. Life was centered around the flooding cycles of the Nile, which determined agricultural production and economic conditions.
The document discusses the steps to get help writing an assignment through the HelpWriting.net website. It involves:
1. Creating an account and providing login credentials.
2. Completing a form with assignment details, sources, and deadline to create a "write my paper for me" request.
3. Reviewing bids from writers and choosing one based on qualifications to start the assignment.
4. Reviewing the completed paper and authorizing payment if satisfied, with free revisions available.
More Related Content
Similar to Abdulaziz Almansour Architecture Criticism In Syria20200601 44380 1Umheak
Structuralism is a mode of thinking .pptxseyefeselasse
Structuralism is a mode of thinking and a method of analysis practiced in 20th-centurysocial sciences and humanities. Methodologically, it analyses large-scale systems by examining the relations and functions of the smallest constituent elements of such systems, which range from human languages and cultural practices to folktales and literary texts.
MA Thesis Heritage and Memory Studies - Sophie van Doornmalen 10878246Sophie van Doornmalen
This document provides an abstract for a master's thesis examining how architectural remnants from Rome's fascist era (1922-1943) have been physically and ideologically neglected and reused, and how this reflects changing attitudes towards Italy's fascist past. The thesis analyzes three case studies: the Foro Italico sports complex, Piazza Augusto Imperatore, and the EUR district. It argues that after World War II, fascist architecture was simultaneously reused for practical reasons and neglected to avoid emphasizing divided memories of fascism. However, since the 1990s, as far-right politics re-emerged in Italy, the fascist past has been normalized through reusing and refurbishing its architecture. This ideological neglect reflects
Evaluation of the Thermal Comfort in the Design of the Museum Routes: The Thermal Topology
* Ph.D. Candidate SELMA SARAOUI1, Dr. AZEDDINE BELAKEHAL 2, Dr. ABDELGHANI ATTAR 3 Dr. AMAR BENNADJI 4
1 Department of Architecture, University of Bejaia, Algeria.
² Laboratoire de Conception et de Modélisation des Formes et des Ambiances (LACOMOFA), Department of Architecture, University of Biskra, Algeria.
³MCB at the Department of Architecture, University of Bejaia, Algeria.
4 The Scott Sutherland School of Architecture and Built Environment, the Robert Gordon University, UK
E mail: saraoui.selma@gmail.com , E mail: belakehal@gmail.com , E mail: attar.a.ghani@gmail.com , E mail: a.bennadji@rgu.ac.uk
A B S T R A C T
Museums are nowadays among the most popular projects for the public, the concept of thermal comfort in museums is often treated after the realization. Even if in the design, the architect shows a particular intention to work with daylight which is considered for these projects as main, the architect often considers certain elements that have an influence on the energy balance of these projects such as: orientation, building materials. The museum route is the key to the success of any museum project, it is the space of the visitor, the space in which he is invaded by sensations. In this study, we will first evaluate the thermal comfort in the museum as a whole (building) and then through its route. The objective is to guide reflection in the design of the museum towards the route in order to reduce energy consumption. In order to carry out our study, some European museums were analysed by means of simulation, according to the thermal comfort of their designs for the most unfavourable conditions, then by a thermal analysis of the museum route according to the segmentation principle using the average radiant temperature. This method allowed us to bring out correspondences between the architectural form and the route. Finally, the segmentation method constitutes the basis of a new methodological approach called "thermal topology" based on the discontinuities of the temperatures in the route.
050 contemporary arab architecture space, form, and functionJeremi Jeri
This document provides an abstract for a paper on contemporary Arab architecture focusing on space, form, and function. It summarizes previous research on Islamic architecture that often focused on monumental structures rather than vernacular architecture. It also discusses the debate around form versus function in design and introduces two prominent Arab architects, Hassan Fathy and Rasem Badran, whose theoretical frameworks will be examined. The scope is limited to available literature on Islamic architecture and its influence on contemporary Arab architects.
Contemporary Arab architecture space, form, and functionDania Abdel-aziz
This document provides an abstract for a paper on contemporary Arab architecture focusing on space, form, and function. It summarizes previous research on Islamic architecture that often focused on monumental structures rather than vernacular architecture. It also discusses the debate around form versus function in design and introduces two prominent Arab architects, Hassan Fathy and Rasem Badran, whose theoretical frameworks will be examined. The scope is limited to available literature on Islamic architecture and its influence on contemporary Arab architects.
Vernacular architecture refers to traditional building styles used by ordinary people in a particular area, made with local materials and knowledge. It evolved naturally in response to a region's environment and culture over many generations. Some argue vernacular architecture is obsolete today as modern building methods and materials are available globally. However, others believe vernacular styles still have value in promoting cultural identity and environmental sustainability by being adapted to local conditions. As populations urbanize, preserving vernacular architecture can also help maintain cultural heritage.
The lecture discusses regional approaches to urban-architectural design. It introduces regionics as a new direction of science that began in the 1960s to study architecture, urban planning, and other fields from a regional perspective. The lecture emphasizes that historical and cultural values, as well as natural geographical features, have always influenced the diversity and expression of cities and regions. It states that the regional design method focuses on studying, mastering, and using the best aspects of regional architecture while accounting for different levels of regionality.
Art and architecture are getting divorced despite the fact, there exists thin line to differentiate between art and architecture. If Art is labelled as,’ expression of human creative skill/imagination in visual form, Architecture ,is defined as art and science of creating buildings based on utility ,strength and beauty. If a great piece of art is an object of joy and pleasure, a well designed and constructed building brings joy and happiness for the owner, community and user .As a creative science Art has leveraged architecture in numerous ways giving architecture a new theme, meaning and vocabulary. Chandigarh, a role model in the field of architecture and urban planning, designed by Mon Le-Corbusier and his team of great architects, have made extensive use of art as integral part of the designing various buildings including buildings in Capitol Complex, High Court, Assembly, College of Art and Architecture etc to promote their aesthetics and beauty. If architecture is called the body, art rightly assumes the role of soul. Majority of problems facing the profession of architecture has genesis in growing mismatch between art and architecture. The existing ideology of architectural education and practice needs to be, revisited
Defining Role of Art in promoting Chandigarh architecture JIT KUMAR GUPTA
Art and architecture are getting divorced despite the fact, there exists thin line to differentiate between art and architecture. If Art is labelled as,’ expression of human creative skill/imagination in visual form, Architecture ,is defined as art and science of creating buildings based on utility ,strength and beauty. If a great piece of art is an object of joy and pleasure, a well designed and constructed building brings joy and happiness for the owner, community and user .As a creative science Art has leveraged architecture in numerous ways giving architecture a new theme, meaning and vocabulary. Chandigarh, a role model in the field of architecture and urban planning, designed by Mon Le-Corbusier and his team of great architects, have made extensive use of art as integral part of the designing various buildings including buildings in Capitol Complex, High Court, Assembly, College of Art and Architecture etc to promote their aesthetics and beauty. If architecture is called the body, art rightly assumes the role of soul. Majority of problems facing the profession of architecture has genesis in growing mismatch between art and architecture. The existing ideology of architectural education and practice needs to be, revisited
Architecture, History, and the Debate on Identity in Ethiopia,.docxrossskuddershamus
Architecture, History, and the Debate on Identity in Ethiopia, Ghana, Nigeria, and South
Africa
Author(s): Ikem Stanley Okoye
Reviewed work(s):
Source: Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians, Vol. 61, No. 3 (Sep., 2002), pp. 381-
396
Published by: University of California Press on behalf of the Society of Architectural Historians
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/991791 .
Accessed: 04/01/2013 12:15
Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at .
http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp
.
JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of
content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms
of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]
.
University of California Press and Society of Architectural Historians are collaborating with JSTOR to
digitize, preserve and extend access to Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians.
http://www.jstor.org
This content downloaded on Fri, 4 Jan 2013 12:15:20 PM
All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
http://www.jstor.org/action/showPublisher?publisherCode=ucal
http://www.jstor.org/action/showPublisher?publisherCode=sah
http://www.jstor.org/stable/991791?origin=JSTOR-pdf
http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp
http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp
Architecture, History, and the Debate on Identity in
Ethiopia, Ghana, Nigeria, and South Africa
IKEM STANLEY OKOYE
University of Delaware
Q: Do you think that a modern Nigerian aesthetic is possible? artist Demas Nwoko, for example-to mount a challenge
A: A Nigerian aesthetic? On what would it be based that is as to the fledgling orthodoxy. Nwoko, who in the 1960s, as
solid as that on which Aalto's Finnish tradition or Tange's on the part of the pan-African art group Mbari-Mbayo, wrote
Japanese tradition was? profusely on the significance of Africa's past, was in the
1970s not only commissioned but actually constructed sev-
Maxwell Fry eral important projects. This series of threatening acts nev-
We must ... draw on our traditions. ertheless finally brought legitimacy to the idea that an
understanding of African architectural and art history could David Aradeon
produce buildings that not only would receive critical
Good and up-coming architects are coming to terms with the fact acclaim, but could secure further commissions for one who
that they live in Africa ... you need to look at what's indigenous. was juridically illegitimate.2
Ora Joubert Striving to inculcate an African sensibility in a twenti-
eth-century building, Nwoko created his circa 1967
Dominican chapel (and there is an irony here, of course) in
r~~P~~rer~f~ace~~ ~concrete, capturing the fluidity of an object formed in clay
Interestingly, the A.
Painting under glass technique and plastic dimensionsAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a research study about the painting technique of Abu Subhi Tinawi, a Syrian folk artist known for his paintings under glass. It discusses Tinawi's spontaneous and folk-inspired approach, using readily available natural materials. While his works may lack technical skills by academic standards, they capture folk stories and characters through their symbolic visual narratives and spontaneous compositions. The document also describes Tinawi's glass painting process, which involved preparing pigments from natural sources, drawing designs on glass with ink, then painting transparent colors from the back to create a hidden layer under the glass.
This document outlines the course plan for History of Art and Architecture. It proposes changing the course title to better reflect the literature's focus on both art and architectural history. The objectives are to promote awareness of socio-cultural, political, economic, and technological contexts of past and present architecture. Students will visit historical buildings in Karachi and Thatta and participate in a drama workshop. The curriculum will cover Renaissance/Baroque architecture and the Industrial Revolution's impact, as well as 19th/20th century developments and modern pioneers like Wright and Le Corbusier. Recommended textbooks are also listed.
Archetypal Concept And Contemporary Architectural CriticismKaren Gomez
This article analyzes the use of the concept of archetypes in architectural theory and criticism from the 1950s to today. It discusses how Carl Jung introduced the idea of archetypes as universal patterns from the unconscious mind, and how various architectural critics since then have applied and interpreted this concept in different ways. The article reviews texts that reference Jung's idea of archetypes to explore how the concept has been discussed within the field of architectural theory in the Western perspective. While the existence of architectural archetypes remains an open question, the article aims to trace the discourse around this concept over time through an analysis of relevant literature.
A Relic of Communism, an Architectural Nightmare or a Determinant of the City...Dariusz Tworzydło
This article deals with the issues of architectural elements of public space, treated as components of art and visual communication, and at the same time determinants of the emotional aspects of political conflicts, social disputes, and media discourse. The aim of the considerations is to
show, with the usage of the principles of critical analysis of media discourse, the impact of social events, political communication, and the activity of mass communicators on the perception of the monument of historical memory and the changes that take place within its public evaluation. The
authors chose the method of critical analysis of the media discourse due to its compliance with the planned purpose of the analyses, thus, providing the opportunity to perform qualitative research, enabling the creation of possibly up-to-date conclusions regarding both the studied thread, and allowing the extrapolation of certain conclusions to other examples. The media material relating to the controversial Monument to the Revolutionary Act, located in the city of Rzeszów (Poland), was selected for the analysis. On this example, an attempt was made to evaluate the mutual relations between politically engaged architecture and art, and the contemporary consequences of this involvement in the social and political dimension.
This document contains 3 reaction papers written by a student on architectural theories. The first paper discusses the author Louis Wirth's theory of "Urbanism as a Way of Life" and how urban environments influence social behaviors. The second paper examines the book "Learning from Las Vegas" and how it highlighted the use of symbols over physical form in architecture. The third paper analyzes the concept of phenomenology in architecture and the importance of evoking emotional and experiential qualities in buildings.
This document summarizes three reaction papers written by a student on architectural theory readings. The first paper discusses Louis Wirth's concept of "urbanism" and how population size, density and diversity influence social behavior. The second paper focuses on Robert Venturi's "Learning from Las Vegas" and how symbolism is prioritized over form in Las Vegas architecture. The third paper examines Juhani Pallasmaa's view that modern architecture has become too abstract and detached from deeper meanings, and the importance of evoking emotional and imaginative experiences for users.
This document provides an overview and syllabus for the course "The Architecture of Conflict: Understanding Multi-Levels of Conflict in the Built Environment" to be taught at the University of British Columbia. The course aims to explore how architecture and the built environment both reflect and influence various levels of conflict through interdisciplinary study of related theories, policies, and case studies. Students will analyze the social impacts of architecture and identify the political factors that influence building and reconstruction. The course will combine lectures and discussions, field trips, student research presentations, and assignments including a mapping project, two response papers, and a final term project addressing a real-world architectural component of a conflict.
Effect of cultural and poem identity on the architectural designtheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Architecture Ebook Urban Design - Method And TechniquesSara Parker
This document provides an introduction to the subject matter of the book - the method of urban design. It discusses definitions of key terms like method, technique, methodology and technology as they relate to urban design. It outlines three main goals of urban design - to create developments that are structurally and functionally sound while also providing pleasure. A key goal discussed is achieving sustainable development. The document introduces the idea that the book will illustrate a design process and techniques for measuring environmental impacts to work towards more sustainable cities.
Hans Ibelings is a Dutch art historian and architecture critic. He has written extensively on architectural movements including postmodernism, modernism, deconstructivism, and supermodernism. The document discusses the key principles and influences of each movement. Modernism emphasized simplicity, rejection of ornament, and use of new materials like steel and glass. Postmodernism reacted against modernism with a return to traditional forms and reference to historical styles. Deconstructivism introduced non-rectilinear shapes and fragmentation. Supermodernism refers to a trend toward abstract, neutral architecture reflecting the last phase of modernism. Globalization is discussed as exerting influence on contemporary architecture through increased cross-cultural contact and the image of the global city
Similar to Abdulaziz Almansour Architecture Criticism In Syria20200601 44380 1Umheak (20)
The document discusses various aspects of daily life for ancient Egyptians, who largely depended on the Nile River for agriculture, trade, and water. Key details include the social classes of nobles, craftsmen and farmers; popular leisure activities like board games; important trades and crafts; and the practice of mummifying the dead through embalming to preserve the body. Life was centered around the flooding cycles of the Nile, which determined agricultural production and economic conditions.
The document discusses the steps to get help writing an assignment through the HelpWriting.net website. It involves:
1. Creating an account and providing login credentials.
2. Completing a form with assignment details, sources, and deadline to create a "write my paper for me" request.
3. Reviewing bids from writers and choosing one based on qualifications to start the assignment.
4. Reviewing the completed paper and authorizing payment if satisfied, with free revisions available.
016 Best Solutions Of Descriptive Writing Rubric Google Search PerfectBrooke Heidt
The document discusses implementing a new centralized human resources system at Riordan
Manufacturing that would consolidate employee data currently spread across departments. Access to the
new system would mirror current permissions but through a single location. A phased implementation is
recommended, starting with a test group before full release, to safely transition to the new system.
Interactive Essay Writing MTA ProductionBrooke Heidt
The document discusses arms control and nuclear disarmament. It defines arms control as international limitations or regulations on weapons development, testing, production, deployment or use. It states that some level of military establishment is inevitable for nations, but overdevelopment could lead to miscalculations or accidents with uncontrollable consequences. The goal of arms control is to help reduce tensions and promote international stability.
Basic Essay Format Page Numbers, MLA Title Page, Spacing, MarginsBrooke Heidt
This document provides instructions for five steps to get writing help from HelpWriting.net:
1. Create an account with a password and email.
2. Complete a 10-minute order form with instructions, sources, and deadline.
3. Review bids from writers and choose one based on qualifications.
4. Review the completed paper and authorize payment if pleased.
5. Request revisions until fully satisfied with the original, high-quality content or receive a refund if plagiarized.
The document outlines the steps to rebuild an engine. It begins by lifting the engine out of the car and disconnecting any connections. The next step is to thoroughly inspect and disassemble the engine, using a shop manual. Each part is inspected for wear and cracks before removal. Once disassembled, the engine parts can be cleaned and prepared for reassembly in reverse order. Proper torque is critical to ensure components do not fail when the engine is running. Rebuilding an engine requires patience but results in significant cost savings compared to replacing the engine.
How Do I Even Write An Academic Paper - ResearBrooke Heidt
The document provides instructions for writing an academic paper through a service called HelpWriting.net. It outlines 5 steps: 1) Create an account; 2) Complete an order form with instructions and deadline; 3) Review writer bids and choose one; 4) Review the paper and authorize payment; 5) Request revisions until satisfied. It emphasizes original, high-quality work and refunds for plagiarism.
Buy Pre Written Term Papers Research Paper Thesis, ReBrooke Heidt
1. Markets and customer needs are constantly evolving, requiring companies to adapt their products and services to remain competitive.
2. New technologies emerge regularly, disrupting existing business models and creating opportunities that companies must explore.
3. Remaining static risks becoming outdated and less efficient over time, jeopardizing a company's long-term viability in a dynamic business environment where change is the norm. Embracing and facilitating organizational change helps companies thrive amid inevitable shifts.
243 Best Essay Images On Pinterest Phd Comics, ButBrooke Heidt
This document provides instructions for requesting writing assistance from the website HelpWriting.net. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account with an email and password. 2) Complete an order form with instructions, sources, and deadline. 3) Review bids from writers and choose one. 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment. 5) Request revisions until satisfied. It emphasizes that original, high-quality content is guaranteed, with refunds for plagiarized work.
Narrative Essay A Level History EssaysBrooke Heidt
The document discusses the psychological evolution of the character Lester Burnham in the 1999 film American Beauty. It describes how Lester experiences symptoms of depression like many middle-aged Americans due to the repetitiveness of suburban life. His depression leads to an extreme midlife crisis and risky behavior. By the end of the film, Lester has found pure happiness and a sense of beauty in life before his untimely death. The film suggests that people can overcome depression by evolving their perspective to find meaning and beauty even in average lives.
How To Write Website Names In A Paper - Alder ScriptBrooke Heidt
The document provides instructions for how to request a paper writing service from HelpWriting.net. It outlines a 5 step process: 1) Create an account with valid email and password. 2) Complete a 10 minute order form providing instructions, sources, and deadline. 3) Review bids from writers and choose one based on qualifications. 4) Receive the paper and authorize payment if pleased. 5) Request revisions until fully satisfied, with a refund option for plagiarized work. The service aims to provide original, high-quality content through a bidding system and revision process.
30 Recommendation Letter For Scholarship Samples - TemplatBrooke Heidt
This document discusses the process for obtaining writing assistance from HelpWriting.net. It outlines 5 steps: 1) Create an account, 2) Complete an order form providing instructions and deadline, 3) Review bids from writers and select one, 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment, 5) Request revisions to ensure satisfaction and receive a refund if plagiarized. The document promotes HelpWriting.net's writing assistance services and assurances of original, high-quality content.
The document outlines the steps to get writing assistance from HelpWriting.net, including creating an account, submitting a request form with instructions and deadline, and choosing a bid from qualified writers to complete the assignment, with options for revisions. The process utilizes a bidding system for writers to take on requests, with customers ensuring quality and authorizing payment upon satisfactory completion of work.
006 Close Reading Essay Example ThatsnotusBrooke Heidt
This document provides instructions for creating an account and submitting a paper writing request on the website HelpWriting.net. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account with an email and password. 2) Complete a 10-minute order form providing instructions, sources, and deadline. 3) Review bids from writers and choose one based on qualifications. 4) Receive the paper and ensure it meets expectations before authorizing payment. 5) Request revisions until fully satisfied, with the guarantee of a refund for plagiarized work. The document promotes HelpWriting.net's writing services.
Legitimate Custom Writing Services In USA, UK, Canada AustraliaBrooke Heidt
The document outlines a 5-step process for using a custom writing service, including creating an account, completing an order form, reviewing bids from writers, choosing a writer based on qualifications, and authorizing payment after receiving a satisfactory paper. It also notes that the service offers free revisions and stands by its promise to provide original, high-quality content or offer a full refund.
Sociology Essay On Child Labour - FranchisehelpS BlogBrooke Heidt
This document provides instructions for requesting writing assistance from the HelpWriting.net website. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account with an email and password. 2) Complete an order form with instructions, sources, and deadline. 3) Review bids from writers and select one. 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment. 5) Request revisions until satisfied. The website promises original, high-quality content and refunds for plagiarized work.
The document provides instructions for creating an account and submitting an assignment request on the HelpWriting.net website. It involves a 5-step process: 1) Create an account with a password and email, 2) Complete a form with assignment details and sample work, 3) Review bids from writers and select one, 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment, 5) Request revisions to ensure satisfaction and receive a refund for plagiarized work.
How Would You Compose A Benefits Section To Have ABrooke Heidt
The document provides instructions for requesting writing assistance from HelpWriting.net in 5 steps:
1. Create an account with a password and email.
2. Complete a 10-minute order form providing instructions, sources, deadline, and attaching a sample for style imitation.
3. Review bids from writers and choose one based on qualifications, history, and feedback, then pay a deposit.
4. Review the completed paper and authorize full payment if pleased, or request revisions using the free revision policy.
5. Choose HelpWriting.net confidently knowing needs will be fully met, or receive a full refund for plagiarized work.
Standard Paper Size, Paper Size, International Paper SizesBrooke Heidt
This document discusses different methods for observing and recording animal behavior, including ad libitum sampling and focal animal instantaneous sampling. The author conducted a 2-hour observation of a baboon named Bambio using ad libitum sampling, recording 58 observations. These observations were categorized and analyzed in a pie chart showing Bambio spent her time eating (17%), resting (22%), sleeping (38%), travelling (18%), and other behaviors (5%). Ad libitum sampling provides very detailed data but is difficult to analyze, while focal animal instantaneous sampling is easier to analyze but provides less detailed data.
Writing On Water Buy Writing On Water OBrooke Heidt
1. The essay analyzes the book "If Disney Ran Your Hospital" which argues that applying Disney's customer service principles could help improve the healthcare system.
2. It discusses how Disney prioritizes customer satisfaction and sees patients as customers. This shifts the focus from medical tasks to treating patients with compassion.
3. The book proposes several Disney-inspired ideas such as treating patients with courtesy and respect, making the hospital environment warm and comforting, and striving for customer delight rather than just meeting basic needs.
4. While the essay acknowledges that healthcare is different than entertainment, it
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Find out more about ISO training and certification services
Training: ISO/IEC 27001 Information Security Management System - EN | PECB
ISO/IEC 42001 Artificial Intelligence Management System - EN | PECB
General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) - Training Courses - EN | PECB
Webinars: https://pecb.com/webinars
Article: https://pecb.com/article
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
For more information about PECB:
Website: https://pecb.com/
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/pecb/
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/PECBInternational/
Slideshare: http://www.slideshare.net/PECBCERTIFICATION
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
Abdulaziz Almansour Architecture Criticism In Syria20200601 44380 1Umheak
1. THE REPUBLIC OF TURKEY
BAHCESEHIR UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE
International Architectural Criticism Environment
Architecture Criticism in Syria:
Architectural Syrian Identity Criticism Before and After the Crisis
ARC5411 - Architectural Criticism 17/18
Pro.Durnev Atilgan
Abdulaziz Almansour
ISTANBUL, 2017/2018
2. 1
CONTENTS
FIGURES.............................................................................................................................1
1. INTRODUCTION..............................................................................................................2
2. THE ATMOSPHERE OF ARCHITECTURE CRITICISM IN SYRIA ………………...…...3
2. THE PROBLEM OF SYRIAN ARCHITECTURE ............................................................4
3. HOW YOUNG ARCHITECTS CRITICIZE IN SYRIA.......................................................6
3. 1 The battle for home: the version of a young architect in Syria......................6
3. 2 Architecture in Syria cause loss of identity and social cohesion……………8
4. CONCLUSION.................................................................................................................9
4. REFERENCES...............................................................................................................10
Key Words:
Cultural Identity – Old City – Social Cohesion – Lost Style - Copying
FIGURES
Figure 1: Al Abed Building…………………………………………..................................5
Figure 2: Al Abed Building Balcony ….........................................................................5
Figure 3: Italian School Building..................................................................................6
Figure 4: French Hospital Building..............................................................................6
Figure5: Twin Tower Hotel in Homs...........................................................................7
Figure6: Ruined Building in the Old City of Homs......................................................7
3. 2
Introduction:
The local architectural crisis which was experienced in Syria is not limited at all levels to the
identity problem, but it is also manifested in many aspects, such as the lack of architectural and
art critics, the lack of literature and architectural theory, including the absence of the necessary
scientific terms. In addition, the technical backwardness and ignorance of the latest developments
in the architecture field and the difficulty of analyzing the phenomenon of architectural art which
lies in the absence of terms and scientific concepts that indicate them. The issue of local
architectural identity and the relevance to its homeland is a new old matter, whose resonance has
recently been particularly noticeable at the local level.
Architecture is an aesthetic artistic phenomenon, one of the embodiments and changes of identity
and local privacy and as a result of the value and valuation clashes of contemporary architectural
trends, the interest is focused on architecture from variety aspects: philosophical, cognitive,
functional, formal and informational.
After the emergence of an important urban event or when the complexities of the architectural
issue arising from the problem of changing the architecture of the old cities, these actions often
result in a kind of collision between two different forms of architecture, western and eastern
heritage.1
And this collision happened because of the lack of Syrian literature from periodicals, journals and
newspapers for serious studies dealing with architecture in terms of environmental, social,
developmental and historical aspects.
This research will examine the general atmosphere of architectural criticism in Syria through
analysing the reasons behind the lack of this activity which influenced the Syrian architecture
identity and it will focus on two cases dealing with the architecture identity in a different manner.
The first case will be the architecture criticism texts before the Syrian crisis through analysing the
problem of Syrian architecture according to the view of Afif Bahnassi2
. While the second case will
be after the Syrian crisis with the view of a young architect Marwa Al-Sabouni3
criticizing the
architecture of Syria and trying to show how architecture has played a vital role in creating,
directing and heightening conflicts because of the absence of clear identity and planning.
1. Bahnassi,A.(2009). Cultural identity between the global and globalization. Syria
2. Afif Bahnassi (17 April 1928 – 2 November 2017) was a Syrian Islamic art historian and
museum curator, General Director of Antiquities and Museums in Damascus, Syria. He has
authored books such as Ancient Syria and His Art (1987) and The Art of Islam, with Nurhan
Atasoy, published by UNESCO in 1992. He was on the governing board of the Research Centre
for Islamic History, Art and Culture (IRCICA) based in Istanbul. Wikipedia
3. Marwa Al-Sabouni was born and raised in Homs, Syria in 18/9/1981. She holds a PhD in
architecture and has written several architectural articles which were published at RIBAJ,
Architectural Review, Wall Street International Magazine and other outlets and some of them
were translated into German and French. She is the author of ‘The Battle for Home’ published
internationally in April 2016 by T&H. Wikipedia
4. 3
The Atmosphere of Architecture Criticism in Syria:
It is rare to find a systematic scientific study that deals with architecture issues out of the university
knowledge field. It seems that the low level of interest in architecture and the narrow spaces
allocated to it contributed to the decline of it in marginal angles on the agenda of cultural concerns.
The general weakness of Arab urban literature especially in Syria in form and content, led to what
can be considered a decline in architectural awareness, which can be referred to the following
reasons:
• Distinguishing the faculties of architecture from social life and its separation from the
cultural climate and limiting its activities within universities:
In rare cases, there is a general lecture in the university medium that links architecture to
social life and discuses aesthetic schools and this is the case in most architecture associations
and chambers throughout Syria.
The size and quality of intellectual philosophical courses that deal with and discuss topics that
link architecture with society and the aesthetic values of human societies, have not yet taken
full effect in architectural curricular and the weakness of the courses that teach architectural
criticism are limited to the history of architecture, while the most courses focus on the
engineering topics as architecture in Syria is classified as architecture engineering.
Actually, we will not exaggerate if we refer to the weakness of the Syrian and Arab libraries
and their lack of books on architecture and art in the various stages of civilization that the
region experienced, including the Islamic period. In addition to the alienation of the intellectual
practicing of architecture from cultural life and the preoccupation with the issues of
professionalism contributing to this knowledge rupture in architecture.4
• The lack of books and references dealing with the technical, historical and philosophical
aspects of architecture, which is closer to the general culture than to the university curricula,
led to the low awareness in between the public:
The culture and the artistic visual taste, in general, have declined so much that any architecture
and urbanization topics are considered as a specialization issue and many readers and interested
parties in the social life of communities turn away from the themes of architecture in contrast to
other aspects of cultural life. In the same context, we note that the translation movement of the
languages globally for these type of books is very few.
In view of all this complexity, we are faced with two cultural issues, the first is linked to raising the
level of awareness of the architecture criticism and the second is related to critique and evaluation
of contemporary architectural production; therefore it is necessary to think about the creation of
associations or groups for architectural criticism that accommodate all interested artists,
historians, media and environmentalists to expand the public interest in architecture in order to
get the whole topic out of its narrow frame.
In Syria, architectural projects are evaluated and accepted by presenting them to specialized
committees or through a proposal competition before they are implemented on the ground.
4.Ali,A.(2001). from architectural awareness to architectural criticism. Alsharq Al-awsat
newspaper.8115
5. 4
But what prevents the expansion of this circle beyond the boundaries of universities and advisory
bodies, not only by the expansion of these committees, but also by putting the subject in the
cultural street and making architectural issues accessible to the press to reach a situation in where
the architect or designer realizes that his project will be dealt with critically, even if adopted by the
relevant committees.
I believe that architectural creations do not progress unless they interact with the wider channels
of criticism and evaluation and unless the architectural product is associated with the taste and
public awareness while at the same time, these trends not succeeding if they are not accompanied
by a wide dissemination of architectural and aesthetic knowledge, heritage, modernization and
futuristic innovations.
The Problem of Syrian Architecture
Professor Bahnassi raised this question through critical texts that were in the form of books and
articles. This research attempts to analyse these texts and reach a conclusion explaining the
reasons for the weakness of Syrian architecture following on from his views.
‘’In the search for the identity of the Syrian architecture, does this identity appear in the structure
of architecture as surfaces, spaces, lines, curvatures, beams, drawers and columns, or through
the decorative decorations on its walls and facades, for example in the palaces of Granada?” Afif
Bahnassi, Cultural identity between the global and globalization.1
Western political influence on the Islamic world was accompanied by cultural influence, which in
architecture represents the transition of architectural styles from Europe to the Arab countries
since the Ottoman era, especially public buildings, barracks and palaces.
Since Arab buildings belong to the modern classical style restored by Paris in the seventeenth
and eighteenth centuries and then we see buildings of the Baroque style that were spread
throughout Europe and were influenced by the buildings from the Ottoman Empire clearly during
the nineteenth century.
What we see in the local Architectural style in Syria at the end of the Ottoman period in many
examples in Damascus was carrying ancient Greek touches as a European-style building, such
as the Saraya building which was built in 1900 and a similar approach is noted in the new design
of the police building and the building of the worshiper, which was established by Azza Pasha al-
Abed and supervised by Fernando de Aranda in (910-1908).5
Then we see the colonial style which spread in southern Europe where the cities of the
Mediterranean including Arab cities along the shores of the southern Mediterranean.
1. Bahnassi,A.(2009). Cultural identity between the global and globalization. Dar Al Fikr
Publishing.Syria
5. Bahnassi,A.(2010). Damascene architecture and its interaction with architectural heritage and
modern world architecture. Alhyaat Altashkiliah.81-82-83
6. 5
Figure1 Al Abed Building 6
Figure2 Al Abed Building Balcony 6
This style spread under the title of openness to the West and Sultan Mahmoud II whose openness
we can interpret by the motivation of early modernity, which in our country is the principle of
estrangement with heritage such as the buildings of the Italian hospital and the Italian school are
the most prominent examples of this type.7
Then the modernity of the West came, which was also built under the title of modern style, which
was announced in France and Germany and moved to all parts of Europe. Then arriving late to
Syria after the Second World War, a new gown based on abstraction and neutrality, apart from
the interruption of all the original features.
The conditions of independence and economic mutations have given rise to a vertical increase in
the population, expansion of cities and increased facilities, until reconstruction projects have
become the largest share of income.
The rapid pace of economic, demographic and social transformation has led to the intensification
and acceleration of urbanization. Ready-made imported designs are the maximum that the
emerging architecture can fill in the urgent need of its society during the three decades following
World War II in Syria.
‘’In this architectural dependency, the desire of the pent-up consumer to pursue the culture of the
West in the field of modern architecture failed to grasp the dangers that led to the abandonment
of its identity, traditions and spiritual and material needs’’ Afif Bahnassi, Cultural identity between
the global and globalization.1
Dr. Bahnasi summarizes in many texts the problem of architecture in Syria, it absorbed new
functions in modern facilities, such as hotels and museums, but it could not link these functions
to identity, it took the complexities of functionalism of the new architecture without the search of
architecture identity and privacy which is no longer distinctive.
Thus, modern functions seem to be the obsession of architecture in Syria, so we have to link
these functions with a more authentic architecture that achieves the civilizational function and
achieves the modern focus and We will wait for more modern and complex functions "as the social
and economic life progresses , and we will need sincerer and scientific efforts to achieve a proper
6. https://arabic.cnn.com/middleeast/2016/05/06/syria-th-may-anniversary
7. Bahnassi,A.(2003). Imran Al Fayhaa) Damascus architecture). Dar Al Fikr Publishing.Syria
7. 6
Figure3 Italian School Building 8
Figure4 French Hospital Building9
heritage architecture for these new functions."10
• How young architects criticize in Syria
The battle for home: the version of a young architect in Syria
‘’I try to show how architecture in my country has played a vital role in creating, directing and
amplifying conflicts between warring factions, by facilitating poor choices and narrowing viable
alternatives’’. Marwa Alsabouni,11
The author deals with several issues and raises several questions looking at the circumstances
that led to the war, exploring – through her personal experience, using Homs city as the model
of focus on the interdependent relationship between society and architecture and explores the
role of urbanism in creating and inflaming civil strife. Also focusing on the ‘newcomer’ settlement
of Baba Amr which is a rural area surrounding the city, reviewing a history of prejudice,
alienation and corruption. Looking at pre-conflict housing in Syria and the role of architecture in
breaking down a sense of identity, the author examines the roots of lost identities in an ill-
advised stereotypical misconception, poor education and corrupt institutions, all manifested in
architecture.
The author deals with several issues and raises several questions looking at the circumstances
that led to the war, exploring – through her personal experience, using Homs city as the model
of focus on the interdependent relationship between society and architecture and explores the
role of urbanism in creating and inflaming civil strife.
8. http://www.esyria.sy/edamascus
9. https://tr.pinterest.com/pin/534802524495946902/
10. Bahnassi,A.(2009). Cultural identity between the global and globalization. Dar Al Fikr
Publishing.Syria. p355
11.AL-Sabouni, M. (2017). BATTLE FOR HOME: The vision of a young architect in Syria. Place
of publication not identified: W W NORTON
8. 7
Figure5 Twin Tower Hotel in Homs 12
Figure6 Ruined Building in the Old city of Homs12
Also focusing on the ‘newcomer’ settlement of Baba Amr which is a rural area surrounding the
city, reviewing a history of prejudice, alienation and corruption. Looking at pre-conflict housing in
Syria and the role of architecture in breaking down a sense of identity, the author examines the
roots of lost identities in an ill-advised stereotypical misconception, poor education and corrupt
institutions, all manifested in architecture.
Did Syrian architectures help inflame the country's civil war and wipe out the lives of hundreds
of people? That is the theory discussed in the authors book,in the book detailed lists of
architectural drawings of buildings and infrastructure
Alsabouni asks: How was it possible to destroy the cities of Syria and fall in what is called "the
nightmare of the animal massacre"? The city of Homs was taken as a case study, which is the
third largest city in Syria where its people live in relative harmony.
As well as the existence of spaces for each of different architectures either be commercial,
residential, mosques or churches all being close to each other.
But over time, classical designs opened the way for modernised designs imported into the
country under the umbrella of contemporaneousness. Such examples are the architectural
plans of the colonial streets, which tore down the historic architecture and the massive
apartment buildings that separated its inhabitants from the centre of the city.
By 2010, as Alsabouni pointed out, half of the Syrian population lived in "informal houses" called
shantytowns with huge certainty into lack of infrastructure.
"The fabric of our cities is reflected on the fabric of our souls," 13
the author believes that
stability, identity and community integration are the produce of effective urbanization.
12. AL-Sabouni, M. (2017). BATTLE FOR HOME: The vision of a young architect in Syria. Place of
publication not identified: W W NORTON.P150.177
13. AL-Sabouni, M. (2017). BATTLE FOR HOME: The vision of a young architect in Syria. Place of
publication not identified: W W NORTON.P85
After the destruction of more than 60% of the city of Homs, Alsabouni concluded that
architecture is one of the reasons for the outbreak of the war in Syria, unlike other causes such
as politics, economy and society.
9. 8
The writer goes back to the roots of the Syrian architecture which was represented as an
Islamic architecture according to her view and criticizes the colonial architecture and its role in
the fragmentation of society based on the economic level of Syria, which Alsabouni defines as a
tolerant country that combines different beliefs, sects and races without discrimination.
The author expresses the cohabitation of Islamic architecture, but it became divided and its
people suffered isolation a century ago after the French occupation as they dismantled the
Syrian people based on their economy level, faith and wealth, in addition to the destruction of
the aesthetic elements. Therefore, the author concludes that architecture became "a means of
differentiation and exclusiveness to the elite".
Alsabouni realized that "we can learn how to construct again," but wondered about the
mechanism of doing so; questioning whether buildings will return as they were before the war or
will they be based on class and community divisions, or will structures express the identity of the
community and the difference of beliefs.
The author wonders about the decrepit architecture and buildings: "How will we rebuild them
and what are the principles that we have to adopt in order to avoid repeating the same
mistakes?" Therefore, a completely new planning of the Baba Amr neighborhood, which was
completely destroyed, is based on the idea of creating an urban tapestry.
Inspired by trees, capable of growing and expanding; Alsabouni made this design for the United
Nations housing competition for reconstruction and won the first-place prize in 2014.
Architecture in Syria cause loss of identity and social cohesion
Marwa Alsabouni in Her books and articles have been widely covered by the mass media
including a cover story in the Guardian, Financial Times, The Times, The Huffington Post, New
York Times, BBC Radio’s several flagship programs, CNN and many other channels in the UK,
AU, USA and Europe. It was reviewed in TLS, Fraser Institute, Open Democracy, LA Book
Review, The Christian Science Monitor and many others. Her book was selected by the Guardian
as one of the best architectural books in 2016. She has been invited to participate in the UN
organized conferences and workshops regarding the post-war situation in Syria in Berlin, Beirut,
Basel and Geneva, she also participated via Skype in conferences for the Policy Exchange and
Architecture Foundation in London, SIX in Colombia, and Cultural Innovation Day in Matera, Italy.
She has done a TED Talk to be showed for the first time at TED Summit 2016 which has been
viewed online by more than 900 thousand people since its release.
Her articles focus on criticising the architecture in Syria in many ways: How can architecture in
Syria cause loss of identity and social cohesion, criticizing the thought of implementing slum
housing projects as her basic idea is based on an architecture that does not discriminate between
people of different races and religions. She believes that the Islamic style architecture was in the
past consistent with the human dimensions that advocate it and does not differentiate between
the residents of the neighbourhood of different affiliations, while contemporary architecture is
linked to a random group of elements giving them a deceitful Islamic appearance.14
14.http://skoll.org/contributor/marwa-al-sabouni/
10. 9
The author is focusing on the idea of a Syrian architectural identity that cannot be found in certain
architectural characteristics, but rather as a secondary product of a purposeful and beautiful
design, keeping within the spirit of the place.15
Conclusion:
The criticism literature in Syrian architecture focuses on a set of points which it seeks to form a
special architectural identity:
• Following the architectural heritage, which gave local architecture rich properties
imposed on the urban space and focus on the aesthetic points.
• Develop some design determinants to fit the environment and climate within a common
scale, relying on technology within a local framework.
• Rational use of available local resources to produce local economic architecture.
• Diversify the theoretical and practical training of local architects by defining the
vocabulary of this architecture and helping them to apply the rules, symbols, and patterns that
have been borrowed from previous models.
The responsibility of the contemporary architects in Syria necessitates him to live the past,
present, and future in his designs, innovations, and creativity because the past is still among us
with his architectural heritage radiating civilization and culture and imposing itself in the vacuum.
Venturi emphasizes the importance of the interdependence and correspondence between
different and divergent intellectual doctrines and the importance of its reflection on architecture.
"Good architecture will bring several levels of meaning and multiple foci of visual focus as it can
read its space and its elements in various ways at the same time," Robert Venturi,16
15.https://www.scidev.net/mena/engineering/feature/Marwa-AlSabouni-architect-conflict-
Syria.html
16. Venturi, R. (1966). Complexity and contradiction in architecture. New York: Museum of
Modern Art.
11. 10
REFERENCES:
• AL-Sabouni, M. (2017). BATTLE FOR HOME: The vision of a young architect in Syria.
Place of publication not identified: W W NORTON.
• Bahnassi,A.(2010). Damascene architecture and its interaction with architectural
heritage and modern world architecture. Alhyaat Altashkiliah.81-82-83
• Bahnassi,A.(2009). Cultural identity between the global and globalization. Syria
• Bahnassi,A.(2003). Imran Al Fayhaa) Damascus architecture). Dar Al Fikr
Publishing.Syria
• Ali,A.(2001). from architectural awareness to architectural criticism. Alsharq Al-awsat
newspaper.8115
• Venturi, R. (1966). Complexity and contradiction in architecture. New York: Museum of
Modern Art.
• http://skoll.org/contributor/marwa-al-sabouni/
• https://www.scidev.net/mena/engineering/feature/Marwa-AlSabouni-architect-conflict-
Syria.html
• http://www.esyria.sy/edamascus
• https://tr.pinterest.com/pin/534802524495946902/
• https://arabic.cnn.com/middleeast/2016/05/06/syria-th-may-anniversary
• Wikipedia