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Lessons from action research to promote
uptake of harmonised institutional
approaches and appropriate technology
to transform informal milk markets in the
Eastern & Central Africa Region
By
Tezira Lore, Lusato Kurwijila and Amos Omore
Presented at the 4th All Africa Conference on Animal Agriculture
21 September 2005
Arusha, Tanzania
Key issues regarding informal milk
trade in the region
 Informal markets handle over 85 per cent of all milk sold
yet are discouraged by policy due to perceived safety
concerns.
 Poor consumers are unwilling to pay for high costs of
formally processed, packaged milk.
 If encouraged, the income and employment generation
potential in informal markets can form a solid bedrock for
regional growth in dairy industry.
 Informal milk markets cannot be ignored; effective
policies are needed to bridge the gap between formal
and informal markets.
Approach to transforming the
informal milk markets
 Institutional strengthening
 Define mechanisms for dairy regulatory authorities to
engage private sector business service providers in
training and certification of informal traders
 Develop generic training materials and curricula
 Facilitate agreement on cross-border recognition of
licences issued to trained traders
 Appropriate technology
 Enforce use of hygienic milk handling equipment
appropriate to needs of small milk traders
Evidence that training leads to
improved milk hygiene
48
71
42
55
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
% unacceptable
milk samples
Not trained Trained
Metal containers
Plastic containers
 Percent unacceptable milk samples (coliform counts over 50,000 cfu/ml) sold by
trained and untrained informal milk traders.
 Greatest improvement among traders handling milk in plastic containers.
Source: MoLFD/KARI/ILRI Smallholder Dairy Project, 2004
Action research
 Enables learning
from experience
 Interlinks
research, action
and evaluation
 Operating
framework:
ECAPAPA policy
change cycle
Data
analysis
Dialogue
Action
Data
collection
Eastern and Central Africa Program for
Agricultural Policy Analysis (ECAPAPA)
policy change cycle
Methodology
 Data collection and analysis:
 Review policies affecting the dairy sector
 Identify factors that limit domestic and cross-border dairy
trade
 Dialogue and action:
 Define minimum competencies that traders need in order
to handle milk hygienically
 Draw up curriculum for training in milk hygiene
 Develop and pre-test national dairy training guidelines
 Harmonize into generic guideline and curriculum which
can be adapted by other countries in the region
Transforming informal milk markets:
the Business Development Services
(BDS) approach
What the strategy will do
 Train informal dairy traders on milk
hygiene and quality control.
 Introduce and enforce use of hygienic milk
containers by informal traders.
 Issue regionally recognized licences to
those who have been trained.
 Incorporate Business Development
Services to facilitate provision of training
and milk testing equipment.
What is needed to implement the
strategy?
 Hygienic milk containers
appropriate to the needs of
informal traders.
 Generic training guidelines
that can be adapted by
countries in the region.
 Cross-border recognition of
licenses issued by
regulatory authority to
trained milk traders who use
hygienic milk containers.
Already… mindsets are changing!
 Top-level regulatory stakeholders now
more willing to streamline informal milk
markets.
 Kenya Dairy Board (KDB) has incorporated
project outputs in its Strategic Plan to
2009.
 KDB partnering with local NGO to
implement BDS quality assurance scheme.
 But attitude change needs to trickle down.
Lessons from Uganda’s Dairy
Development Authority
From this… …to this!
Open-pan boiling
Plastic jerry cans
Poor hygiene
No quality controls
Jacketed pasteurizers
Metal milk churns
“Clean” milk processing
Testing of milk quality
Photos courtesy of Uganda’s Dairy Development Authority (DDA)
Conclusions
 Training and licensing of informal traders can:
 improve quality of raw milk
 allow bridging the gap with formal traders
 help transform informal markets towards ‘formality’.
 BDS strategy makes the approach feasible.
 Some regulatory authorities need strengthening
before they can adopt the strategy.
 Evidence-based knowledge can influence
positive changes in mindset thus need to
continue linking research with development
projects.
Thank you!
Unless otherwise stated, all photos used in this presentation are from ILRI
This regional study is based on initial work carried out in Kenya by the DFID-
funded Smallholder Dairy Project, jointly implemented by the Ministry of
Livestock and Fisheries Development, the Kenya Agricultural Research
Institute (KARI) and the International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI).

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Lessons from action research to promote uptake of harmonised institutional approaches and appropriate technology to transform informal milk markets in the Eastern and Central Africa Region

  • 1. Lessons from action research to promote uptake of harmonised institutional approaches and appropriate technology to transform informal milk markets in the Eastern & Central Africa Region By Tezira Lore, Lusato Kurwijila and Amos Omore Presented at the 4th All Africa Conference on Animal Agriculture 21 September 2005 Arusha, Tanzania
  • 2. Key issues regarding informal milk trade in the region  Informal markets handle over 85 per cent of all milk sold yet are discouraged by policy due to perceived safety concerns.  Poor consumers are unwilling to pay for high costs of formally processed, packaged milk.  If encouraged, the income and employment generation potential in informal markets can form a solid bedrock for regional growth in dairy industry.  Informal milk markets cannot be ignored; effective policies are needed to bridge the gap between formal and informal markets.
  • 3. Approach to transforming the informal milk markets  Institutional strengthening  Define mechanisms for dairy regulatory authorities to engage private sector business service providers in training and certification of informal traders  Develop generic training materials and curricula  Facilitate agreement on cross-border recognition of licences issued to trained traders  Appropriate technology  Enforce use of hygienic milk handling equipment appropriate to needs of small milk traders
  • 4. Evidence that training leads to improved milk hygiene 48 71 42 55 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 % unacceptable milk samples Not trained Trained Metal containers Plastic containers  Percent unacceptable milk samples (coliform counts over 50,000 cfu/ml) sold by trained and untrained informal milk traders.  Greatest improvement among traders handling milk in plastic containers. Source: MoLFD/KARI/ILRI Smallholder Dairy Project, 2004
  • 5. Action research  Enables learning from experience  Interlinks research, action and evaluation  Operating framework: ECAPAPA policy change cycle Data analysis Dialogue Action Data collection Eastern and Central Africa Program for Agricultural Policy Analysis (ECAPAPA) policy change cycle
  • 6. Methodology  Data collection and analysis:  Review policies affecting the dairy sector  Identify factors that limit domestic and cross-border dairy trade  Dialogue and action:  Define minimum competencies that traders need in order to handle milk hygienically  Draw up curriculum for training in milk hygiene  Develop and pre-test national dairy training guidelines  Harmonize into generic guideline and curriculum which can be adapted by other countries in the region
  • 7. Transforming informal milk markets: the Business Development Services (BDS) approach
  • 8. What the strategy will do  Train informal dairy traders on milk hygiene and quality control.  Introduce and enforce use of hygienic milk containers by informal traders.  Issue regionally recognized licences to those who have been trained.  Incorporate Business Development Services to facilitate provision of training and milk testing equipment.
  • 9. What is needed to implement the strategy?  Hygienic milk containers appropriate to the needs of informal traders.  Generic training guidelines that can be adapted by countries in the region.  Cross-border recognition of licenses issued by regulatory authority to trained milk traders who use hygienic milk containers.
  • 10. Already… mindsets are changing!  Top-level regulatory stakeholders now more willing to streamline informal milk markets.  Kenya Dairy Board (KDB) has incorporated project outputs in its Strategic Plan to 2009.  KDB partnering with local NGO to implement BDS quality assurance scheme.  But attitude change needs to trickle down.
  • 11. Lessons from Uganda’s Dairy Development Authority From this… …to this! Open-pan boiling Plastic jerry cans Poor hygiene No quality controls Jacketed pasteurizers Metal milk churns “Clean” milk processing Testing of milk quality Photos courtesy of Uganda’s Dairy Development Authority (DDA)
  • 12. Conclusions  Training and licensing of informal traders can:  improve quality of raw milk  allow bridging the gap with formal traders  help transform informal markets towards ‘formality’.  BDS strategy makes the approach feasible.  Some regulatory authorities need strengthening before they can adopt the strategy.  Evidence-based knowledge can influence positive changes in mindset thus need to continue linking research with development projects.
  • 13. Thank you! Unless otherwise stated, all photos used in this presentation are from ILRI This regional study is based on initial work carried out in Kenya by the DFID- funded Smallholder Dairy Project, jointly implemented by the Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries Development, the Kenya Agricultural Research Institute (KARI) and the International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI).