A.1 Formation of Heavier Elements During the Star Formation and Evolution.pptx
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The document summarizes key evidence that supports the Big Bang theory of the origin and evolution of the universe: 1) Redshift of light from distant galaxies provides evidence that the universe is expanding from an initial point over 13 billion years ago. 2) The discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation provides remnants of light and thermal energy from shortly after the Big Bang. 3) Abundances of light elements like hydrogen and helium in old stars and gas clouds match ratios predicted from nuclear fusion processes in the early hot universe.
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FORMATION OF THE UNIVERSE.pptx
The document summarizes theories about the formation and evolution of the universe. It describes the biblical creation story, then focuses on the prevailing scientific theories of the Big Bang and steady state. It explains that according to the Big Bang Theory, the universe rapidly expanded from an incredibly hot, dense singularity around 14 billion years ago. Key figures who advanced the theory, like Lemaitre, Hubble, Gamow and Penzias and Wilson, are also mentioned. Alternative theories like the steady state and oscillating universe models are briefly outlined.
The Big Bang theory
The Big Bang theory is the prevailing cosmological model that describes the early development and expansion of the universe, approximately 13.8 billion years ago from an initial extremely hot and dense state. It explains phenomena such as the expansion of space, the abundance of light elements, and the discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation. Evidence for the theory includes measurements of galaxy redshifts and the cosmic microwave background radiation. The theory is widely accepted by the scientific community but still leaves major questions unanswered, such as what caused the initial conditions of the Big Bang.
The Big Bang Theory
The document summarizes the history and development of the Big Bang theory. It describes how discoveries in astronomy and physics have shown that the universe started approximately 13.8 billion years ago from an infinitely dense and hot singularity. It then explains the three phases of the early universe and some of the scientists like Einstein, Friedman, Hubble, and Lemaître who contributed to establishing the theory. Finally, it discusses some evidence that supports the Big Bang theory like the discovery of the cosmic microwave background radiation and some continuing problems and areas of research.
THE ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION OF OUR UNIVERSE.pdf
The Big Bang Theory is the leading explanation of how the universe began from an infinitely hot and dense singularity around 13.7 billion years ago. It expanded at unimaginable speed initially, then more slowly over time, resulting in the universe we observe today. The cosmic microwave background provides evidence of this expansion. Within the first second after the Big Bang, the universe contained neutrons, electrons and protons and experienced a period of inflation and reheating. The steady state theory proposes an alternative where the universe has no beginning or end and matter is continuously created.
NEW HOT-to-COOL COSMOLOGY: Amazing Progress Yet Greater Questions
This document summarizes the progression of cosmological theories from astrology to the modern precision cosmology of the hot big bang model. It describes key developments like Lemaitre predicting the expansion of the universe from Einstein's general relativity in the 1930s. Later, the cosmic microwave background radiation was discovered, confirming the hot origins of the universe. Current measurements still have discrepancies to resolve, like differences in the Hubble constant. Theorists have proposed ideas like inflation and the multiverse to further explain observations, but greater understanding of dark matter and energy is still needed.
Introduction to big bang
The document summarizes problems that emerged with the Big Bang theory starting in the 1970s-1980s. Observational evidence showed:
1) Galaxies rotated too fast based on visible matter, implying 90% of matter is "dark matter".
2) The cosmic microwave background was too uniform across distances light could not have traveled, the "horizon problem".
3) The universe appeared "flat" requiring impossibly precise conditions shortly after the Big Bang.
4) Distant quasars existed too early, inconsistent with the universe's evolution. This "crisis in cosmology" suggested the Big Bang theory needed replacing.
The bigbang - theory!
The Big Bang theory developed from early observations of the structure and expansion of the universe. In 1912, Vesto Slipher measured the first Doppler shift of a spiral galaxy, finding that galaxies were receding from Earth, though he did not grasp the cosmological implications. Later, Hubble discovered this expansion, now known as Hubble's Law. Over long periods, small density fluctuations in the early universe grew via gravity to form all current astronomical structures. Major evidence for the Big Bang includes the expansion of the universe, cosmic microwave background radiation, and abundances of light elements formed in the early hot dense phases. Pioneering scientists who contributed include Einstein, Friedmann, and Hubble.
Evolution of universe
The document discusses several scientific theories related to the origin and evolution of the universe:
1) Relativity Theory proposed by Einstein in 1916 that proved the universe was continuously expanding from a beginning point, known as the Big Bang.
2) The Big Bang Theory, first proposed by Lemaitre in 1927, that the universe began in an extremely hot and dense state around 13.8 billion years ago.
3) The Steady State Theory, an alternative to the Big Bang proposed in 1948, that the universe has always existed and matter is continuously created as it expands.
4) In 1965, scientists discovered Cosmic Microwave Radiation, evidence Lemaitre had predicted in support of the Big
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FORMATION OF THE UNIVERSE.pptx
The document summarizes theories about the formation and evolution of the universe. It describes the biblical creation story, then focuses on the prevailing scientific theories of the Big Bang and steady state. It explains that according to the Big Bang Theory, the universe rapidly expanded from an incredibly hot, dense singularity around 14 billion years ago. Key figures who advanced the theory, like Lemaitre, Hubble, Gamow and Penzias and Wilson, are also mentioned. Alternative theories like the steady state and oscillating universe models are briefly outlined.
The Big Bang theory
The Big Bang theory is the prevailing cosmological model that describes the early development and expansion of the universe, approximately 13.8 billion years ago from an initial extremely hot and dense state. It explains phenomena such as the expansion of space, the abundance of light elements, and the discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation. Evidence for the theory includes measurements of galaxy redshifts and the cosmic microwave background radiation. The theory is widely accepted by the scientific community but still leaves major questions unanswered, such as what caused the initial conditions of the Big Bang.
The Big Bang Theory
The document summarizes the history and development of the Big Bang theory. It describes how discoveries in astronomy and physics have shown that the universe started approximately 13.8 billion years ago from an infinitely dense and hot singularity. It then explains the three phases of the early universe and some of the scientists like Einstein, Friedman, Hubble, and Lemaître who contributed to establishing the theory. Finally, it discusses some evidence that supports the Big Bang theory like the discovery of the cosmic microwave background radiation and some continuing problems and areas of research.
THE ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION OF OUR UNIVERSE.pdf
The Big Bang Theory is the leading explanation of how the universe began from an infinitely hot and dense singularity around 13.7 billion years ago. It expanded at unimaginable speed initially, then more slowly over time, resulting in the universe we observe today. The cosmic microwave background provides evidence of this expansion. Within the first second after the Big Bang, the universe contained neutrons, electrons and protons and experienced a period of inflation and reheating. The steady state theory proposes an alternative where the universe has no beginning or end and matter is continuously created.
NEW HOT-to-COOL COSMOLOGY: Amazing Progress Yet Greater Questions
This document summarizes the progression of cosmological theories from astrology to the modern precision cosmology of the hot big bang model. It describes key developments like Lemaitre predicting the expansion of the universe from Einstein's general relativity in the 1930s. Later, the cosmic microwave background radiation was discovered, confirming the hot origins of the universe. Current measurements still have discrepancies to resolve, like differences in the Hubble constant. Theorists have proposed ideas like inflation and the multiverse to further explain observations, but greater understanding of dark matter and energy is still needed.
Introduction to big bang
The document summarizes problems that emerged with the Big Bang theory starting in the 1970s-1980s. Observational evidence showed:
1) Galaxies rotated too fast based on visible matter, implying 90% of matter is "dark matter".
2) The cosmic microwave background was too uniform across distances light could not have traveled, the "horizon problem".
3) The universe appeared "flat" requiring impossibly precise conditions shortly after the Big Bang.
4) Distant quasars existed too early, inconsistent with the universe's evolution. This "crisis in cosmology" suggested the Big Bang theory needed replacing.
The bigbang - theory!
The Big Bang theory developed from early observations of the structure and expansion of the universe. In 1912, Vesto Slipher measured the first Doppler shift of a spiral galaxy, finding that galaxies were receding from Earth, though he did not grasp the cosmological implications. Later, Hubble discovered this expansion, now known as Hubble's Law. Over long periods, small density fluctuations in the early universe grew via gravity to form all current astronomical structures. Major evidence for the Big Bang includes the expansion of the universe, cosmic microwave background radiation, and abundances of light elements formed in the early hot dense phases. Pioneering scientists who contributed include Einstein, Friedmann, and Hubble.
Evolution of universe
The document discusses several scientific theories related to the origin and evolution of the universe:
1) Relativity Theory proposed by Einstein in 1916 that proved the universe was continuously expanding from a beginning point, known as the Big Bang.
2) The Big Bang Theory, first proposed by Lemaitre in 1927, that the universe began in an extremely hot and dense state around 13.8 billion years ago.
3) The Steady State Theory, an alternative to the Big Bang proposed in 1948, that the universe has always existed and matter is continuously created as it expands.
4) In 1965, scientists discovered Cosmic Microwave Radiation, evidence Lemaitre had predicted in support of the Big
big bang theory.pptx
The document discusses the origin and evolution of the Earth and the universe according to the Big Bang theory. It provides evidence from astronomers like George Lemaitre, who first proposed the Big Bang theory, and Edwin Hubble, who provided evidence of an expanding universe. The Big Bang theory states that approximately 13.7 billion years ago, the entire observable universe was concentrated into a very dense and hot singularity, and then rapidly expanded resulting in the formation of all matter. Astronomers have detected cosmic microwave background radiation and redshifts in distant galaxies as confirmation of the Big Bang.
Theories on the Origin of the Universe.pdf
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Universe and the Solar System
Objectives:
1. State the different hypotheses explaining the origin of the universe
2. Describe the different hypotheses explaining the origin of the Solar System.
Accelerating Universe
The document summarizes the timeline of major discoveries in cosmology, including Einstein's theory of general relativity, Hubble's discovery of the expanding universe, and the discovery of the cosmic microwave background radiation by Penzias and Wilson which provided evidence for the Big Bang theory. It then discusses supernovae types and their use in determining the accelerating expansion of the universe, for which three scientists - Perlmutter, Riess, and Schmidt - were awarded the 2011 Nobel Prize in Physics for their findings which suggested the universe is dominated by dark energy.
Origin of the universe
The document summarizes the origin of the universe and the solar system. It discusses the Big Bang theory and other theories such as inflation theory and M-theory. It also discusses early theories on the origin of the solar system such as Descartes' vortex theory and the Kant-Laplace nebular hypothesis. Additionally, it provides details on properties of the current solar system, including classifications of planets and components such as asteroids and comets.
Teoría del Big bang
The Big Bang Theory proposes that the universe began as an infinitely dense, hot singularity that expanded rapidly approximately 13.8 billion years ago. Georges Lemaître first proposed this idea in 1927 that the universe originated from an explosion of a "primeval atom." Edwin Hubble later provided evidence that distant galaxies are moving away from Earth, supporting Lemaître's theory. The theory predicts cosmic microwave background radiation, which was discovered in 1964 and provides strong evidence for the Big Bang. NASA missions like COBE and WMAP have further mapped this radiation and supported inflationary Big Bang models. While well-established, the Big Bang Theory may be refined as new observations are made.
The Big Bang
1) Early cosmologists like Einstein, Friedman, and Lemaître developed the foundations of the Big Bang theory, proposing an expanding universe from an initial hot, dense state.
2) Hubble discovered that distant galaxies are receding from us, providing observational evidence the universe is expanding according to Hubble's law.
3) The cosmic microwave background radiation discovered in 1964 provided crucial evidence for the Big Bang theory, confirming the hot, dense state of the early universe predicted by Gamow.
4) Precise measurements of the CMB have since established a highly accurate age of the universe and supported the Big Bang as the dominant cosmological model.
The big band theory
The Big Bang Theory describes how the universe began approximately 13.7 billion years ago from an extremely hot and dense state. As the universe rapidly expanded and cooled, simple subatomic particles formed and then combined to create the first atoms, which allowed light to travel freely. Observational evidence from the cosmic microwave background radiation and the abundance of light elements support the Big Bang Theory as the leading explanation for the origin and evolution of the known universe. Alternative models have been proposed but the Big Bang remains the prevailing cosmological model according to modern physics.
1965 newsletter murmur of a bang
Penzias and Wilson discovered a faint 3.5 degree Kelvin microwave background radiation coming from all directions in space. This matched theoretical predictions of radiation leftover from a hot, dense early universe. Princeton astronomers recognized this as evidence supporting the Big Bang theory. The discovery provided strong evidence against the steady state theory of the universe and helped establish the Big Bang as the leading model of cosmic origins.
Astronomy big bang theory
The Big Bang Theory proposes that the observable universe began around 13.8 billion years ago as the primordial universe exploded from an initial extremely hot, dense point. According to the theory, the universe has been expanding ever since. Evidence for the theory includes the observation that other galaxies are moving away from our own, remnants of cosmic microwave background radiation dating to 380,000 years after the explosion, and abundances of light elements like hydrogen and helium matching predictions of nuclear fusion in the early universe. The theory was first proposed by a Belgian priest in the 1920s and gained support from later astronomical observations and discoveries.
The_Creation_of_the_Elements_Powerpoint.ppt
The document summarizes key evidence that supports the Big Bang theory of the origin and evolution of the universe. It describes how the Big Bang resulted in the rapid expansion and cooling of the early universe from an incredibly dense and hot state approximately 13.7 billion years ago. It explains how elements like hydrogen, helium, and lithium were formed during nucleosynthesis in the first moments after the Big Bang, and how their cosmic abundances match predictions. It also discusses the cosmic microwave background radiation and redshifts of distant galaxies as further evidence for the Big Bang.
Lesson 1 origin of the universe
1. The document discusses several theories on the origin of the universe and the solar system. It describes the leading theories for the formation of the universe as the Big Bang theory and inflationary theory, which propose that the universe began in an extremely hot and dense state around 13.8 billion years ago and rapidly expanded.
2. For the origin of the solar system, the most widely accepted is the nebular hypothesis, which suggests that the solar system formed from a rotating cloud of gas and dust around 4.6 billion years ago that flattened into a disk and planets formed from accretion of planetesimals within the disk.
3. Alternative theories proposed include the encounter hypothesis of a close star passing and stripping material,
Advanced physics prize 2011 for finding the rate of expansion of Universe.
This document discusses the discovery of the accelerating expansion of the universe through observations of type 1a supernovae by independent research groups led by Saul Perlmutter and Brian Schmidt/Adam Riess in the late 1990s. It is believed this acceleration is caused by dark energy, which accounts for about 73% of the total energy density of the universe based on various cosmological observations. The document provides historical context on the development of theories of an expanding universe from Einstein's theory of general relativity in 1917 through the work of Friedmann, Lemaitre, Hubble and others in the 1920s and 1930s.
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The document discusses the Big Bang theory, which proposes that the universe began approximately 13.7 billion years ago in an explosion from a single point of nearly infinite energy density and has been expanding ever since. Evidence for this theory includes Hubble's law of galaxy redshifts, the cosmic microwave background radiation, and abundances of light elements like hydrogen and helium. The early universe is described in different eras from the Planck era through nucleosynthesis and recombination. Inflation is proposed to have rapidly expanded the universe within the first fraction of a second. The Big Bang theory continues to be refined as new evidence is discovered.
The big bang project
The document discusses the Big Bang theory, which proposes that the universe began approximately 13.7 billion years ago in an explosion from a single point of nearly infinite energy density and has been expanding ever since. Evidence for this theory includes Hubble's law of galaxy redshifts, the cosmic microwave background radiation, and abundances of light elements like hydrogen and helium. The early universe is described in different eras from the Planck era through nucleosynthesis and recombination. Inflation is proposed to have rapidly expanded the universe within the first fraction of a second. The Big Bang theory continues to be refined as new evidence is discovered.
Origin of the Universe.pdf
The document discusses several hypotheses for the origin of the universe and the solar system. It states that the widely accepted Big Bang Theory proposes that the universe began approximately 13.8 billion years ago from the violent expansion of space-time and extremely dense and hot matter. It also describes the Nebular Hypothesis for the formation of the solar system, which suggests that the sun and planets formed from a giant rotating cloud of gas and dust approximately 4.6 billion years ago. Additionally, it briefly outlines other hypotheses such as the Creationist Theory, Oscillating Universe Theory, and Steady-State Theory.
Origin of the Universe.ppt
The document discusses several hypotheses for the origin of the universe and the solar system. It states that the widely accepted Big Bang Theory proposes that the universe began approximately 13.8 billion years ago from the violent expansion of space-time and extremely dense and hot matter. It also describes the Nebular Hypothesis for the formation of the solar system, which suggests that the sun and planets formed from a giant rotating cloud of gas and dust approximately 4.6 billion years ago. Additionally, it briefly outlines other hypotheses such as the Creationist Theory, Oscillating Universe Theory, and Steady-State Theory.
D5 further cosmology
This document summarizes the history and current understanding of cosmology and the universe. It discusses how early thinkers like Newton and Einstein contributed to models of the universe. Key developments include Alexander Friedmann showing the universe is dynamic and expanding or contracting, Edwin Hubble discovering galaxies are moving away, and Georges Lemaître proposing the Big Bang model. Later evidence supporting the Big Bang includes the cosmic microwave background radiation and supernovae observations. Dark matter and dark energy are now understood to make up most of the universe, but their nature remains mysterious. Ongoing questions concern the composition and ultimate fate of the expanding universe.
The Big Bang Theory
This is a self-made presentation about The Big Bang Theory (NOT the TV show :P) to be given to a lecturer and students of University level. Intended for all those to download who may have presentations to give and can't find a good enough topic :). Everyone else is free to download it for other purposes as well!!
Lesson 1 The Origin of the Universe.pptx
The document summarizes theories about the origin and evolution of the universe. It discusses:
1) The Big Bang theory, currently the accepted theory that the universe expanded from a tiny, dense mass 13.8 billion years ago. This theory is supported by evidence like the redshift of galaxies and cosmic microwave background radiation.
2) Other historical theories like the steady state theory that the universe has no beginning or end, and the cyclic universe theory of eternal expansion and contraction cycles.
3) Key stages in the evolution of the universe according to the Big Bang theory, from the initial rapid inflation to nucleosynthesis, formation of stars and galaxies, and current dark energy-dominated expansion.
HOW RELATIONSHIPS MADE THE UNIVERE & HUMANS
-Einstein’s General Relativity (1916) frames modern cosmology.
-Big-Bang energetic beginning: interactive relationships of matter particles created our universe.
-Explains origin of 92 elements in the Periodic Table
- We are made of stardust.
- Symbiotic relations between cells led to the Cambrian explosion of complex and human life.
-BIG HISTORY: 13.8 BILLION YEARS
“Each of us is as old as the universe and experiences our greater self in the larger story of the universe.” Thomas Berry.
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The document discusses the origin and evolution of the Earth and the universe according to the Big Bang theory. It provides evidence from astronomers like George Lemaitre, who first proposed the Big Bang theory, and Edwin Hubble, who provided evidence of an expanding universe. The Big Bang theory states that approximately 13.7 billion years ago, the entire observable universe was concentrated into a very dense and hot singularity, and then rapidly expanded resulting in the formation of all matter. Astronomers have detected cosmic microwave background radiation and redshifts in distant galaxies as confirmation of the Big Bang.
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Objectives:
1. State the different hypotheses explaining the origin of the universe
2. Describe the different hypotheses explaining the origin of the Solar System.
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The document summarizes the timeline of major discoveries in cosmology, including Einstein's theory of general relativity, Hubble's discovery of the expanding universe, and the discovery of the cosmic microwave background radiation by Penzias and Wilson which provided evidence for the Big Bang theory. It then discusses supernovae types and their use in determining the accelerating expansion of the universe, for which three scientists - Perlmutter, Riess, and Schmidt - were awarded the 2011 Nobel Prize in Physics for their findings which suggested the universe is dominated by dark energy.
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The document summarizes the origin of the universe and the solar system. It discusses the Big Bang theory and other theories such as inflation theory and M-theory. It also discusses early theories on the origin of the solar system such as Descartes' vortex theory and the Kant-Laplace nebular hypothesis. Additionally, it provides details on properties of the current solar system, including classifications of planets and components such as asteroids and comets.
Teoría del Big bang
The Big Bang Theory proposes that the universe began as an infinitely dense, hot singularity that expanded rapidly approximately 13.8 billion years ago. Georges Lemaître first proposed this idea in 1927 that the universe originated from an explosion of a "primeval atom." Edwin Hubble later provided evidence that distant galaxies are moving away from Earth, supporting Lemaître's theory. The theory predicts cosmic microwave background radiation, which was discovered in 1964 and provides strong evidence for the Big Bang. NASA missions like COBE and WMAP have further mapped this radiation and supported inflationary Big Bang models. While well-established, the Big Bang Theory may be refined as new observations are made.
The Big Bang
1) Early cosmologists like Einstein, Friedman, and Lemaître developed the foundations of the Big Bang theory, proposing an expanding universe from an initial hot, dense state.
2) Hubble discovered that distant galaxies are receding from us, providing observational evidence the universe is expanding according to Hubble's law.
3) The cosmic microwave background radiation discovered in 1964 provided crucial evidence for the Big Bang theory, confirming the hot, dense state of the early universe predicted by Gamow.
4) Precise measurements of the CMB have since established a highly accurate age of the universe and supported the Big Bang as the dominant cosmological model.
The big band theory
The Big Bang Theory describes how the universe began approximately 13.7 billion years ago from an extremely hot and dense state. As the universe rapidly expanded and cooled, simple subatomic particles formed and then combined to create the first atoms, which allowed light to travel freely. Observational evidence from the cosmic microwave background radiation and the abundance of light elements support the Big Bang Theory as the leading explanation for the origin and evolution of the known universe. Alternative models have been proposed but the Big Bang remains the prevailing cosmological model according to modern physics.
1965 newsletter murmur of a bang
Penzias and Wilson discovered a faint 3.5 degree Kelvin microwave background radiation coming from all directions in space. This matched theoretical predictions of radiation leftover from a hot, dense early universe. Princeton astronomers recognized this as evidence supporting the Big Bang theory. The discovery provided strong evidence against the steady state theory of the universe and helped establish the Big Bang as the leading model of cosmic origins.
Astronomy big bang theory
The Big Bang Theory proposes that the observable universe began around 13.8 billion years ago as the primordial universe exploded from an initial extremely hot, dense point. According to the theory, the universe has been expanding ever since. Evidence for the theory includes the observation that other galaxies are moving away from our own, remnants of cosmic microwave background radiation dating to 380,000 years after the explosion, and abundances of light elements like hydrogen and helium matching predictions of nuclear fusion in the early universe. The theory was first proposed by a Belgian priest in the 1920s and gained support from later astronomical observations and discoveries.
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The document summarizes key evidence that supports the Big Bang theory of the origin and evolution of the universe. It describes how the Big Bang resulted in the rapid expansion and cooling of the early universe from an incredibly dense and hot state approximately 13.7 billion years ago. It explains how elements like hydrogen, helium, and lithium were formed during nucleosynthesis in the first moments after the Big Bang, and how their cosmic abundances match predictions. It also discusses the cosmic microwave background radiation and redshifts of distant galaxies as further evidence for the Big Bang.
Lesson 1 origin of the universe
1. The document discusses several theories on the origin of the universe and the solar system. It describes the leading theories for the formation of the universe as the Big Bang theory and inflationary theory, which propose that the universe began in an extremely hot and dense state around 13.8 billion years ago and rapidly expanded.
2. For the origin of the solar system, the most widely accepted is the nebular hypothesis, which suggests that the solar system formed from a rotating cloud of gas and dust around 4.6 billion years ago that flattened into a disk and planets formed from accretion of planetesimals within the disk.
3. Alternative theories proposed include the encounter hypothesis of a close star passing and stripping material,
Advanced physics prize 2011 for finding the rate of expansion of Universe.
This document discusses the discovery of the accelerating expansion of the universe through observations of type 1a supernovae by independent research groups led by Saul Perlmutter and Brian Schmidt/Adam Riess in the late 1990s. It is believed this acceleration is caused by dark energy, which accounts for about 73% of the total energy density of the universe based on various cosmological observations. The document provides historical context on the development of theories of an expanding universe from Einstein's theory of general relativity in 1917 through the work of Friedmann, Lemaitre, Hubble and others in the 1920s and 1930s.
The Big Bang project (astronomy) (3)
The document discusses the Big Bang theory, which proposes that the universe began approximately 13.7 billion years ago in an explosion from a single point of nearly infinite energy density and has been expanding ever since. Evidence for this theory includes Hubble's law of galaxy redshifts, the cosmic microwave background radiation, and abundances of light elements like hydrogen and helium. The early universe is described in different eras from the Planck era through nucleosynthesis and recombination. Inflation is proposed to have rapidly expanded the universe within the first fraction of a second. The Big Bang theory continues to be refined as new evidence is discovered.
The big bang project
The document discusses the Big Bang theory, which proposes that the universe began approximately 13.7 billion years ago in an explosion from a single point of nearly infinite energy density and has been expanding ever since. Evidence for this theory includes Hubble's law of galaxy redshifts, the cosmic microwave background radiation, and abundances of light elements like hydrogen and helium. The early universe is described in different eras from the Planck era through nucleosynthesis and recombination. Inflation is proposed to have rapidly expanded the universe within the first fraction of a second. The Big Bang theory continues to be refined as new evidence is discovered.
Origin of the Universe.pdf
The document discusses several hypotheses for the origin of the universe and the solar system. It states that the widely accepted Big Bang Theory proposes that the universe began approximately 13.8 billion years ago from the violent expansion of space-time and extremely dense and hot matter. It also describes the Nebular Hypothesis for the formation of the solar system, which suggests that the sun and planets formed from a giant rotating cloud of gas and dust approximately 4.6 billion years ago. Additionally, it briefly outlines other hypotheses such as the Creationist Theory, Oscillating Universe Theory, and Steady-State Theory.
Origin of the Universe.ppt
The document discusses several hypotheses for the origin of the universe and the solar system. It states that the widely accepted Big Bang Theory proposes that the universe began approximately 13.8 billion years ago from the violent expansion of space-time and extremely dense and hot matter. It also describes the Nebular Hypothesis for the formation of the solar system, which suggests that the sun and planets formed from a giant rotating cloud of gas and dust approximately 4.6 billion years ago. Additionally, it briefly outlines other hypotheses such as the Creationist Theory, Oscillating Universe Theory, and Steady-State Theory.
D5 further cosmology
This document summarizes the history and current understanding of cosmology and the universe. It discusses how early thinkers like Newton and Einstein contributed to models of the universe. Key developments include Alexander Friedmann showing the universe is dynamic and expanding or contracting, Edwin Hubble discovering galaxies are moving away, and Georges Lemaître proposing the Big Bang model. Later evidence supporting the Big Bang includes the cosmic microwave background radiation and supernovae observations. Dark matter and dark energy are now understood to make up most of the universe, but their nature remains mysterious. Ongoing questions concern the composition and ultimate fate of the expanding universe.
The Big Bang Theory
This is a self-made presentation about The Big Bang Theory (NOT the TV show :P) to be given to a lecturer and students of University level. Intended for all those to download who may have presentations to give and can't find a good enough topic :). Everyone else is free to download it for other purposes as well!!
Lesson 1 The Origin of the Universe.pptx
The document summarizes theories about the origin and evolution of the universe. It discusses:
1) The Big Bang theory, currently the accepted theory that the universe expanded from a tiny, dense mass 13.8 billion years ago. This theory is supported by evidence like the redshift of galaxies and cosmic microwave background radiation.
2) Other historical theories like the steady state theory that the universe has no beginning or end, and the cyclic universe theory of eternal expansion and contraction cycles.
3) Key stages in the evolution of the universe according to the Big Bang theory, from the initial rapid inflation to nucleosynthesis, formation of stars and galaxies, and current dark energy-dominated expansion.
HOW RELATIONSHIPS MADE THE UNIVERE & HUMANS
-Einstein’s General Relativity (1916) frames modern cosmology.
-Big-Bang energetic beginning: interactive relationships of matter particles created our universe.
-Explains origin of 92 elements in the Periodic Table
- We are made of stardust.
- Symbiotic relations between cells led to the Cambrian explosion of complex and human life.
-BIG HISTORY: 13.8 BILLION YEARS
“Each of us is as old as the universe and experiences our greater self in the larger story of the universe.” Thomas Berry.
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The Calvin cycle fixes carbon from CO2 into organic molecules to build three-carbon sugars. It occurs in the stroma of chloroplasts and is fueled by ATP and NADPH from the light reactions. The cycle involves three main stages: carbon fixation adds CO2 to RuBP, reduction uses ATP and NADPH to convert the product into G3P, and regeneration recycles G3P to regenerate RuBP using ATP through a series of reactions.
fire hazard ppt final disaster rrr.pdf.pptx
The document discusses fire hazards and fire safety. It explains the fire triangle which illustrates that three elements (fuel, heat, and oxygen) are needed for a fire to ignite. Fires can be extinguished by removing one of these elements, such as through cooling, starving the fire of fuel, or smothering to remove oxygen. There are different classes of fires that require specific extinguishing methods - Class A involves ordinary combustibles, Class B involves liquids/gases, Class C electrical fires, Class D metallic fires, and Class K grease/cooking fires. The document provides guidance on what to do if a fire starts, including how to operate a fire extinguisher safely and remembering to get out, stay out
Q1C2L1 Types of Solutions general chemistry 2.pptx
This document discusses different types of mixtures including homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures. Homogeneous mixtures are solutions that are evenly distributed while heterogeneous mixtures are not evenly distributed. Heterogeneous mixtures include suspensions, where particles settle out, and colloids, where particles are dispersed but do not settle out. Solutions are homogeneous mixtures of a solute dissolved in a solvent where the components are evenly mixed on an atomic scale.
ACIDS AND BASES general chemistry senior high school.pptx
Here are the steps to solve this practice exercise:
1. HCl + NH3 → NH4+ + Cl-
A1 + B1 → CA + CB
2. H2O + OH- → H3O+ + OH-
A1 + B1 → CA + CB
3. HCO3- + H+ → H2CO3 → CO32- + H+
B1 + A1 → CA → CB + A1
B.1 Collision Theory PHYSICAL SCIENCE.pptx
The document discusses collision theory, which explains that for a chemical reaction to occur, reactant particles must collide with sufficient energy to overcome the activation energy barrier. It explains how factors like concentration, temperature, surface area, and catalysts affect the rate of reaction by influencing the frequency and success of collisions between reactants. Catalysts specifically provide an alternative reaction pathway with lower activation energy.
Quantum theory orbitals, quantum number.pptx
This document discusses the nature of light and quanta. It explains that light propagates as electromagnetic waves that can be described by amplitude, wavelength, and frequency. Max Planck proposed the quantum theory which holds that light energy is quantized in multiples of Planck's constant times the frequency of light. This means light exists as both waves and particles called photons, whose energy is calculated using Planck's constant and the frequency of light.
Cell Cycle Oral Recitation graded recitation.pptx
This document contains definitions and explanations of key terms related to cell biology. It discusses the stages of the cell cycle including interphase and mitosis. It also describes meiosis, comparing it to mitosis. Meiosis is outlined in its two stages, discussing genetic variation. Examples of genetic disorders are provided like Down Syndrome. Overall, the document provides an overview of the cell cycle, mitosis, meiosis, and some related genetic concepts.
ancient astronomy physical science grade 12
The document discusses different types of motions observed in the ancient astronomy including diurnal motion, annual motion, and precession of equinoxes. Diurnal motion refers to the daily east-west rotation of the celestial sphere. Annual motion is caused by the Earth's revolution around the sun and results in the apparent westward shift of stars relative to the sun over the course of a year. Precession of equinoxes is the slow westward motion of the equinoxes along the ecliptic due to Earth's axial precession, and was discovered by the Greek astronomer Hipparchus.
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A.1 The Concept of Disaster disaster readiness and risk reduction.pptx
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Recently uploaded
Mending Clothing to Support Sustainable Fashion_CIMaR 2024.pdf
Ozturkcan, S., Berndt, A., & Angelakis, A. (2024). Mending clothing to support sustainable fashion. Presented at the 31st Annual Conference by the Consortium for International Marketing Research (CIMaR), 10-13 Jun 2024, University of Gävle, Sweden.
Post translation modification by Suyash Garg
overview of PTM helps to the students who wants to clear their basics about it.
Injection: Risks and challenges - Injection of CO2 into geological rock forma...
Presentation by Dr. Florian Krob, Workshop "Risks of CO2 storage - How can they be addressed and reduced?", 22.4.2024
11.1 Role of physical biological in deterioration of grains.pdf
Storagedeteriorationisanyformoflossinquantityandqualityofbio-materials.
Themajorcausesofdeteriorationinstorage
•Physical
•Biological
•Mechanical
•Chemical
Storageonlypreservesquality.Itneverimprovesquality.
Itisadvisabletostartstoragewithqualityfoodproduct.Productwithinitialpoorqualityquicklydepreciates
Compositions of iron-meteorite parent bodies constrainthe structure of the pr...
Magmatic iron-meteorite parent bodies are the earliest planetesimals in the Solar System,and they preserve information about conditions and planet-forming processes in thesolar nebula. In this study, we include comprehensive elemental compositions andfractional-crystallization modeling for iron meteorites from the cores of five differenti-ated asteroids from the inner Solar System. Together with previous results of metalliccores from the outer Solar System, we conclude that asteroidal cores from the outerSolar System have smaller sizes, elevated siderophile-element abundances, and simplercrystallization processes than those from the inner Solar System. These differences arerelated to the formation locations of the parent asteroids because the solar protoplane-tary disk varied in redox conditions, elemental distributions, and dynamics at differentheliocentric distances. Using highly siderophile-element data from iron meteorites, wereconstruct the distribution of calcium-aluminum-rich inclusions (CAIs) across theprotoplanetary disk within the first million years of Solar-System history. CAIs, the firstsolids to condense in the Solar System, formed close to the Sun. They were, however,concentrated within the outer disk and depleted within the inner disk. Future modelsof the structure and evolution of the protoplanetary disk should account for this dis-tribution pattern of CAIs.
Evidence of Jet Activity from the Secondary Black Hole in the OJ 287 Binary S...
Wereport the study of a huge optical intraday flare on 2021 November 12 at 2 a.m. UT in the blazar OJ287. In the binary black hole model, it is associated with an impact of the secondary black hole on the accretion disk of the primary. Our multifrequency observing campaign was set up to search for such a signature of the impact based on a prediction made 8 yr earlier. The first I-band results of the flare have already been reported by Kishore et al. (2024). Here we combine these data with our monitoring in the R-band. There is a big change in the R–I spectral index by 1.0 ±0.1 between the normal background and the flare, suggesting a new component of radiation. The polarization variation during the rise of the flare suggests the same. The limits on the source size place it most reasonably in the jet of the secondary BH. We then ask why we have not seen this phenomenon before. We show that OJ287 was never before observed with sufficient sensitivity on the night when the flare should have happened according to the binary model. We also study the probability that this flare is just an oversized example of intraday variability using the Krakow data set of intense monitoring between 2015 and 2023. We find that the occurrence of a flare of this size and rapidity is unlikely. In machine-readable Tables 1 and 2, we give the full orbit-linked historical light curve of OJ287 as well as the dense monitoring sample of Krakow.
快速办理(UAM毕业证书)马德里自治大学毕业证学位证一模一样
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Farming systems analysis: what have we learnt?.pptx
Presentation given at the official farewell of Prof Ken Gillet at Wageningen on 13 June 2024
Summary Of transcription and Translation.pdf
Hello Everyone Here We are Sharing You with The process of protien Synthesis in very short points you will be Able to understand It Very well
SDSS1335+0728: The awakening of a ∼ 106M⊙ black hole⋆
Context. The early-type galaxy SDSS J133519.91+072807.4 (hereafter SDSS1335+0728), which had exhibited no prior optical variations during the preceding two decades, began showing significant nuclear variability in the Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF) alert stream from December 2019 (as ZTF19acnskyy). This variability behaviour, coupled with the host-galaxy properties, suggests that SDSS1335+0728 hosts a ∼ 106M⊙ black hole (BH) that is currently in the process of ‘turning on’. Aims. We present a multi-wavelength photometric analysis and spectroscopic follow-up performed with the aim of better understanding the origin of the nuclear variations detected in SDSS1335+0728. Methods. We used archival photometry (from WISE, 2MASS, SDSS, GALEX, eROSITA) and spectroscopic data (from SDSS and LAMOST) to study the state of SDSS1335+0728 prior to December 2019, and new observations from Swift, SOAR/Goodman, VLT/X-shooter, and Keck/LRIS taken after its turn-on to characterise its current state. We analysed the variability of SDSS1335+0728 in the X-ray/UV/optical/mid-infrared range, modelled its spectral energy distribution prior to and after December 2019, and studied the evolution of its UV/optical spectra. Results. From our multi-wavelength photometric analysis, we find that: (a) since 2021, the UV flux (from Swift/UVOT observations) is four times brighter than the flux reported by GALEX in 2004; (b) since June 2022, the mid-infrared flux has risen more than two times, and the W1−W2 WISE colour has become redder; and (c) since February 2024, the source has begun showing X-ray emission. From our spectroscopic follow-up, we see that (i) the narrow emission line ratios are now consistent with a more energetic ionising continuum; (ii) broad emission lines are not detected; and (iii) the [OIII] line increased its flux ∼ 3.6 years after the first ZTF alert, which implies a relatively compact narrow-line-emitting region. Conclusions. We conclude that the variations observed in SDSS1335+0728 could be either explained by a ∼ 106M⊙ AGN that is just turning on or by an exotic tidal disruption event (TDE). If the former is true, SDSS1335+0728 is one of the strongest cases of an AGNobserved in the process of activating. If the latter were found to be the case, it would correspond to the longest and faintest TDE ever observed (or another class of still unknown nuclear transient). Future observations of SDSS1335+0728 are crucial to further understand its behaviour. Key words. galaxies: active– accretion, accretion discs– galaxies: individual: SDSS J133519.91+072807.4
Alternate Wetting and Drying - Climate Smart Agriculture
Alternate Wetting and Drying - Climate Smart AgricultureInternational Food Policy Research Institute- South Asia Office
PPT on Alternate Wetting and Drying presented at the three-day 'Training and Validation Workshop on Modules of Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) Technologies in South Asia' workshop on April 22, 2024. Candidate young stellar objects in the S-cluster: Kinematic analysis of a sub...
Context. The observation of several L-band emission sources in the S cluster has led to a rich discussion of their nature. However, a definitive answer to the classification of the dusty objects requires an explanation for the detection of compact Doppler-shifted Brγ emission. The ionized hydrogen in combination with the observation of mid-infrared L-band continuum emission suggests that most of these sources are embedded in a dusty envelope. These embedded sources are part of the S-cluster, and their relationship to the S-stars is still under debate. To date, the question of the origin of these two populations has been vague, although all explanations favor migration processes for the individual cluster members. Aims. This work revisits the S-cluster and its dusty members orbiting the supermassive black hole SgrA* on bound Keplerian orbits from a kinematic perspective. The aim is to explore the Keplerian parameters for patterns that might imply a nonrandom distribution of the sample. Additionally, various analytical aspects are considered to address the nature of the dusty sources. Methods. Based on the photometric analysis, we estimated the individual H−K and K−L colors for the source sample and compared the results to known cluster members. The classification revealed a noticeable contrast between the S-stars and the dusty sources. To fit the flux-density distribution, we utilized the radiative transfer code HYPERION and implemented a young stellar object Class I model. We obtained the position angle from the Keplerian fit results; additionally, we analyzed the distribution of the inclinations and the longitudes of the ascending node. Results. The colors of the dusty sources suggest a stellar nature consistent with the spectral energy distribution in the near and midinfrared domains. Furthermore, the evaporation timescales of dusty and gaseous clumps in the vicinity of SgrA* are much shorter ( 2yr) than the epochs covered by the observations (≈15yr). In addition to the strong evidence for the stellar classification of the D-sources, we also find a clear disk-like pattern following the arrangements of S-stars proposed in the literature. Furthermore, we find a global intrinsic inclination for all dusty sources of 60 ± 20◦, implying a common formation process. Conclusions. The pattern of the dusty sources manifested in the distribution of the position angles, inclinations, and longitudes of the ascending node strongly suggests two different scenarios: the main-sequence stars and the dusty stellar S-cluster sources share a common formation history or migrated with a similar formation channel in the vicinity of SgrA*. Alternatively, the gravitational influence of SgrA* in combination with a massive perturber, such as a putative intermediate mass black hole in the IRS 13 cluster, forces the dusty objects and S-stars to follow a particular orbital arrangement. Key words. stars: black holes– stars: formation– Galaxy: center– galaxies: star formation
Reaching the age of Adolescence- Class 8
This is a presentation on understanding the age of adolescence.
HUMAN EYE By-R.M Class 10 phy best digital notes.pdf
Class 10 human eye notes physics
Handwritten best quality
Signatures of wave erosion in Titan’s coasts
The shorelines of Titan’s hydrocarbon seas trace flooded erosional landforms such as river valleys; however, it isunclear whether coastal erosion has subsequently altered these shorelines. Spacecraft observations and theo-retical models suggest that wind may cause waves to form on Titan’s seas, potentially driving coastal erosion,but the observational evidence of waves is indirect, and the processes affecting shoreline evolution on Titanremain unknown. No widely accepted framework exists for using shoreline morphology to quantitatively dis-cern coastal erosion mechanisms, even on Earth, where the dominant mechanisms are known. We combinelandscape evolution models with measurements of shoreline shape on Earth to characterize how differentcoastal erosion mechanisms affect shoreline morphology. Applying this framework to Titan, we find that theshorelines of Titan’s seas are most consistent with flooded landscapes that subsequently have been eroded bywaves, rather than a uniform erosional process or no coastal erosion, particularly if wave growth saturates atfetch lengths of tens of kilometers.
Recently uploaded (20)
Mending Clothing to Support Sustainable Fashion_CIMaR 2024.pdf
Mending Clothing to Support Sustainable Fashion_CIMaR 2024.pdf
Injection: Risks and challenges - Injection of CO2 into geological rock forma...
Injection: Risks and challenges - Injection of CO2 into geological rock forma...
11.1 Role of physical biological in deterioration of grains.pdf
11.1 Role of physical biological in deterioration of grains.pdf
Compositions of iron-meteorite parent bodies constrainthe structure of the pr...
Compositions of iron-meteorite parent bodies constrainthe structure of the pr...
Juaristi, Jon. - El canon espanol. El legado de la cultura española a la civi...
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Evidence of Jet Activity from the Secondary Black Hole in the OJ 287 Binary S...
Evidence of Jet Activity from the Secondary Black Hole in the OJ 287 Binary S...
Farming systems analysis: what have we learnt?.pptx
Farming systems analysis: what have we learnt?.pptx
SDSS1335+0728: The awakening of a ∼ 106M⊙ black hole⋆
SDSS1335+0728: The awakening of a ∼ 106M⊙ black hole⋆
Alternate Wetting and Drying - Climate Smart Agriculture
Alternate Wetting and Drying - Climate Smart Agriculture
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Candidate young stellar objects in the S-cluster: Kinematic analysis of a sub...
HUMAN EYE By-R.M Class 10 phy best digital notes.pdf
HUMAN EYE By-R.M Class 10 phy best digital notes.pdf
A.1 Formation of Heavier Elements During the Star Formation and Evolution.pptx
- 1. 12 HE │ HUMSS │ GAS │ ICT
- 3. At the end of this lesson, you should be able to… Describe the evidences of Big Bang theory. Describe the formation of heavier elements during star formation and evolution
- 4. Proposed by the Belgian Astronomer Georges LemaȊtre (1894-1966) as the “primeval atom” theory. In 1922, Russian Mathematician Aleksandr Friedmann formulated the governing equation of the theory that paved the way for its recognition as the “Big Bang” in 1940.
- 5. According to the Big Bang Theory, about 13.7 billion years ago, all matter and energy in the universe existed in a compact point called singularity. Then an imbalance in the compact point caused it to expand. This event is referred to as the big bang which hurled the matter and energy in all directions.
- 9. Redshift Presence of microwave radiation in the universe Abundances of the light elements in the universe
- 10. American astronomer Edwin Hubble (1889- 1953) proved that, as observed from the Earth, the light emitted by the faraway galaxies shifted down toward the red end of the spectrum. This essentially means that the galaxies are moving away from Earth.
- 11. Also known as the cosmic microwave background radiation (CMB), this radiation is the thermal leftover of the transition phase that occurred when the hot early universe cooled enough for the atoms to combine. The CMB was discovered by Robert Wilson (1936) and Arno Penzias (1993-1978) and for which they earned the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1978. the two scientists observed a measurable degree of inconsistencies on the CMB in the different regions in the universe-an evidence that contradicted the steady state theory, which stated that everything in the universe is constant and
- 12. The actual abundances of hydrogen and helium deduced from the spectra of the oldest stars and gas clouds matched with what were expected from the big bang reactions. These findings agree with the hypothesis of the big bang theory.
- 13. 1.What conditions after the big bang allowed the formation of chemical elements? 2.Do you agree with the statement “We came from stardust”? Explain your answer based on what you have learned from this lesson.