Presentation slide on Project entitled "Preparation of Deformation Model of Central Nepal Due to Gorkha Earthquake 2015 And the Aftershock"

Kathmandu University
Department of Geomatics Engineering
Presenter
A PRESENTATION ON PREPARATION OF DEFORMATION
MODEL OF CENTRAL NEPAL DUE TO GORKHA
EARTHQUAKE 2015 AND THE AFTERSHOCK
Ashmita Dhakal | Rohit Gautam | Aakash Thapa | Prashant Thapaliya

2
9/18/2019
INTRODUCTION
o On April 25, 2015, Gorkha earthquake of 7.8 moment magnitude
occurred causing death of around 9,000 people.
o Thousands were injured and more than 6 lakhs structures in
Kathmandu were damaged or destroyed.
o On May 12,2015, aftershock of 7.3 Mw struck in Dolakha killing
more than 100 people.
o Compressional pressure between Eurasian tectonic plate and
Indian section of Indo-Australian Plate; subducts the Eurasian
Plate (Rafferty, 2019).
o Deformation of surface
o CORS

3
9/18/2019
PROBLEM STATEMENT
o No revision and update of control points in Nepal.
o No significant steps taken by authority to calculate
deformation.
o Existing maps prepared by Survey Department long time
ago need to be updated.

4
9/18/2019
OBJECTIVES
Primary Objective
Prepare deformation model
of central Nepal due to
Gorkha Earthquake 2015
and the aftershock.
Secondary Objectives
To determine northing,
easting and vertical shift of
each station.
To interpolate the
deformation on ground
between the stations.
To visualize result in web

9/18/2019
5
Bounding box:
• 2985496.754 m
to 3190768.567
m in northing
• 182112.662 m
to 471679.824
m in easting
STUDY AREA
Figure: Map of Nepal showing the study area
Area- 42000 sq. km

6
9/18/2019
DATA SOURCES
UNAVCO (UNAVCO, 2019)
To download data of CORS
ITRF
(International Terrestrial Reference Frame, 2016)
To obtain the coordinates of base station
for post processing
GNSS Calendar (Jahic, 2016)
To download SP3 files
NEVADA Geodetic Laboratory
(Nevada Geodetic Laboratory, 2019)
To compare the shift computed with the
shift available in the website

7
9/18/2019
SOFTWARE USED
Satlab Geobitz
Solutions
To post-processing
data in RINEX to
produce more
accurate result
ArcGIS
To interpolate,
visualization and
map layout
MS Office
Packages
Microsoft Excel for
data manipulation,
analysis, management
and calculation and
MS Word to prepare
the report
Visual Studio
Code
To write codes for
web app

Department of Geomatics Engineering9/18/2019
8
No
Yes
Validated Coordinates with ITRF Coordinate of 2016
Post Processing of the raw data from CORS station
Download the raw data of active CORS from UNAVCO
Determination of co-ordinates of each station in
different days
Ionospheric
delay correction
Precise
ephemeris
Is horizontal
deviation <5cm and
vertical deviation <
10 cm compared to
ITRF Coordinates of
2016?
ITRF Coordinate
of LHAZ
Identification of active CORS from April 25, 2015 to
May 12, 2015 and January 1, 2017 to January 4, 2017
Literature Review
Processing with new baseline
METHODOLOGY

9
Computation of shift in Easting, Northing and Vertical
height in each station
Use IDW method for interpolation
Result
Preparation of deformation model
Validated Coordinates with ITRF Coordinate of 2016
Comparison of shift with Shift obtained from
(Nevada Geodetic Laboratory, 2019)
Validation of the model by comparing
data obtained from Survey
Department
Interpolation from IDW
creates the surface passing
through the sample points.
Visualization through Web
map
METHODOLOGY (Continue…)

10
9/18/2019
IDENTIFICATION OF CORS
o Active CORS identified From April 18, 2015 to May 18,
2015 and first four days of 2017.
DOWNLOADING THE RAW DATA
o UNAVCO website
o Download the data in Hatanaka format:
>>> wget –i [Textfile name]
o Convert to appropriate RINEX format using crx2rnx

11
9/18/2019
POST PROCESSING
• Satlab Geobitz Solution
• LHAZ as base station
• Co-ordinate of base
station was taken from
ITRF website
Title Value/Model
Cut-off angle 15˚
Tropospheric model Saastamoinen
Frequency Auto
Navigation SP3
Systems GPS and GLONASS
Interval 30 seconds
Export Format CSV
Table: Specification table.
Figure: Direction of baseline in Satlab Geobitz Solutions.

12
9/18/2019
DETERMINATION OF COORDINATES OF
EACH STATION IN DIFFERENT DAYS
o Day wise solutions of each station were determined
o Management of coordinates in MS Excel.
VALIDATION OF PROCESSED COORDINATES
o Processed coordinates were compared to ITRF coordinates of
2016.
o Criteria:
• Horizontal deviation should be less than 5cm
• Vertical deviation should be less than 10 cm
o Processing with new baseline if criteria not fulfilled.

13
9/18/2019
SHIFT COMPUTATION
Equation: Calculation of shift.
𝐹𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝑆ℎ𝑖𝑓𝑡 =
𝑗=𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝐴𝑝𝑟25 ,2015
𝑀𝑎𝑦 11,2015
𝐸𝑗
17
−
𝑖=𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝐴𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑙 18,2015
𝐴𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑙 24 ,2015
𝐸𝑖
7
𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑠ℎ𝑖𝑓𝑡 =
𝑘=𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑀𝑎𝑦 12 ,2015
𝑀𝑎𝑦 18 ,2015
𝐸 𝑘
7
−
𝑗=𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝐴𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑙 25 ,2015
𝑀𝑎𝑦 11,2015
𝐸𝑗
17
𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑠ℎ𝑖𝑓𝑡 =
𝑘=𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑀𝑎𝑦 12 ,2015
𝑀𝑎𝑦 18 ,2015
𝐸 𝑘
7
−
𝑖=𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝐴𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑙 18,2015
𝐴𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑙 24 ,2015
𝐸𝑖
7
𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑆ℎ𝑖𝑓𝑡 =
𝑙=𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝐽𝑎𝑛𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑦 1 ,2017
𝐽𝑎𝑛𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑦 4 ,2017
𝐸𝑙
4
−
𝑖=𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝐴𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑙 18 ,2015
𝐴𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑙 24 ,2015
𝐸𝑖
7

14
9/18/2019
COMPARISION WITH TIME SERIES PLOT
o The computed shift was compared with the time series plot by Nevada
Geodetic Laboratory.
Figure: Time Series Graph of BESI
Source: (Nevada Geodetic Laboratory, 2019)

15
9/18/2019
PREPARATION OF DEFORMATION MODEL
o Interpolation using ArcGIS tool to prepare deformation model
o Map layout in ArcGIS
INTERPOLATION TECHNIQUE
o Inverse Distance Weighting
o Follows Tobler’s law; According to Waldo Tobler (GISGeography, 2018)
“Everything is related to everything else, but near things are more
related than distant things.”
o Deterministic method
o Mathematically,
𝑧0 = 𝑖=1
𝑛
𝑤 𝑖 𝑧 𝑖
𝑖=1
𝑛
𝑤 𝑖
(Vineeth, Teja, & Raghuveer, 2019)
Where, 𝑧0 is the value of estimation point
𝑧𝑖 is the value of neighboring point
𝑤𝑖is the weighting factor and 𝑤𝑖= 1/(distance from neighbor)p

16
9/18/2019
VALIDATION OF MODEL
o Validated the deformation model due to Gorkha earthquake of
April 25, 2015.
o Comparing with the control point stations provided by Survey
Department.

17
9/18/2019
RESULTS
Table: Day wise coordinates of CHLM station from April 18, 2015 to May 18, 2015
Date Easting (m) Northing (m) Height (m)
May 04 334541.397 3121308.272 3212.408
May 05 334541.362 3121308.337 3212.489
May 06 334541.376 3121308.396 3212.562
May 07 334541.418 3121308.324 3212.569
May 08 334541.415 3121308.321 3212.568
May 09 334541.371 3121308.296 3212.522
May 10 334541.354 3121308.276 3212.454
May 11 334541.394 3121308.263 3212.411
May 12 334541.341 3121308.293 3212.463
May 13 334541.346 3121308.280 3212.497
May 14 334541.394 3121308.208 3212.520
May 15 334541.395 3121308.245 3212.491
May 16 334541.392 3121308.222 3212.466
May 17 334541.407 3121308.262 3212.470
May 18 334541.329 3121308.265 3212.521
Date Easting (m) Northing (m) Height (m)
April 18 334541.574 3121309.696 3213.004
April 19 334541.588 3121309.659 3212.935
April 20 334541.589 3121309.662 3212.979
April 21 334541.596 3121309.699 3213.097
April 22 334541.596 3121309.690 3213.111
April 23 334541.583 3121309.678 3213.013
April 24 334541.546 3121309.695 3213.028
April 25 334541.375 3121308.361 3212.549
April 26 334541.376 3121308.316 3212.460
April 27 334541.366 3121308.263 3212.502
April 28 334541.352 3121308.312 3212.500
April 29 334541.358 3121308.319 3212.410
April 30 334541.353 3121308.236 3212.402
May 01 334541.354 3121308.293 3212.442
May 02 334541.368 3121308.293 3212.457
May 03 334541.361 3121308.290 3212.476

18
9/18/2019
RESULTS
Stations 1st shift (Due to
earthquake of April 25,
2015 ) (m)
2nd shift (Due to aftershock
of May 12, 2015) (m)
Final shift (Due earthquake
and aftershock) (m)
Total shift till 2017 (m)
dE dN dH dE dN dH dE dN dH dE dN dH
AIRP NDA NDA NDA -0.006 0.001 0.025 NDA NDA NDA NDA NDA NDA
BESI 0.011 -0.016 -0.003 0.002 -0.002 0.012 0.013 -0.018 0.009 0.049 -0.058 0.017
BNDP NDA NDA NDA -0.003 0.008 -0.053 NDA NDA NDA NDA NDA NDA
CHLM -0.208 -1.379 -0.543 -0.001 -0.050 0.009 -0.210 -1.429 -0.534 -0.189 -1.432 -0.461
CHWN 0.021 -0.021 -0.014 0.000 0.011 -0.010 -0.020 -0.010 -0.024 0.048 0.017 -0.017
DNSG -0.006 -0.002 0.027 0.007 0.001 -0.006 0.001 -0.001 0.021 -0.002 -0.010 0.045
GHER 0.034 -0.053 0.023 -0.003 -0.004 0.003 0.031 -0.057 0.026 0.033 -0.090 0.034
JMSM 0.003 0.012 0.008 0.001 0.000 0.002 0.005 0.013 0.010 -0.008 -0.006 0.016
KIRT -0.226 -1.263 0.640 NDA NDA NDA NDA NDA NDA -0.191 -1.176 0.494
KKN4 -0.415 -1.832 1.373 -0.001 0.012 -0.001 -0.416 -1.821 1.371 -0.393 -1.763 1.447
NAST -0.329 -1.287 0.651 -0.012 -0.018 0.036 -0.341 -1.305 0.687 -0.284 -1.240 0.523
RMTE -0.009 0.001 -0.003 0.031 -0.012 0.015 0.022 -0.011 0.012 NDA NDA NDA
SIM4 NDA NDA NDA 0.007 0.003 0.001 NDA NDA NDA NDA NDA NDA
SNDL 0.018 -0.235 0.098 -0.007 0.003 -0.016 0.011 -0.232 0.083 0.064 -0.159 0.051
SYBC 0.011 0.006 0.014 -0.021 -0.050 -0.009 -0.011 -0.044 0.005 -0.059 -0.028 0.015
Table: Shifts of every stations of Gorkha earthquake, aftershock, final shift and total shift till 2017

19
9/18/2019
RESULTS
Figure: Shift in Northing and easting Of KKN4 located in Kakani, Nepal
from April 18,2015 to May 18,2015
-2.00
-1.90
-1.80
-1.70
-1.60
-1.50
-1.40
-1.30
-1.20
-1.10
-1.00
-0.90
-0.80
-0.70
-0.60
-0.50
-0.40
-0.30
-0.20
-0.10
0.00
0.10
April_18
April_19
April_20
April_22
April_23
April_24
April_25
April_26
April_27
April_28
April_29
April_30
May_01
May_02
May_03
May_04
May_05
May_06
May_07
May_08
May_09
May_10
May_11
May_12
May_13
May_14
May_15
May_16
May_17
May_18
Shift(m)
Date (2015 A.D.)
Shift in Easting and Northing April 18 to May 18
(KKN4)
dE dN

20
9/18/2019
RESULTS
Figure: Graph of Change in Height from April 18 to May 18 of all Stations
-0.800
-0.600
-0.400
-0.200
0.000
0.200
0.400
0.600
0.800
1.000
1.200
1.400
1.600 April_18
April_19
April_20
April_21
April_22
April_23
April_24
April_25
April_26
April_27
April_28
April_29
April_30
May_01s
May_02
May_03
May_04
May_05
May_06
May_07
May_08
May_09
May_10
May_11
May_12
May_13
May_14
May_15
May_16
May_17
May_18
Shift(m)
Date (2015 A.D.)
Change in Height from April 18 to May 18 in all stations
BESI
CHLM
CHWN
DNSG
GHER
JMSM
KIRT
KKN4
NAST
RMTE
SNDL
SYBC

21
9/18/2019
RESULTS
Figure: Horizontal deformation due to earthquake of April 25, 2015 with the arrows showing deformation

22
9/18/2019
RESULTS
Figure: Vertical deformation due to earthquake of April 25, 2015

23
9/18/2019
RESULTS
Figure: Horizontal deformation due to earthquake of May 12, 2015 with the arrows showing deformation

24
9/18/2019
RESULTS
Figure: Vertical deformation due to earthquake of May 12, 2015

25
9/18/2019
RESULTS
Figure: Horizontal deformation on CORS due to earthquake of April 25, 2015 and May 12, 2015 with the arrows showing direction of movement of CORS with magnitude

26
9/18/2019
RESULTS
Figure: Horizontal deformation due to earthquake of April 25, 2015 May 12, 2015 with the arrows showing deformation

27
9/18/2019
RESULTS
Figure: Vertical deformation due to earthquake of April 25, 2015 and May 12, 2015

28
9/18/2019
RESULTS
Figure: Horizontal deformation after the successive earthquakes to January, 2017 with the arrows showing deformation

29
9/18/2019
RESULTS
Figure: Vertical deformation after the successive earthquakes to January, 2017

30
9/18/2019
VALIDATION OF PROCESSED COORDINATES
o Processed coordinates compared to ITRF coordinates of
2016
Name of Stations Deviations (m)
del E del N del H
BESI -0.013 0.007 -0.032
CHLM -0.023 0.014 -0.049
DNSG -0.032 0.000 -0.016
JMSM 0.033 0.010 -0.080
KKN4 -0.041 0.006 0.140
NAST 0.019 0.034 0.042
SNDL 0.002 -0.020 -0.062
SYBC -0.030 0.030 -0.042
Table: Comparison of processed coordinates with ITRF 2016 coordinates

31
9/18/2019
COMPARISION WITH TIME SERIES PLOT
o Time series plot by Nevada Geodetic Laboratory(Nevada Geodetic
Laboratory, 2019).
Stations Deviations (mm)
Easting Northing Height
BESI 8 2 -1
CHLM 31 -29 66
CHWN 0 0 NDA
DNSG -4 -2 1
GHER 1 -17 76
JMSM 0 23 NDA
KKN4 4 -21 71
NAST -1 -5 37
RMTE 2 -1 0
SNDL -9 -12 NDA
SYBC 4 -4 NDA
Table: Comparison of computed shift with Nevada Geodetic Laboratory
*The comparison is approximate because the graph provided by Nevada Geodetic Laboratory was without the data in
table and we had to do eye estimation.

32
9/18/2019
VALIDATION OF INTERPOLATED RESULT
o Comparing with the control point stations provided by Survey
Department.
Station Id Standard value of Shift (m) Values from the Deformation
Map due to Gorkha Earthquake
(m)
Deviation (m)
Horizontal Height Horizontal Height ∆Horizontal ∆Height
Fulchoki 0.923 0.631 1.284 0.567 -0.361 0.064
Swoyambhu 1.642 0.983 1.347 0.712 0.295 0.271
Nagarkot 1.825 1.158 1.278 0.670 0.547 0.488
Kumari 1.719 1.093 1.505 0.910 0.214 0.183
Lakhedada 0.994 0.770 1.323 0.659 -0.329 0.111
Table: Validation of Deformation Model
Source: (Survey Department, 2015)

33
9/18/2019
RESULTS
Figure: Deformation model due to earthquakes shown in the web
o Visualization in the form of web
o Demo :

34
9/18/2019
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
o Unequal shift in affected regions.
o Central part of the study area has shifted in the south east
direction.
o Deformation can be used to assess the accuracy of control points
used for various purposes.
o Use of fixed control points should be discouraged.
o Number of CORS should be more and should have proper
geographical distribution.
o Data should be continuous.
o The network adjustment can be done by using shortest possible
unaffected baseline.
o Use of other interpolation technique might increase the accuracy
of model.
o 3D plots would provide better visualization.

35
9/18/2019
REFERENCES
o GISGeography. (2018, May 31). Tobler first law of geography.
Retrieved September 01, 2019, from GISGeography:
https://gisgeography.com/tobler-first-law-of-geography/
o International Terrestrial Reference Frame. (2016). Solution Extraction.
Retrieved July 05, 2019, from ITRF:
http://itrf.ensg.ign.fr/site_info_and_select/solutions_extraction.php
o Jahic, E. (2016). GNSS Calendar. Retrieved July 05, 2019, from GNSS
Calendar: http://gnsscalendar.com/
o Nevada Geodetic Laboratory. (2019, July 07). Retrieved August 14,
2019, from http://geodesy.unr.edu/tsplots/IGS08/TimeSeries/
o Rafferty, J. P. (2019). Nepal earthquake of 2015. Retrieved from
Britannica: https://www.britannica.com/place/Nepal
o UNAVCO. (2019). Data Archive Interface. Retrieved January 29, 2019,
from UNAVCO: https://www.unavco.org/data/gps-gnss/data-access-
methods/dai2/app/dai2.html#grouping=nepal
o Vineeth, P., Teja, K. S., & Raghuveer, D. (2019). Inverse Distance
Weighting. Retrieved from slideshare:
https://www.slideshare.net/penchalavineeth/inverse-distance-weighting

36
THANK
YOU!

37
9/18/2019
ANNEXES
Station name Interval Location Lat (˚) Long(˚) Height (m) Started at last operating (as
per 1st
february,2019)
Grouping
AIRP 15.0 sec Tribhuvan
International
Airport
27.6972 85.3579 1289 2015 May 11 06:04 2015 Jul 24 23:59 Nepal
BELT 15.0 sec Belatari 27.457 83.826 54.32 2008 Jul 06 06:04 2017 Feb 03 23:59 Nepal
BESI 15.0 sec Besisahar 28.2286 84.3797 738.0416 2008 Jun 28 11:56 2019 Jan 15 05:36 Nepal
BNDP 15.0 sec Bandipur_NPL2012 27.9495 84.3951 775.2039 2015 May 02 10:25 2016 Jul 16 23:59 NEGAR Nepal
CHLM 15.0 sec Chilime 28.2072 85.3141 3212.539 2004 Mar 31 08:58 2019 Jan 30 23:59 NEGAR Nepal
CHWN 15.0 sec Chitwan 27.6682 84.3853 133.4 2011 Mar 28 08:34 2019 Jan 30 23:59 NEGAR Nepal
DMAU 15.0 sec Damauli 27.973 84.265 299.91 2008 Jul 05 08:58 2016 May 22 10:17 Nepal
DNSG 15.0 sec Dansing 28.3451 83.7635 2427.346 2012 Apr 29 10:30 2019 Jan 29 23:59 NEGAR Nepal
GHER 15.0 sec Ghermu 28.375 84.41 1530.42 2008 Jul 03 09:51 2017 Feb 06 23:59 Nepal
JMSM 15.0 sec Jomsom 28.8053 83.7433 3438.296 2004 May 02 11:02 2019 Jan 24 23:59 NEGAR Nepal
KIRT 15.0 sec Kirtipur 27.682 85.288 1277.32 2008 Jun 19 08:03 2017 Feb 07 23:59 Nepal
KKN4 15.0 sec Kakani 4 27.8007 85.2788 1898.468 2004 Mar 22 10:00 2017 Sep 26 23:59 NEGAR Nepal
NAST 15.0 sec NAST_SciTec_2013 27.6567 85.3277 1278.429 2014 Jan 18 00:00 2019 Jan 30 23:59 NEGAR Nepal
RMTE 15.0 sec Ramite 26.991 86.5971 2074 2008 Sep 23 13:59 2016 Mar 10 23:59 NEGAR Nepal
SIM4 15.0 sec Simara 4 27.1656 84.9852 71.8997 2004 Mar 26 00:00 2016 May 20 23:59 NEGAR Nepal
SNDL 15.0 sec Sindhuli 27.3848 85.7989 2002.731 2011 Apr 05 12:09 2019 Jan 30 23:59 NEGAR Nepal
SYBC 15.0 sec Syangboche 27.8142 86.7125 3794.245 2008 Oct 04 04:34 2019 Jan 26 23:59 NEGAR Nepal
Table: List of CORS with Details extracted on 2nd February 2019

38
9/18/2019
ANNEXES
Figure: Time Series Graph of CHLMFigure: Time Series Graph of BESI Figure: Time Series Graph of CHWN Figure: Time Series Graph of JMSM

39
9/18/2019
ANNEXES
Figure: Time Series Graph of NASTFigure: Time Series Graph of KKN4 Figure: Time Series Graph of SYBC Figure: Time Series Graph of SNDL

40
9/18/2019
ANNEXES
1. Reference:
Marker name: LHAZ
Marker code: 21613M002
WGS84 X (m): -106941.9243
WGS84 Y (m): 5549269.8010
WGS84 Z (m): 3139215.1485
WGS84 latitude: 029:39:246. 0036N
WGS84 longitude: 091:06:14.50944E
WGS84 height :( m): 3624.6076
Receiver type: TPS E_GGD
Receiver version: 3.4 DEC, 12, 2009 P2
Receiver S/N: AE7PEWVFA4G
Antenna type: ASH701941.B SNOW
Antenna S/N
Antenna height :(m) 0.1330
Measured to: Anttena Bottom
2. Rover:
Marker name: CHLM
Marker code:
WGS84 X (m): 459749.0644
WGS84 Y (m): 5608922.2740
WGS84 Z (m): 2998281.8881
WGS84 latitude: 028:12:26.03496N
WGS84 longitude: 085:18:50.71174E
WGS84 height :( m): 3213.0041
Receiver type: TRIMBLE NETR8
Receiver version: 4.70
Receiver S/N: 5011K66180
Antenna type: ASH701945E_M SCIT
Antenna S/N
Antenna height :( m) 0.0083
Measured to: Anttena Bottom
3. Processing controls:
Start time: 4/18/2015 5:45:30 AM
Stop time: 4/19/2015 5:44:30 AM
Required solution type: Auto
Elevation mask [deg]: 15
Tropospheric delay model: Saastamoinen
Orbit type: Precise
Single frequency fixed baseline mask: [m]:30000
*This is a report generated by the Satlab Geobitz Solution software during the post processing of raw data for the baseline LHAZ to CHLM

ITRF coordinate of 2016 Coordinates used for validation
9/18/2019
41
Name Longitude ( ˚ ) Latitude ( ˚ ) Height (m)
BESI 84.37967 28.22861 738.0416
CHLM 85.31408 28.20722 3212.539
DNSG 83.76346 28.34509 2427.346
JMSM 83.7433 28.80528 3438.296
KKN4 85.2788 27.80071 1898.468
NAST 85.32773 27.65668 1278.429
SNDL 85.79886 27.38483 2002.731
SYBC 86.71246 27.81423 3794.245

Presentation slide on Project entitled "Preparation of Deformation Model of Central Nepal Due to Gorkha Earthquake 2015 And the Aftershock"

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

What's hot

What's hot (20)

Similar to Presentation slide on Project entitled "Preparation of Deformation Model of Central Nepal Due to Gorkha Earthquake 2015 And the Aftershock"

Similar to Presentation slide on Project entitled "Preparation of Deformation Model of Central Nepal Due to Gorkha Earthquake 2015 And the Aftershock" (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

Presentation slide on Project entitled "Preparation of Deformation Model of Central Nepal Due to Gorkha Earthquake 2015 And the Aftershock"