This document proposes a trigger identification service to identify sensor nodes that trigger reactive jamming attacks in wireless sensor networks. The service uses a decentralized algorithm to efficiently provide a list of trigger nodes without adding new hardware or significant message overhead. It considers various jammer and network models. Theoretical analysis and simulations validate that the framework can identify trigger nodes and help defend against reactive jamming attacks in unreliable wireless sensor networks.
An Assessment of Security Mechanisms Against Reactive Jammer Attack In Wirele...ijfcstjournal
Wireless sensor networks have been widely applied to various domains such as environmental monitoring
and surveillance. Since wireless sensor networks utilize open transmission media, they are prone to radio
jamming attacks. These attacks are easy to launch but difficult to defend. These attacks may lead to low
network throughput because of jamming signals. Failure of data transmission in sensor networks is due to
corruption of packets by reactive jammers. A number of defence techniques have been proposed in recent
years to deal with these jammer attacks. However, each defence technique is suitable for only a limited
network range and specific jamming conditions. This paper proposes an adaptive approach to detect and
isolate the reactive jammers by using status messages and trigger identification service.
Analysis of GPSR and its Relevant Attacks in Wireless Sensor NetworksIDES Editor
Most of the routing protocols proposed for ad-hoc
networks and sensor networks are not designed with security
as a goal. Hence, many routing protocols are vulnerable to an
attack by an adversary who can disrupt the network or harness
valuable information from the network. Routing Protocols
for wireless sensor networks are classified into three types
depending on their network structure as Flat routing protocols,
Hierarchical routing protocol and Geographic routing
protocols. We mainly concentrate on location-based or
geographic routing protocol like Greedy Perimeter Stateless
Routing Protocol (GPSR). Sybil attack and Selective
forwarding attack are the two attacks feasible in GPSR. These
attacks are implemented in GPSR and their losses caused to
the network are analysed
Vampire attacks draining life from wireless ad hoc sensor networksIEEEFINALYEARPROJECTS
To Get any Project for CSE, IT ECE, EEE Contact Me @ 09849539085, 09966235788 or mail us - ieeefinalsemprojects@gmail.co¬m-Visit Our Website: www.finalyearprojects.org
A Security Mechanism Against Reactive Jammer Attack In Wireless Sensor Netwo...ijsptm
Providing an efficient security for wireless sensor network is a crucial challenge which is made more
difficult due to its broadcast nature and restrictions on resources such as energy, power memory usage,
computation and communication capabilities. The Reactive Jammer Attack is a major security threat to
wireless sensor networks because reactive jammer attack is a light weight attack which is easy to launch
but difficult to detect .This work suggest a new scheme to neutralize malicious reactive jammer nodes by
changing the characteristic of trigger nodes to act as only receiver. Here the current approach attempts to
identify the trigger nodes using the group testing technique, which enhances the identification speed and
reduces the message complexity of the status report sent periodically between the sensor nodes and the
base station.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
A detection & prevention of wormhole attack in wsn project abstractvishnuRajan20
At Softroniics we provide job oriented training for freshers in IT sector. We are providing IEEE project guidance and Final year project guidance. We are Pioneers in all leading technologies like Android, Java, .NET, PHP, Python, Embedded Systems, Matlab, NS2, VLSI, Modelsim, Tanner, Xilinx etc. We are specializiling in technologies like Big Data, Cloud Computing, Internet Of Things (iOT), Data Mining, Networking, Information Security, Image Processing and many other. We are providing long term and short term internship also. We are also providing IEEE project support at Calicut, Thrissur and Palakkad. For more details contact 9037291113, 7907435072
An Assessment of Security Mechanisms Against Reactive Jammer Attack In Wirele...ijfcstjournal
Wireless sensor networks have been widely applied to various domains such as environmental monitoring
and surveillance. Since wireless sensor networks utilize open transmission media, they are prone to radio
jamming attacks. These attacks are easy to launch but difficult to defend. These attacks may lead to low
network throughput because of jamming signals. Failure of data transmission in sensor networks is due to
corruption of packets by reactive jammers. A number of defence techniques have been proposed in recent
years to deal with these jammer attacks. However, each defence technique is suitable for only a limited
network range and specific jamming conditions. This paper proposes an adaptive approach to detect and
isolate the reactive jammers by using status messages and trigger identification service.
Analysis of GPSR and its Relevant Attacks in Wireless Sensor NetworksIDES Editor
Most of the routing protocols proposed for ad-hoc
networks and sensor networks are not designed with security
as a goal. Hence, many routing protocols are vulnerable to an
attack by an adversary who can disrupt the network or harness
valuable information from the network. Routing Protocols
for wireless sensor networks are classified into three types
depending on their network structure as Flat routing protocols,
Hierarchical routing protocol and Geographic routing
protocols. We mainly concentrate on location-based or
geographic routing protocol like Greedy Perimeter Stateless
Routing Protocol (GPSR). Sybil attack and Selective
forwarding attack are the two attacks feasible in GPSR. These
attacks are implemented in GPSR and their losses caused to
the network are analysed
Vampire attacks draining life from wireless ad hoc sensor networksIEEEFINALYEARPROJECTS
To Get any Project for CSE, IT ECE, EEE Contact Me @ 09849539085, 09966235788 or mail us - ieeefinalsemprojects@gmail.co¬m-Visit Our Website: www.finalyearprojects.org
A Security Mechanism Against Reactive Jammer Attack In Wireless Sensor Netwo...ijsptm
Providing an efficient security for wireless sensor network is a crucial challenge which is made more
difficult due to its broadcast nature and restrictions on resources such as energy, power memory usage,
computation and communication capabilities. The Reactive Jammer Attack is a major security threat to
wireless sensor networks because reactive jammer attack is a light weight attack which is easy to launch
but difficult to detect .This work suggest a new scheme to neutralize malicious reactive jammer nodes by
changing the characteristic of trigger nodes to act as only receiver. Here the current approach attempts to
identify the trigger nodes using the group testing technique, which enhances the identification speed and
reduces the message complexity of the status report sent periodically between the sensor nodes and the
base station.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
A detection & prevention of wormhole attack in wsn project abstractvishnuRajan20
At Softroniics we provide job oriented training for freshers in IT sector. We are providing IEEE project guidance and Final year project guidance. We are Pioneers in all leading technologies like Android, Java, .NET, PHP, Python, Embedded Systems, Matlab, NS2, VLSI, Modelsim, Tanner, Xilinx etc. We are specializiling in technologies like Big Data, Cloud Computing, Internet Of Things (iOT), Data Mining, Networking, Information Security, Image Processing and many other. We are providing long term and short term internship also. We are also providing IEEE project support at Calicut, Thrissur and Palakkad. For more details contact 9037291113, 7907435072
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
We would send hard copy of Journal by speed post to the address of correspondence author after online publication of paper.
We will dispatched hard copy to the author within 7 days of date of publication
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
A review paper on watchdog mechanism in wireless sensor network to eliminate ...eSAT Journals
Abstract Wireless Sensor network (WSN) are broadly used today in various fields such as environmental control, surveillance task, object tracking, military applications etc. As WSN is an ad-hoc network which is deployed in such an environment which is physically insecure, intrusion detection has been one of the major area of research in WSN. Inorder to achieve an appropriate level of security in WSNs we cannot depend on cryptographic techniques as these techniques fall prey to insider attacks. This paper discusses on watchdog mechanism, one of the intrusion detection techniques in Wireless Sensor Network. Watchdog is a monitoring technique which detects the misbehaving nodes in the network. The main area of focus in this paper is being made to the problems in existing watchdog technique for malicious node detection. Index Terms: Wireless Sensor Network, Security Intrusion Detection, Watchdog.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Multi-Robot Sensor Relocation to Enhance Connectivity in a WSNijasuc
Ensuring connectivity in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) is a challenging issue, especially in hazardous
areas (like battlefield). Many applications of WSN require an important level of connectivity in the network
to detect a given event (like detection Intrusion) and forward it to the ”sink” node in order to alert users.
For these risky areas the deterministic deployment is not usually guaranteed and the network is composed
by a set of disconnected Islands. We present in our work two strategies to relocate sensors in order to
improve the connectivity using mobile Robots. These two solutions are called Multi-Robot Island-based
Relocation (MRIBR) and Multi-Robot Grid-Based Island-based Relocation (MRGIR). Through several
simulations, we show that MRGIR outperforms MRIBR. Our study can be used especially to make a tradeoff
between the number of deployed sensors and the numbers of the used mobile robots, according to the
quality needed for the application.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
We would send hard copy of Journal by speed post to the address of correspondence author after online publication of paper.
We will dispatched hard copy to the author within 7 days of date of publication
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
A review paper on watchdog mechanism in wireless sensor network to eliminate ...eSAT Journals
Abstract Wireless Sensor network (WSN) are broadly used today in various fields such as environmental control, surveillance task, object tracking, military applications etc. As WSN is an ad-hoc network which is deployed in such an environment which is physically insecure, intrusion detection has been one of the major area of research in WSN. Inorder to achieve an appropriate level of security in WSNs we cannot depend on cryptographic techniques as these techniques fall prey to insider attacks. This paper discusses on watchdog mechanism, one of the intrusion detection techniques in Wireless Sensor Network. Watchdog is a monitoring technique which detects the misbehaving nodes in the network. The main area of focus in this paper is being made to the problems in existing watchdog technique for malicious node detection. Index Terms: Wireless Sensor Network, Security Intrusion Detection, Watchdog.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Multi-Robot Sensor Relocation to Enhance Connectivity in a WSNijasuc
Ensuring connectivity in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) is a challenging issue, especially in hazardous
areas (like battlefield). Many applications of WSN require an important level of connectivity in the network
to detect a given event (like detection Intrusion) and forward it to the ”sink” node in order to alert users.
For these risky areas the deterministic deployment is not usually guaranteed and the network is composed
by a set of disconnected Islands. We present in our work two strategies to relocate sensors in order to
improve the connectivity using mobile Robots. These two solutions are called Multi-Robot Island-based
Relocation (MRIBR) and Multi-Robot Grid-Based Island-based Relocation (MRGIR). Through several
simulations, we show that MRGIR outperforms MRIBR. Our study can be used especially to make a tradeoff
between the number of deployed sensors and the numbers of the used mobile robots, according to the
quality needed for the application.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Complete report on DATA ACQUISITION SCHEME IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKRutvik Pensionwar
With the development in data acquisition system, information-collection plays an increasingly important role in the field of Wireless Technology. There has been tremendous increase in the use of sensors in each and every field. In order to get fast response from these sensors the delay should be reduced. Also the congestion in the network should be tackled to increase the efficiency. Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) consist of many tiny wireless sensors which operate in an environment in order to collect data. In a typical WSN, data is gathered from environment by sensor nodes and then transmitted to a base station. All these operations are executed by sensor nodes with keeping in mind the limitation of power. Reliable communication, power efficiency, network congestion issues are among major concerns. So in our project our main focus is to avoid the packet loss by increasing the network efficiency and handling the congestion in the network by proper buffer management. Finally visualization of processed data is done at the base station and the future enhancement could be to directly send the sensed data to cloud storage.
Node Deployment in Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor NetworkIJMTST Journal
Optimal sensor deployment is necessary condition in homogeneous and heterogeneous wireless sensor
network. Effective deployment of sensor nodes is a major point of concern as performance and lifetime of any
WSN. Proposed sensor deployment in WSN explore every sensor node sends its data to the nearest sink node
of the WSN. In addition to that system proposes a hexagonal cell based sensor deployment which leads to
optimal sensor deployment for both homogeneous and heterogeneous sensor deployment. Wireless sensor
networks are receiving significant concentration due to their potential applications ranging from surveillance
to tracking domains. In limited communication range, a WSN is divided into several disconnected sub-graphs
under certain conditions. We deploy sensor nodes at random locations so that it improves performance of the
network.This paper aims to study, discuss and analyze various node deployment strategies and coverage
problems for Homogeneous and Heterogeneous WSN.
IMPLEMENTATION OF SECURITY PROTOCOL FOR WIRELESS SENSORijcsa
Intrusion Detection is one of the methods of defending against these attacks. In the proposed a security protocol for homogeneous wireless sensor network; network with all nodes are of same type. Clustering is used to improve the energy efficiency. Zone-Based Cluster Protocol (ZBCA) is used for selection of cluster head which is effective in scalability and energy consumption. Single hop technique is used for
communication within normal nodes and cluster head to base station. Simulation of proposed algorithm is performed in MATLAB. Sleep Deprivation Attack has been analyzed where attacker changes the environmental values by an artificial event. Attacker produces an event in environment due to which nodes have to sense the environment more than once in the same round that increase the power consumption of
the node. This interrupt reduces the network life time as nodes are not allowed to go in sleep mode and they are not able to perform their function of data collection and reporting to Cluster head and Base Station properly. Proposed protocol identifies this attack and prevents it from happening by solating the attacker node.
Analysis and reactive measures on the blackhole attackJyotiVERMA176
In this , we will analyses the effects of black-hole attacks on SW-WSN.
Active attack such as black-hole attack in which the node shows that it has the best smallest path
tp desired node in the given Networks even if it lacks it,hence all the data packets follows that
fake path through it hence make black-hole node to forward or drop the packet during the data
transmission.
Spread Spectrum TechniquesDescribe in detail a simple data communi.pdfakritigallery
Spread Spectrum Techniques
Describe in detail a simple data communication system that will monitor the temperature of a
remote inaccessible location and display temperature on a personal computer.
Suggest a future application for spread spectrum techniques and explain why SS would be
appropriate for that application.
Solution
Spread spectrum communication systems are widely used today in a variety of applications for
different purposes such as access of same radio interrupted or blocked by spurious transmission
from enemy), interference rejection, spectrum by multiple users (multiple access), anti-jamming
capability (so that signal transmission can not be secure communications, multi-path protection,
etc. However, irrespective of the application, all spread spectrum communication systems satisfy
the following criteria-
a) As the name suggests, bandwidth of the transmitted signal is much greater than that of the
message that modulates a carrier.
b)The power spectral density of the modulated signal is very low and usually comparable to
background noise and interference at the receiver.
DATA COMMUNICATION:
It defines as data exchange between source and receiver.
Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) typically consists of small spatially distributed devices to
cooperatively monitor physical or environmental conditions, such as temperature, sound,
vibration and etc. With WSN connectivity, data from remote sensors of different types are
collected by central unit for further processing and analysis.
WSNs are less expensive and more flexible than wired monitoring systems. There are
applications that become feasible only with WSNs because using wires between devices are too
expensive or impossible at all. For instance, in many industrial, agricultural, military or
ecological problems physical wiring is impossible or would create extreme disturbance for other
operations. WSN, compared to other existing wireless technologies, is the only technology that
targets simple communication with low data rates and low power consumption.
Each WSN node is typically equipped with:
Coding Techniques
In order to transmit anything, codes used for data transmission have to be considered. However,
this section will not discuss the coding of information (like error correction coding) but those
that act as noise-like carriers for the information being transferred. These codes are of much
greater length than those for the usual areas of data transfer, since it is intended for bandwidth
spreading.
Codes in a spread-spectrum system are used for:
Maximal sequencing is one of the more popular coding methods in a spread-spectrum system.
Maximal codes can be generated by a given shift register or a delay element of given length. In
binary shift register sequence generators, the maximum length sequence is (2^n-1) chips, where
n is the number of stages in the shift register.
A shift register generator consists of a shift register in conjunction with the appropriate logic,
which feeds back.
IOSR Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering(IOSR-JECE) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of electronics and communication engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in electronics and communication engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
A survey on jamming attacks, detection and defending strategies in wireless s...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Wireless Sensor Network (WSN)s are now a days most widely used and are undergoing many security threats. Of the different types of threats, Jamming attack has been considered a severe security threat. These jamming attacks cause the overutilization of scarce resources like the battery power. Further, high computations require lot of memory. Such problems cause the reduction in the lifetime of the sensor nodes in WSNs. There are four types of jamming attacks in which the most difficult type of attack is the reactive jammer as it is easy to launch by the adversary but very difficult to detect and defend. In this paper we present a brief survey of the types of jamming attacks, methods used to detect and defend the jammers.
Keywords: Wireless Sensor Networks, Jamming Attacks, Reactive jamming attack, and Trigger node identification
Popularity of ubiquitous computing increases the importance of location-aware applications,
which increases the need for finding location of the user. In this paper, we present a novel localization method
for indoor environments using Wi-Fi infrastructure.
While localization using Wi-Fi is cost effective, handling the obstructions which are the main cause of
signal propagation error in indoor environments is a challenging task. We address this problem in two levels,
resulting in increased accuracy of localization. In the first level, we "localize" the residing area of user node in
coarse granularity. Then, we use building layout to find the objects that attenuate the signal between the
reference node and the coarse estimate of the location of user node. Using multi-wall propagation model, we
apply corrections for all obstructions and find the location of user node. Empirical results based on experiments
conducted in lab-scale, shows meter-level accuracy.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Similar to A trigger identification service for defending reactive jammers in wireless sensor network (20)
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
"Protectable subject matters, Protection in biotechnology, Protection of othe...
A trigger identification service for defending reactive jammers in wireless sensor network
1. A Trigger Identification Service for Defending Reactive
Jammers in Wireless Sensor Network
ABSTRACT
During the last decade, Reactive Jamming Attack has emerged as a great security
threat to wireless sensor networks, due to its mass destruction to legitimate sensor
communications and difficulty to be disclosed and defended. Considering the
specific characteristics of reactive jammer nodes, a new scheme to deactivate them
by efficiently identifying all trigger nodes, whose transmissions invoke the jammer
nodes, has been proposed and developed. Such a trigger-identification procedure
can work as an application-layer service and benefit many existing reactive-
jamming defending schemes. In this paper, on the one hand, we leverage several
optimization problems to provide a complete trigger-identification service
framework for unreliable wireless sensor networks. On the other hand, we provide
an improved algorithm with regard to two sophisticated jamming models, in order
to enhance its robustness for various network scenarios. Theoretical analysis and
simulation results are included to validate the performance of this framework.
EXISTING SYSTEM:
Reactive Jamming Attack has emerged as a great security threat to wireless sensor
networks, due to its mass destruction to legitimate sensor communications and
2. difficulty to be disclosed and defended. Among the various attacks, jamming attack
where a jammer node disrupts the message delivery of its neighboring sensor
nodes with interference signals, has become a critical threat to WSNs.
PROPOSED SYSTEM:
We present a simulation based trigger-identification service for reactive-jamming
in wireless sensor networks, which promptly provides the list of trigger-nodes
using a lightweight decentralized algorithm, without introducing neither new
hardware devices, nor significant message overhead at each sensor node.
MODULES:
Network Model
Attacker Model
Jamming range
Triggering range
Jammer distance
MODULES DESCRIPTION:
Network Model
3. We consider a wireless sensor network consisting of n sensor nodes and one base
station (larger networks with multiple base stations can be split into small ones to
satisfy the model). Each sensor node is equipped with a globally synchronized time
clock, omnidirectional antennas, m radios for in total k channels throughout the
network, where k > m. For simplicity, the power strength in each direction is
assumed to be uniform, so the transmission range of each sensor can be abstracted
as a constant rs and the whole network as a unit disk graph (UDG) G ¼ ðV ;EÞ,
where any node pair i; j is connected iff the Euclidean distance between i; j: _ði; jÞ
_ rs. We leave asymmetric powers and polygonal transmission area for further
study.
Attacker Model
We consider both a basic attacker model and several advanced attacker models in
this paper. Specifically, we provide a solution framework toward the basic attacker
model, and validate its performance toward multiple advanced attacker models
theoretically and experimentally
Jamming range
R. Similar to the sensors, the jammers are equipped with omnidirectional antennas
with uniform power strength on each direction. The jammed area can be regarded
as a circle centered at the jammer node, with a radius R, where R is assumed
greater than rs, for simulating a powerful and efficient jammer node. All the
4. sensors within this range will be jammed during the jammer wake-up period. The
value of R can be approximated based on the positions of the boundary sensors
(whose neighbors are jammed but themselves not), and then further refined.
Triggering range
On sensing an ongoing transmission, the decision whether or not to launch a
jamming signal depends on the power of the sensor signal Ps, the arrived signal
power at the jammer Pa with distance r from the sensor, and the power of the
background noise Pn.
Jammer distance
Any two jammer nodes are assumed not to be too close to each other, i.e., the
distance between jammer J1 and J2 is _ðJ1; J2Þ > R. The motivations behind this
assumptions are three-fold: 1) the deployment of jammers should maximize the
jammed areas with a limited number of jammers, therefore large overlapping
between jammed areas of different jammers lowers down the attack efficiency; 2)
_ðJ1; J2Þ should be greater than R, since the transmission signals from one
jammer should not interfere the signal reception at the other jammer. Otherwise,
the latter jammer will not able to correctly detect any sensor transmission signals,
since they are accompanied with high RF noises, unless the jammer spends a lot of
5. efforts in denoising or embeds jammer-label in the jamming noise for the other
jammers to recognize. Both ways are infeasible for an efficient attack; 3) the
communications between jammers are impractical, which will expose the jammers
to anomaly detections at the network authority.
SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS:
HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS:
• System : Pentium IV 2.4 GHz.
• Hard Disk : 40 GB.
• Floppy Drive : 1.44 Mb.
• Monitor : 15 VGA Colour.
• Mouse : Logitech.
• Ram : 512 Mb.
SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS:
• Operating system : - Windows XP.
• Coding Language : JAVA
6. REFERENCE:
Ying Xuan, Yilin Shen, Nam P. Nguyen, and My T. Thai, “A Trigger
Identification Service for Defending Reactive Jammers in WSN”, IEEE
TRANSACTIONS ON MOBILE COMPUTING, VOL. 11, NO. 5, MAY 2012