Abstract
Wireless Sensor Network (WSN)s are now a days most widely used and are undergoing many security threats. Of the different types of threats, Jamming attack has been considered a severe security threat. These jamming attacks cause the overutilization of scarce resources like the battery power. Further, high computations require lot of memory. Such problems cause the reduction in the lifetime of the sensor nodes in WSNs. There are four types of jamming attacks in which the most difficult type of attack is the reactive jammer as it is easy to launch by the adversary but very difficult to detect and defend. In this paper we present a brief survey of the types of jamming attacks, methods used to detect and defend the jammers.
Keywords: Wireless Sensor Networks, Jamming Attacks, Reactive jamming attack, and Trigger node identification
A Cell phone jammer is a device used to prevent cellular phones from receiving signals from base stations.
It is a device that transmit signal on the same frequency at which the GSM system operates, the jamming is success when the mobile phones are disabled in the area where the jammer is located.
Cell phones are everywhere these days. According to the Cellular Telecommunications and Internet Association, approx. 1000 million people in India had cell-phone service.
Due to wide use of mobile phones it creates some problems as the sound of ringing becomes annoying or disrupting.
A cell phone jammer is a device that blocks transmission or reception of signals, usually by creating some form of interference at the same frequency ranges that cell phones use.
As a result, a cell phone user will either lose the signal or experience a significant loss of signal quality.
A mobile phone jammer is an instrument used to prevent cellular phones from receiving signals from base stations. When used, the jammer effectively disables cellular phones. These devices can be used in practically any location, but are found primarily in places where a phone call would be particularly disruptive because silence is expected.
A GSM Jammer or cell phone jammer is a device that transmit signal on the same frequency at which the GSM system operates, the jamming success when the mobile phones in the area where the jammer is located are disabled.
Communication jamming devices were first developed and used by military. Where tactical commanders use RF communications to exercise control of their forces, an enemy has interest in those communications. This interest comes from the fundamental area of denying the successful transport of the information from the sender to the receiver.
Nowadays the mobile jammer devices or cell phone jammer software are becoming civilian products rather than electronic warfare devices, since with the increasing number of the mobile phone users the need to disable mobile phones in specific places where the ringing of cell phone would be disruptive has increased. These places include worship places, university lecture rooms, libraries, concert halls, meeting rooms, and other places where silence is appreciated
A Security Mechanism Against Reactive Jammer Attack In Wireless Sensor Netwo...ijsptm
Providing an efficient security for wireless sensor network is a crucial challenge which is made more
difficult due to its broadcast nature and restrictions on resources such as energy, power memory usage,
computation and communication capabilities. The Reactive Jammer Attack is a major security threat to
wireless sensor networks because reactive jammer attack is a light weight attack which is easy to launch
but difficult to detect .This work suggest a new scheme to neutralize malicious reactive jammer nodes by
changing the characteristic of trigger nodes to act as only receiver. Here the current approach attempts to
identify the trigger nodes using the group testing technique, which enhances the identification speed and
reduces the message complexity of the status report sent periodically between the sensor nodes and the
base station.
An Assessment of Security Mechanisms Against Reactive Jammer Attack In Wirele...ijfcstjournal
Wireless sensor networks have been widely applied to various domains such as environmental monitoring
and surveillance. Since wireless sensor networks utilize open transmission media, they are prone to radio
jamming attacks. These attacks are easy to launch but difficult to defend. These attacks may lead to low
network throughput because of jamming signals. Failure of data transmission in sensor networks is due to
corruption of packets by reactive jammers. A number of defence techniques have been proposed in recent
years to deal with these jammer attacks. However, each defence technique is suitable for only a limited
network range and specific jamming conditions. This paper proposes an adaptive approach to detect and
isolate the reactive jammers by using status messages and trigger identification service.
A Cell phone jammer is a device used to prevent cellular phones from receiving signals from base stations.
It is a device that transmit signal on the same frequency at which the GSM system operates, the jamming is success when the mobile phones are disabled in the area where the jammer is located.
Cell phones are everywhere these days. According to the Cellular Telecommunications and Internet Association, approx. 1000 million people in India had cell-phone service.
Due to wide use of mobile phones it creates some problems as the sound of ringing becomes annoying or disrupting.
A cell phone jammer is a device that blocks transmission or reception of signals, usually by creating some form of interference at the same frequency ranges that cell phones use.
As a result, a cell phone user will either lose the signal or experience a significant loss of signal quality.
A mobile phone jammer is an instrument used to prevent cellular phones from receiving signals from base stations. When used, the jammer effectively disables cellular phones. These devices can be used in practically any location, but are found primarily in places where a phone call would be particularly disruptive because silence is expected.
A GSM Jammer or cell phone jammer is a device that transmit signal on the same frequency at which the GSM system operates, the jamming success when the mobile phones in the area where the jammer is located are disabled.
Communication jamming devices were first developed and used by military. Where tactical commanders use RF communications to exercise control of their forces, an enemy has interest in those communications. This interest comes from the fundamental area of denying the successful transport of the information from the sender to the receiver.
Nowadays the mobile jammer devices or cell phone jammer software are becoming civilian products rather than electronic warfare devices, since with the increasing number of the mobile phone users the need to disable mobile phones in specific places where the ringing of cell phone would be disruptive has increased. These places include worship places, university lecture rooms, libraries, concert halls, meeting rooms, and other places where silence is appreciated
A Security Mechanism Against Reactive Jammer Attack In Wireless Sensor Netwo...ijsptm
Providing an efficient security for wireless sensor network is a crucial challenge which is made more
difficult due to its broadcast nature and restrictions on resources such as energy, power memory usage,
computation and communication capabilities. The Reactive Jammer Attack is a major security threat to
wireless sensor networks because reactive jammer attack is a light weight attack which is easy to launch
but difficult to detect .This work suggest a new scheme to neutralize malicious reactive jammer nodes by
changing the characteristic of trigger nodes to act as only receiver. Here the current approach attempts to
identify the trigger nodes using the group testing technique, which enhances the identification speed and
reduces the message complexity of the status report sent periodically between the sensor nodes and the
base station.
An Assessment of Security Mechanisms Against Reactive Jammer Attack In Wirele...ijfcstjournal
Wireless sensor networks have been widely applied to various domains such as environmental monitoring
and surveillance. Since wireless sensor networks utilize open transmission media, they are prone to radio
jamming attacks. These attacks are easy to launch but difficult to defend. These attacks may lead to low
network throughput because of jamming signals. Failure of data transmission in sensor networks is due to
corruption of packets by reactive jammers. A number of defence techniques have been proposed in recent
years to deal with these jammer attacks. However, each defence technique is suitable for only a limited
network range and specific jamming conditions. This paper proposes an adaptive approach to detect and
isolate the reactive jammers by using status messages and trigger identification service.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
IOSR Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering(IOSR-JECE) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of electronics and communication engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in electronics and communication engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
Maximizing network interruption in wirelessIJCNCJournal
With the colossal growth of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) in different applications starting from home
automation to military affairs, the pressure on ensuring security in such a network is paramount.
Considering the security challenges, it is really a hard-hitting effort to develop a secured WSN system.
Moreover, as the information technology is getting popular, the intruders are also planning new ideas to
break the system security, to harm the network and to make the system quality down with the target of
taking the control of the network to corrupt it or to get benefits from it anyway. The intruders corrupt the
system only when the security breaking cost (SBC) is lower compared with the benefits they attained or the
harm it can make to others. In this paper, the authors define the term “maximizing network interruption
problem” and propose a technique, called the grid point approximation algorithm, to estimate the SBC of a
multi-hop WSN so that it can be made tougher for an intruder to break the system security. It is assumed
that the intruder has the complete picture of the entire network. The technique is designed from the
intruder’s point of view for completely jamming all the sensor nodes in the network through placing
jammers or malicious nodes strategically and at the same time keeping the number of jammer nodes to
minimum or near minimum. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, there is no work proposed so far of the
same kind. Experimental results with the changes of the different network parameters show that the
proposed algorithm is able to provide excellent performances to achieve the targets.
ADVANCED TECHNIQUES FOR PREVENTING SELECTIVE JAMMING ATTACKS USING PACKET-HID...ijiert bestjournal
The wireless networks are more vulnerable to jammin g. This jamming can be used as a launch pad for mounting Denial-Of-Service attack on wireless networks. Typically,jamming has been address under an external threat model. Ho wever,adversaries with internal knowledge of protocol specification and network sec rets can launch low-effort jamming attacks that are difficult to detect and counter. I n this work we address the problem of jamming attacks as internal threat model,where the attacker is aware of all network secrets and details of implementation. These types of attac kers are difficult to identify. In this work we address the problem of selective jamming attacks . In these attacks the attacker is active for only short period of time,selectively targetin g the messages. The selective jamming attacks can be launched by performing real-time pac ket classification at the physical layer. To mitigate these attacks,we illustrate different sch emes that prevent real-time packet classification by combining cryptographic primitive s with physical-layer attributes.
Defending Reactive Jammers in WSN using a Trigger Identification Service.ijsrd.com
In the last decade, the greatest threat to the wireless sensor network has been Reactive Jamming Attack because it is difficult to be disclosed and defend as well as due to its mass destruction to legitimate sensor communications. As discussed above about the Reactive Jammers Nodes, a new scheme to deactivate them efficiently is by identifying all trigger nodes, where transmissions invoke the jammer nodes, which has been proposed and developed. Due to this identification mechanism, many existing reactive jamming defending schemes can be benefited. This Trigger Identification can also work as an application layer .In this paper, on one side we provide the several optimization problems to provide complete trigger identification service framework for unreliable wireless sensor networks and on the other side we also provide an improved algorithm with regard to two sophisticated jamming models, in order to enhance its robustness for various network scenarios.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Maximize resource utilization based channel access model with presence of re...IJECEIAES
Underwater sensor networks (UWSNs) are vulnerable to jamming attacks. Especially, reactive jamming which emerged as a greatest security threat to UWSNs. Reactive jammer are difficult to be removed, defended and identified. Since reactive jammer can control and regulate (i.e., the duration of the jam signal) the probability of jamming for maintaining high vulnerability with low detection probability. The existing model are generally designed considering terrestrial wireless sensor networks (TWSNs). Further, these models are limited in their ability to detect jamming correctly, distinguish between the corrupted and uncorrupted parts of a packet, and be adaptive with the dynamic environment. Cooperative jamming model has presented in recent times to utilize resource efficiently. However, very limited work is carried out using cooperative jamming detection. For overcoming research challenges, this work present Maximize Resource Utilization based Channel Access (MRUCA). The MRUCA uses cross layer design for mitigating reactive jammer (i.e., MRUCA jointly optimizes the cooperative hopping probabilities and channel accessibility probabilities of authenticated sensor device). Along with channel, load capacity of authenticated sensor device is estimated to utilize (maximize) resource efficiently. Experiment outcome shows the proposed MRUCA model attain superior performance than state-of-art model in terms of packet transmission, BER and Detection rate.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Prevention of Selective Jamming Attacks by Using Packet Hiding MethodsIOSR Journals
Abstract: The open nature of the wireless medium leaves it too weak to intentional interference attacks,
typically defined as jamming. This intentional interference with wireless transmissions can be used as a launch
pad for mounting Denial-of-Service attacks on wireless networks. Typically, jamming has been introduced
under an external threat model. However, intruders with internal knowledge of protocol specifications and
network secrets can launch low-effort jamming attacks that are difficult to detect and counter. In this work, we
address the problem of selective jamming attacks in wireless networks. In these attacks, the hacker is active only
for a short period of time, selectively targeting messages of high importance. We demonstrate the advantages of
selective jamming in terms of network performance degradation and hacker effort by presenting two case
studies; a selective attack on TCP and one on routing. We show that selective jamming attacks can be
forwarded by performing real-time packet classification at the physical layer. To reduce these attacks, we
develop three schemes that prevent real-time packet classification by combining cryptographic primitives with
physical-layer attributes. We analyze the security of the proposed methods and evaluate their computational and
communication overhead.
ENHANCED GREEN FIREWALL FOR EFFICIENT DETECTION AND PREVENTION OF MOBILE INTR...ijistjournal
Wireless sensor networks are nowadays widely popular and has become an integral part in the military applications for human monitoring, thermal detection etc. Security of Wireless sensor network (WSN) becomes a very important issue with the rapid development of WSN that is vulnerable to a wide range of attacks such as sinkhole attacks due to deployment in the hostile environment and having limited resources. Intrusion detection system is one of the major and efficient defensive methods against attacks in WSN. One such detection technique is black listing technology. But using only Black listing technology is not suitable for a mobile intruder since it was designed considering only a static intruding node in a WSN. So it is necessary to build an energy efficient Intrusion detection system for sinkhole attack by a mobile intruder in WSN. We are intended to design an energy efficient system for detection of sinkhole and elimination of a mobile intruder from WSN nodes using a technology called greylisting. This technology uses pre alarm packets to warn the neighboring nodes about the intruder and the energy consumed by the pre alarm packets for making an alarm is much lesser than that of the packets used in black listing technology. Thus this method will serve as the solution for the dilemma in providing the security for WSN in sinkhole attack.
Similar to A survey on jamming attacks, detection and defending strategies in wireless sensor networks (20)
Mechanical properties of hybrid fiber reinforced concrete for pavementseSAT Journals
Abstract
The effect of addition of mono fibers and hybrid fibers on the mechanical properties of concrete mixture is studied in the present
investigation. Steel fibers of 1% and polypropylene fibers 0.036% were added individually to the concrete mixture as mono fibers and
then they were added together to form a hybrid fiber reinforced concrete. Mechanical properties such as compressive, split tensile and
flexural strength were determined. The results show that hybrid fibers improve the compressive strength marginally as compared to
mono fibers. Whereas, hybridization improves split tensile strength and flexural strength noticeably.
Keywords:-Hybridization, mono fibers, steel fiber, polypropylene fiber, Improvement in mechanical properties.
Material management in construction – a case studyeSAT Journals
Abstract
The objective of the present study is to understand about all the problems occurring in the company because of improper application
of material management. In construction project operation, often there is a project cost variance in terms of the material, equipments,
manpower, subcontractor, overhead cost, and general condition. Material is the main component in construction projects. Therefore,
if the material management is not properly managed it will create a project cost variance. Project cost can be controlled by taking
corrective actions towards the cost variance. Therefore a methodology is used to diagnose and evaluate the procurement process
involved in material management and launch a continuous improvement was developed and applied. A thorough study was carried
out along with study of cases, surveys and interviews to professionals involved in this area. As a result, a methodology for diagnosis
and improvement was proposed and tested in selected projects. The results obtained show that the main problem of procurement is
related to schedule delays and lack of specified quality for the project. To prevent this situation it is often necessary to dedicate
important resources like money, personnel, time, etc. To monitor and control the process. A great potential for improvement was
detected if state of the art technologies such as, electronic mail, electronic data interchange (EDI), and analysis were applied to the
procurement process. These helped to eliminate the root causes for many types of problems that were detected.
Managing drought short term strategies in semi arid regions a case studyeSAT Journals
Abstract
Drought management needs multidisciplinary action. Interdisciplinary efforts among the experts in various fields of the droughts
prone areas are helpful to achieve tangible and permanent solution for this recurring problem. The Gulbarga district having the total
area around 16, 240 sq.km, and accounts 8.45 per cent of the Karnataka state area. The district has been situated with latitude 17º 19'
60" North and longitude of 76 º 49' 60" east. The district is situated entirely on the Deccan plateau positioned at a height of 300 to
750 m above MSL. Sub-tropical, semi-arid type is one among the drought prone districts of Karnataka State. The drought
management is very important for a district like Gulbarga. In this paper various short term strategies are discussed to mitigate the
drought condition in the district.
Keywords: Drought, South-West monsoon, Semi-Arid, Rainfall, Strategies etc.
Life cycle cost analysis of overlay for an urban road in bangaloreeSAT Journals
Abstract
Pavements are subjected to severe condition of stresses and weathering effects from the day they are constructed and opened to traffic
mainly due to its fatigue behavior and environmental effects. Therefore, pavement rehabilitation is one of the most important
components of entire road systems. This paper highlights the design of concrete pavement with added mono fibers like polypropylene,
steel and hybrid fibres for a widened portion of existing concrete pavement and various overlay alternatives for an existing
bituminous pavement in an urban road in Bangalore. Along with this, Life cycle cost analyses at these sections are done by Net
Present Value (NPV) method to identify the most feasible option. The results show that though the initial cost of construction of
concrete overlay is high, over a period of time it prove to be better than the bituminous overlay considering the whole life cycle cost.
The economic analysis also indicates that, out of the three fibre options, hybrid reinforced concrete would be economical without
compromising the performance of the pavement.
Keywords: - Fatigue, Life cycle cost analysis, Net Present Value method, Overlay, Rehabilitation
Laboratory studies of dense bituminous mixes ii with reclaimed asphalt materialseSAT Journals
Abstract
The issue of growing demand on our nation’s roadways over that past couple of decades, decreasing budgetary funds, and the need to
provide a safe, efficient, and cost effective roadway system has led to a dramatic increase in the need to rehabilitate our existing
pavements and the issue of building sustainable road infrastructure in India. With these emergency of the mentioned needs and this
are today’s burning issue and has become the purpose of the study.
In the present study, the samples of existing bituminous layer materials were collected from NH-48(Devahalli to Hassan) site.The
mixtures were designed by Marshall Method as per Asphalt institute (MS-II) at 20% and 30% Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP).
RAP material was blended with virgin aggregate such that all specimens tested for the, Dense Bituminous Macadam-II (DBM-II)
gradation as per Ministry of Roads, Transport, and Highways (MoRT&H) and cost analysis were carried out to know the economics.
Laboratory results and analysis showed the use of recycled materials showed significant variability in Marshall Stability, and the
variability increased with the increase in RAP content. The saving can be realized from utilization of recycled materials as per the
methodology, the reduction in the total cost is 19%, 30%, comparing with the virgin mixes.
Keywords: Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement, Marshall Stability, MS-II, Dense Bituminous Macadam-II
Laboratory investigation of expansive soil stabilized with natural inorganic ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Soil stabilization has proven to be one of the oldest techniques to improve the soil properties. Literature review conducted revealed
that uses of natural inorganic stabilizers are found to be one of the best options for soil stabilization. In this regard an attempt has
been made to evaluate the influence of RBI-81 stabilizer on properties of black cotton soil through laboratory investigations. Black
cotton soil with varying percentages of RBI-81 viz., 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, and 2.5 percent were studied for moisture density relationships
and strength behaviour of soils. Also the effect of curing period was evaluated as literature review clearly emphasized the strength
gain of soils stabilized with RBI-81 over a period of time. The results obtained shows that the unconfined compressive strength of
specimens treated with RBI-81 increased approximately by 250% for a curing period of 28 days as compared to virgin soil. Further
the CBR value improved approximately by 400%. The studies indicated an increasing trend for soil strength behaviour with
increasing percentage of RBI-81 suggesting its potential applications in soil stabilization.
Influence of reinforcement on the behavior of hollow concrete block masonry p...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Reinforced masonry was developed to exploit the strength potential of masonry and to solve its lack of tensile strength. Experimental
and analytical studies have been carried out to investigate the effect of reinforcement on the behavior of hollow concrete block
masonry prisms under compression and to predict ultimate failure compressive strength. In the numerical program, three dimensional
non-linear finite elements (FE) model based on the micro-modeling approach is developed for both unreinforced and reinforced
masonry prisms using ANSYS (14.5). The proposed FE model uses multi-linear stress-strain relationships to model the non-linear
behavior of hollow concrete block, mortar, and grout. Willam-Warnke’s five parameter failure theory has been adopted to model the
failure of masonry materials. The comparison of the numerical and experimental results indicates that the FE models can successfully
capture the highly nonlinear behavior of the physical specimens and accurately predict their strength and failure mechanisms.
Keywords: Structural masonry, Hollow concrete block prism, grout, Compression failure, Finite element method,
Numerical modeling.
Influence of compaction energy on soil stabilized with chemical stabilizereSAT Journals
Abstract
Increase in traffic along with heavier magnitude of wheel loads cause rapid deterioration in pavements. There is a need to improve
density, strength of soil subgrade and other pavement layers. In this study an attempt is made to improve the properties of locally
available loamy soil using twin approaches viz., i) increasing the compaction of soil and ii) treating the soil with chemical stabilizer.
Laboratory studies are carried out on both untreated and treated soil samples compacted by different compaction efforts. Studies
show that increase in compaction effort results in increase in density of soil. However in soil treated with chemical stabilizer, rate of
increase in density is not significant. The soil treated with chemical stabilizer exhibits improvement in both strength and performance
properties.
Keywords: compaction, density, subgradestabilization, resilient modulus
Geographical information system (gis) for water resources managementeSAT Journals
Abstract
Water resources projects are inherited with overlapping and at times conflicting objectives. These projects are often of varied sizes
ranging from major projects with command areas of millions of hectares to very small projects implemented at the local level. Thus,
in all these projects there is seldom proper coordination which is essential for ensuring collective sustainability.
Integrated watershed development and management is the accepted answer but in turn requires a comprehensive framework that can
enable planning process involving all the stakeholders at different levels and scales is compulsory. Such a unified hydrological
framework is essential to evaluate the cause and effect of all the proposed actions within the drainage basins.
The present paper describes a hydrological framework developed in the form of a Hydrologic Information System (HIS) which is
intended to meet the specific information needs of the various line departments of a typical State connected with water related aspects.
The HIS consist of a hydrologic information database coupled with tools for collating primary and secondary data and tools for
analyzing and visualizing the data and information. The HIS also incorporates hydrological model base for indirect assessment of
various entities of water balance in space and time. The framework would be maintained and updated to reflect fully the most
accurate ground truth data and the infrastructure requirements for planning and management.
Keywords: Hydrological Information System (HIS); WebGIS; Data Model; Web Mapping Services
Forest type mapping of bidar forest division, karnataka using geoinformatics ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The study demonstrate the potentiality of satellite remote sensing technique for the generation of baseline information on forest types
including tree plantation details in Bidar forest division, Karnataka covering an area of 5814.60Sq.Kms. The Total Area of Bidar
forest division is 5814Sq.Kms analysis of the satellite data in the study area reveals that about 84% of the total area is Covered by
crop land, 1.778% of the area is covered by dry deciduous forest, 1.38 % of mixed plantation, which is very threatening to the
environmental stability of the forest, future plantation site has been mapped. With the use of latest Geo-informatics technology proper
and exact condition of the trees can be observed and necessary precautions can be taken for future plantation works in an appropriate
manner
Keywords:-RS, GIS, GPS, Forest Type, Tree Plantation
Factors influencing compressive strength of geopolymer concreteeSAT Journals
Abstract
To study effects of several factors on the properties of fly ash based geopolymer concrete on the compressive strength and also the
cost comparison with the normal concrete. The test variables were molarities of sodium hydroxide(NaOH) 8M,14M and 16M, ratio of
NaOH to sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) 1, 1.5, 2 and 2.5, alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio 0.35 and 0.40 and replacement of water in
Na2SiO3 solution by 10%, 20% and 30% were used in the present study. The test results indicated that the highest compressive
strength 54 MPa was observed for 16M of NaOH, ratio of NaOH to Na2SiO3 2.5 and alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of 0.35. Lowest
compressive strength of 27 MPa was observed for 8M of NaOH, ratio of NaOH to Na2SiO3 is 1 and alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of
0.40. Alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of 0.35, water replacement of 10% and 30% for 8 and 16 molarity of NaOH and has resulted in
compressive strength of 36 MPa and 20 MPa respectively. Superplasticiser dosage of 2 % by weight of fly ash has given higher
strength in all cases.
Keywords: compressive strength, alkaline liquid, fly ash
Experimental investigation on circular hollow steel columns in filled with li...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Composite Circular hollow Steel tubes with and without GFRP infill for three different grades of Light weight concrete are tested for
ultimate load capacity and axial shortening , under Cyclic loading. Steel tubes are compared for different lengths, cross sections and
thickness. Specimens were tested separately after adopting Taguchi’s L9 (Latin Squares) Orthogonal array in order to save the initial
experimental cost on number of specimens and experimental duration. Analysis was carried out using ANN (Artificial Neural
Network) technique with the assistance of Mini Tab- a statistical soft tool. Comparison for predicted, experimental & ANN output is
obtained from linear regression plots. From this research study, it can be concluded that *Cross sectional area of steel tube has most
significant effect on ultimate load carrying capacity, *as length of steel tube increased- load carrying capacity decreased & *ANN
modeling predicted acceptable results. Thus ANN tool can be utilized for predicting ultimate load carrying capacity for composite
columns.
Keywords: Light weight concrete, GFRP, Artificial Neural Network, Linear Regression, Back propagation, orthogonal
Array, Latin Squares
Experimental behavior of circular hsscfrc filled steel tubular columns under ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
This paper presents an outlook on experimental behavior and a comparison with predicted formula on the behaviour of circular
concentrically loaded self-consolidating fibre reinforced concrete filled steel tube columns (HSSCFRC). Forty-five specimens were
tested. The main parameters varied in the tests are: (1) percentage of fiber (2) tube diameter or width to wall thickness ratio (D/t
from 15 to 25) (3) L/d ratio from 2.97 to 7.04 the results from these predictions were compared with the experimental data. The
experimental results) were also validated in this study.
Keywords: Self-compacting concrete; Concrete-filled steel tube; axial load behavior; Ultimate capacity.
Evaluation of punching shear in flat slabseSAT Journals
Abstract
Flat-slab construction has been widely used in construction today because of many advantages that it offers. The basic philosophy in
the design of flat slab is to consider only gravity forces; this method ignores the effect of punching shear due to unbalanced moments
at the slab column junction which is critical. An attempt has been made to generate generalized design sheets which accounts both
punching shear due to gravity loads and unbalanced moments for cases (a) interior column; (b) edge column (bending perpendicular
to shorter edge); (c) edge column (bending parallel to shorter edge); (d) corner column. These design sheets are prepared as per
codal provisions of IS 456-2000. These design sheets will be helpful in calculating the shear reinforcement to be provided at the
critical section which is ignored in many design offices. Apart from its usefulness in evaluating punching shear and the necessary
shear reinforcement, the design sheets developed will enable the designer to fix the depth of flat slab during the initial phase of the
design.
Keywords: Flat slabs, punching shear, unbalanced moment.
Evaluation of performance of intake tower dam for recent earthquake in indiaeSAT Journals
Abstract
Intake towers are typically tall, hollow, reinforced concrete structures and form entrance to reservoir outlet works. A parametric
study on dynamic behavior of circular cylindrical towers can be carried out to study the effect of depth of submergence, wall thickness
and slenderness ratio, and also effect on tower considering dynamic analysis for time history function of different soil condition and
by Goyal and Chopra accounting interaction effects of added hydrodynamic mass of surrounding and inside water in intake tower of
dam
Key words: Hydrodynamic mass, Depth of submergence, Reservoir, Time history analysis,
Evaluation of operational efficiency of urban road network using travel time ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Efficiency of the road network system is analyzed by travel time reliability measures. The study overlooks on an important measure of
travel time reliability and prioritizing Tiruchirappalli road network. Traffic volume and travel time were collected using license plate
matching method. Travel time measures were estimated from average travel time and 95th travel time. Effect of non-motorized vehicle
on efficiency of road system was evaluated. Relation between buffer time index and traffic volume was created. Travel time model has
been developed and travel time measure was validated. Then service quality of road sections in network were graded based on
travel time reliability measures.
Keywords: Buffer Time Index (BTI); Average Travel Time (ATT); Travel Time Reliability (TTR); Buffer Time (BT).
Estimation of surface runoff in nallur amanikere watershed using scs cn methodeSAT Journals
Abstract
The development of watershed aims at productive utilization of all the available natural resources in the entire area extending from
ridge line to stream outlet. The per capita availability of land for cultivation has been decreasing over the years. Therefore, water and
the related land resources must be developed, utilized and managed in an integrated and comprehensive manner. Remote sensing and
GIS techniques are being increasingly used for planning, management and development of natural resources. The study area, Nallur
Amanikere watershed geographically lies between 110 38’ and 110 52’ N latitude and 760 30’ and 760 50’ E longitude with an area of
415.68 Sq. km. The thematic layers such as land use/land cover and soil maps were derived from remotely sensed data and overlayed
through ArcGIS software to assign the curve number on polygon wise. The daily rainfall data of six rain gauge stations in and around
the watershed (2001-2011) was used to estimate the daily runoff from the watershed using Soil Conservation Service - Curve Number
(SCS-CN) method. The runoff estimated from the SCS-CN model was then used to know the variation of runoff potential with different
land use/land cover and with different soil conditions.
Keywords: Watershed, Nallur watershed, Surface runoff, Rainfall-Runoff, SCS-CN, Remote Sensing, GIS.
Estimation of morphometric parameters and runoff using rs & gis techniqueseSAT Journals
Abstract
Land and water are the two vital natural resources, the optimal management of these resources with minimum adverse environmental
impact are essential not only for sustainable development but also for human survival. Satellite remote sensing with geographic
information system has a pragmatic approach to map and generate spatial input layers of predicting response behavior and yield of
watershed. Hence, in the present study an attempt has been made to understand the hydrological process of the catchment at the
watershed level by drawing the inferences from moprhometric analysis and runoff. The study area chosen for the present study is
Yagachi catchment situated in Chickamaglur and Hassan district lies geographically at a longitude 75⁰52’08.77”E and
13⁰10’50.77”N latitude. It covers an area of 559.493 Sq.km. Morphometric analysis is carried out to estimate morphometric
parameters at Micro-watershed to understand the hydrological response of the catchment at the Micro-watershed level. Daily runoff
is estimated using USDA SCS curve number model for a period of 10 years from 2001 to 2010. The rainfall runoff relationship of the
study shows there is a positive correlation.
Keywords: morphometric analysis, runoff, remote sensing and GIS, SCS - method
-
Effect of variation of plastic hinge length on the results of non linear anal...eSAT Journals
Abstract The nonlinear Static procedure also well known as pushover analysis is method where in monotonically increasing loads are applied to the structure till the structure is unable to resist any further load. It is a popular tool for seismic performance evaluation of existing and new structures. In literature lot of research has been carried out on conventional pushover analysis and after knowing deficiency efforts have been made to improve it. But actual test results to verify the analytically obtained pushover results are rarely available. It has been found that some amount of variation is always expected to exist in seismic demand prediction of pushover analysis. Initial study is carried out by considering user defined hinge properties and default hinge length. Attempt is being made to assess the variation of pushover analysis results by considering user defined hinge properties and various hinge length formulations available in literature and results compared with experimentally obtained results based on test carried out on a G+2 storied RCC framed structure. For the present study two geometric models viz bare frame and rigid frame model is considered and it is found that the results of pushover analysis are very sensitive to geometric model and hinge length adopted. Keywords: Pushover analysis, Base shear, Displacement, hinge length, moment curvature analysis
Effect of use of recycled materials on indirect tensile strength of asphalt c...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Depletion of natural resources and aggregate quarries for the road construction is a serious problem to procure materials. Hence
recycling or reuse of material is beneficial. On emphasizing development in sustainable construction in the present era, recycling of
asphalt pavements is one of the effective and proven rehabilitation processes. For the laboratory investigations reclaimed asphalt
pavement (RAP) from NH-4 and crumb rubber modified binder (CRMB-55) was used. Foundry waste was used as a replacement to
conventional filler. Laboratory tests were conducted on asphalt concrete mixes with 30, 40, 50, and 60 percent replacement with RAP.
These test results were compared with conventional mixes and asphalt concrete mixes with complete binder extracted RAP
aggregates. Mix design was carried out by Marshall Method. The Marshall Tests indicated highest stability values for asphalt
concrete (AC) mixes with 60% RAP. The optimum binder content (OBC) decreased with increased in RAP in AC mixes. The Indirect
Tensile Strength (ITS) for AC mixes with RAP also was found to be higher when compared to conventional AC mixes at 300C.
Keywords: Reclaimed asphalt pavement, Foundry waste, Recycling, Marshall Stability, Indirect tensile strength.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
Contact with Dawood Bhai Just call on +92322-6382012 and we'll help you. We'll solve all your problems within 12 to 24 hours and with 101% guarantee and with astrology systematic. If you want to take any personal or professional advice then also you can call us on +92322-6382012 , ONLINE LOVE PROBLEM & Other all types of Daily Life Problem's.Then CALL or WHATSAPP us on +92322-6382012 and Get all these problems solutions here by Amil Baba DAWOOD BANGALI
#vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore#blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #blackmagicforlove #blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #Amilbabainuk #amilbabainspain #amilbabaindubai #Amilbabainnorway #amilbabainkrachi #amilbabainlahore #amilbabaingujranwalan #amilbabainislamabad
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
A survey on jamming attacks, detection and defending strategies in wireless sensor networks
1. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 03 Issue: 03 | Mar-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 558
A SURVEY ON JAMMING ATTACKS, DETECTION AND DEFENDING
STRATEGIES IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS
Mehreen Shaikh1
, Abid. H Syed2
1
Student of M.Tech, Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering, BLDEA’S CET, Karnataka, India
2
Assistant Professor, Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering, BLDEA’S CET Karnataka, India
Abstract
Wireless Sensor Network (WSN)s are now a days most widely used and are undergoing many security threats. Of the different
types of threats, Jamming attack has been considered a severe security threat. These jamming attacks cause the overutilization of
scarce resources like the battery power. Further, high computations require lot of memory. Such problems cause the reduction in
the lifetime of the sensor nodes in WSNs. There are four types of jamming attacks in which the most difficult type of attack is the
reactive jammer as it is easy to launch by the adversary but very difficult to detect and defend. In this paper we present a brief
survey of the types of jamming attacks, methods used to detect and defend the jammers.
Keywords: Wireless Sensor Networks, Jamming Attacks, Reactive jamming attack, and Trigger node identification.
--------------------------------------------------------------------***-----------------------------------------------------------------
1. INTRODUCTION
Wireless Sensor Networks contain a number of sensor nodes
that are responsible for routing the data over the wireless
networks. WSNs are more widely used and find its
applications in data aggregation, data monitoring etc. The
major aspect of WSN is to provide security of data in such a
way that data is not affected by any intruders or jammers.
WSNs are affected by jamming attacks. Jamming attacks are
those which try to interfere with the transmission and
reception of wireless signals by emitting RF signals. There
are different types of jammers that try to intentionally inject
false data during the communication between two nodes
which affects the data transmission and also the
performance of WSN reduces as it causes the
overutilization of the scarce resources like battery power,
memory etc. There are many methods that have been
developed to detect the jammers and also to defend the
jamming attacks.
Our work in this paper describes the survey of different
methodologies used to detect and defend the jamming
attacks. This paper is organized as follows, in Section II we
describe the types of jammers, in Section III Overview of
the methods used for detecting Jamming Attacks, in Section
IV Overview of the methods used for evading Jamming
Attacks, in Section V Overview of the methods proposed for
locating and defending Reactive Jammers.
2. TYPES OF JAMMERS
Jamming nodes are classified depending on the different
characteristics these nodes posses [1]. They are i) Constant
Jammer ii) Deceptive Jammer iii) Random Jammer iv)
Reactive Jammer.
Constant jammer: It continually emits a radio signal, and
can be implemented using either a waveform generator that
continuously sends a radio signal or a normal wireless
device that continuously sends out random bits to the
channel [1].
Deceptive jammer: The deceptive jammer continuously
sends regular packets on the channel without any gap
between the packets.
Random jammer: A random jammer alternates between
sleeping and jamming. During its jamming phase, it behaves
like a constant jammer or a deceptive jammer.
Reactive jammer: This type of jammer is quiet until the
medium is idle and when it senses transmission on the
medium it starts injecting false data which avoids the
legitimate user to send data. Among all the above four
jammers the reactive jammer is very difficult to detect.
3. OVERVIEW OF THE METHODS USED FOR
DETECTING JAMMING ATTACKS.
The various methods employed for the detection of jamming
attacks is based on the Basic Strategies and Advanced
Strategies. Each of these strategies has drawbacks that we
discuss in the paper as follows [1] [2].
3.1 Basic Strategies
a) Signal Strength — As the strength of the signal gets
affected by the presence of interference hence in this method
the detection of jamming is done by the strength of the
received signal. Here we compare the average signal
magnitude with the threshold which is calculated by the
noise levels.
2. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 03 Issue: 03 | Mar-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 559
Drawback: It is very difficult to discriminate between the
normal traffic and reactive jammer traffic as the signal
strength for both the traffic is similar. Hence reactive
jammers are difficult to detect.
b) Carrier Sensing Time — In this method the carrier
sensing time is used to detect the presence of jammer. Here
we can detect whether the channel is busy or idle by
comparing the noise level with fixed threshold.
Drawback: This method is efficient only for the detection of
constant jammer. If the jammers are random and reactive
this method is inefficient.
c) Packet Delivery Ratio — PDR is defined as the ratio of
the total number of packets delivered successfully to
destination to the total number of packets transmitted by the
source. In this method jamming is detected based on the
value of PDR. If the value of the PDR is close to zero then
this indicates the presence of jammers. PDR is effective in
differentiating jamming and network congestion.
Drawback: PDR cannot differentiate between jamming
attack and network dynamics hence it is not as effective in
case of network dynamics i.e. if the sender battery fails and
sender is not within the communication range of receiver
which causes drop in PDR.
3.2 Advanced Strategies
The basic strategies provide the information whether the
jammer is present or the network is congested but do not
evade the jammers. These advanced strategies are developed
by combining the basic strategies [3]. By combining basic
strategies such as PDR and signal strength we can find the
reason for bit errors within a packet and determine whether
the packet was affected by jamming attack or was sent
through a weak link.
When there is no interference, high signal strength refers to
a high PDR. If the signal strength is low, the PDR will also
be low. A low PDR may also be due to a node’s neighbors
have died by consuming battery or device faults, or jamming
of the node.
4. OVERVIEW OF THE METHODS USED FOR
EVADING JAMMING ATTACKS.
To defend against the jamming attacks following are the
strategies developed [1].
a) Channel Surfing: This strategy is a motivation of
frequency hopping modulation. In channel surfing if a node
senses interference then to avoid interference it changes its
assigned channel to a new channel.
This strategy is well suited for the communication between
two nodes. It is not suitable if there are multiple nodes and
after sensing interference each node switches to a new
channel which causes unreliable coordination and in turn
provides challenges like asynchrony, latency and scalability.
If we use coordinated channel switching then the entire
network will switch to a new channel. But latency increases
as the scale of the network increases which results into an
unstable network.
This problem can be overcome by allowing only jammed
regions to switch to a new channel.
b) Spatial Retreats: In this strategy the jammed nodes try
to move from the jammed regions. This technique is best
suited for the mobile sensor networks. If the mobile sensor
node finds a jammed area or a jammed node then it must
move to a safer location.
The problem associated with this technique is that as the
jammers are mobile hence they can cause the entire network
to relocate. In order to overcome this problem the spatial
retreat must gain robustness to mobile jammers. This can be
achieved from two phases they are
1) Escape phase – In this phase the nodes which are located
in jammed area escape to “safe” regions and also manage to
stay connected with the network.
2) Reconstruction phase – In this phase the mobile nodes
achieve uniform coverage and also the network partitioning
is prevented.
c) Region Based Signal to Noise Ratio:
In order to determine the level of disturbance the entire
network is subdivided into three divisions they are
unaffected nodes, jammed nodes and the boundary nodes.
Considering region based and signal to noise ratio based are
the two jamming models then the region based model
determines the impact of jamming by evaluating received
jammed signal strength. But whereas SNR based model
determines the SNR at the receiver which determines more
accurately the effects of jamming.
Table-1 Methods for detection of jamming attacks in WSNs
Method Description Problems
Signal
strength
The strength of the signal
is affected by the presence
of jammers.
We compare the average
signal magnitude with a
threshold which is
calculated from the noise
levels.
Difficult in
discriminating
jamming scenarios
and normal traffic
scenarios.
Carrier
Sensing
Time
Two important
observations are made
a)MAC protocol is used
to determine the status of
the channel
b)Jammers must not be
reactive or random.
It is used to detect
only constant
jammer.
Cannot be allowed
for detection of all
jamming
scenarios.
Packet
Delivery
The number of packets
sent and received
Not effective for
network parameter
3. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 03 Issue: 03 | Mar-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 560
Ratio successfully by the sender
and receiver is
determined.
dynamics like
1)sender battery
failure 2) sender
or receiver out of
communication
range etc.
Table-2 Methods used for defending jamming attacks in
WSNs
Methods Description Problem
Channel
Surfing
It is the motivation of
frequency hopping
modulation.
If interference is sensed
then to avoid
interference the assigned
channel changes to a
new channel
Suitable only for
two nodes
scenario
Channel switching
causes unreliable
co-ordination of
channel frequency
Spatial
Retreats
The jammed nodes
move from jammed
regions. Suitable for
mobile sensor network
As jammers are
mobile hence they
cause the entire
network to
relocate.
Region
based
SNR
Network is subdivided
in three subdivisions.
Impact of jamming is
determined by
evaluating received
jammed signal strength.
Complex as
network must be
subdivided and
time consuming
5. OVERVIEW OF THE METHODS PROPOSED
FOR THE LOCATING AND DEFENDING
REACTIVE JAMMERS.
In the above methods it is very difficult to identify the
reactive jammers. The different techniques used to detect
and defend reactive jammers are as follows [3] [4].
a) Non –Adaptive Group Testing: Group Testing was
developed and applied to medical testing since WWII. This
technique can be associated with the work to identify the
trigger nodes from large victim nodes.
By the help of group testing we can find out all the trigger
nodes within very short period of time.
b) Minimum Disk Cover in a Polygon: Consider a simple
polygon having a set of vertices in it, and we have to find
out the minimum number of variable-radii disks that are
within the polygon and also cover all given vertices. This
technique can be used to estimate the jamming range.
c) Clique-Independent Set: This technique finds a set of
optimum number of pair wise vertex maximal cliques, called
as maximum clique-independent set.
The reactive jammers are defended by trigger node
identification service [3] [5].
This method is lightweight and all the computations are
done at the base station which provides low transmission
overhead and less time complexity and theoretically
guaranteed as well. The three main steps of the procedure
are
1) Anomaly Detection - Each sensor sends the status report
message to the base station periodically. The base station
detects reactive jamming attacks as each boundary node
reports their identities to base station.
2) Jammer Property Estimation – the report received by the
boundary nodes helps to determine the location of boundary
nodes and the base station calculates the jammed area and
jamming range.
3) Trigger Identification – Here we consider encryption
technique in which base station creates an encrypted
message and broadcasts to all boundary nodes in the
network.
The boundary nodes continue to broadcast the message to all
victim nodes within the jammed area for a certain period of
time.
Now all the victim nodes start executing the procedure of
testing based on the broadcast massage which helps them to
identify themselves as trigger nodes or non-trigger nodes.
6. CONCLUSION
The basic strategies such as signal strength, carrier sensing
time and PDR are effective in the detection of jamming
attacks with a limitation of defending them. The advanced
strategies help in finding out reason for the presence of
errors in the packets but do not defend the jammers. The
methods channel surfing, spatial retreats and region based
signal to noise ratio evade the jammers but have drawback
of asynchrony, latency and scalability. All the above
methods have a common drawback that they are not
effective in detecting and defending reactive jammers.
Techniques such as non – adaptive group testing, minimum
disk cover in a polygon, clique independent set are effective
in detection and defending reactive jammers but with
increase in latency. Hence a trigger identification method
has been proposed in order to detect the reactive jammer in
WSN by providing the advantage of low transmission
overhead and less time complexity and also theoretically
guaranteed.
REFERENCES
[1]. Wenyuan Xu, Ke Ma, Wade Trappe, and Yanyong
Zhang, Rutgers University, “Jamming Sensor
Networks:Attack and Defense Strategies”, IEEE Network ,
May/June 2006.
[2]. Wenyuan Xu, Wade Trappe, Yanyong Zhang and
Timothy Wood, “ The Feasibility of Launching and
Detecting Jamming Attacks in Wireless Networks”, ACM,
MobiHoc’05, May 25-27, 2005, Urbana-Champaign,
Illinois, USA.
[3]. Ying Xuan, Yilin Shen, Nam P. Nguyen, My T. Thai,
“A Trigger Identification Service for Defending Reactive
Jammers in WSN”, IEEE Transaction on Mobile
Computing, Vol.11, No.5, May 2012.
4. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 03 Issue: 03 | Mar-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 561
[4]. Incheol Shin, Yilin Shen, Ying Xuan, and My T. Thai,
Taieb Znati, “Reactive Jamming Attacks in Multi-Radio
Wireless Sensor Networks: An Efficient Mitigating Measure
by Identifying Trigger Nodes”,ACM FOWANC’09, May
18, 2009.
[5].Vinothkumar.G, Ramya.G, Rengarajan.A, “
Lightweight Decentralized Algorithm for Localizing
Reactive Jammers in Wireless Sensor Network”,31st
International Conference on Distributed Computing
Systems,2011.
BIOGRAPHIES
Mehreen R Shaikh received her bachelor’s
degree from Visveswaraya Technological
University and is pursuing master’s degree
in Digital Communication and
Networking from Visveswaraya
Technological University Belgaum. Her
interests include sensor networks
Syed Abidhusain received his bachelor’s
degree in Electronics and Communication
from Visveswaraya Technological
University and master’s degree in Digital
Communication from BEC Bagalkot.
Pursuing Ph D in networking from
Visveswaraya Technological University Belgaum. His
interests include sensor networks, and networking.