Personalized E-learning seeks to provide each individual learner with the right and
sufficient content they need according to learners level of knowledge, behavior and profile. The
performance of the learners can be enhanced by posting the suitable E-learning contents to the learners
based on their learning styles. Hence, it is very essential to have a clear knowledge about various
learning styles in order to predict the learning styles of different learners in E-learning environments.
However, predicting the learning styles needs complete knowledge about the learners past and present
characteristics. The core objective of this survey paper is to outline the working of the existing learning
style models and the metrics used to evaluate them. Based on the existing models, this paper identifies
Felder–Silverman learning style model as the appropriate model for E-learning so that it can enrich the
performance of the E-learning system.
Through Modular Training Increasing the Efficiency of Educationijtsrd
Professional development through modular training in the article the masses of the wider use of its possibilities to make education more effective are described and appropriate conclusions are made, recommendations are given. G. H. Nigmatova "Through Modular Training Increasing the Efficiency of Education" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Special Issue | Modern Trends in Scientific Research and Development, Case of Asia , October 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd35794.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/35794/through-modular-training-increasing-the-efficiency-of-education/g-h-nigmatova
This study aims at providing further insights into the factors influencing people’s decisions to pursue teaching English as a career. The study attempts to give answers to the following questions: (1) What are the career motivations of 1st and 4th grade prospective English teachers? (2) Is there a difference between 1st and 4th grade prospective English teachers’ career motivations? A total of 84 prospective English teachers (41 first grade and 43 fourth grade) participated in the study. The data were collected by means of a questionnaire designed to investigate career motivations of Turkish prospective English language teachers. For the data analysis, descriptive statistics in terms of mean and standard deviation were computed, and independent samples t-tests were conducted to find out whether the findings were statistically significantly different or not. The findings revealed that intrinsic and altruistic reasons were the most preferred ones by the student teachers. In contrast, extrinsic reasons were found to be the least influential factors behind the participants’ decisions to become a teacher. The findings also showed that there is not a statistically significant difference between the grades in terms of career motivations. According to the results, further implications were suggested in the study.
Application of Delegating Model in Mentoring for Teachersiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Research & Method in Education (IOSRJRME) is an open access journal that publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of research & method in education. The goal of this journal is to bring together researchers and practitioners from academia and industry to focus on advanced research & method in education concepts and establishing new collaborations in these areas.
Through Modular Training Increasing the Efficiency of Educationijtsrd
Professional development through modular training in the article the masses of the wider use of its possibilities to make education more effective are described and appropriate conclusions are made, recommendations are given. G. H. Nigmatova "Through Modular Training Increasing the Efficiency of Education" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Special Issue | Modern Trends in Scientific Research and Development, Case of Asia , October 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd35794.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/35794/through-modular-training-increasing-the-efficiency-of-education/g-h-nigmatova
This study aims at providing further insights into the factors influencing people’s decisions to pursue teaching English as a career. The study attempts to give answers to the following questions: (1) What are the career motivations of 1st and 4th grade prospective English teachers? (2) Is there a difference between 1st and 4th grade prospective English teachers’ career motivations? A total of 84 prospective English teachers (41 first grade and 43 fourth grade) participated in the study. The data were collected by means of a questionnaire designed to investigate career motivations of Turkish prospective English language teachers. For the data analysis, descriptive statistics in terms of mean and standard deviation were computed, and independent samples t-tests were conducted to find out whether the findings were statistically significantly different or not. The findings revealed that intrinsic and altruistic reasons were the most preferred ones by the student teachers. In contrast, extrinsic reasons were found to be the least influential factors behind the participants’ decisions to become a teacher. The findings also showed that there is not a statistically significant difference between the grades in terms of career motivations. According to the results, further implications were suggested in the study.
Application of Delegating Model in Mentoring for Teachersiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Research & Method in Education (IOSRJRME) is an open access journal that publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of research & method in education. The goal of this journal is to bring together researchers and practitioners from academia and industry to focus on advanced research & method in education concepts and establishing new collaborations in these areas.
State of the art of learning styles based adaptive educational hypermedia sys...ijcsit
The notion that learning can be enhanced when a teaching approach matches a learner’s learning style has
been widely accepted in classroom settings since the latter represents a predictor of student’s attitude and
preferences. As such, the traditional approach of ‘one-size-fits-all’ as may be applied to teaching delivery
in Educational Hypermedia Systems (EHSs) has to be changed with an approach that responds to users’
needs by exploiting their individual differences. However, establishing and implementing reliable
approaches for matching the teaching delivery and modalities to learning styles still represents an
innovation challenge which has to be tackled. In this paper, seventy six studies are objectively analysed for
several goals. In order to reveal the value of integrating learning styles in EHSs, different perspectives in
this context are discussed. Identifying the most effective learning style models as incorporated within
AEHSs. Investigating the effectiveness of different approaches for modelling students’ individual learning
traits is another goal of this study. Thus, the paper highlights a number of theoretical and technical issues
of LS-BAEHSs to serve as a comprehensive guidance for researchers who interest in this area.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development is an international premier peer reviewed open access engineering and technology journal promoting the discovery, innovation, advancement and dissemination of basic and transitional knowledge in engineering, technology and related disciplines.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Searching for the relationship between secondary schools students' motivation...inventionjournals
This study aims to search students' science learning motivation in relation with some variables (such as having a separate study room at home and a personal computer) and the effect of motivational factors on students' science achievement. In the study, descriptive corelational survey model has been used to examine students' motivation in relation with some variables and to search the relationship between students' science learning motivation and their TEOG exam scores. The sample of the study consisted of 232 8th grade students attending 3 state secondary schools in Kahramanmaraş during 2013-2014 academic year. Students' motivation level has been determined by administering SMTSL. Students' average scores of the TEOG exam have been considered as their science achievement. The findings show that female students’ motivation level is higher than the male students. In addition, it has been observed that female students’ motivation is higher in sub-categories of active learning strategies, science learning value and achievement goal. There is a direct relationship between the students’ motivation and their TEOG scores. This shows that students with higher levels of motivation have higher success in TEOG.
TEACHER BEHAVIOUR AS PERCEIVED BY HIGHER SECONDARY COMPUTER SCIENCE STUDENTS ...Thiyagu K
Computer science is one of the subjects being taught at higher secondary
level catering the needs of basic knowledge and skills to fulfill the requirements at
higher education level (Joseph F. Callahan.1977). Moreover, the subject -
computer science - commands the attention of all the people of the globe. The fact
is that most of the students feel very difficult in learning computer science. Hence,
the computer science teachers are expected to be more competent and effective in
their profession. The main aim of the study is to find out the level of teacher
behaviour as perceived by higher secondary computer science students and to find
out the level of achievement in computer science of higher secondary computer
science students. The investigator used the survey method for the present study.
The sample for the present study consisted of 300 higher secondary computer
science students studying in four different schools of Tuticorin District. The
investigator used the Teacher Behaviour Scale prepared and validated by S.
Arockiasamy (2004). The findings of the study were more than 67% of higher
secondary computer science students have recorded their neutral perception on the
teacher behaviour of their respective teachers. The male and female higher
secondary computer science students differ significantly in their perception on
teacher behaviour in total and in the dimensions - questioning and class
management. And no significant relationship is found between the perception of
higher secondary computer science students on teacher behaviour in total and their
achievement in computer science.
this is the study teacher Educationof firset 4 chapter of the book written by Burn & Richards Terend of teacher education from 1960s up to now and idiological and power influence on this terend
Application of Delegating Model in Mentoring for Teachers in Madrasah Ibtidai...inventionjournals
'Delegating' leadership model in mentoring for teachers is applied toWonosobo Madrasah Ibtidayah teacher with 'high' position of capabilities. ‘Delegating' mentoring model is a model that notice the uniqueness of the person being mentored (tenant). Based on a very philosophical foundation, the every person has different character. Mentoring should be done individually with facilitation which appropriate totenants problem. 'Delegating' mentoring model is same as the model of Tut Wuri Handayani(the concept of Ki Hadjar Dewantara). This research method is the Community-Based Research with research design O1 X O2 (ONE Group retest – Posttest Design). The condition or position of tenants before mentoring is in determinant one with mean score 3.43, the position of tenants after mentoringis in the determinant one with mean score 3.50. The increasing score of tenant capability is 2.23%. The power of mentoring is 0.98 which means very strong.
TEACHER’S ATTITUDE TOWARDS UTILISING FUTURE GADGETS IN EDUCATION ijcax
Today’s era is an era of modernization and globalization. Everything is happening at a very fast rate whether it is politics, societal reforms, commercialization, transportation, or educational innovations. In every few second, technology grows either in the form of arrival of the new devices/gadgets with millions of apps and these latest technological objects may be in the form of hardware/software devices. We are the
educationists, teachers, students and stakeholders of present Indian educational system. These gadgets/devices are partly being used by us or most of them are still unaware of these innovative technologies due to the mass media or economical factor. So, there is a need to improvise ourselves towards utilizing the future gadgets in order to explore the educational uses, barriers and preparatoryneeds of these available devices for educational purposes. This paper aims to study the opinion of the teacher-educators about the usage of future gadgets in higher education. It will also contribute towards establishing the list of latest technological devices, and how it can enhances the process of teachinglearning system.
The effects of using game in cooperative learning strategy on learning outco...Eva Handriyantini
The game in learning can be used to increase the learning motivation of students, and having a contribution to development of students learning outcome. Research design used in this research is factorial non-equivalent control group design, where the research subject is students at 4th grade at SDN Lowokwaru III, Malang. Moderator variables in this research are learning motivations, grouped into high learning motivation and low learning motivation. Data analysis technique used in this research is ANCOVA ( Analysis of Covariance ) rank two 2x2. The instruments used in the learning motivation in this research adopting from Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire (MSLQ) (Pintrich et. al., 1990). A scale of measurement a motivation in MSLQ contains 3 a major component indicators: (1) Intrinsic Goal Orientation; (2) Extrinsic Goal Orientation; (3) Task Value; (4) Control Beliefs; (5) Self-Efficacy; (6) Test anxiety. Based on data analysis, research outcome can be summarized as follows: (1) there is difference between average learning result of student group which use game-assisted cooperative learning strategy and average learning result of student group which use cooperative learning strategy without game; (2) there is difference between average learning result of students whohave low learning motivationand average learning result of students who have high learning motivation at all treatment groups; (3) there is significant difference of average learning result based on interaction between treatment group with game-assisted cooperative learning strategy and treatment group with non-game-assisted cooperative learning strategy, and learning motivation (low and high).
State of the art of learning styles based adaptive educational hypermedia sys...ijcsit
The notion that learning can be enhanced when a teaching approach matches a learner’s learning style has
been widely accepted in classroom settings since the latter represents a predictor of student’s attitude and
preferences. As such, the traditional approach of ‘one-size-fits-all’ as may be applied to teaching delivery
in Educational Hypermedia Systems (EHSs) has to be changed with an approach that responds to users’
needs by exploiting their individual differences. However, establishing and implementing reliable
approaches for matching the teaching delivery and modalities to learning styles still represents an
innovation challenge which has to be tackled. In this paper, seventy six studies are objectively analysed for
several goals. In order to reveal the value of integrating learning styles in EHSs, different perspectives in
this context are discussed. Identifying the most effective learning style models as incorporated within
AEHSs. Investigating the effectiveness of different approaches for modelling students’ individual learning
traits is another goal of this study. Thus, the paper highlights a number of theoretical and technical issues
of LS-BAEHSs to serve as a comprehensive guidance for researchers who interest in this area.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development is an international premier peer reviewed open access engineering and technology journal promoting the discovery, innovation, advancement and dissemination of basic and transitional knowledge in engineering, technology and related disciplines.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Searching for the relationship between secondary schools students' motivation...inventionjournals
This study aims to search students' science learning motivation in relation with some variables (such as having a separate study room at home and a personal computer) and the effect of motivational factors on students' science achievement. In the study, descriptive corelational survey model has been used to examine students' motivation in relation with some variables and to search the relationship between students' science learning motivation and their TEOG exam scores. The sample of the study consisted of 232 8th grade students attending 3 state secondary schools in Kahramanmaraş during 2013-2014 academic year. Students' motivation level has been determined by administering SMTSL. Students' average scores of the TEOG exam have been considered as their science achievement. The findings show that female students’ motivation level is higher than the male students. In addition, it has been observed that female students’ motivation is higher in sub-categories of active learning strategies, science learning value and achievement goal. There is a direct relationship between the students’ motivation and their TEOG scores. This shows that students with higher levels of motivation have higher success in TEOG.
TEACHER BEHAVIOUR AS PERCEIVED BY HIGHER SECONDARY COMPUTER SCIENCE STUDENTS ...Thiyagu K
Computer science is one of the subjects being taught at higher secondary
level catering the needs of basic knowledge and skills to fulfill the requirements at
higher education level (Joseph F. Callahan.1977). Moreover, the subject -
computer science - commands the attention of all the people of the globe. The fact
is that most of the students feel very difficult in learning computer science. Hence,
the computer science teachers are expected to be more competent and effective in
their profession. The main aim of the study is to find out the level of teacher
behaviour as perceived by higher secondary computer science students and to find
out the level of achievement in computer science of higher secondary computer
science students. The investigator used the survey method for the present study.
The sample for the present study consisted of 300 higher secondary computer
science students studying in four different schools of Tuticorin District. The
investigator used the Teacher Behaviour Scale prepared and validated by S.
Arockiasamy (2004). The findings of the study were more than 67% of higher
secondary computer science students have recorded their neutral perception on the
teacher behaviour of their respective teachers. The male and female higher
secondary computer science students differ significantly in their perception on
teacher behaviour in total and in the dimensions - questioning and class
management. And no significant relationship is found between the perception of
higher secondary computer science students on teacher behaviour in total and their
achievement in computer science.
this is the study teacher Educationof firset 4 chapter of the book written by Burn & Richards Terend of teacher education from 1960s up to now and idiological and power influence on this terend
Application of Delegating Model in Mentoring for Teachers in Madrasah Ibtidai...inventionjournals
'Delegating' leadership model in mentoring for teachers is applied toWonosobo Madrasah Ibtidayah teacher with 'high' position of capabilities. ‘Delegating' mentoring model is a model that notice the uniqueness of the person being mentored (tenant). Based on a very philosophical foundation, the every person has different character. Mentoring should be done individually with facilitation which appropriate totenants problem. 'Delegating' mentoring model is same as the model of Tut Wuri Handayani(the concept of Ki Hadjar Dewantara). This research method is the Community-Based Research with research design O1 X O2 (ONE Group retest – Posttest Design). The condition or position of tenants before mentoring is in determinant one with mean score 3.43, the position of tenants after mentoringis in the determinant one with mean score 3.50. The increasing score of tenant capability is 2.23%. The power of mentoring is 0.98 which means very strong.
TEACHER’S ATTITUDE TOWARDS UTILISING FUTURE GADGETS IN EDUCATION ijcax
Today’s era is an era of modernization and globalization. Everything is happening at a very fast rate whether it is politics, societal reforms, commercialization, transportation, or educational innovations. In every few second, technology grows either in the form of arrival of the new devices/gadgets with millions of apps and these latest technological objects may be in the form of hardware/software devices. We are the
educationists, teachers, students and stakeholders of present Indian educational system. These gadgets/devices are partly being used by us or most of them are still unaware of these innovative technologies due to the mass media or economical factor. So, there is a need to improvise ourselves towards utilizing the future gadgets in order to explore the educational uses, barriers and preparatoryneeds of these available devices for educational purposes. This paper aims to study the opinion of the teacher-educators about the usage of future gadgets in higher education. It will also contribute towards establishing the list of latest technological devices, and how it can enhances the process of teachinglearning system.
The effects of using game in cooperative learning strategy on learning outco...Eva Handriyantini
The game in learning can be used to increase the learning motivation of students, and having a contribution to development of students learning outcome. Research design used in this research is factorial non-equivalent control group design, where the research subject is students at 4th grade at SDN Lowokwaru III, Malang. Moderator variables in this research are learning motivations, grouped into high learning motivation and low learning motivation. Data analysis technique used in this research is ANCOVA ( Analysis of Covariance ) rank two 2x2. The instruments used in the learning motivation in this research adopting from Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire (MSLQ) (Pintrich et. al., 1990). A scale of measurement a motivation in MSLQ contains 3 a major component indicators: (1) Intrinsic Goal Orientation; (2) Extrinsic Goal Orientation; (3) Task Value; (4) Control Beliefs; (5) Self-Efficacy; (6) Test anxiety. Based on data analysis, research outcome can be summarized as follows: (1) there is difference between average learning result of student group which use game-assisted cooperative learning strategy and average learning result of student group which use cooperative learning strategy without game; (2) there is difference between average learning result of students whohave low learning motivationand average learning result of students who have high learning motivation at all treatment groups; (3) there is significant difference of average learning result based on interaction between treatment group with game-assisted cooperative learning strategy and treatment group with non-game-assisted cooperative learning strategy, and learning motivation (low and high).
Development of Blended E-Learning Model Using Online Interactive Reflective L...Jintavee Khlaisang
Khlaisang, J; Koraneekij, P. (2012). Development of Blended E-Learning Model Using Online Interactive Reflective Learning Logs to Enhance Faculty of Education Students’ Inquiring Mind and Retention at Chulalongkorn University. Proceedings of the Fourth International e-Learning Conference 2012, organized by the Thailand Cyber University Project, Office of the Higher Education Commission, Bangkok, Thailand, June 14, 2012.
Researching and Developing Engaging Pedagogies2018 2HAction r.docxgertrudebellgrove
Researching and Developing Engaging Pedagogies
2018 2H
Action research – guidance notes
1 Capstone unit
Researching and Developing Engaging Pedagogies is the capstone unit for the Master of Teaching (Primary). The core aim is to enhance and measure students’ readiness for the teaching profession.
· The unit develops students’ skills and expertise in researching their own practice, and facilitates their ‘researcherly’ disposition. (become a teacher-researcher)
· The unit supports students’ in refining their pedagogy throughsuch reflective practice. (progress as a teacher)
· The unit challenges students to inquire into, reflect upon and subsequently develop classroom pedagogies and assessment practices that facilitate substantive engagement in learning. (become an engaging teacher)
The unit extends students’ students’ research skills by drawing on participatory action research (e.g. through the use of peer planning, focus groups and peer assessment).
We focus on pedagogies that encourage learners of all social and cultural backgrounds to have engaging and productive relationships with education, schools and classrooms. We review theories which apply to the study of engaging practices in diverse professional contexts. In particular, we look at research into student engagement undertaken in the UWS Fair Go Project. Key readings have been selected to give students theoretical and practical understandings of what engaging teaching looks like, especially for students from disadvantaged backgrounds. We link the discussion on engagement to contemporary approaches to pedagogical innovation, which foreground motivation, creativity, technology integration and dialogic space in classrooms. Students are encouraged to implement and evaluate these teaching approaches in their professional experiences.
2 Researching engagement
Educational research on student engagement centres on understanding and developing engaging practices. Our focus is on innovative pedagogies that facilitate deep learning through substantive engagement. In this sense, we encourage you to shift your focus from behaviour management (controlling behaviour) to the management of learning (enabling and facilitating quality learning experiences). Concerns about the behaviour of students are valid concerns. We however encourage a pedagogic response to problem behaviour which recognises the links between the quality of the teaching and student behaviour. So engaging pedagogies do not simply ‘fix’ behaviour by exerting control (e.g. a reward systems or external incentive). Instead, we ask you to look deeply into your teaching and see where it is lacking in engagement.
It is imperative that you become familiar with the content of our core text (available online through the UWS library):
Munns, G., Sawyer, W. & Cole, B. (Eds) (2013) Exemplary teachers of students in poverty. Abingdon, UK: Routledge.
Another key resource for engagement (also available online) is:
Fair Go Project. (20.
This study aims to detect the impact of the modified learning cycle strategy on the development of habits of mind and skills of critical thinking in the ‘Islamic Education’ subject for 10th grade students in Jordan. To achieve this goal, the researcher used the semi-experimental approach, hence dividing the students into two groups: a control group and an experimental group. Each grouped consisted of (31) students. The modified learning cycle was applied to teach the experimental group, and the regular traditional strategy to the control group. The researcher prepared two studying tools: a measure of the habits of mind which consisted of (25) paragraph, and a critical thinking skills test which included (28) paragraph. Both tools were applied after assuring their validity and reliability. The results indicated a statistically significant difference for using the modified learning cycle strategy in the development of habits of mind and skills of critical thinking for the experimental group students compared to the control group students. The study, thus, stresses the need to apply the modified learning cycle in teaching the ‘Islamic Education’ subject due to its effectiveness in developing habits of mind and skills of critical thinking. The researcher also recommends conducting more research on the effectiveness of the modified learning cycle that concentrates on different variables.
Different Learning Styles and the 4 MAT in Scienceijejournal
This paper reviews the different learning styles in science, NLP, Kolb, Felder and Silverman, Hermann, McCarthy explaining their main characteristics and concluding with the socalled 4 MAT, which integrates them into a single model with eight pedagogical steps that must be covered in their entirety to connect teaching with student learning in an effective way.
International Journal of Education (IJE)ijejournal
International Journal of Education (IJE) is a Quarterly peer-reviewed and refereed open access journal that publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of Educatioan. The journal is devoted to the publication of high quality papers on theoretical and practical aspects of Educational research.
The goal of this journal is to bring together researchers and practitioners from academia and industry to focus on Educational advancements, and establishing new collaborations in these areas. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews are invited for publication in all areas of Education.
R E S E A R C H A R T I C L EModel based assessment of lea.docxmakdul
R E S E A R C H A R T I C L E
Model based assessment of learning dependent change
within a two semester class
Nadine Schlomske Æ Pablo Pirnay-Dummer
Published online: 13 May 2009
� Association for Educational Communications and Technology 2009
Abstract The following empirical study examines the acquisition of expertise. The
model structures in the domain of empirical methodologies were examined in a time period
of two semesters. At each measurement point (N = 5), the model structures of the ref-
erence groups were compared with those of the group of learners. The group of learners
consisted of (N = 31) students who did not have any experience with research methods
and their theoretical foundations. The results indicate that the external criteria enabled a
precise assessment of learning dependent model change.
Keywords Acquisition of expertise � Learning dependent change �
Learning and instruction � Mental models � Knowledge assessment
Knowledge and excellence are acquired by students as they learn. Assessing the acquisition
of expertise requires valid and reliable instruments. Existing instruments already in use at
schools and universities are often very time consuming and difficult to handle in procedure
and analysis. The present study examines whether MITOCAR (Model Inspection Trace of
Concepts and Relations) is an appropriate tool for predicting the acquisition of expertise.
MITOCAR is based on the theory of mental models (c.f. Seel 1991) and is an automated
instrument for the analysis of knowledge and expertise (Ifenthaler 2008; Pirnay-Dummer
2006, 2007; Pirnay-Dummer and Spector 2008; Pirnay-Dummer and Walter 2008).
Moreover, the present study is interested in whether or not the models identified with the
help of this instrument can be drawn on as external criteria in order to predict changes of
this kind in learners’ models. According to Johnson-Laird (1983), learners change the
N. Schlomske (&)
Department of Educational Science, University of Jena, Am Planetarium 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
e-mail: [email protected]
P. Pirnay-Dummer
Department of Educational Science, University of Freiburg, Rempartstraße 11, 79098 Freiburg,
Germany
e-mail: [email protected]
123
Education Tech Research Dev (2009) 57:753–765
DOI 10.1007/s11423-009-9125-x
structures of their models as they progress from novices to experts. Within our theoretical
framework we work with words as basic semantic references to the world. We do not
exclude the possibility that there may be sub-symbolic levels of knowledge, but we do not
need this level for our theorems at this time. Words, mainly nouns, are connected pairwise
by a function (e.g., a causal relation) and a level of association (a strength). Although we
are interested in both connections, we have made more coherent progress with the latter—
especially for automated assessment. A model structure is a set of pairwise connections
with a focus on either a specific subject domain, a problem ...
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Business and Management. IJBMI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Business and Management, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
The Journal will bring together leading researchers, engineers and scientists in the domain of interest from around the world. Topics of interest for submission include, but are not limited to
A NEW DATA ENCODER AND DECODER SCHEME FOR NETWORK ON CHIPEditor IJMTER
System-on-chip (soc) based system has so many disadvantages in power-dissipation as
well as clock rate while the data transfer from one system to another system in on-chip. At the same
time, a higher operated system does not support the lower operated bus network for data transfer.
However an alternative scheme is proposed for high speed data transfer. But this scheme is limited to
SOCs. Unlike soc, network-on-chip (NOC) has so many advantages for data transfer. It has a special
feature to transfer the data in on-chip named as transitional encoder. Its operation is based on input
transitions. At the same time it supports systems which are higher operated frequencies. In this
project, a low-power encoding scheme is proposed. The proposed system yields lower dynamic
power dissipation due to the reduction of switching activity and coupling switching activity when
compared to existing system. Even-though many factors which is based on power dissipation, the
dynamic power dissipation is only considerable for reasonable advantage. The proposed system is
synthesized using quartus II 9.1 software. Besides, the proposed system will be extended up to
interlink PE communication with help of routers and PE’s which are performed by various
operations. To implement this system in real NOC’s contains the proposed encoders and decoders for
data transfer with regular traffic scenarios should be considered.
A RESEARCH - DEVELOP AN EFFICIENT ALGORITHM TO RECOGNIZE, SEPARATE AND COUNT ...Editor IJMTER
Coins are important part of our life. We use coins in a places like stores, banks, buses, trains
etc. So it becomes a basic need that coins can be sorted, counted automatically. For this, there is
necessary that the coins can be recognized automatically. Automated Coin Recognition System for the
Indian Coins of Rs. 1, 2, 5 and 10 with the rotation invariance. We have taken images from the both
sides of coin. So this system is capable to recognizing coins from both sides. Features are taken from the
images using techniques as a Hough Transformation, Pattern Averaging etc.
Analysis of VoIP Traffic in WiMAX EnvironmentEditor IJMTER
Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) is currently one of the
hottest technologies in wireless communication. It is a standard based on the IEEE 802.16 wireless
technology that provides a very high throughput broadband connections over long distances. In
parallel, Voice Over Internet Protocol (VoIP) is a new technology which provides access to voice
communication over internet protocol and hence it is becomes an alternative to public switched
telephone networks (PSTN) due to its capability of transmission of voice as packets over IP
networks. A lot of research has been done in analyzing the performances of VoIP traffic over
WiMAX network. In this paper we review the analysis carried out by several authors for the most
common VoIP codec’s which are G.711, G.723.1 and G.729 over a WiMAX network using various
service classes. The objective is to compare the results for different types of service classes with
respect to the QoS parameters such as throughput, average delay and average jitter.
A Hybrid Cloud Approach for Secure Authorized De-DuplicationEditor IJMTER
The cloud backup is used for the personal storage of the people in terms of reducing the
mainlining process and managing the structure and storage space managing process. The challenging
process is the deduplication process in both the local and global backup de-duplications. In the prior
work they only provide the local storage de-duplication or vice versa global storage de-duplication in
terms of improving the storage capacity and the processing time. In this paper, the proposed system
is called as the ALG- Dedupe. It means the Application aware Local-Global Source De-duplication
proposed system to provide the efficient de-duplication process. It can provide the efficient deduplication process with the low system load, shortened backup window, and increased power
efficiency in the user’s personal storage. In the proposed system the large data is partitioned into
smaller part which is called as chunks of data. Here the data may contain the redundancy it will be
avoided before storing into the storage area.
Aging protocols that could incapacitate the InternetEditor IJMTER
The biggest threat to the Internet is the fact that it was never really designed. For e.g., the
BGP protocol is used by Internet routers to exchange information about changes to the Internet's
network topologies. However, it also is among the most fundamentally broken; as Internet routing
information can be poisoned with bogus routing information. Instead, it evolved in fits and start,
thanks to various protocols that have been cobbled together to fulfill the needs of the moment. Few
of protocols from them were designed with security in mind. or if they were sported no more than
was needed to keep out a nosy neighbor, not a malicious attacker. The result is a welter of aging
protocols susceptible to exploit on an Internet scale. Here are six Internet protocols that could stand
to be replaced sooner rather than later or are (mercifully) on the way out.
A Cloud Computing design with Wireless Sensor Networks For Agricultural Appli...Editor IJMTER
The emergence of exactitude agriculture has been promoted by the numerous developments within
the field of wireless sensing element actor networks (WSAN). These WSANs offer important data
for gathering, work management, development of crops, and limitation of crop diseases. Goals of
this paper to introducing cloud computing as a brand new way (technique) to be utilized in addition
to WSANs to any enhance their application and benefits to the area of agriculture.
A CAR POOLING MODEL WITH CMGV AND CMGNV STOCHASTIC VEHICLE TRAVEL TIMESEditor IJMTER
Carpooling (also car-sharing, ride-sharing, lift-sharing), is the sharing of car journeys so
that more than one person travels in a car. It helps to resolve a variety of problems that continue to
plague urban areas, ranging from energy demands and traffic congestion to environmental pollution.
Most of the existing method used stochastic disturbances arising from variations in vehicle travel
times for carpooling. However it doesn’t deal with the unmet demand with uncertain demand of the
vehicle for car pooling. To deal with this the proposed system uses Chance constrained
formulation/Programming (CCP) approach of the problem with stochastic demand and travel time
parameters, under mild assumptions on the distribution of stochastic parameters; and relates it with a
robust optimization approach. Since real problem sizes can be large, it could be difficult to find
optimal solutions within a reasonable period of time. Therefore solution algorithm using tabu
heuristic solution approach is developed to solve the model. Therefore, we constructed a stochastic
carpooling model that considers the in- fluence of stochastic travel times. The model is formulated as
an integer multiple commodity network flow problem. Since real problem sizes can be large, it could
be difficult to find optimal solutions within a reasonable period of time.
Sustainable Construction With Foam Concrete As A Green Green Building MaterialEditor IJMTER
A green building is an environmentally sustainable building, designed, constructed and
operated to minimise the total environmental impacts. Carbon dioxide (CO2) is the primary
greenhouse gas emitted through human activities. It is claimed that 5% of the world’s carbon dioxide
emission is attributed to cement industry, which is the vital constituent of concrete. Due to the
significant contribution to the environmental pollution, there is a need for finding an optimal solution
along with satisfying the civil construction needs. Apart from normal concrete bricks, a clay brick,
Foam concrete is a new innovative technology for sustainable building and civil construction which
fulfills the criteria of being a Green Material. This paper concludes that Foam Concrete can be an
effective sustainable material for construction and also focuses on the cost effectiveness in using
Foam Concrete as a building material in replacement with Clay Brick or other bricks.
USE OF ICT IN EDUCATION ONLINE COMPUTER BASED TESTEditor IJMTER
A good education system is required for overall prosperity of a nation. A tremendous
growth in the education sector had made the administration of education institutions complex. Any
researches reveal that the integration of ICT helps to reduce the complexity and enhance the overall
administration of education. This study has been undertaken to identify the various functional areas
to which ICT is deployed for information administration in education institutions and to find the
current extent of usage of ICT in all these functional areas pertaining to information administration.
The various factors that contribute to these functional areas were identified. A theoretical model was
derived and validated.
Textual Data Partitioning with Relationship and Discriminative AnalysisEditor IJMTER
Data partitioning methods are used to partition the data values with similarity. Similarity
measures are used to estimate transaction relationships. Hierarchical clustering model produces tree
structured results. Partitioned clustering produces results in grid format. Text documents are
unstructured data values with high dimensional attributes. Document clustering group ups unlabeled text
documents into meaningful clusters. Traditional clustering methods require cluster count (K) for the
document grouping process. Clustering accuracy degrades drastically with reference to the unsuitable
cluster count.
Textual data elements are divided into two types’ discriminative words and nondiscriminative
words. Only discriminative words are useful for grouping documents. The involvement of
nondiscriminative words confuses the clustering process and leads to poor clustering solution in return.
A variation inference algorithm is used to infer the document collection structure and partition of
document words at the same time. Dirichlet Process Mixture (DPM) model is used to partition
documents. DPM clustering model uses both the data likelihood and the clustering property of the
Dirichlet Process (DP). Dirichlet Process Mixture Model for Feature Partition (DPMFP) is used to
discover the latent cluster structure based on the DPM model. DPMFP clustering is performed without
requiring the number of clusters as input.
Document labels are used to estimate the discriminative word identification process. Concept
relationships are analyzed with Ontology support. Semantic weight model is used for the document
similarity analysis. The system improves the scalability with the support of labels and concept relations
for dimensionality reduction process.
Testing of Matrices Multiplication Methods on Different ProcessorsEditor IJMTER
There are many algorithms we found for matrices multiplication. Until now it has been
found that complexity of matrix multiplication is O(n3). Though Further research found that this
complexity can be decreased. This paper focus on the algorithm and its complexity of matrices
multiplication methods.
Malware is a worldwide pandemic. It is designed to damage computer systems without
the knowledge of the owner using the system. Software‟s from reputable vendors also contain
malicious code that affects the system or leaks information‟s to remote servers. Malware‟s includes
computer viruses, spyware, dishonest ad-ware, rootkits, Trojans, dialers etc. Malware detectors are
the primary tools in defense against malware. The quality of such a detector is determined by the
techniques it uses. It is therefore imperative that we study malware detection techniques and
understand their strengths and limitations. This survey examines different types of Malware and
malware detection methods.
SURVEY OF TRUST BASED BLUETOOTH AUTHENTICATION FOR MOBILE DEVICEEditor IJMTER
Practical requirements for securely demonstrating identities between two handheld
devices are an important concern. The adversary can inject a Man-In- The-Middle (MITM) attack to
intrude the protocol. Protocols that employ secret keys require the devices to share private
information in advance, in which it is not feasible in the above scenario. Apart from insecurely
typing passwords into handheld devices or comparing long hexadecimal keys displayed on the
devices’ screen, many other human-verifiable protocols have been proposed in the literature to solve
the problem. Unfortunately, most of these schemes are unsalable to more users. Even when there are
only three entities attempt to agree a session key, these protocols need to be rerun for three times.
So, in the existing method a bipartite and a tripartite authentication protocol is presented using a
temporary confidential channel. Besides, further extend the system into a transitive authentication
protocol that allows multiple handheld devices to establish a conference key securely and efficiently.
But this method detects only the outsider attacks. Method does not consider the insider attacks. So,
in the proposed method trust score based method is introduced which computes the trust values for
the nodes and provide the security. The trust score is computed has a positive influence on the
confidence with which an entity conducts transactions with that node. Network the behavior of the
node will be monitored periodically and its trust value is also updated .So depending on the behavior
of the node in the network trust relation will be established between two nodes.
GLAUCOMA is a chronic eye disease that can damage optic nerve. According to WHO It
is the second leading cause of blindness, and is predicted to affect around 80 million people by 2020.
Development of the disease leads to loss of vision, which occurs increasingly over a long period of
time. As the symptoms only occur when the disease is quite advanced so that glaucoma is called the
silent thief of sight. Glaucoma cannot be cured, but its development can be slowed down by
treatment. Therefore, detecting glaucoma in time is critical. However, many glaucoma patients are
unaware of the disease until it has reached its advanced stage. In this paper, some manual and
automatic methods are discussed to detect glaucoma. Manual analysis of the eye is time consuming
and the accuracy of the parameter measurements also varies with different clinicians. To overcome
these problems with manual analysis, the objective of this survey is to introduce a method to
automatically analyze the ultrasound images of the eye. Automatic analysis of this disease is much
more effective than manual analysis.
Survey: Multipath routing for Wireless Sensor NetworkEditor IJMTER
Reliability is playing very vital role in some application of Wireless Sensor Networks
and multipath routing is one of the ways to increase the probability of reliability. More over energy
consumption is constraint. In this paper, we provide a survey of the state-of-the-art of proposed
multipath routing algorithm for Wireless Sensor Networks. We study the design, analyze the tradeoff
of each design, and overview several presenting algorithms.
Step up DC-DC Impedance source network based PMDC Motor DriveEditor IJMTER
This paper is devoted to the Quasi Z source network based DC Drive. The cascaded
(two-stage) Quasi Z Source network could be derived by the adding of one diode, one inductor,
and two capacitors to the traditional quasi-Z-source inverter The proposed cascaded qZSI inherits all
the advantages of the traditional solution (voltage boost and buck functions in a single stage,
continuous input current, and improved reliability). Moreover, as compared to the conventional qZSI,
the proposed solution reduces the shoot-through duty cycle by over 30% at the same voltage boost
factor. Theoretical analysis of the two-stage qZSI in the shoot-through and non-shoot-through
operating modes is described. The proposed and traditional qZSI-networks are compared. A
prototype of a Quasi Z Source network based DC Drive was built to verify the theoretical
assumptions. The experimental results are presented and analyzed.
SPIRITUAL PERSPECTIVE OF AUROBINDO GHOSH’S PHILOSOPHY IN TODAY’S EDUCATIONEditor IJMTER
The paper reflects the spiritual philosophy of Aurobindo Ghosh which is helpful in today’s
education. In 19th century he wrote about spirituality, in accordance with that it is a core and vital part
of today’s education. It is very much essential for today’s kid. Here I propose the overview of that
philosophy.At the utmost regeneration of those values in today’s generation is the great deal with
education system. To develop the values and spiritual education in the youngers is the great moto of
mine. It is the materialistic world and without value redefinition among them is the harder task but not
difficult.
Software Quality Analysis Using Mutation Testing SchemeEditor IJMTER
The software test coverage is used measure the safety measures. The safety critical analysis is
carried out for the source code designed in Java language. Testing provides a primary means for
assuring software in safety-critical systems. To demonstrate, particularly to a certification authority, that
sufficient testing has been performed, it is necessary to achieve the test coverage levels recommended or
mandated by safety standards and industry guidelines. Mutation testing provides an alternative or
complementary method of measuring test sufficiency, but has not been widely adopted in the safetycritical industry. The system provides an empirical evaluation of the application of mutation testing to
airborne software systems which have already satisfied the coverage requirements for certification.
The system mutation testing to safety-critical software developed using high-integrity subsets of
C and Ada, identify the most effective mutant types and analyze the root causes of failures in test cases.
Mutation testing could be effective where traditional structural coverage analysis and manual peer
review have failed. They also show that several testing issues have origins beyond the test activity and
this suggests improvements to the requirements definition and coding process. The system also
examines the relationship between program characteristics and mutation survival and considers how
program size can provide a means for targeting test areas most likely to have dormant faults. Industry
feedback is also provided, particularly on how mutation testing can be integrated into a typical
verification life cycle of airborne software. The system also covers the safety and criticality levels of
Java source code.
Software Defect Prediction Using Local and Global AnalysisEditor IJMTER
The software defect factors are used to measure the quality of the software. The software
effort estimation is used to measure the effort required for the software development process. The defect
factor makes an impact on the software development effort. Software development and cost factors are
also decided with reference to the defect and effort factors. The software defects are predicted with
reference to the module information. Module link information are used in the effort estimation process.
Data mining techniques are used in the software analysis process. Clustering techniques are used
in the property grouping process. Rule mining methods are used to learn rules from clustered data
values. The “WHERE” clustering scheme and “WHICH” rule mining scheme are used in the defect
prediction and effort estimation process. The system uses the module information for the defect
prediction and effort estimation process.
The proposed system is designed to improve the defect prediction and effort estimation process.
The Single Objective Genetic Algorithm (SOGA) is used in the clustering process. The rule learning
operations are carried out sing the Apriori algorithm. The system improves the cluster accuracy levels.
The defect prediction and effort estimation accuracy is also improved by the system. The system is
developed using the Java language and Oracle relation database environment.
Software Cost Estimation Using Clustering and Ranking SchemeEditor IJMTER
Software cost estimation is an important task in the software design and development process.
Planning and budgeting tasks are carried out with reference to the software cost values. A variety of
software properties are used in the cost estimation process. Hardware, products, technology and
methodology factors are used in the cost estimation process. The software cost estimation quality is
measured with reference to the accuracy levels.
Software cost estimation is carried out using three types of techniques. They are regression based
model, anology based model and machine learning model. Each model has a set of technique for the
software cost estimation process. 11 cost estimation techniques fewer than 3 different categories are
used in the system. The Attribute Relational File Format (ARFF) is used maintain the software product
property values. The ARFF file is used as the main input for the system.
The proposed system is designed to perform the clustering and ranking of software cost
estimation methods. Non overlapped clustering technique is enhanced with optimal centroid estimation
mechanism. The system improves the clustering and ranking process accuracy. The system produces
efficient ranking results on software cost estimation methods.
NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER IN CONDENSING HEAT EXCHANGERS...ssuser7dcef0
Power plants release a large amount of water vapor into the
atmosphere through the stack. The flue gas can be a potential
source for obtaining much needed cooling water for a power
plant. If a power plant could recover and reuse a portion of this
moisture, it could reduce its total cooling water intake
requirement. One of the most practical way to recover water
from flue gas is to use a condensing heat exchanger. The power
plant could also recover latent heat due to condensation as well
as sensible heat due to lowering the flue gas exit temperature.
Additionally, harmful acids released from the stack can be
reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation. reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation.
Condensation of vapors in flue gas is a complicated
phenomenon since heat and mass transfer of water vapor and
various acids simultaneously occur in the presence of noncondensable
gases such as nitrogen and oxygen. Design of a
condenser depends on the knowledge and understanding of the
heat and mass transfer processes. A computer program for
numerical simulations of water (H2O) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
condensation in a flue gas condensing heat exchanger was
developed using MATLAB. Governing equations based on
mass and energy balances for the system were derived to
predict variables such as flue gas exit temperature, cooling
water outlet temperature, mole fraction and condensation rates
of water and sulfuric acid vapors. The equations were solved
using an iterative solution technique with calculations of heat
and mass transfer coefficients and physical properties.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
CW RADAR, FMCW RADAR, FMCW ALTIMETER, AND THEIR PARAMETERSveerababupersonal22
It consists of cw radar and fmcw radar ,range measurement,if amplifier and fmcw altimeterThe CW radar operates using continuous wave transmission, while the FMCW radar employs frequency-modulated continuous wave technology. Range measurement is a crucial aspect of radar systems, providing information about the distance to a target. The IF amplifier plays a key role in signal processing, amplifying intermediate frequency signals for further analysis. The FMCW altimeter utilizes frequency-modulated continuous wave technology to accurately measure altitude above a reference point.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
A Survey on Various Learning Styles Used in E-Learning System
1. Scientific Journal Impact Factor (SJIF): 1.711
International Journal of Modern Trends in Engineering and
Research
www.ijmter.com
@IJMTER-2014, All rights Reserved 1
e-ISSN: 2349-9745
p-ISSN: 2393-8161
A Survey on Various Learning Styles Used in E-Learning System
Mr. T. Gopalakrishnan1
, Ms. V. S. Gowthami2
, Ms. M. Kavya3
Assistant Professor1
, PG Scholar2,3
Department of IT1,2,3
Bannari Amman Institute of Technology1,2,3
Abstract— Personalized E-learning seeks to provide each individual learner with the right and
sufficient content they need according to learners level of knowledge, behavior and profile. The
performance of the learners can be enhanced by posting the suitable E-learning contents to the learners
based on their learning styles. Hence, it is very essential to have a clear knowledge about various
learning styles in order to predict the learning styles of different learners in E-learning environments.
However, predicting the learning styles needs complete knowledge about the learners past and present
characteristics. The core objective of this survey paper is to outline the working of the existing learning
style models and the metrics used to evaluate them. Based on the existing models, this paper identifies
Felder–Silverman learning style model as the appropriate model for E-learning so that it can enrich the
performance of the E-learning system.
Keywords— E-learning, E-learning contents, E-learning environment, Learning styles, Learners
I. INTRODUCTION
E-Learning adopts modern educational technology to implement an appropriate learning
environment. E-learning had gained lots of attention since it greatly reduces the drawbacks of the
traditional learning educational setting environment (Chen et al. 2004). The effectiveness in the design
of an E-learning system is based on the common rules and features of the learners to be engaged in the
learning process. Therefore, the success of E-learning environments is greatly influenced by the factors
like learning objects, content delivery, relevant information retrieval, performance evaluation and the
maintenance of the psychological level through identification of the individual learning styles of the
learners (Vranic et al. 2007). This paper depicts the different learning styles which are available in the
literature and provides a comparative analysis among them. In addition, it suggests the use of Fuzzy
logic for handling uncertainty in Felder–Silverman learning style model.
A learning style is “a particular way in which an individual learns” (Butler 1986). Numerous
measures and instruments including questionnaires, interviews and profile information have been used
in the past to identify the learning styles of the learners efficiently. These metrics are labeled as explicit
information provided to describe the characteristics of the learners during the assessment procedure
(Claxton and Murrell 1987). Therefore, the main objective of this paper is to analyze the related works
for identifying the individual learning style based on the learners’ behavior. This will be helpful to
deliver a suitable E-content to the learners based on their learning styles in an E-learning environment.
The psychological level of the learners in an E-learning environment is greatly attributed by the learning
styles of the learners involved in learning. However, in most of the existing E-learning frameworks, the
psychological level between the learners and E-learning contents is not well balanced. This is due to the
fact that the learning styles of the individuals vary from one person to another and hence if the same
kind of E-contents is provided to all the learners, the success of the E-learning system degrades.
2. International Journal of Modern Trends in Engineering and Research (IJMTER)
Volume 01, Issue 05, [November - 2014] e-ISSN: 2349-9745, p-ISSN: 2393-8161
@IJMTER-2014, All rights Reserved 2
Therefore, the contents developed for the E-learning system could be modified based on the learners
learning styles in such a way that all the learners could be well benefited so that the objective of the E-
learning system could be satisfied. Hence, a deep understanding of the learners is necessary in predicting
their learning style in E learning environment
II. PAST LEARNING STYLE MODELS AND INSTRUMENTS
Learning styles are different kinds of methods and characteristics used in learning. The major
objective of identifying the learning style is, to well educate the performance level of the learners and
aiding them to find their best position to fit in the outside environments. Especially, in an E-learning
environment, the impact of the learning style causes a greater effect on the performance of the learners
and in the design of the E-learning systems. Several learning style assessment models and instruments
are available online to effectively assess the learning style (Hawk and Shah 2007; Brokaw and Merz
2000; Coffield et al. 2004). The generic categorization of the learning styles fall under four categories
namely Synthesis Analysis, Methodical Study, Fact Retention and Elaborate Processing. Among these,
the Synthesis Analysis deals with the processing of information and organizing them into taxonomy.
Methodical Study deals with careful study and completion of academic assignments. Fact Retention is
the analysis of the correct output instead of understanding the logic behind it. Elaborate Processing is the
application of new ideas to the existing knowledge. The categorization of learning styles is helpful to
group the learners and to provide relevant assistance in learning.
Figure 1. Various Learning Style model
2.1 Kolb Learning Style Indicator
The learning style proposed by David Kolb (Boyatzis and Kolb 1997) is an indicator based on
“Experiential Learning Theory” which considers experience of a learner as an important factor in
learning. Therefore, it discussed two kinds of experiences namely grasping and transforming
experiences. Grasping consists of two sub categories namely concrete experience and abstract
conceptualization. Similarly, the transforming experience has two sub categories termed reflective
3. International Journal of Modern Trends in Engineering and Research (IJMTER)
Volume 01, Issue 05, [November - 2014] e-ISSN: 2349-9745, p-ISSN: 2393-8161
@IJMTER-2014, All rights Reserved 3
observation and active experimentation. These experiences have been defined as follows Cornwell and
Manfredo (1994).
1) Concrete Experience: A new experience of situation is encountered, or a reinterpretation of
existing experience.
2) Reflective Observation: A new experience. Of particular importance are any inconsistencies
between experience and understanding.
3) Abstract Conceptualization: Reflection gives rise to a new idea, or a modification of an existing
abstract concept.
4) Active Experimentation: The learner applies them to the world around them to see what results.
From these categories, it can be observed that the first three experiences shown in this model
namely sensing, planning and watching others must be strengthened and the fourth one must be
improved. Moreover, David Kolb developed a Learning Style Inventory (LSI) in the year 1971, to assess
the individual Learning Styles based on Experiential Learning Theory. Using LSI the individuals were
tested and four types of learners were recognized. They are
1) Diverging: Its main learning abilities are Concrete Experience (CE) and Reflective Observation
(RO).
2) Assimilating: Its main learning abilities are Abstract Conceptualization (AC) and Reflective
Observation (RO).
3) Converging: Its main learning abilities are Abstract Conceptualization (AC) and Active
Experimentation (AE).
4) Accommodating: Its main learning abilities are Concrete.
5) Experience (CE) and Active Experimentation (AE): This learning style is important for
effectiveness in action-oriented careers such as marketing or sales.
This categorization helps to develop learning materials to the learners based on their experience
and learning styles.
2.2 Honey and Mumford’s Learning Styles Questionnaire
This model deals about the general behavioral tendencies. The Learning Style questionnaire of
this model is derived from David Kolb’s LSI. This model probes the learners to indicate their general
behavior tendencies rather than directly asking their behavior through questionnaires. Their reasoning is
most people have never consciously considered how they really learn. According to this model, learners
are classified into following four types.
1) Reflectors: Prefers to learn from activities that allow them to watch, think, and review (time to
think things over) what has happened.
2) Theorists: Prefers to think problems through in a step-by-step manner like lectures, analogies,
systems, case studies, models and readings.
3) Pragmatist: Prefers to apply new learning to actual practice to monitor if they work.
4) Activist: Prefers the challenges of new experiences, involvement with others, assimilation and
role-playing.
The learners’ general behaviors are examined in this model whereas they are attained from the
questionnaires in the Kolb’s model.
2.3 Gregorc Style Delineator
This model is based on cognitive thinking aspects of an individual rather than experiences
considered in Kolb model and general behavior tendencies discussed in Honey and Mumford model. In
4. International Journal of Modern Trends in Engineering and Research (IJMTER)
Volume 01, Issue 05, [November - 2014] e-ISSN: 2349-9745, p-ISSN: 2393-8161
@IJMTER-2014, All rights Reserved 4
this cognitive model, the existence of perceptions leads to the notions of different kinds of learning
styles. Therefore, this model describes two kinds of perceptual qualities namely Concrete and Abstract
and two kinds of ordering abilities namely Random and Sequential. In addition, the individuals also
possess different kinds of perceptual and ordering abilities like
1) Concrete Sequential: Learning with hands-on experiences.
2) Abstract Random: Receive instruction in an unstructured manner.
3) Abstract Sequential: Use logic to grasp situations.
4) Concrete Random: Prefers trial and error approach.
2.4 Fleming VAK Model
The VAK learning styles model suggests that most people can be divided into one of three
preferred styles of learning namely Visual, Auditory and Kinaesthetic.
1) Visual learning style involves the use of seen or observed things, including pictures, diagrams,
demonstrations, displays, handouts, films, flip-chart, etc.
2) Auditory learning style involves the transfer of information through listening: to the spoken
word, of self or others, of sounds and noises.
3) Kinesthetic learning involves physical experience - touching, feeling, holding, doing, and
practical hands-on experiences.
These categories are helpful in developing efficient machine learning techniques for effective E-
learning
2.5 Dunn and Dunn Learning Style
This model defines learning style as the way in which individual learners begin to concentrate
on, process, and retain new and difficult material. It is a combination of many biological and
experiential characteristics that work on their own or together as a unit to contribute to learning.
According to this model, the following learning style preferences need to be considered when instruction
is created and implemented:
1) Environmental: Noise level, lighting, temperature, and furniture/seating design.
2) Emotionality: Motivation, responsibility, persistence, and need for structure.
3) Sociological: Learning groups, presence of authority figures, varied working patterns, and adult
motivation (LSI only).
4) Physiological: Perceptual strengths, time-of-day energy levels, intake, and mobility.
5) Processing inclinations: Right or left, global or analytic and impulsive or reflective (Dunn and
Dunn 1989).
2.6 Chris Jackson Model
This model incorporates a new type of learners called Deep Learning Achiever which takes
motivation from the experimental model of learning (e.g. Kolb 1984). The hybrid model considers four
types of personalities.
1) Sensation Seeker: The learners with measuring exploration and curiosity.
2) Goal Oriented Achiever: This type of learner has mastery on long term and hard outcomes
3) Conscientious Achiever: It deals with perseverance and responsibility.
4) Emotionally Intelligent Achiever: The learners who provide rational and logical thinking come
under this category.
5. International Journal of Modern Trends in Engineering and Research (IJMTER)
Volume 01, Issue 05, [November - 2014] e-ISSN: 2349-9745, p-ISSN: 2393-8161
@IJMTER-2014, All rights Reserved 5
5) Deep Learning Achiever: This type of learners provides well thought out and well-constructed
outcomes.
This psychological modeling helps to understand the learners’ behavior which in turn can be
used to develop a suitable intelligent agent for providing tutoring in E-learning.
2.7 Carl Jung and Myers Briggs Type Indicator
Myers–Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) is initially established by Carl Jung. The learning style
assessment in this kind of indicator is resolved using different aspects inclusive of psychological,
decision-making, information gathering and actions (Brokaw and Merz 2000). The models of learning
styles are as follows
1) Judging vs Perceiving: Attention towards the external world/things or internal world/things.
2) Thinking vs Feeling: Perceive world directly or perceive through impressions/imaging
possibilities.
3) Sensing vs Intuition: Learners taking decisions through logic or through mere human values.
4) Extroversion vs Introversion: Learner looking the world as a structured, planned environment or
as a spontaneous environment.
The major application of this indicator was using among the companies in order to enhance the
inter-personal relations among the employees by obtaining their psychological behavior.
2.8 Howard Gardeners Multiple Intelligence
This is based on multiple intelligences and was developed during 1983 at Harvard University.
The intelligence of an individual was tested using I.Q. testing, which is far limited. A broader range of
human potential was found in eight different notions of intelligence (Gardner and Moran 2006).
Gardener’s theory has emerged from recent cognitive research and hence a learner can learn, remember
and perform well in different ways (Gardner 2004). Different kinds of intelligences were observed as
different styles of learning which are as follows
1) Linguistic intelligence: This category of learners has extremely developed auditory skills and
often thinks in terms of words. It can be taught effectively by motivating them to read lots of
articles, books and papers.
2) Logical–Mathematical intelligence: This characteristic involves high interest in reasoning and
calculating and can be taught through logic games, investigations, unrevealing mysteries and
problem solving skill.
3) Visual–Spatial intelligence: This category of learners is well aware of the environments. It can
be taught by drawings, verbal and physical imagery.
4) Bodily-Kinesthetic intelligence: This type of intelligent learners is keen about body awareness
and can be taught through physical activities, hands-on experiences and role playing.
5) Musical intelligence: This category of learners is highly sensitive to music and rhythm and can
be taught by turning lessons into lyrics and speaking rhythmically.
6) Interpersonal intelligence: This deals with learners who have interaction with others and can be
taught by conducting group discussions.
7) Intrapersonal intelligence: The learners who shy away from others and do not interact with others
fall under this group and can be taught by independent study and introspection.
8) Naturalist intelligence: This type of learners relates their understanding to one’s natural
surroundings and can be taught by asking them to apply their knowledge to environmental
related applications like farming and gardening.
6. International Journal of Modern Trends in Engineering and Research (IJMTER)
Volume 01, Issue 05, [November - 2014] e-ISSN: 2349-9745, p-ISSN: 2393-8161
@IJMTER-2014, All rights Reserved 6
The theory of multiple intelligences provides a broader thinking approach to different styles of
learning as compared to traditional levels of learning styles (Gardner 2004). Gardener challenges that
everyone can learn the same material and show their efficiency when they are taught according to their
interest as indicated above. This kind of teaching will effectively suit the broad spectrum of students
with varying capabilities and interests
2.9 Felder–Silverman Index of Learning Styles
This learning style model (Felder and Silverman 1988) often used in technology enhanced
learning and designed for traditional learning. Additionally, Felder–Silverman learning style model
defines the learning style of a learner in more detail and distinguishing between preferences on four
dimensions. This model provides four dimensions of learning based on psychological aspects of the
learners which is found to be important in an E-learning environment. The learning styles proposed by
Felder–Silverman for categorizing the learners are:
1) Active/Reflective: Active learners learn by doing something with information. Reflective
learners learn by thinking about information.
2) Sensing/Intuitive: Sensing learners favor to take in info that is concrete and practical. Intuitive
learners favor to take in info that is original, abstract and oriented towards theory.
3) Visual/Verbal: Visual learners prefer visual presentations of material - pictures, diagrams, flow-
chart and graphs. Verbal learners prefer explanations with words – includes both written and
spoken.
4) Sequential/Global: Sequential learners prefer to organize information in a linear, orderly fashion.
Global learners prefer to organize information more holistically and in a seemingly random
manner without seeing connections.
Since most learners fall in the category of either active or reflective for the first dimension, this
model is more suitable to evaluate the learners in an E-learning environment.
Table 1. Comparison of Various learning style model
S.
No
Learning Style
Model
Year Learning Theory
Model
Learning Style
Preferences
Limitations
1 David Kolb model 1983 Experiential learning
theory
Diverging Mixed empirical results and
low to motivate predictive
reliability
Assimilating
Converging
Accommodating
2 Honey & Mumford
Model
1985 Behavioral theory Reflectors Assumed to acquire
preferences that are adaptive,
either at will or changing
circumstances
Theorists
Pragmatists
Activist
3 Gregorc model 1982 Cognitive theory Concrete sequential Some qualities and ordering
abilities are more dominant
within certain individuals
Abstract random
Abstract sequential
Concrete Random
4 Flemming VAK
Model
1992 Meta-learning theory Visual Low validity and reliability
Auditory
Kinaesthetic
7. International Journal of Modern Trends in Engineering and Research (IJMTER)
Volume 01, Issue 05, [November - 2014] e-ISSN: 2349-9745, p-ISSN: 2393-8161
@IJMTER-2014, All rights Reserved 7
5 Dunn and Dunn 1989 Biological &
Experimental theory
Environmental Criticized for not considering
the differences among the
individuals
Emotionality
Sociological
Physiological
Processing inclinations
6 Chris Jackson/2002 2002 Neuro-psychological
theory
Sensation Seeker Contextual differences in the
dependent variableGoal oriented achiever
Conscientious achiever
Emotionally intelligent
Achiever
Deep learning achiever
7 Carl Jung and Myers
Briggs type indicator
1988 Personality theory Judging vs perceiving Lacks convincing validity
dataThinking vs feeling
Sensing vs intuition
Extroversion vs
introversion
8 Howard Gardeners
multiple intelligence
1983 Intelligence theory Linguistic intelligence Detecting additional
intelligences is not easy and
is not well suited for all types
of individuals
Logical–mathematical
intelligence
Visual–spatial
intelligence
Bodily-kinesthetic
intelligence
Musical intelligence
Interpersonal intelligence
Intrapersonal intelligence
Naturalist intelligence
9 Felder–Silverman
Index of learning
styles
1988 Psychological theory Active–reflective Dependencies between two
styles exist and hidden
dimensions present in dataset
produces a greater impact on
identification
Sensing–intuitive
Visual–verbal
Sequential–global
III. CATEGORIZATION OFEDUCATIONALSYSTEMS
The use of internet in education has provided a new revolution known as E-learning or web
based learning (Myller et al. 2002). In the traditional offline learning system, instructors and the learners
were directly involved in the teaching-learning process (Vranic et al. 2007). In such a scenario, they
used the course materials and discussed them through teaching and dialogues. On the other hand, in the
current internet world, E-learning is another important area that is to be strengthened since most of the
learners prefer to read web contents and web-based course materials for learning (Myller et al. 2002).
Subsequent to E-learning, the learning activities are enhanced by providing intelligent tutoring systems.
In a web-based learning system, the learners understanding is measured based on the reproduction of the
material studied by them. Artificial Intelligence techniques such as page ranking, rules, agents and
machine learning algorithms are used to classify and improve the performance of the learners by
providing suitable E-learning documents (Chen et al. 2004).
The iLessons system developed by Bergasa-Suso et al. (2005) overcame the limitations of the
previous E-learning systems by providing two additional features namely Drag and Drop facility for
reuse and an intelligent recommendation system that recommends relevant web pages to the learners
8. International Journal of Modern Trends in Engineering and Research (IJMTER)
Volume 01, Issue 05, [November - 2014] e-ISSN: 2349-9745, p-ISSN: 2393-8161
@IJMTER-2014, All rights Reserved 8
based on their learning styles. Therefore, iLessons is an important contribution for E-learning through
the identification of learners as active or reflective. The work done by Bergasa-Suso et al. (2005)
promptly followed an algorithm in identifying the first dimension and classified the users into two kinds
as either Active or Reflective. From his works it is understood that the learners belonged to either of the
dimensions crisply. It is evident from their experiments that the classification accuracy for identifying
such learners was 71% when considering the first dimension of Felder–Silverman learning style model.
Sanders and Bergasa-Suso (2010) proposed an intelligent E-learning system with an effective
user interface. The main advantage of this intelligent E-learning system is that it is capable of
performing deductive inference to obtain the learning style of learners. They followed Felder–Silverman
learning style model and developed an E-learning system that can infer the learning styles in real time
and provided recommendations for selecting suitable E-learning contents. This is a significant
achievement in the area of E-learning since; it uses Artificial Intelligent techniques for classifying the
learners based on their learning style into three categories namely active or reflective or unknown. He
categorized in such a way, since the users may not fall into one category virtually all the time and most
learners tend towards a particular dimension in course of time, environmental factor, mood, need and
psychological changes. The accuracy of classifying the learners Sander’s et al has increased to 81%
compared to the earlier work done by Bergasa. One of the important contributions of Sanders et al. is the
inclusion of unknown sets in addition to the active and reflective categories of learners.
Juan Yang et al. (2014) proposed a new dynamic learning style prediction method based on a
pattern recognition technique. This method functions as a form of middleware that can be applied to
other intelligent tutoring systems, while it can process topic-dependent data to make predictions and
update learning style profiles in a recursive manner. This prediction mechanism is middleware but it still
needs a benchmark to indicate its functionality and effectiveness. In this, they introduce the benchmark
system, which is a prototype system called “Programming in Java” (PIJ). The main function of PIJ is to
collect data on learning behaviors using log files. To improve the computational efficiency and to
decrease the complexity, the organization of learning objects (LOs) in PIJ follows three distinct rules.
1) The overall content comprises a series of topics in a given order, which is consistent with their
prior/ subsequent constraints.
2) Each topic must contain a sufficient number of LOs to provide the various types of LOs
demanded by learners.
3) The construction of the LOs within a single topic follows the star topology.
The learning style used is that proposed by Felder & Silverman for engineering students, which
distinguishes between learning preferences based on the following five dimensions.
• Sensing/Intuitive: The way learners perceive information
• Visual/Verbal: The way learners acquire information
• Inductive/Deductive: The way learners organize information
• Active/Reflective: The way learners process information
• Sequential/Global: The way learners understand information
The main advantage of this approach is that it can allow several different learning style families
to be used together because their mutual similarity-based learning style preference patterns are
independent of each other. Suppose that there are t dimensions in the learning styles of the Felder &
Silverman model, the target function f(X) used for pattern recognition is set as
9. International Journal of Modern Trends in Engineering and Research (IJMTER)
Volume 01, Issue 05, [November - 2014] e-ISSN: 2349-9745, p-ISSN: 2393-8161
@IJMTER-2014, All rights Reserved 9
Min f(X),
f(X) = var(M, )
=
Where X is a vector X = ( ), and t is the dimensionality of the learning styles. The above
formula is used to identify the key learning style similarity matrix that represents the current collective
learning behaviors. After identifying the key learning style dimension, where the learning information of
the subject has the highest projected value in the multidimensional space, the learning style dimension k
should be used as a scale tool to cluster the new learners according to their learning behaviors. This
clustering process is simple compared with the clustering processes used in previous studies because the
multi label classification problem has been transformed into a single label classification problem. The
learning information pattern evolves dynamically in different learning contents. Thus, learning
information pattern recognition should be processed recursively for different learning topics to obtain a
more accurate learning style prediction result.
They used the ILS to survey 50 sample students who were majoring in computer science. These
were second year students from three different schools: Sichuan Normal University, Southwest
University, and Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications. The students helped us to
construct their learning style preference patterns and learning information patterns. Thus, the average
accuracy of the predictions in the present study was about 75 percent which was relatively high
compared with previous methods.
IV. CONCLUSION
In this paper, a survey of on different learning styles which were identified by various
researchers with suitable discussions on them has been provided. For this purpose, both the traditional
offline learning and E-learning works have been considered and their methods are analyzed for
highlighting their salient features. From this analysis, it has been found that Felder– Silverman style is
more suitable learning method for adopting in E-learning. In addition, an intelligent E-learning system
that can handle uncertainty effectively has been proposed and compared with the related work. The
survey of learning methods provided in this paper helps to develop effective course wares and intelligent
tutoring systems. Further works in this direction can be the provision of a survey on the use of machine
learning techniques which will be helpful for enhancing the learning materials provided in web based
learning.
REFERENCES
[1] Bergasa-Suso J,SandersDA,TewkesburyGE (2005) Intelligent browser-based systems to assist Internet users. IEEE
Trans Educ 48(4):580–585
[2] Burr L, Spennemann DH (2004) Pattern of user behavior in university online forums. Int J Instr Technol Distance Learn
1(10):11–28
[3] Butler K (1986). A learning and teaching style in theory and practice. Learner’s Dimension, Columbia Carver CA,
Howard RA, Lane WD (1999) Enhancing student learning through hypermedia courseware and incorporation of student
learning styles. IEEE Trans Educ 42(1):33–38
[4] Chen S-M, Chang Y-C (2011) Weighted fuzzy rule interpolation based on GA-based weight-learning techniques. IEEE
Trans Fuzzy Syst 19(4):729–744
[5] Chen Y, Weng C (2009) Mining fuzzy association rules from questionnaire data. Knowl Based Syst J 22(1): 46–56
[6] Duff A (2002) Approaches to learning: factor variance across gender. Person Individ Differ 33(6):997–1110
[7] Dunn R (1990) Understanding the Dunn and Dunn learning style model and the need for individual diagnosis and
prescription. Read Writ Learn Disabil 6:223–247
[8] Fleming ND (2001) Teaching and learning styles: VARK strategies. N.D. Fleming, Christchurch
10. International Journal of Modern Trends in Engineering and Research (IJMTER)
Volume 01, Issue 05, [November - 2014] e-ISSN: 2349-9745, p-ISSN: 2393-8161
@IJMTER-2014, All rights Reserved 10
[9] Garcia E, Romero C, Ventura S, Castro C (2009) An architecture for making recommendations to courseware authors
using association rule mining and collaborative filtering. User Model. User-Adapted Interaction. J Person Res 19:99–132
[10]Hwang WY, Chang CB, Chen GJ (2004). The Relationship of Learning Traits, Motivation and Performance Learning
Response Dynamics. Comput Educ J 42:267–287
[11]Honey P, Mumford A (2000). The learning styles helper’s guide. Peter Honey Publications Ltd, Maidenhead
[12]Jegatha Deborah L, Baskaran R, and Kannan A (2011a) Construction of ontology using computational linguistics for E-
learning: In: Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on visual informatics, Kualalumpur.
[13]Kim J, Chern G, Feng D, Shaw E, Hovy E (2006) Mining and assessing discussions on the web through speech act
analysis. In: Proceedings of AAAI workshop web content mining human language technology
[14]Kolb D (1984). Experiential learning: experience as the source of learning and development. Prentice-Hall, Englewood
Cliffs
[15]Kolb AY, Kolb DA (2005) Learning styles and learning spaces: enhancing experiential learning in higher education.
Acad Manag Learn Educ 4(2):193–212
[16]Lu F, Li X, Liu Q, Yang Z, Tan G, He T (2007) Research on personalized E-learning system using fuzzy set based
clustering algorithm. In: Proceedings of international conference on computer science, Beijing, pp 587–590
[17]Sanders DA, Bergasa-Suso J (2010) Inferring learning style from the way students interact With a computer user
interface and the WWW. IEEE Trans Educ 53(4):613–620
[18]Siadaty M, Taghiyareh F (2007) PALS2: In: 7th IEEE international conference on advanced learning technologies
(ICALT 2007), pp 616–618
[19]Tian F,Wang S, Zheng C, Zheng Q (2008) Research on E-learning personality group based on fuzzy clustering analysis.
In: Proceedings of international conference on computer. Supported Cooperative Work Design, Xian, pp 1035–1040
[20]Zhang L, Liu X, Liu X (2008) Personalized instructing recommendation system based on web mining. In: Proceedings of
international conference on young computing science, Hunan, pp 2517–252.
[21]Juan Yang, Zhi Xing Huang, Yue Xiang Gao, and Hong Tao Liu (2014) Dynamic Learning Style Prediction Method
Based on a Pattern Recognition Technique, pp 1939-1382.