The major growth of the Indian tourism sector is contributed by domestic tourism
which tends to be more focused on cultural destinations. Travel and tourism for fun,
pleasure and recreation is still considered an elite ‘five star’ activity by a majority of
the Indians. At the same time, travel and tourism for cultural purposes forms an integral
part of the Indian population, where people from all ages, religions and income groups
often manage time and resources for cultural tourism. Tourism has a huge potential for
poverty alleviation by increasing job opportunities and spending by tourists. Most
important from India's point of view is the fact that these employment opportunities
are created in the small and medium segments of the economy and disperse throughout
the country. When people of a country visit such sites and experience their culture, they
understand ‘who they are and where they have come from’ (Palmer, 1999). Since viewing
of such sites by domestic tourists offers glimpses of a nation's past, their promotion
becomes vital in the construction of national identity (Johnson, 1995). The
measurement of perception of tourists and thereby identifying gaps in the current
service-good composition and customizing pro-tourist product mix, becomes crucially
important for all the stakeholders of the tourism industry. This paper primarily studies
those crucial factors which have a direct impact on the perception of tourists in the
heritage city of Agra.
‘Athithi Kab Jaonge...Nahi Nahi Atithi Kab Aaonge...Aate Raho Kyoki Hum Us De...scmsnoida5
One of the oldest civilization of the world, one of
the greatest nation of the world, one of the greatest
democracy and obviously no need to speak about
the population. This great nation INDIA has
everything. We have every possible resource but
the one that we are blessed with is ‘MOTHER
NATURE’. A nation that has mountains and
oceans, deserts and monuments, heritage sites
and culture- All ingredients of a pure recipe that
makes up for a great tourism nation. Tourism
will not only build ‘BRAND INDIA’ but it will
create enormous employment opportunity for the
youth of India.
This document is a project report on the marketing strategies of Club Mahindra, an Indian timeshare company. It includes an acknowledgements section thanking those who helped with the project. The contents section outlines the report, which covers topics like tourism in India, Club Mahindra's company profile, facilities, and marketing mix. Research methodology, SWOT analysis, and suggestions are also discussed. The report aims to provide an overview of Club Mahindra and analyze its marketing strategies in the Indian tourism industry.
Growth and development of indian tourism and ministry of tourismKalyan S Patil
The Indian tourism and hospitality industry has significant growth potential and is a major employment generator. It is expected to generate over 13 million jobs. The government has implemented several initiatives to boost tourism such as increasing the number of countries under the e-visa scheme, approving infrastructure projects, and organizing tourism investment summits. Foreign tourist arrivals and earnings have grown in recent years, supported by India's rising middle class. The Ministry of Tourism is the nodal agency that facilitates tourism growth through various policies, planning, promotion, and coordination activities.
"• National Financial Services Operation hub
• Regional/Functional head quarters for financial service players
• National headquarters for players
• Private banking hub for NRIs/Regional HNWs
• International Micro-finance hub
• International commodity trade hub
• Participation in global capital markets
• Global hub for IT services for financial services sector
• Global hub for BPO services for financial services sector
The document discusses India's tourism industry. It begins by defining tourism and the tourism industry. It then discusses the significance of tourism and lists the 12 main tourism industries according to the UNWTO. It outlines the economic importance and benefits of tourism for India, including job creation and foreign exchange earnings. It provides details on the number of foreign tourist arrivals in India in recent years. The rest of the document describes India's Ministry of Tourism, including its administrative structure and roles. It discusses key tourism development initiatives in India like Swadesh Darshan and PRASAD that focus on developing tourism infrastructure and circuits.
This document provides an overview of tourism in India and discusses the topic of aesthetic pollution. It begins with an introduction to tourism, outlining its economic and social impacts. It then discusses the history of tourism policy development in India, from the first tourism policy in 1982 to the current "Incredible India" campaign. The document also provides statistical information on foreign tourist arrivals and earnings in India from 2000-2010. It notes that while tourism growth has been impressive, India's share of global tourism is still quite small. The document concludes by introducing the topic of aesthetic pollution and its economic consequences.
This document provides an overview of tourism by discussing what tourism is, its history, growth in India, challenges and opportunities, destinations, and medical tourism in India. It notes that tourism is the fastest growing industry and important source of income for many countries. The history section outlines how early travel was for necessities and then shifted to commerce, pleasure and education. It also discusses how advances in transportation expanded tourism. Key points about India include its forecasted growth in tourism arrivals and emergence as a major global player. The document outlines various popular tourist destinations and industries in India like medical tourism. It concludes by discussing advantages like employment and foreign income against disadvantages like environmental damage.
The document discusses travel behavior and motivations. It provides an overview of the origins and evolution of travel motivation throughout history. Some key points:
- Motivation is an important factor influencing tourist behavior and destination selection. Tourist needs and wants are the driving forces behind travel.
- Early travelers were motivated by factors like visiting health resorts, pilgrimages to religious sites, and seeking blessings from gods.
- Modern motivations include pleasure/recreation, experiencing art/culture, appreciating nature/wildlife, education/training, health/medical reasons, religion/spirituality, sports/adventure, visiting friends/relatives, and business meetings.
- Maslow's hierarchy and Pear
‘Athithi Kab Jaonge...Nahi Nahi Atithi Kab Aaonge...Aate Raho Kyoki Hum Us De...scmsnoida5
One of the oldest civilization of the world, one of
the greatest nation of the world, one of the greatest
democracy and obviously no need to speak about
the population. This great nation INDIA has
everything. We have every possible resource but
the one that we are blessed with is ‘MOTHER
NATURE’. A nation that has mountains and
oceans, deserts and monuments, heritage sites
and culture- All ingredients of a pure recipe that
makes up for a great tourism nation. Tourism
will not only build ‘BRAND INDIA’ but it will
create enormous employment opportunity for the
youth of India.
This document is a project report on the marketing strategies of Club Mahindra, an Indian timeshare company. It includes an acknowledgements section thanking those who helped with the project. The contents section outlines the report, which covers topics like tourism in India, Club Mahindra's company profile, facilities, and marketing mix. Research methodology, SWOT analysis, and suggestions are also discussed. The report aims to provide an overview of Club Mahindra and analyze its marketing strategies in the Indian tourism industry.
Growth and development of indian tourism and ministry of tourismKalyan S Patil
The Indian tourism and hospitality industry has significant growth potential and is a major employment generator. It is expected to generate over 13 million jobs. The government has implemented several initiatives to boost tourism such as increasing the number of countries under the e-visa scheme, approving infrastructure projects, and organizing tourism investment summits. Foreign tourist arrivals and earnings have grown in recent years, supported by India's rising middle class. The Ministry of Tourism is the nodal agency that facilitates tourism growth through various policies, planning, promotion, and coordination activities.
"• National Financial Services Operation hub
• Regional/Functional head quarters for financial service players
• National headquarters for players
• Private banking hub for NRIs/Regional HNWs
• International Micro-finance hub
• International commodity trade hub
• Participation in global capital markets
• Global hub for IT services for financial services sector
• Global hub for BPO services for financial services sector
The document discusses India's tourism industry. It begins by defining tourism and the tourism industry. It then discusses the significance of tourism and lists the 12 main tourism industries according to the UNWTO. It outlines the economic importance and benefits of tourism for India, including job creation and foreign exchange earnings. It provides details on the number of foreign tourist arrivals in India in recent years. The rest of the document describes India's Ministry of Tourism, including its administrative structure and roles. It discusses key tourism development initiatives in India like Swadesh Darshan and PRASAD that focus on developing tourism infrastructure and circuits.
This document provides an overview of tourism in India and discusses the topic of aesthetic pollution. It begins with an introduction to tourism, outlining its economic and social impacts. It then discusses the history of tourism policy development in India, from the first tourism policy in 1982 to the current "Incredible India" campaign. The document also provides statistical information on foreign tourist arrivals and earnings in India from 2000-2010. It notes that while tourism growth has been impressive, India's share of global tourism is still quite small. The document concludes by introducing the topic of aesthetic pollution and its economic consequences.
This document provides an overview of tourism by discussing what tourism is, its history, growth in India, challenges and opportunities, destinations, and medical tourism in India. It notes that tourism is the fastest growing industry and important source of income for many countries. The history section outlines how early travel was for necessities and then shifted to commerce, pleasure and education. It also discusses how advances in transportation expanded tourism. Key points about India include its forecasted growth in tourism arrivals and emergence as a major global player. The document outlines various popular tourist destinations and industries in India like medical tourism. It concludes by discussing advantages like employment and foreign income against disadvantages like environmental damage.
The document discusses travel behavior and motivations. It provides an overview of the origins and evolution of travel motivation throughout history. Some key points:
- Motivation is an important factor influencing tourist behavior and destination selection. Tourist needs and wants are the driving forces behind travel.
- Early travelers were motivated by factors like visiting health resorts, pilgrimages to religious sites, and seeking blessings from gods.
- Modern motivations include pleasure/recreation, experiencing art/culture, appreciating nature/wildlife, education/training, health/medical reasons, religion/spirituality, sports/adventure, visiting friends/relatives, and business meetings.
- Maslow's hierarchy and Pear
Culture and tourism have a mutually beneficial relationship that can strengthen regions and make them more attractive and competitive. Tourism provides income to support cultural heritage and creativity, while culture enhances tourism. India has seen rapid growth in tourism, generating 9.2% of GDP in 2018. India offers cultural diversity and heritage, with 38 UNESCO World Heritage sites. The government is working to promote niche tourism products and improve infrastructure to further boost the tourism sector.
World Culture Festival, organised by The Art Of Living Foundation has not only made a huge
cultural impact by bringing in performers from 155 countries on one platform but has been able to
bring a lot of intangible impact as well. In this report primary and secondary research was done.
Various government department’s (Department of Tourism, Department of Economic Affairs) data
was studied to understand the impact of this event. The impact on WCF has been quantified using
data on the economic and diplomatic fronts.
Relationship between Foreign Active Sports Tourists’ Travel Motivation and Re...ijtsrd
Tourism has become one of the largest and fastest growing industries across the globe as well as in Sri Lanka. Contemporarily, the relationship between sport and tourism is vastly discussed in both the industry and academic paradigms. Sport and tourism are two different industries, but the industries are always inter connected strongly. With the emerging potential for tourism in the world, Sri Lanka is in a need of redefining its strategies to increase sports tourism. The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between of active sports tourists’ travel motivation and their revisit intention to Sri Lanka. Survey method is adopted to conduct this empirical study and employed 250 foreign tourists who engage in sporting and event activities such as water rafting, boat riding, surfing, snorkelling and cycling in Sri Lanka using purposive sampling method. The relationship between travel motivation and revisit intention was hypothesised and tested with Spearmen correlation. Results revealed a moderate level of positive relationship between two study variables. Accordingly Sri Lanka can promote its cultural events and festivals which can be means to enhance revisit intention of tourists especially, Sri Lankan food and natural resources based adventure sports have a massive fascination among foreigners. Hence, the visitors’ travel motivation and behavioural patterns can be recommended as a Sri Lankan tourism industry development mechanism. If tourism industry is capable of mounting the dimensions of motivation variable, certainly, Sri Lanka will be able to get higher tourists’ magnetism through local food, cultural events and natural resources. K. R. M. I. L. Rathnayaka | A. L. K. R Fernando "Relationship between Foreign Active Sports Tourists’ Travel Motivation and Revisit Intention to Sri Lanka" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-1 , December 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd37959.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/other/37959/relationship-between-foreign-active-sports-tourists’-travel-motivation-and-revisit-intention-to-sri-lanka/k-r-m-i-l-rathnayaka
“Review of Literature”- A literature review is a body of text that aims to review the critical points of current knowledge including substantive findings as well as theoretical and methodological contributions to a particular topic.
Role of tourism industry in generating foreign exchangeDharmik
The document discusses the role of tourism industry in generating foreign exchange. It begins by defining foreign exchange as money from one country being exchanged for another, enabling international transactions. It then discusses India's growing foreign exchange reserves. Tourism is considered a large foreign exchange earner when foreign tourists spend money in India. The tourism industry is the largest export industry in the world and is a major earner of foreign exchange for many countries. India has significant tourism potential and witnessed over 2.75 million foreign tourist arrivals in 2001, with the industry being a large employment generator.
The document summarizes tourism's role in the Indian economy. It notes that tourism contributes substantially to India's GDP and employment. The number of foreign tourists visiting India grew 24% in 2004 to over 3 million. Tourism is linked to many other industries like transportation, real estate, and handicrafts. While tourism benefits the economy, some money spent on tourism "leaks" out of India when the country imports goods or foreign investors are involved. The government is taking steps to promote tourism through improved infrastructure and marketing.
This document discusses India's inbound tourism potential and opportunities for growth. It notes that India has emerged as a tourism powerhouse in recent years as the 8th largest country in terms of travel and tourism GDP contributions. Inbound tourism involves people traveling to a country other than their own for tourism purposes, and many countries rely on it. India is rich in religious sites, culture, heritage sites for Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism that attract religious pilgrims. Inbound tourism is important for India's development as it generates government revenue, improves infrastructure, and provides employment. It is also an opportunity for growth as it spreads tourism spending throughout the year and exposes India's offerings to a global audience through marketing networks. States like Raj
The travel and tourism industry in India faces several key challenges, with the most critical being a lack of proper infrastructure. Other major challenges include inadequate marketing and promotion relative to competing destinations, high taxation levels that make India expensive for tourists, and security issues that have negatively impacted tourist sentiment. Improving infrastructure, streamlining regulations such as visa policies, boosting promotion, and addressing security concerns are important for tapping into India's enormous tourism potential.
problem and prospect in tourism with special reference to pauri garhwalsaurav rawat
This document discusses tourism in the Pauri district of Uttarakhand, India. It provides background on tourism in India and Uttarakhand generally. It then focuses on Pauri, describing the local economy, climate, and key tourist attractions in the area like temples and viewpoints. Some of the main challenges discussed are the lack of adequate tourism infrastructure and over-reliance on religious tourism to the Char Dham circuit, which does not benefit all parts of the state equally. Environmental issues related to tourism are also mentioned, such as forest fires. The document analyzes opportunities and challenges for sustainable tourism development in Pauri.
This document provides an overview of tourism in the Indian state of Gujarat. Some key points:
- Gujarat has significant potential for tourism due to its natural beauty, heritage sites, and culture. However, its tourism industry has not been as successful as others like Kerala, Rajasthan, and Goa.
- The document examines reasons for this and explores how destination branding could help Gujarat tourism. Research was conducted comparing Gujarat to three other states.
- The research found that Gujarat could become a top tourist destination by developing a strong, distinct identity and brand through effective marketing strategies.
The document discusses the tourism industry in India. It notes that tourism is a major contributor to job growth and the economies of many countries. In India, tourism accounts for 6.8% of GDP. The top online travel agencies in India are MakeMyTrip, Yatra, and Cleartrip, which respectively have market shares of 47%, 30%, and 20%. Factors that influence tourism include prices, attractions, safety, infrastructure, and the behavior of local residents. Challenges facing India's tourism industry include a lack of man-made attractions, declining global and regional rankings, social unrest, currency fluctuations, and security threats.
The document discusses India's tourism industry, including top destinations for foreign and domestic tourists. It analyzes the industry's strengths as a country with rich heritage and culture, weaknesses like inadequate infrastructure and accommodation, opportunities from events like the Commonwealth Games, and threats from issues like terrorism, crime and disease. It also outlines the "Athiti Devo Bhavah" initiative to improve treatment of foreign tourists and sensitize industry stakeholders through training.
The document discusses various definitions and concepts of tourism. It begins by explaining tourism as a socio-economic phenomenon involving the movement of people within and across national borders. It then discusses several definitions of tourism from 1910 to present day, highlighting definitions from Schullard, the League of Nations, Hunziker and Krapf, and the United Nations. The document also discusses different forms or typologies of tourism that have emerged, such as adventure, medical, agri, cruise, and eco-tourism. Finally, it examines perspectives on defining tourism from authors such as Jafari.
This paper discusses innovative tourism practices in India, including opportunities and challenges. It outlines several types of innovative tourism that have grown in India, such as medical tourism, spiritual tourism, and cultural tourism. Medical tourism involves traveling to India for affordable private medical care and treatments. Spiritual tourism is a major sector in India, with many traveling for religious purposes. Cultural tourism allows foreigners to experience India's diverse cultural and religious traditions through tours of festivals and rural/agricultural areas. However, the paper notes there is still room for improvement in innovative tourism in India.
This document discusses tourism in India. It defines tourism and describes the different types of tourism including adventure, cultural, eco, pilgrimage, medical, and wildlife tourism. It outlines some of India's top tourist destinations and provides a SWOT analysis of India's tourism industry. It identifies threats such as terrorism, economic slowdowns, and natural disasters. Challenges facing the industry such as poor administration, lack of infrastructure and facilities are discussed. Potential solutions and a positive future outlook are also presented.
The Indian tourism industry contributes significantly to the Indian economy through foreign exchange earnings, employment generation, and linkages with other sectors. India receives over 6 million foreign tourist arrivals annually and is poised to become the second fastest growing tourism economy in the world. However, India has untapped potential given its rich cultural and religious heritage across its towns, villages, hills, and other natural attractions. Challenges like infrastructure and political risks must be addressed to further develop the tourism industry in India.
Emerging Issues in Hospitality and TourismMuhammad Ali
This document discusses emerging issues in tourism in Australia. It begins by providing background on the growth of Australia's tourism industry from a slow start in the 1970s to becoming a leading provider of tourism and hospitality programs by the 1990s. The objectives are then outlined, which include analyzing various types of tourism like urban, cultural, nature, ecotourism and sustainable tourism. The document goes on to discuss topics like globalization, urban tourism, cultural tourism, impacts of tourism, and natural tourism in Australia.
The document summarizes current Indian tourism initiatives. It discusses how the Indian tourism ministry's budget has increased each year to promote tourism development. It outlines several projects to boost tourism infrastructure, promote cultural circuits, and provide training to improve tourism workforce skills. The ministry aims to establish India as a global filming destination and expand its visa on arrival program to attract more visitors.
This document discusses the history and development of tourism trade in India. It outlines the evolution of travel agencies and tour operations from ancient times through the pre-independence, post-independence, and post-liberalization periods. Key events include the establishment of the first travel agency in 1920 and the formation of the Travel Agents Association of India in 1951 to regulate the growing industry. The tourism sector experienced increased growth after independence through government initiatives and continues to present opportunities for travel agencies and tour operators, while also introducing new challenges in the modern digital era.
Midwest Social and Administrative Pharmacy Conference,Chicago,2008aramasa3
This study aims to assess practicing pharmacists' attitudes toward precepting students for introductory pharmacy practice experiences (IPPEs) in Ohio. A survey will be administered to pharmacists to measure perceived barriers and benefits to precepting, and determine how these influence willingness to precept. The survey also examines preferred IPPE program characteristics and modes of communication between schools and preceptors. Results may help develop IPPE programs and recruit preceptors to support required experiential education hours.
The document outlines a priorities pyramid and action plan for warrior-traders. The priorities pyramid has three levels: philosophical beliefs and attitude at the top, followed by psychological behavior, and technical trading systems at the bottom. The action plan consists of seven steps to center oneself in mind, body and spirit before and during trading: accept all possible losses, center yourself, trust your skills and system, imagine winning every trade, exist only in the present, never second-guess yourself, and begin trading.
Culture and tourism have a mutually beneficial relationship that can strengthen regions and make them more attractive and competitive. Tourism provides income to support cultural heritage and creativity, while culture enhances tourism. India has seen rapid growth in tourism, generating 9.2% of GDP in 2018. India offers cultural diversity and heritage, with 38 UNESCO World Heritage sites. The government is working to promote niche tourism products and improve infrastructure to further boost the tourism sector.
World Culture Festival, organised by The Art Of Living Foundation has not only made a huge
cultural impact by bringing in performers from 155 countries on one platform but has been able to
bring a lot of intangible impact as well. In this report primary and secondary research was done.
Various government department’s (Department of Tourism, Department of Economic Affairs) data
was studied to understand the impact of this event. The impact on WCF has been quantified using
data on the economic and diplomatic fronts.
Relationship between Foreign Active Sports Tourists’ Travel Motivation and Re...ijtsrd
Tourism has become one of the largest and fastest growing industries across the globe as well as in Sri Lanka. Contemporarily, the relationship between sport and tourism is vastly discussed in both the industry and academic paradigms. Sport and tourism are two different industries, but the industries are always inter connected strongly. With the emerging potential for tourism in the world, Sri Lanka is in a need of redefining its strategies to increase sports tourism. The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between of active sports tourists’ travel motivation and their revisit intention to Sri Lanka. Survey method is adopted to conduct this empirical study and employed 250 foreign tourists who engage in sporting and event activities such as water rafting, boat riding, surfing, snorkelling and cycling in Sri Lanka using purposive sampling method. The relationship between travel motivation and revisit intention was hypothesised and tested with Spearmen correlation. Results revealed a moderate level of positive relationship between two study variables. Accordingly Sri Lanka can promote its cultural events and festivals which can be means to enhance revisit intention of tourists especially, Sri Lankan food and natural resources based adventure sports have a massive fascination among foreigners. Hence, the visitors’ travel motivation and behavioural patterns can be recommended as a Sri Lankan tourism industry development mechanism. If tourism industry is capable of mounting the dimensions of motivation variable, certainly, Sri Lanka will be able to get higher tourists’ magnetism through local food, cultural events and natural resources. K. R. M. I. L. Rathnayaka | A. L. K. R Fernando "Relationship between Foreign Active Sports Tourists’ Travel Motivation and Revisit Intention to Sri Lanka" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-1 , December 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd37959.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/other/37959/relationship-between-foreign-active-sports-tourists’-travel-motivation-and-revisit-intention-to-sri-lanka/k-r-m-i-l-rathnayaka
“Review of Literature”- A literature review is a body of text that aims to review the critical points of current knowledge including substantive findings as well as theoretical and methodological contributions to a particular topic.
Role of tourism industry in generating foreign exchangeDharmik
The document discusses the role of tourism industry in generating foreign exchange. It begins by defining foreign exchange as money from one country being exchanged for another, enabling international transactions. It then discusses India's growing foreign exchange reserves. Tourism is considered a large foreign exchange earner when foreign tourists spend money in India. The tourism industry is the largest export industry in the world and is a major earner of foreign exchange for many countries. India has significant tourism potential and witnessed over 2.75 million foreign tourist arrivals in 2001, with the industry being a large employment generator.
The document summarizes tourism's role in the Indian economy. It notes that tourism contributes substantially to India's GDP and employment. The number of foreign tourists visiting India grew 24% in 2004 to over 3 million. Tourism is linked to many other industries like transportation, real estate, and handicrafts. While tourism benefits the economy, some money spent on tourism "leaks" out of India when the country imports goods or foreign investors are involved. The government is taking steps to promote tourism through improved infrastructure and marketing.
This document discusses India's inbound tourism potential and opportunities for growth. It notes that India has emerged as a tourism powerhouse in recent years as the 8th largest country in terms of travel and tourism GDP contributions. Inbound tourism involves people traveling to a country other than their own for tourism purposes, and many countries rely on it. India is rich in religious sites, culture, heritage sites for Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism that attract religious pilgrims. Inbound tourism is important for India's development as it generates government revenue, improves infrastructure, and provides employment. It is also an opportunity for growth as it spreads tourism spending throughout the year and exposes India's offerings to a global audience through marketing networks. States like Raj
The travel and tourism industry in India faces several key challenges, with the most critical being a lack of proper infrastructure. Other major challenges include inadequate marketing and promotion relative to competing destinations, high taxation levels that make India expensive for tourists, and security issues that have negatively impacted tourist sentiment. Improving infrastructure, streamlining regulations such as visa policies, boosting promotion, and addressing security concerns are important for tapping into India's enormous tourism potential.
problem and prospect in tourism with special reference to pauri garhwalsaurav rawat
This document discusses tourism in the Pauri district of Uttarakhand, India. It provides background on tourism in India and Uttarakhand generally. It then focuses on Pauri, describing the local economy, climate, and key tourist attractions in the area like temples and viewpoints. Some of the main challenges discussed are the lack of adequate tourism infrastructure and over-reliance on religious tourism to the Char Dham circuit, which does not benefit all parts of the state equally. Environmental issues related to tourism are also mentioned, such as forest fires. The document analyzes opportunities and challenges for sustainable tourism development in Pauri.
This document provides an overview of tourism in the Indian state of Gujarat. Some key points:
- Gujarat has significant potential for tourism due to its natural beauty, heritage sites, and culture. However, its tourism industry has not been as successful as others like Kerala, Rajasthan, and Goa.
- The document examines reasons for this and explores how destination branding could help Gujarat tourism. Research was conducted comparing Gujarat to three other states.
- The research found that Gujarat could become a top tourist destination by developing a strong, distinct identity and brand through effective marketing strategies.
The document discusses the tourism industry in India. It notes that tourism is a major contributor to job growth and the economies of many countries. In India, tourism accounts for 6.8% of GDP. The top online travel agencies in India are MakeMyTrip, Yatra, and Cleartrip, which respectively have market shares of 47%, 30%, and 20%. Factors that influence tourism include prices, attractions, safety, infrastructure, and the behavior of local residents. Challenges facing India's tourism industry include a lack of man-made attractions, declining global and regional rankings, social unrest, currency fluctuations, and security threats.
The document discusses India's tourism industry, including top destinations for foreign and domestic tourists. It analyzes the industry's strengths as a country with rich heritage and culture, weaknesses like inadequate infrastructure and accommodation, opportunities from events like the Commonwealth Games, and threats from issues like terrorism, crime and disease. It also outlines the "Athiti Devo Bhavah" initiative to improve treatment of foreign tourists and sensitize industry stakeholders through training.
The document discusses various definitions and concepts of tourism. It begins by explaining tourism as a socio-economic phenomenon involving the movement of people within and across national borders. It then discusses several definitions of tourism from 1910 to present day, highlighting definitions from Schullard, the League of Nations, Hunziker and Krapf, and the United Nations. The document also discusses different forms or typologies of tourism that have emerged, such as adventure, medical, agri, cruise, and eco-tourism. Finally, it examines perspectives on defining tourism from authors such as Jafari.
This paper discusses innovative tourism practices in India, including opportunities and challenges. It outlines several types of innovative tourism that have grown in India, such as medical tourism, spiritual tourism, and cultural tourism. Medical tourism involves traveling to India for affordable private medical care and treatments. Spiritual tourism is a major sector in India, with many traveling for religious purposes. Cultural tourism allows foreigners to experience India's diverse cultural and religious traditions through tours of festivals and rural/agricultural areas. However, the paper notes there is still room for improvement in innovative tourism in India.
This document discusses tourism in India. It defines tourism and describes the different types of tourism including adventure, cultural, eco, pilgrimage, medical, and wildlife tourism. It outlines some of India's top tourist destinations and provides a SWOT analysis of India's tourism industry. It identifies threats such as terrorism, economic slowdowns, and natural disasters. Challenges facing the industry such as poor administration, lack of infrastructure and facilities are discussed. Potential solutions and a positive future outlook are also presented.
The Indian tourism industry contributes significantly to the Indian economy through foreign exchange earnings, employment generation, and linkages with other sectors. India receives over 6 million foreign tourist arrivals annually and is poised to become the second fastest growing tourism economy in the world. However, India has untapped potential given its rich cultural and religious heritage across its towns, villages, hills, and other natural attractions. Challenges like infrastructure and political risks must be addressed to further develop the tourism industry in India.
Emerging Issues in Hospitality and TourismMuhammad Ali
This document discusses emerging issues in tourism in Australia. It begins by providing background on the growth of Australia's tourism industry from a slow start in the 1970s to becoming a leading provider of tourism and hospitality programs by the 1990s. The objectives are then outlined, which include analyzing various types of tourism like urban, cultural, nature, ecotourism and sustainable tourism. The document goes on to discuss topics like globalization, urban tourism, cultural tourism, impacts of tourism, and natural tourism in Australia.
The document summarizes current Indian tourism initiatives. It discusses how the Indian tourism ministry's budget has increased each year to promote tourism development. It outlines several projects to boost tourism infrastructure, promote cultural circuits, and provide training to improve tourism workforce skills. The ministry aims to establish India as a global filming destination and expand its visa on arrival program to attract more visitors.
This document discusses the history and development of tourism trade in India. It outlines the evolution of travel agencies and tour operations from ancient times through the pre-independence, post-independence, and post-liberalization periods. Key events include the establishment of the first travel agency in 1920 and the formation of the Travel Agents Association of India in 1951 to regulate the growing industry. The tourism sector experienced increased growth after independence through government initiatives and continues to present opportunities for travel agencies and tour operators, while also introducing new challenges in the modern digital era.
Midwest Social and Administrative Pharmacy Conference,Chicago,2008aramasa3
This study aims to assess practicing pharmacists' attitudes toward precepting students for introductory pharmacy practice experiences (IPPEs) in Ohio. A survey will be administered to pharmacists to measure perceived barriers and benefits to precepting, and determine how these influence willingness to precept. The survey also examines preferred IPPE program characteristics and modes of communication between schools and preceptors. Results may help develop IPPE programs and recruit preceptors to support required experiential education hours.
The document outlines a priorities pyramid and action plan for warrior-traders. The priorities pyramid has three levels: philosophical beliefs and attitude at the top, followed by psychological behavior, and technical trading systems at the bottom. The action plan consists of seven steps to center oneself in mind, body and spirit before and during trading: accept all possible losses, center yourself, trust your skills and system, imagine winning every trade, exist only in the present, never second-guess yourself, and begin trading.
This document discusses several factors that affect language learning strategies: motivation, as motivated learners tend to learn faster; gender differences in strategy use; the types of strategies used depending on age, such as primary students using metacognitive strategies; how personality and emotional states can influence learning; and more proficient learners using a wider variety of language learning strategies than beginners.
This document discusses psychological factors that affect consumer buying behavior. It covers motivation, perception, memory, learning, and attitudes. Specifically, it discusses Maslow's hierarchy of needs and Herzberg's two-factor theory in relation to motivation. For perception, it covers selective attention, subliminal perception, selective retention, and selective distortion. It provides examples to illustrate each concept and how they influence consumer choices and brand preferences.
Services Marketing Chapter 6 Leveraging the People FactorDr. John V. Padua
This document discusses leveraging service employees in organizations. It covers topics like why service employees are important, ensuring excellence in service employees, empowering employees, the need for improvisation, the emotional side of service work, costuming employees, and maximizing employee productivity. The key points are that service employees are critical to an organization's success and require intelligent hiring, intensive training, constant monitoring, and inspirational rewarding. Empowering employees can provide benefits like quicker responses but also costs like potential violations of fair play.
Consumer behaviour, also called as consumer psychology, is a branch of applied psychology, marketing and organizational behaviour. It examines consumers' decision making processes and ways in which they gather and analyze information from the environment.
Utility And Behavioral Factor
Utility is define as the satisfaction derived from the consumption of a commodity which determines consumption and demand behavior. As such, it is the foundation of consumer’s behavior:
Cultural Factors
Social Factors
Personal Factors
Psychological Factors
Cultural Factors
Cultural Factors exert the broadest and deepest influence on consumer behavior. Culture is one of the most fundamental determinant of person’s wants and behavior. While lower creatures are largely governed by instinct.
Social Factors
A consumer’s behavior is also influenced by social factors such as the consumer’s reference groups, family, and social roles and statuses.
Reference Groups are those groups that have a direct or indirect influence on the person’s attitudes or behavior.
Personal Factors
A buyer’s decision are also influence by personal outward characteristic such as: the buyer’s age and life cycle, occupation, economic circumstances, lifestyle, personality, and self-concept.
Psychological Factor
A Person’s purchases are also influence by psychological factor: motivation, perception, learning, and beliefs and attitudes.
Perception can be defined as the process by which an individual selects, organizes, and interprets information to create meaningful picture of the world.
Hierarchy of Needs
Physical Needs – food clothing, shelter and sleep.
Safety needs – security, protection, stability, freedom from fear and anxiety, and need for structure and limits.
Social Needs – need for family and friends, relationships and part of the group.
Esteem Needs – refer to the reaction of the other towards, the individual, how one views him/herself, and the need for favorable judgment.
Self-actualization Needs – the tendency, in spite of the lower needs being satisfied, to feel restless unless we are doing what we think we are capable of doing.
Preparing A B Plan For Equity InvestmentAnjana Vivek
The document provides guidance on preparing an effective business plan for seeking equity investment. It advises considering the perspective of an equity investor, who will be looking for a company that can significantly increase in value over 4-5 years through rapid growth. The business plan should clearly outline the business idea, team, market opportunity, marketing strategy, competition, financial projections, and other key details. Presenting the plan in a clear, concise format is important to engaging the investor.
This document discusses factors that influence consumer perception and attention. It covers the following key points in 3 sentences:
Consumer perception is shaped by both internal factors like values and family as well as external factors like culture, social roles, and advertising. Attention requires allocating limited mental resources and is determined by stimulus characteristics, individual traits like motivation and ability, and situational factors such as environmental clutter. Perception involves assigning meaning to information through both cognitive and affective processes, and attention can occur deliberately through focus or incidentally through peripheral exposure.
1. Safety is everybody’s business. According the Hippocratic oath from 5th century : “ Never do harm to anyone” Safer Surgery can be defined as a reduction in avoidable harm to a surgical patient
2. It is a part of medical specialty that uses operative manual and instrumental technique on a patient to investigate or treat a pathological condition. Surgical team: 1. Surgeon 2. Surgeon’s assistance 3. Anesthetist 4. Scrub nurse 5. Scouting nurse 6. Surgical technologist
3. Time or duration when patient admitted and discharge after completion of surgery. So, surgical safety has broadly included in different phases: 1. Preoperative(Diagnosis, investigation) 2. Per operative 3. Postoperative(Up to discharge)
4. 1. Adverse events: An incident which result in harm to the patient. 2. Near Miss: An incident which could resulted in unwanted harm but did not. 3. No-harm events: An incident that occur and reach to the patient but result in no injury.
5. An article in the Gurdian newspaper UK in March 2013 claimed that “five worst medical” nightmares a Pt faces, three related to surgery: 1. Wrong site surgery 2. Wrong patient surgery 3. Retained instruments and swabs The rate of harm in surgical patient is unknown but probably occur in about 10% surgical patient, though much of this harm will be minor.
6. 1. Patients themselves. 2. Healthcare professional 3. System failure. 4. Medical complexity
7. Patients Themselves 1. A variety of presentation. 2. Differing co-morbidities 3. Differing response to treatment 4. Patients are reluctant to speak up. 5. Refuse to co-operate 6. Hide and seek
8. Healthcare professional 1. Inadequate Pt assessment(delay or error in Diagnosis) 2. Failure to use or interpret appropriate test 3. Error in performance of an operation and test. 4. Inadequate monitoring or follow-up. 5. Deficient training or experience 6. Fatigue, overwork or time pressure. 7. Personal or psychological factor i.e. drug abuse or depression. 8. Lack of recognition of the danger of medical errors.
9. System failure 1. Poor communication between healthcare provider. 2. Inadequate staffing level 3. Overreliance on investigation 4. Lack of coordination at handover 5. Drug similarities. 6. Equipment failure due to lack of skilled operators. 7. Inadequate system to report and review patient safety incident.
10. Medical complexity 1. Advance and new technologies(laparoscopic, robotic surgery) 2. Potent drug and their side effects and interaction. 3. Working environment- Surgical ICU, HDU and Operation theatre
11. Surgery is one of the most complex health intervention to deliver. More than 100 million people worldwide require surgical treatment every year for different reason. Great Professor of Surgery Sir Alfred Cuschieri and other describes surgical errors in different categories that committed by the surgeons during care of the Patients.
12. 1. Diagnosis and management erro
There are several key factors that can affect learning:
1) Factors related to the learner themselves, including their physical and mental abilities, potential, health, interests, attitudes, intelligence, prior knowledge, and motivation.
2) Factors related to the teacher, such as their mastery of the subject matter, teaching skills, ability to understand learners, teaching approaches, content selection, organization, linking new concepts to old, balancing theory and practice, providing feedback, and transferring learning.
3) Environmental and working conditions that can impact learning, like the physical environment, socio-emotional climate, facilities, class size, noise levels, schedules, staff coordination, and basic resources.
This document discusses attitudes, beliefs, and values. It defines attitude as having three components - cognitive, affective, and conative - and as being oriented positively or negatively towards an object or topic. Attitudes can influence behavior and be influenced by behavior. Beliefs are assumptions held as true, while values represent modes of conduct that are preferable. The document outlines several theories of attitude change and discusses the role of cognitive consistency and dissonance in driving changes. It also defines societal values according to frameworks involving human nature, man-nature relationships, time orientation, and levels of conservatism versus liberalism.
This study examined how gender, locus of control, and past experience with mental health services influence attitudes toward seeking psychological help. The author conducted an online survey of 91 participants measuring their attitudes using standardized scales and questions about experiences. Results found that gender was a stronger predictor of attitudes and past experience than locus of control. Specifically, women tended to have more positive attitudes and were more likely to have previously sought help, which is consistent with previous research. However, contrary to expectations, locus of control and past experience did not significantly predict attitudes in this study. The implications and limitations are discussed.
The document discusses consumer attitudes and provides several key points:
1) Attitudes are predispositions to evaluate objects positively or negatively and are lasting and general in nature, consisting of beliefs, affect, and behavioral intentions.
2) Several theories seek to explain how attitudes are formed and function, such as the ABC model of affect, behavior, and cognition.
3) Consumer intentions, like purchase and spending intentions, can help predict future consumer behavior if measured accurately.
4) Situational factors and a company's marketing activities can influence existing consumer attitudes.
The document discusses consumer perceptions of service quality. It outlines several key points:
1. Customer satisfaction is influenced by perceptions of service quality, which are formed based on individual service encounters. Service quality has five dimensions: reliability, responsiveness, empathy, assurance, and tangibles.
2. Service encounters are critical moments that shape customer perceptions and satisfaction. They can build trust and loyalty or undermine the customer experience.
3. Reliability refers to consistently delivering on promises, such as on-time delivery. Responsiveness means providing prompt service and assistance. Assurance and empathy involve caring, knowledgeable staff who treat customers as individuals. Tangibles represent the physical aspects of a service.
Perception: The process by which sensory information is actively organized and interpreted by the brain.
Factors of Perception.
Kinds of Perception
Laws of Perceptual Organisation
Types of Perceptual Constancy
Illusion:Something that looks or seems different from what it is something that is false or not real but that seems to be true or real.
All above information is included in presentation/
Good Luck
This document discusses several theories of human motivation and factors. It covers content theories including Maslow's hierarchy of needs, Alderfer's ERG theory, Herzberg's two-factor theory, and McClelland's learned needs theory. It also discusses process theories such as Vroom's expectancy theory, equity theory, goal setting theory, and Skinner's reinforcement theory. The document provides descriptions and comparisons of these major motivation theories.
The document summarizes key concepts from a marketing textbook chapter on consumer markets and consumer buyer behavior. It defines the consumer market and presents a model of consumer buyer behavior. It identifies four major factors that influence consumer behavior: culture, social factors, personal factors, and psychological factors. It then describes the four types of buying decision behavior and the five stages in the buyer decision process. Finally, it outlines the adoption process for new products and the factors that influence the rate of adoption.
This document discusses marketing and advertising in e-commerce. It covers factors that influence consumer behavior online like personal characteristics and environmental factors. It also discusses the consumer decision making process, issues of loyalty and trust in e-commerce, market segmentation, personalization, behavioral targeting, and various online advertising strategies and methods. The document provides learning objectives and definitions for key terms related to these topics.
Role of Tourism in Economic Development A Case Study of Koraput District of O...ijtsrd
Tourism and hospitality is an important parameter of socio cultural identity and heritage of a country. In the era of globalization tourism and hospitality enhances the economic growth by job creation, source of foreign exchange and development of regions with potential for tourism. According to World Travel and Tourism Council 2014 , the contribution of travel and tourism in world GDP is estimated to increase from 9.5 of GDP in 2013 to 10.3 of GDP in 2024 WTTC, 2014 .Tourism and hospitality industry contributes 6.8 of GDP of India, contributes 7.7 in total employment generated and provides foreign exchange of US 18.13 billion . The tourism and hospitality sector is the third largest source of foreign exchange for India. The investment in tourism creates more jobs as compared to other sectors of economy. An investment of Rs. 10 lakh in tourism sector is estimated to create 89 jobs in hospitality industry as compared to 45 jobs in agriculture and 13 jobs in manufacturing sector Planning Commission .Hotel industry generates revenues of US 400 500 billion annually. In India tourism and hospitality has emerged as a sunrise industry with rise in number of foreign tourists. Shri Arun Kumar Tripathy | Shri Kishore Kumar Patra "Role of Tourism in Economic Development: A Case Study of Koraput District of Odisha" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-1 , December 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd47833.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/economics/other/47833/role-of-tourism-in-economic-development-a-case-study-of-koraput-district-of-odisha/shri-arun-kumar-tripathy
Effect of Tourism on Economic Wellbeing of Host Communities in Cross River St...ijtsrd
This study examined the effect of tourism on economic wellbeing of host communities in Cross River State, Nigeria. The study modelled the effect of service, product, hotels, transportation and infrastructural facilities on economic well being of host communities in Cross River State. It is a descriptive survey on a sample of 400 respondents from the host communities. Data obtained for the study were analyzed using percentages, mean, standard deviation and regression analysis. From the result of the regression model it was observed that product, service and infrastructure have positive impact on the on the economic well being of the host communities. This means that if product, service and infrastructure are developed and improved, it will bring about more increase in the economic well being of the host communities. On the other hand, hotels and transportation have a negative impact on the economic wellbeing of the host communities. Thus, increase in hotels and transportation cost will bring about a decline in the economic wellbeing of the host communities. The overall significance of the model also supports the alternate hypothesis that the model has goodness of fit and is statistically significant. In other words, tourism consumption has significant impact on the economic wellbeing of the host communities. Based on the analysis and findings of the study the following recommendations are made Since tourism consumption has become imperative for economies to thrive successfully, it is imperative that government should develop and as well as regulate operators in the tourism destination to step up the quality of product, service and infrastructure provided in the tourist destination. This is because they have been found to have positive impact on the on the economic well being of the host communities. The government should also come up with policy instruments containing measures that will effectively' monitor and evaluate the operations of tourism destinations. This is necessary as this research manifest the fact that hotels and transportation cost negatively affects the host communities. In other words it will bring about a decline in the economic wellbeing of the host communities if not regulated. Anionwu, Carol "Effect of Tourism on Economic Wellbeing of Host Communities in Cross River State, Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd25295.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/business-economics/25295/effect-of-tourism-on-economic-wellbeing-of-host-communities-in-cross-river-state-nigeria/anionwu-carol
The Importance Of Human Rights In Tourism DevelopmentJenny Smith
This document discusses the importance of human rights in tourism development. It outlines some key human rights such as freedom, dignity, and protection from discrimination, slavery, and displacement. It then discusses some human rights issues in tourism, such as human trafficking in sex tourism. Children and women from developing countries are often forced into sex work. International agreements like the UDHR aim to protect individuals' rights regardless of attributes. Throughout, the document emphasizes that upholding human rights is important for sustainable tourism development.
Cross border potentials to develop women entrepreneurshipali lacej
The document discusses developing women's entrepreneurship in tourism across borders. It recommends establishing a resource center for women in tourism and entrepreneurship to advocate for women, provide training programs and business support, and develop networks for women in business. Tourism is described as an important global industry that brings economic and social benefits but can also negatively impact the environment if not managed properly. Key components of the tourism industry and best practices are outlined.
Cultural tourism has significant benefits for economic growth by drawing tourists through cultural attractions and events, exposing visitors to local culture in order to make places frequent destinations. Tourists enjoy exploring new cultures, so showcasing a country's culture through events satisfies this interest while strengthening cultural exchanges between hosts and guests. However, cultural tourism must also consider addressing lingering cultural misconceptions in order to maximize its potential for connecting cultures across borders.
The document discusses the role of cooperatives in developing tourism in India. It notes that while tourism is a large industry and employer in India, it remains underutilized for promoting financial inclusion. The concept of cooperative tourism aims to deliver sustainable economic development by building local communities' capacity to realize the value of their cultural heritage and create tourism opportunities. A cooperative model can help bridge divides by bringing all aspects of a tourism product under one structure to ensure benefits are shared more widely. The document reviews literature on cooperatives in general and tourism cooperatives specifically, noting their potential benefits but also challenges to be addressed.
When tourism getting momentum globally, a concern irks locally is – is tourism really benefitting the common people in destinations? When ordinary people are forced to jeopardize their convenience for the pleasures of travelers and tour operators, a lion part of the income generated from tourism goes to minority business players. Even though these natural attractions are to be equally enjoyed by all, this paradox remain prevails. Here the novel concept Responsible Tourism (RT) tries to answer many of our apprehensions. This paper reiterates that RT initiative – a strategy to accomplish economic, social and environmental objectives simultaneously shall be the approach for destination management. The Sustainable Tourism Products (STP) and Community Based Tourism (CBT) products emerge as a new strategy for destination marketing, and this Cause Related Marketing (CRM) totally in line with pro-poor, inclusive, and sustainable development concepts creates a win-win situation among community, tourists and industry.
Keywords: Responsible Tourism, Community Based Tourism (CBT) Product, Sustainable Tourism Product (STP), Destination Management, Destination Marketing, and Cause Related Marketing (CRM)
The Development Of Sustainability In The Tourism IndustrySheena Crouch
The document discusses the development of sustainability in the tourism industry, specifically focusing on tour operations. It aims to measure awareness levels and current practices that have enabled sustainable development. Tour operators combine travel services and sell packaged tours. This study aims to recognize plans that have enabled tour operators to remain profitable despite competition. Undifferentiated products and small margins characterize many British tour operators, with companies like Thomson, Airtours, and First Choice dominating the market.
Chapter 5 Planning for Particular Sectors and Groups (Tourism Planning and De...Md Shaifullar Rabbi
Cultural tourism is an important tool for Bangladesh to showcase its rich cultural heritage and traditions. Some key cultural attractions for tourists include religious sites that demonstrate the religious diversity and harmony in Bangladesh, tribal communities with unique cultures and lifestyles, and numerous festivals celebrated throughout the year. Cultural tourism can provide significant economic benefits to Bangladesh through foreign exchange earnings, employment, and tax revenue. However, it also risks increasing income inequality and price levels if not managed properly.
This document discusses tourism as a path for wealth creation in Nigeria, using Awka metropolis as a case study. It begins by outlining how tourism has become one of the largest and fastest growing economic sectors globally. It then discusses Nigeria's vast tourism potential, particularly in Awka, which is endowed with cultural and modern attractions. The document advocates for the development and exploitation of Awka's tourism resources to create wealth through job creation, increased incomes, and foreign exchange earnings. It provides details on Awka's cultural festivals and crafts industry as key tourism attractions that could be harnessed for this purpose.
Rural tourism is growing in importance worldwide. It provides economic opportunities for rural communities while allowing visitors to experience rural lifestyles and activities. The document discusses definitions of rural tourism and examples from around the world. Top rural tourism destinations include Ontario, Canada known for agri-tours of farms and Dunedin, New Zealand for its scenic landscape and proximity to wildlife. Rural tourism is beneficial as it generates income for rural areas and encourages preservation of local culture and environment.
Multiattribute attitude measurement of incredible india campaignAlexander Decker
The document summarizes a study that evaluated India's "Incredible India" tourism campaign. It used a questionnaire to measure foreign tourists' attitudes toward various elements of the campaign. The study found the mean overall attitude score was 184.29 out of a possible 300, indicating a generally positive attitude. The campaign was launched in 2002 to boost India's struggling tourism industry after several crises. It has since helped significantly grow tourism in India and increase its share of GDP and employment.
Different aspects-of-tourism-marketing-strategies-with-special-reference-to-b...Rokibul Rs
This document analyzes tourism marketing strategies in Bangladesh. It discusses how tourism can contribute significantly to the economy if proper marketing plans and strategies are developed and implemented. Tourism demand depends on factors like attractions, costs, security, accommodation, entertainment and political stability. The study uses a questionnaire survey of 115 domestic and foreign tourists and regression analysis to determine how these variables impact tourism in Bangladesh. It finds that attractions and costs have a positive impact, while recommending that integrated marketing be used to develop the tourism sector and realize its potential for economic growth.
Rural Tourism- A Catalyst for Rural Economic Growthinventionjournals
Tourism is one of the world’s largest industries. Tourism which can be sustained over the long term because it results in a net benefit for the social, economic, natural and cultural environments of the area in which it takes place. For developing countries like India, it is also one of the prime income generators. But the huge infrastructural and resource demands of tourism (e.g. water consumption, waste generation and energy use) can have severe impacts upon local communities and the environment if it is not properly managed. The spirit of India resides in her villages and those living in cities and towns have their roots in rural life, which has pastoral beauty and touching simplicity, offer fresh comforting breezes and lavish openness. Tourism growth potential can be bind as a strategy for Rural Development in specific and rural tourism in general which definitely useful for a country like India, where almost 74 per cent of the population resides in rural areas. The tourism sector provides employment to about 50 million people. Even a modest 10 per cent growth in tourism sector would generate 5 million jobs every year and major beneficiary are weaker sections of society women and rural artisans. Rural tourism stands for showcasing the ethnic arts, crafts, culture and lifestyle in its traditional approach. The present study was conducted with an objective to identify the various forms of rural tourism, role of government and private sector in enhancing the efficient tourism prerequisite, to study the problems in rural tourism and to construct the suggestions and recommendations for rural tourism. The present study is based on the secondary data published in various journals, articles, books and others sources of information The study reveals that endorsement of village tourism is a competent device for socio-economic benefits to rural people. It is a multi-sectoral activity and the industry is affected by many other sectors of the nation’s economy. Therefore, government and private sectors should ensure healthier linkages and coordination. It also has to play a pivotal role in tourism management and promotion. Further, the study also discloses that rural tourism has the potential to increase public appreciation of the environment and to spread awareness of environmental problems when it brings people into closer contact with nature and the environment. This confrontation may heighten awareness of the value of nature and lead to environmentally conscious behaviour and activities to preserve the environment.
This document contains the draft National Tourism Policy 2015 of India. Some key points:
1. The vision is to develop India as a "Must Experience" and "Must Revisit" destination for global travelers while also encouraging domestic tourism.
2. Objectives include increasing India's share of international tourist arrivals to 1% by 2020 and 2% by 2025, positioning tourism as a priority on the national agenda, and focusing on benefits for local communities and environments.
3. The policy outlines strategies for improving governance, developing tourism products, investing in infrastructure, enhancing skills, promoting certification, leveraging IT, undertaking promotion and marketing activities, and fostering international cooperation to achieve the goals.
The document is a project report on tourism in India submitted for a master's degree. It provides an executive summary that discusses key facts about international tourism globally and in India. India is positioned as a potential tourism destination given its diverse heritage, cultures, and landscapes. The report then outlines the introduction, research methodology, literature review, data analysis, and conclusion sections to follow. It also includes acknowledgments, declarations, certificates, and an index of topics.
The document discusses India's tourism industry. It begins by defining tourism and the tourism industry. It then outlines the significance of tourism and the various tourism industries according to the UNWTO. It discusses the importance and benefits of tourism for the economy and society through job creation, infrastructure development, and cultural growth. It highlights aspects that make India's tourism industry special such as its diversity of landscapes, heritage sites, and cultures. It provides statistics on foreign tourist arrivals in India and describes the administrative structure of tourism, including the Ministry of Tourism and its roles. It concludes by noting initiatives and areas that could be strengthened to further promote tourism in India.
Tourism has an important role in the economy with significant contributions to
sustainable development. Based on World Travel & Tourism Council WTTC (2016) and World
Bank (2016) that tourists contribute 10 % to national Gross domestic product (GDP), the highest
in ASEAN in which tourism GDP national grew 4.8 % with an upward trend up to 6.9%, more
than other sectors such as industrial agriculture, manufacturing automotive and mining. In
addition, tourism contributed to foreign exchange by about US $ 1 Million, produced GDP
US$ 1.7 Million or 170%, and is still the highest compared to other industries.
Economics and Digital Business Review / Volume 5 Issue 1 (2024)
48
The Implementation of Halal Tourism Ecosystem in Bantimurung....
Halal tourism has become a new phenomenon in tourism industries. In several years,
amount of tourists from halal tourism experienced significant improvement. Based on
Thomson Reuters and Dinar Standard (2013) that sector of Halal tourism is worth US$137
billion in 2013 and reached US$181 billion in the year 2018.
While, some countries try to build and create halal tourism ecosystem such as
Malaysia, Thailand, Japan and South Korea. Malaysia declared as center of world halal
products and promoted through the Malaysia International Halal Showcase (MIHAS) each
year since 2013. Besides, Thailand also declared as center last halal food followed Japan and
South Korea, even though the Muslim population in Japan only 100.000 persons and South
Korea only 150,000 persons. However, they are interested to muslim traveler in order to get
the business opportunity in halal tourism.
India – tourism development & sustainable growth 2020Harsh Ahuja
The document discusses India's tourism development and sustainable growth opportunities by 2020. It notes that India's diverse culture, festivals, and eco-friendly practices provide opportunities to develop tourism. The tourism and hospitality sector is a major revenue source for any nation. For sustainable growth, it is important to consider environmental, social, and economic impacts while providing livelihoods and maintaining cultural heritage. New technologies are changing the industry, and travelers now seek authentic experiences and want to reduce their environmental footprint.
This study examines factors that influence tourist satisfaction among domestic tourists in Bangladesh. The researcher conducted surveys of 150 domestic tourists who had taken overnight trips within Bangladesh. Regression analysis found that five factors had significant positive impacts on tourist satisfaction: scenic beauty, hotel services, transportation facilities, price of tourist services, and emotional attachment to destinations. The study aims to help tourism planners develop sustainable products and services to increase domestic tourist satisfaction in Bangladesh.
Similar to A Study of the Factors Influencing Cultural Tourists’ Perception and Its Measurement with Reference to Agra (20)
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Did you know that while 50% of content on the internet is in English, English only makes up 26% of the world’s spoken language? And yet 87% of customers won’t buy from an English only website.
Uncover the immense potential of communicating with customers in their own language and learn how translation holds the key to unlocking global growth. Join Smartling CEO, Bryan Murphy, as he reveals how translation software can streamline the translation process and seamlessly integrate into your martech stack for optimal efficiency. And that's not all – he’ll also share some inspiring success stories and practical tips that will turbocharge your multilingual marketing efforts!
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In today's digital landscape, understanding the customer's journey and delivering personalized experiences are paramount. This masterclass delves into the art of consumer journey mapping, a powerful technique that visualizes the entire customer experience across touchpoints. Attendees will learn how to create detailed journey maps, identify pain points, and uncover opportunities for optimization. The presentation also explores personalization strategies that leverage data and technology to tailor content, products, and experiences to individual customers. From real-time personalization to predictive analytics, attendees will gain insights into cutting-edge approaches that drive engagement and loyalty.
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What’s “In” and “Out” for ABM in 2024: Plays That Help You Grow and Ones to L...Demandbase
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3. Put your CX data to use and drive action in your organization
2. 43A Study of the Factors Influencing Cultural Tourists’ Perception
and Its Measurement with Reference to Agra
contribution of travel and tourism. But WTTC recognizes that the total contribution
(considering direct, indirect and induced impacts) of travel and tourism to GDP is
three times greater than its direct contribution. According to WTTC’s annual report on
Economic impact of tourism in India in 2006, the direct contribution of travel and
tourism to India’s GDP was 1,236.7 bn. It reached 1,919.7 bn (2% of GDP) in
2012, and it is expected to grow by 7.8% pa to 4,360.6 bn (2.1% of GDP) in 2023.
In 2006, the total contribution of travel and tourism to GDP was 4,280.5 bn.
It reached 6,385.1 bn in 2012 (6.6% of GDP) and is forecasted to rise by 7.9% pa to
14,722.3 bn in 2023 (7% of GDP).
Tourism directly generates employment in its own sector as well as via indirect and
induced effects in the connected sectors of the economy. According to WTTC, travel
and tourism generated 24,477,4000 direct jobs in India in 2006, and 25,041,000
direct jobs in 2012 (4.9% of total employment in the country). It is forecasted to account
for 30,631,000 direct jobs by 2023, an increase of 2.1% pa over the next 10 years. The
total contribution of travel and tourism to employment is much more than the direct
contribution. It generates huge employment opportunities in various other sectors and
hence provides a source of income to millions of countrymen every year. The total
contribution of travel and tourism to employment was 43,210,300 jobs in 2006 and
39,512,000 jobs in 2012 (7.7% of total employment in the country), and is expected
to generate 48,592,000 jobs (8% of total employment in the country), an increase of
2.1% per annum over the period in 2023.
Tourism as a post-Second World-War phenomenon has revolutionized the economies
of many countries of the world and India with its large variety of tourist attractions is
yet to make its presence felt on the world tourism map. According to “India Tourism
Statistics at a Glance 2011” (Published by Ministry of Tourism, Government of India),
India has earned foreign exchange of US$2,889 mn ( 10,511 cr) in 1997. Foreign
Exchange Earnings (FEE) reached $16,564 mn ( 77,591 cr) in 2011. Foreign Tourists
Arrival (FTA) in India was 2.37 million in 1997. It rose from 3.46 million in 2004 to
6.29 million in 2011. In the world tourism industry, India’s percentage share and rank
in 2000 were 0.73% and 36th
respectively, whereas in Asia and Pacific its percentage
share and rank were 4.06% and 10th
. In 2011, it rose to 1.61% and 17th
in world
tourism and 5.72% and 8th
rank in Asia and Pacific. Domestic tourism was also rising in
the country. The number of domestic tourists in India had risen from 159.88 million in
1997 to 366.27 million in 2004 and 850.86 million in 2011. Among tourism niche
markets, cultural tourism ranks first. More and more travelers rank arts, heritage and
other cultural activities as one of the main reasons for traveling.
Tourism in Agra
Agra is the city of the inimitable Taj Mahal. According to the reports of Archeological
Survey of India (ASI), Agra’s Taj Mahal is the most popular destination in the country
3. The IUP Journal of Marketing Management, Vol. XII, No. 4, 201344
and Taj Mahal along with Agra Fort are among the top 10 most visited monuments by
domestic as well as foreign tourists in the country. On November 17, 2011, CNBC
Awaj Travel Awards 2011 for Most Famous Weekend Destination in the north was
given to Agra and Best Managed Historical Monument to Taj Mahal.
Literature Review
Tourism has traditionally been defined either in demand side terms or supply side terms,
i.e., either in terms of the activities of tourists/visitors or the activities of businesses supplying
tourists/visitors. The demand side concept was accepted as an appropriate approach at
the World Tourism Organization’s (WTO), “International conference on travel and tourism
statistics” Ottawa (Canada) in 1991 and tourism was defined as: “The activities of a
person travelling to and staying in places outside their usual environment for not more
than one consecutive year for leisure, business and other purposes”.
According to Medlik and Middleton (1973), tourism product is a bundle of
activities, services, and benefits that constitute the entire tourism experience. In their
'component model of tourism product', they discussed five components of tourism
product namely: (1) Destination attractions; (2) Destination facilities; (3) Destination
accessibility; (4) Destination images; and (5) Destination price. Later, Jefferson and
Lickorish (1988) stated that tourism product is a collection of physical and service
features together with symbolic associations which are expected to fulfill the wants
and needs to the tourists.
Culture is one of the two or three most complicated words in the English language
(Williams, 1976). Culture is not genetically inherited (Hall, 1976), but is always shared
by members of a society (Hall, 1976; Hofstede, 1980; and Mulholland, 1991). It
distinguishes the members of one group from another and is passed from one generation
to the other. It is dynamic because each generation adds something of its own before
passing it on (Hofstede, 1980). There are hundreds of definitions of 'culture' (Tomlinson,
1991; and Lonner, 1994) but no single definition has achieved a consensus in literature.
According to Mulholland (1991), culture is a set of shared and enduring meaning,
values, and beliefs that characterize national, ethnic, or other groups and orient their
behavior. In the tourism literature, the term ‘culture’ can be identified in two ways-
culture as process; and culture as a product. ‘Culture as the process’ is an approach
through which people make sense of themselves and their lives (Clarke, 1990). It assumes
that boundaries of culture, are variable, and can cover a nation, tribe, corporation, etc.,
pursuing any specific activities. ‘Culture as product’ is an approach where culture is
regarded as the product of individual or group activities to which certain meanings are
attached. Culture as process is the goal of tourists seeking authenticity and meaning
through their touring experiences (MacCannell, 1976; and Cohen, 1979). Culture as
the process is transformed into culture as a product through tourism (Cohen, 1988).
According to WTO (2000), culture and tourism have a symbiotic connection. Arts,
crafts, dances, rituals and legends that are at risk of being forgotten by the younger
4. 45A Study of the Factors Influencing Cultural Tourists’ Perception
and Its Measurement with Reference to Agra
generation may be revitalized when tourists show a keen interest in them. Cultural
tourism is the sub-set of tourism (MacCannell, 1976; and Singh, 2008). The range of
possible uses of the term is so vast, that no single widely accepted definition of cultural
tourism emerged (Richards, 1993; Dolnicar, 2002; and Hughes, 2002). It means different
things to different people (MacCannell, 1976; McIntosh and Goeldner, 1990; Zeppel,
1992; Hughes, 1996; Stebbins, 1996; and McKercher and Du Cros, 2003). Bonink
and Richards (1992) reviewed the existing definitions of cultural tourism and identified
two basic approaches: (1) Sites and monuments approach which is clearly related to a
product-based definition of culture and concentrates on describing the type of
attractions visited by cultural tourists ECTARC (1989); and (2) Conceptual approach
which is clearly related to process-based definitions of culture and attempt to describe
the motive and the meanings attached to cultural tourism activity. For example, cultural
tourism comprises all aspects of travel (McIntosh and Goeldner, 1986 and 1990).
The role of culture as contextual, where it shapes the tourist's experience of a situation
in general, without a particular focus on the uniqueness of a specific cultural identity
(Wood, 1984).
Cultural tourists are not recognized as a homogenous mass but a heterogeneous
market with different characteristics and needs (Hughes, 2002; and McKercher, 2002)
and different types of cultural tourists may seek qualitatively different experiences
(McKercher, 2002; and Dolnicar, 2002). On the basis of degree of motivation for visiting
cultural sites/destinations, Silberberg (1995) identified four different types of cultural
tourists-greatly motivated, in part motivated, adjunct and accidental cultural tourists.
Cultural tourists can also be either specific or general (Foo and Rossetto, 1998).
McKercher (2002) introduced a two-dimensional model on cultural tourism and classified
cultural tourist in five categories-the purposeful, the sightseeing, the casual, the incidental
and the serendipitous cultural tourists.
Perception is a complex process (Kesic, 1999) by which an individual selects, organizes,
and interprets stimuli into a meaningful and coherent picture of the world (Schiffman
and Kanuk, 2004). There are a number of tangible and intangible aspects of tourism
products which influence the perception of tourists. According to Beerli and Martýn
(2003) there are nine dimensions/aspects which determine the perception of tourist-
tourist leisure and recreation, culture, history and art, general infrastructure, tourist
infrastructure, political and economic factors, natural resources, natural environment,
social environment and the atmosphere of the place/destination.
Objectives of the Study
The primary aim of this research is:
• To measure the perception of cultural tourists regarding various factors which
affect the perception of tourists and to know whether the difference between
perception of male and female tourists is significant.
5. The IUP Journal of Marketing Management, Vol. XII, No. 4, 201346
• To find out the demographic profile of cultural tourists and the influence of
demography of cultural tourists on their duration of stay and sources of
knowledge about Agra.
Formulation of Hypotheses
Based on the objectives of the study the following hypotheses were formulated:
Ho
: Personal factors of the respondents have no significant influence on (are not associated
with) the sources of knowledge about Agra.
Ho
: Personal factors of the respondents have no significant influence on (are not associated
with) the duration of stay at Agra.
Ho
: There is no significant difference between the mean perceptions of male and female
tourists regarding various tourism-related variables.
Research Methodology
Data was collected at a few of the most visited tourist attractions in Agra—Taj Mahal,
Red Fort and Sikendra. Agra is on the banks of the river Yamuna in the northern state
of Uttar Pradesh, India. It is 363 km west of the state capital, Lucknow, and 203 km
south from national capital New Delhi. It is well connected with major cities of the
country by road, rail (Agra Cantt., Agra Fort, Raja-ki-Mandi and Tundla railway stations)
and air routes. Kheria airport is 13 km from the city center.
The primary data pertaining to the perception of tourists was collected through a
structured and non-disguised questionnaire (refer Appendix) from April to May, 2013.
Before executing the questionnaire in full swing, a pilot study was conducted on a small
group of respondents. The questionnaire was divided into three parts. Part one (containing
6 questions), Part two (containing 2 questions) with nominal/ordinal scales mainly
related to the demographic profile of the respondents, and Part 3 contained 28 statements
(5-point Likert scale ranging fromm 1 – strongly disagree to 5 – strongly agree) related to
the perception of the tourists regarding a variety of tourism related variables. Most of
perception measurement statements were adopted from previous studies. The study
also gathered secondary data from extensive literature survey available on the Internet
and libraries. Convenience sampling technique was used to achieve the earlier stated
objectives of research.
Statistical Tools Used
For the purpose of a detailed analysis of the raw data obtained from the questionnaire,
the following statistical techniques were used:
1. Cronbach’s Alfa test of internal consistency was used to check the reliability
of scale used in the survey.
2. Descriptive statistics: Arithmetic mean and standard deviation were used to
uncover the characteristics of the data obtained through survey.
6. 47A Study of the Factors Influencing Cultural Tourists’ Perception
and Its Measurement with Reference to Agra
3. To measure the influence of the personal factors (like age, gender, marital
status etc.) on the sources of knowledge about Agra and duration of stay at
Agra, a Chi square (2
) test of independence was used.
4. A two-tailed test was used to know the difference between the mean values of
two large samples, and a Z-test was used to find the significant difference
between the mean perceptions of male and female tourists.
Test of Reliability: The reliability analysis allows us to study the properties of
measurement scale and the items that make them up. It also provides information about
the relationship between individual items in the scale. Cronbach’s Alfa () is a measure
of internal consistency. The overall value of reliability coefficient for all the four
dimensions of tourism, = 0.8602. It indicates the high internal reliability of the data
(Table 1).
Table 1: Reliability Statistics
S. No. Dimension Cronbach Alfa
1. Monuments and Places of Tourists’ Attraction 0.7763
2. Accommodation and Food 0.7583
3. Hygiene and Sanitation 0.7575
4. Attitude of Local People Towards Visitors 0.5576
Overall Reliability Coefficient, 0.8602
Results and Discussion
To study the demographic profile of the tourists at Agra, the data obtained from question
numbers 1-6 are cross-tabulated. The data corresponding to Age, family’s annual
income, education, occupation and marital status are cross-tabulated with the gender
(Table 2).
Influence of Personal Factors of Respondents
The influence of personal factors like gender, age, marital status, income, education and
occupation on: (1) Sources of knowledge about Agra; and (2) Duration of stay at Agra.
For this purpose, a 2
test of independence was used. This test determines whether
two or more attributes are associated or not. The calculated value of 2
was compared
with the table value of 2
for a given degree of freedom at certain specified level of
significance (generally 5% is selected). If at the stated level the calculated value of 2
is
more than the table value, the difference is considered to be significant i.e., the attributes
are associated/ related. On the other hand, if the calculated value is less than the table
value, the difference is not considered as significant and it can be concluded that the
attributes are not related/associated.
7. The IUP Journal of Marketing Management, Vol. XII, No. 4, 201348
Personal Factors Vs. Sources of Knowledge About Agra
Ho
: Personal factors of respondents have no significant influence on (are not associated
with) the sources of knowledge about Agra.
Table 3 depicts that gender, marital status and occupation of the tourists do not
have any influence on the sources of knowledge about Agra, i.e., gender, marital status
and occupation of the tourists are not related to the sources of knowledge about Agra.
On the other hand age, education and family income of the tourists have an influence
on sources of knowledge about Agra.
Personal Factors Vs. Duration of Stay in Agra
Ho
: Personal factors of respondents have no significant influence on (are not associated
with) the duration of stay at Agra.
It is clear from Table 4 that only gender of the tourists’ influences their duration of
stay at Agra. Other personal factors like age, marital status, education, family income
and occupation of the tourists do not influence the duration of stay in Agra.
Table 2: Demographic Profile of the Tourists at Agra
Age (Years) Gender Total Family’s Annual Gender Total
Male Female Income ( ) Male Female
Below 20 22 6 28 <100,000 31 20 51
Between 21-40 115 47 162 100,000-300,000 94 29 123
Between 41-60 24 9 33 300,000-500,000 37 9 46
Above 60 11 0 11 >500,000 10 4 14
Total 172 62 234 Total 172 62 234
Education Gender Total Occupation Gender Total
Male Female Male Female
School 16 2 18 Service 81 27 108
Undergraduate 68 13 81 Business 32 8 40
Postgraduate 83 42 125 Student 51 16 67
Other 5 5 10 Other 8 11 19
Total 172 62 234 Total 172 62 234
Marital Status Gender Total
Male Female
Married 96 26 122
Unmarried 76 36 112
Total 172 62 234
8. 49A Study of the Factors Influencing Cultural Tourists’ Perception
and Its Measurement with Reference to Agra
Perception Measurement Statements (Question Nos. 09-37)
Table 5 provides the list of statements which were used as scales for the measurement of
perception of cultural tourists. Table 5 demonstrates that the tourists generally ‘strongly
agree’ or ‘agree’ with the statements. For the Category No. 1, i.e., ‘monuments and
places of tourist attraction’, the overall perception of tourists is favorable (72.19%
are strongly agree/agree). Most of the tourists strongly agree/agree that monuments are
well preserved, leisure and recreational facility, information boards and tour guides are
easily available, and tour guides are knowledgeable of the tourist places in Agra. Tourists
have given a merely above average score (58.48% strongly agree/agree) to Category No.
2 containing 7 variables related to infrastructure. Most of the tourists showed positive
perception towards fairness of infrastructure in Agra, but a huge number of tourists also
feel that telecommunication facility, medical facility and security inside and outside the
place of accommodation are not sufficient in Agra, and the district administration needs
to improve it. Respondents were highly satisfied with the availability of accommodation
in Agra. 74% respondents strongly agree/agree with the statement—‘Hotel accommodation
is easily available in Agra’. For the remaining variables in the category, ‘accommodation
and food’ respondents exhibited their satisfaction in their responses. Agra is an
international tourist destination. It attracts a huge number of domestic and international
tourists every year. Unlike several tourist places in Uttar Pradesh, the district
Table 3: Personal Factors vs. Sources of Knowledge About Agra
S. No. Personal Factors Calculated Degree of Table Value 5% Level of
2
Freedom of 2
0.05
Significance Ho
is
1. Gender 3.174 3 7.815 Accepted
2. Age 27.451 9 16.91 Rejected
3. Marital Status 2.023 3 7.815 Accepted
4. Education 18.559 9 16.91 Rejected
5. Family Annual Income 17.132 9 16.91 Rejected
6. Occupation 8.322 9 16.91 Accepted
Table 4: Personal Factors vs. Duration of Stay in Agra
S. No. Personal Factors Calculated Degree of Table Value 5% Level of
2
Freedom of 2
0.05
Significance Ho
is
1. Gender 16.282 2 5.991 Rejected
2. Age 5.651 6 12.59 Accepted
3. Marital Status 1.422 2 5.991 Accepted
4. Education 7.376 6 12.59 Accepted
5. Family Annual Income 12.388 6 12.59 Accepted
6. Occupation 9.038 6 12.59 Accepted
10. 51A Study of the Factors Influencing Cultural Tourists’ Perception
and Its Measurement with Reference to Agra
Table5(Cont.)
StronglyDisagreeNeutralAgreeStrongly
S.No.StatementsforMeasurementofTourist’sPerceptionDisagree(%)(%)(%)Agree
(%)(%)
15.Thehotelstaffispoliteandcourteous.08.530.847.013.7
16.FeeofaccommodationisfairinAgra.015.833.337.213.7
17.Foodandbeveragesofferedinthehotelareofgoodtaste.08.530.847.013.7
18.FoodandBeveragesofferedattheplaceofstayarehygienic.015.833.337.213.7
19.Foodandbeveragesofferedincity’smarketareofgood010.332.546.610.7
taste.
20.Foodandbeveragesofferedincity’smarketarehygienic.2.612.033.838.912.8
21.PriceoffoodoutsidetheplaceofstayisfairinAgra.3.020.123.945.77.3
Average0.72213.4828.2644.2713.31
22.Thereisgoodsanitationandcleanlinessinthestreets2.120.134.230.812.8
ofAgra.
23.Thereissufficientcleanlinessandhygieneattheplace1.711.528.244.014.5
ofstay.
24.ThewaterisdrinkableandhygienicatAgra.4.723.519.735.017.1
25.Agraisfreefrommosquitoes.6.430.322.627.413.2
Average3.72521.3526.1834.314.4
26.PeopleofAgraareculturedandcivilized.1.77.331.247.412.4
27.TaxiandAutodriverstrytoexploitthetourists.4.323.116.737.218.8
28.Shop-ownersandvendorstrytoexploitthetourists.7.718.414.543.615.8
29.Beggarsshouldberemovedfromareasnearbyofthe
monumentsandtourismdestinations.2.111.123.925.637.2
Average3.9514.9821.5838.4521.05
Accommodation
andFood
Hygieneand
Sanitation
AttitudeofLocal
PeopleTowards
Visitors
11. The IUP Journal of Marketing Management, Vol. XII, No. 4, 201352
administration of Agra pays considerable attention for cleaning the city. Yet tourists
were not highly satisfied with the sanitation and hygiene in the city. Tourists have given
only mediocre score to the variables under the category hygiene and sanitation. Local
people engaged in providing an experience to the visitors are also a big cause of tourists’
dissatisfaction and/or satisfaction. In India tourism sector is highly unorganized. A
huge number of actors in the tourism sector are unregulated and scattered. Research
shows that the taxi and auto drivers, shopkeepers and vendors are often involved in the
exploitation of the tourists in tourist places like Agra. Beggary is common to all the
tourist places in India and Agra is not an exception. Men and women of all ages are
engaged in begging in Agra. Many a time, beggars irritate the tourists, and more than
60% of tourists ‘feel/strongly feel’ that beggars create nuisance at the tourist places and
that the district administration must immediately remove them from the tourist places.
Z-Test (Independent Sample)
Ho
: There is no significant difference between the mean perceptions of male and female
tourists regarding various tourism related variables.
At 5% level of significance, if the difference is more than ±1.96 SE, the null hypothesis,
Ho
is rejected. It indicates that there is a significant difference between the mean
perceptions of male and female tourists. And, if it is less than ±1.96 SE, the null
hypothesis is accepted. It indicates that the difference between mean perceptions of
male and female tourists is not significant. An insignificant difference between mean
perceptions of male and female tourists states that male and female tourists have the
same perception/feeling regarding various tourism-related variables like availability of
accommodation, quality of food, hygiene and cleanliness, transportation, etc.
Tables 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10 present statistics pertaining to the perception of male and
female tourists regarding five broad categories affecting the tourists’ perception. The
number of variables in Tables 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10 are respectively 5, 7, 9, 4 and 4.
Analysis with Z-test reveals that perception of male and female tourists is significantly
different for the variable— availability of tour guides in Agra. And for the remaining variables
the perception of male and female tourist’s is not significantly different (Table 6).
The Z-test indicates that for the variable, ‘availability of Bank’s ATM, medical help,
and safety and security outside place to stay, perception of male and female tourists is
not significantly different. Whereas for the variable—fairness of transport facility,
sufficiency of parking facility, fairness of tele-communication facility, and availability of safety
and security at the place of stay—the perception of male and female tourists is significantly
different (Table 7).
Table 8 contains nine variables under the category, ‘accommodation and food’.
Perception of male and female tourists is significantly different for the variables, ‘room
services’, and ‘humbleness of hotel staff (variable number 2 and 3)’. And for the remaining
variables, ‘availability of hotel accommodation’, ‘fee for accommodation’, ‘taste of food
12. 53A Study of the Factors Influencing Cultural Tourists’ Perception
and Its Measurement with Reference to Agra
Table6:MonumentsandPlacesofTouristAttraction
GenderMeanSDMeanStandardZ-Value5%Levelof
DifferenceError(Diff/SE)Significance
Ho
is
1.HistoricalmonumentsarewellpreservedMale(172)3.78491.02320.2040.158+1.29Accepted
inAgra.
Female(62)3.58061.0947
2.LeisureandrecreationalfacilitiesareMale(172)3.64530.7850–0.09660.1312-0.7362Accepted
availableattouristplacesinAgra.
Female(62)3.74190.9221
3.InformationboardsmentioningtheMale(172)3.91280.7712–0.1030.1624-0.6342Accepted
importanceofmonumentsareavailable.
Female(62)4.01611.1941
4.TourguidesareeasilyavailableattheMale(172)4.28490.79850.6230.1008+6.1805Rejected
monumentsinAgra.
Female(62)3.66131.0549
5.TourguidesareknowledgeableandMale(172)3.76160.82800.06810.16250.4190Accepted
friendly.
Female(62)3.69351.1817
Table7:Infrastructure
GenderMeanSDMeanStandardZ-Value5%Levelof
DifferenceError(Diff/S.E)Significance
Ho
is
1.BanksandATMsareeasilyavailableinMale(172)3.73841.0007–0.05190.1323-0.3922Accepted
Agra.
Female(62)3.79030.8519
2.ThereisagoodtransportfacilityinAgra.Male(172)3.93020.8956–0.3440.1050-3.2761Rejected
Female(62)4.27420.6317
13. The IUP Journal of Marketing Management, Vol. XII, No. 4, 201354
Table7:Infrastructure
GenderMeanSDMeanStandardZ-Value5%Levelof
DifferenceError(Diff/SE)Significance
Ho
is
3.EnoughparkingspaceisavailableatMale(172)3.51741.1212–0.28910.1410–2.0503Rejected
touristplacesinAgra.
Female(62)3.80650.8841
4.TelecommunicationfacilityisgoodMale(172)3.52330.99970.45880.1880+2.440Rejected
inAgra.
Female(62)3.06451.3535
5.MedicalhelpcanbeeasilyaccessedinMale(172)3.38951.03420.16370.1595+1.0263Accepted
Agraincaseofemergency.
Female(62)3.22581.0927
6.ThereisenoughsecurityandsafetyMale(172)3.43601.1605–0.48340.1455–3.322Rejected
insidetheplacesofstayinAgra.
Female(62)3.91940.9107
7ThereisenoughsecurityandsafetyMale(172)3.30231.1854–0.00420.1749–0.0240Accepted
outsidetheplacesofstayinAgra.
Female(62)3.30651.1817
Table8:AccommodationandFood
GenderMeanSDMeanStandardZ-Value5%Levelof
DifferenceError(Diff/SE)Significance
Ho
is
1.HotelaccommodationiseasilyavailableMale(172)3.82560.84040.05140.1596+0.3220Accepted
inAgra.
Female(62)3.77421.1512
2.RoomfacilityandservicesareexcellentMale(172)3.36050.9783–0.670.1063–6.3029Rejected
inhotels.
Female(62)4.03230.5997
14. 55A Study of the Factors Influencing Cultural Tourists’ Perception
and Its Measurement with Reference to Agra
and beverages’ and
‘hygienic food and
beverages’ in place of
stay and market etc.,
the difference
between the
perceptions of male
and female tourists is
not significant.
Table 9 contains
four variables related
to ‘sanitation and
cleanliness’ in Agra.
For the variables 1
and 4, the null
hypothesis is rejected,
i.e., for variables,
sanitation and
cleanliness in the
streets and
mosquitoes, the mean
perception of male
and female tourists is
significantly different.
On the other hand,
mean perception is
significantly different
for the variables,
‘cleanliness and
hygiene’ at the hotel
and ‘hygiene of
water’, across the
gender in Agra.
From Table 10, it
can be concluded
that the perception
of male and female
tourists is not
significantly different
for the variables
‘culture of people’,
‘exploitation by taxi
Table8(Cont.)
GenderMeanSDMeanStandardZ-Value5%Levelof
Differenceerror(Diff/SE)Significance
Ho
is
3.Hotelstaffispoliteandcourteous.Male(172)3.56980.7879–0.55920.1306–4.2817Rejected
Female(62)4.12900.9141
4.AccommodationfeeisfairinAgra.Male(172)3.31400.9273–0.21830.1148–1.9015Accepted
Female(62)3.53230.7179
5.FoodandbeveragesofferedinthehotelMale(172)3.60470.7988–0.20180.1256–1.6066Accepted
areofgoodtaste.
Female(62)3.80650.8653
6.FoodandBeveragesofferedattheplaceMale(172)3.45350.8740–0.12710.1470–0.8646Accepted
ofstayarehygienic.
Female(62)3.58061.0330
7.FoodandbeveragesofferedinthecityMale(172)3.54070.8608–0.13670.1076–1.270Accepted
marketareofgoodtaste.
Female(62)3.67740.6720
8.Foodandbeveragesofferedincity’sMale(172)3.41281.0078–0.23240.1222–1.901Accepted
marketarehygienic.
Female(62)3.64520.7487
9.PriceoffoodoutsidetheplaceofstayMale(172)3.30230.9681–0.14930.1470–1.0156Accepted
isfairinAgra.
Female(62)3.45161.0029
15. The IUP Journal of Marketing Management, Vol. XII, No. 4, 201356
Table10:AttitudeofLocalPeopleTowardsVisitors
GenderMeanSDMeanStandardZ-Value5%Levelof
DifferenceError(Diff/SE)Significance
Ho
is
1.PeopleofAgraareculturedandcivilized.Male(172)3.62790.85900.0470.1268+0.373Accepted
Female(62)3.58060.8598
2.TaxiandautodriverstrytoexploittheMale(172)3.42441.0597–0.0270.1962–0.138Accepted
tourists.Female(62)3.45161.4105
3.Shop-ownersandvendorstrytoexploitMale(172)3.34881.1319–0.2480.1861–1.332Accepted
thetourists.
Female(62)3.59681.2989
Table9:SanitationandCleanliness
GenderMeanSDMeanStandardZ-Value5%Levelof
DifferenceError(Diff/SE)Significance
Ho
is
1.ThereisgoodsanitationandcleanlinessMale(172)3.23260.9694–0.33190.1539–2.1565Rejected
inthestreetsofAgra.
Female(62)3.56451.0654
2.ThereissufficientcleanlinessandMale(172)3.52910.8814–0.19670.1502–1.3095Accepted
hygieneattheplaceofstay.
Female(62)3.72581.0584
3.WaterisdrinkableandhygienicinAgra.Male(172)3.09301.1661–1.01990.1257–0.8113Accepted
Female(62)4.11290.7037
4.Agraisfreefrommosquitoes.Male(172)3.01161.1496–0.35940.1730–2.0774Rejected
Female(62)3.37101.1767
16. 57A Study of the Factors Influencing Cultural Tourists’ Perception
and Its Measurement with Reference to Agra
Table10(Cont.)
GenderMeanSDMeanStandardZ-Value5%Levelof
DifferenceError(Diff/SE)Significance
Ho
is
4.BeggarsshouldberemovedfromareasMale(172)3.65701.0672–0.7140.1571–4.544Rejected
nearbythemonumentsandtourism
destinations.
Female(62)4.37101.0594
drivers’ and ‘exploitation by shop owners’. The difference between
the perception of male and female tourists is significant for the
variable, ‘removal of beggars’.
Conclusion
The only type of tourism that has really been part of India’s life is
‘cultural tourism’ since India is a country with a distinct emphasis
on religion and culture. Agra has a rich historical background, which
is amply evident from the numerous historical monuments in and
around the city. It has nine centrally protected monuments by ASI:
(1) Taj Mahal; (2) Red Fort; (3) Sikindra; (4) Fatehpur Sikiri;
(5) Akbar’s Tomb; (6) Mariam’s Tomb; (7) Itimad-ud-Daula;
(8) Ram Bagh; and (9) Mehtab Bagh. Of these, Taj Mahal, Agra
Fort and Fatehpur Sikri are among UNESCO’s World Heritage Sites.
The National Tourism Policy of India (2002) has taken into
consideration seven key aspects to promote tourism in the country,
viz., Swagat (welcome), Suchana (information), Suvidha
(facilitation), Suraksha (safety), Sahayoga (co-operation),
Samrachana (infrastructure development) and Safai (cleanliness).
The perception measurement statements (Part 3 of questionnaire)
are designed in such a way that it covers nearly all the major
factors which are a big concern for tourists and affect their
perception, including the above seven key aspects. The study
reveals that the medium or source through which tourists gain
awareness about any tourist destination (i.e., media, friends,
teachers, etc.) is influenced by a few demographical factors. The
study concludes that factors like age, education and family income
of tourists have an influence on the sources of knowledge about
Agra. Whereas, gender, marital status and occupation of the
tourists do not have any influence on the sources of knowledge
about Agra. At the same time, only gender of the tourists influences
the duration of their stay in Agra. The study further analyzes the
difference between the perception of male and female tourists with
Z-test. It recognizes that tourists of different genders may have
different perceptions for the same variable at the same time. The
research concludes that for most of the factors, perceptions of
male and female tourists are same, but for the remaining factors,
the perceptions are different. For example, the perception of male
and female tourists are same/not significantly different for variables,
‘availability of bank’s ATM’, ‘medical help’, ‘safety and security
outside the place to stay’, ‘availability of hotel accommodation’,
17. The IUP Journal of Marketing Management, Vol. XII, No. 4, 201358
‘taste of food and beverages’, ‘cleanliness and hygiene at the hotel and hygiene of water’,
‘culture of people’, ‘exploitation by taxi drivers’, ‘exploitation by shop owners’, etc.
Whereas perception of male and female tourists are not same or significantly different
for the variables, ‘availability of tour guides’, ‘fairness of transport facility’, ‘sufficiency
of parking facility’, ‘fairness of telecommunication facility’, ‘availability of safety and
security at the place of stay’, ‘room services’, ‘humbleness of hotel staff’, ‘sanitation and
cleanliness in the streets’, and ‘removal of beggars’.J
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Appendix
A Study of Cultural Tourist’s Perception of Agra (UP)
Questionnaire
Part 1: Personal Profile
Please indicate the most appropriate response.
1. What is your gender?
a. Male b. Female
2. What is your age (years)?
a. <20 b. Between 21-40
c. Between 41-60 d. >61
3. What is your marital status?
a. Married b. Unmarried
4. What is your education?
a. School b. Undergraduate
c. Postgraduate d. Others
5. What is your family’s annual income ( )?
a. <100,000 b. 100,000 -300,000
c. 300,000-500,000 d. >500,000
6. What is your occupation?
a. Service b. Business
c. Student d. Others
Part 2: Trip to Agra
7. How did you come to know about Agra/Sources of knowledge about Agra?
a. Media Advertisement/News b. Friends
c. Family/Teachers d. Others
8. What is your duration of stay in Agra?
a. < 1 day/24 hours b. 2-4 days
c. 5-7 days d. > 7 days
Part 3
The following statements relate to your opinions regarding various tourism-related
features which may affect your perception of Agra. Please show the extent to which you
think Agra offers the features given in the statements. If you feel a feature is not at
all present in Agra, tick the number 1. If you feel a feature is absolutely available in
Agra, tick 5. If your feelings are less strong, tick one of the numbers in the middle.
21. The IUP Journal of Marketing Management, Vol. XII, No. 4, 201362
Monuments and Places of
Tourist’s Attraction
9. Historical monuments are well
preserved in Agra.
10. Leisure and recreational
facilities are available at
tourist’s places in Agra
11. Information boards mentioning
the history and importance of
monuments/places are available
at the monuments.
12. Tour guides are easily available
at the monuments of Agra.
13. Tour guides are knowledgeable
and friendly.
Infrastructure
14. ATMs and banks/money
exchangers are easily available
in Agra.
15. Transport facility is good in
Agra.
16. Enough space for parking is
available at the tourist places
in Agra.
17. Telecommunication facility is
good in Agra.
18. Medical help can be easily
accessed in Agra in case of
emergency.
19. There is enough security and
safety at the places of stay in
Agra.
20. There is enough security and
safety outside the places of
stay in Agra.
Strongly
Disagree
(1)
Disagree
(2)
Neutral
(3)
Agree
(4)
Strongly
Agree
(5)
Statements
Appendix (Cont.)
22. 63A Study of the Factors Influencing Cultural Tourists’ Perception
and Its Measurement with Reference to Agra
Appendix (Cont.)
Strongly
Disagree
(1)
Disagree
(2)
Neutral
(3)
Agree
(4)
Strongly
Agree
(5)
Statements
Accommodation and Food
21. Hotel accommodation/place of
stay is easily available in Agra.
22. Room facility and services are
excellent at the place of stay/
hotel.
23. Hotel staff is polite and
courteous.
24. Fee of accommodation is fair at
Agra.
25. Food and beverages offered at
the place of stay/hotel are good
in taste.
26. Food and beverages offered at
the place of stay/hotel are
hygienic.
27. Food and beverages offered
outside the place of stay/city’s
market and restaurants are good
in taste.
28. Food and beverages offered
outside the place of stay/city’s
market and restaurants are
hygienic.
29. Price of food outside the place
of stay is fair in Agra.
Hygiene and Sanitation
30. There is good sanitation and
cleanliness in the streets of
Agra.
31. There is sufficient cleanliness
and hygiene at the place of stay/
hotel.
32. Water is drinkable and hygienic
in Agra.
23. The IUP Journal of Marketing Management, Vol. XII, No. 4, 201364
Strongly
Disagree
(1)
Disagree
(2)
Neutral
(3)
Agree
(4)
Strongly
Agree
(5)
Statements
Appendix (Cont.)
33. Agra is free from mosquitoes.
34. People of Agra are cultured and
civilized.
35. Taxi and auto drivers try to
exploit the tourists.
36. Shop-owners and vendors try to
exploit the tourists.
37. Beggars should be removed from
areas nearby the monuments
and tourism destinations/beggar
nuisance should be controlled.
Reference # 03J-2013-11-03-01