The document is a news article that analyzes the use of interactional metadiscourse markers in an article about the impact of COVID-19 on education. It finds that attitude markers are the most frequently used type of interactional marker at 45.45% of the text. Hedges and boosters are the second most frequent. All categories of interactional markers from Hyland's framework are present in the article. The study contributes to understanding how writers can use metadiscourse to clearly convey their message to readers.
Examining the Use of Metadiscourse Markers in Academic WritingPremier Publishers
Acquiring proficiency in academic writing is becoming increasingly important for academics, irrespective of the academic discipline, given that publications in highly rated, peer-reviewed international journals have a profound impact on how knowledge is constructed through the process of writing. In academic writing, the use of metadiscourse markers is fundamental since academic writers have to write in such a way that they are able to skilfully distinguish opinion from fact. At the same time, they have to assess their affirmations in suitable and convincing ways. Considering the afore-mentioned, this article examines the use of metadiscourse markers in academic writing in which special attention is paid to the use of hedges and boosters. It is a general analysis and mini-review of the use of metadiscourse markers in academic writing. One empirical research article, from the field of Applied Linguistics, is used for this purpose. An introduction is given about academic writing and the need to use metadiscourse markers. Literature review based on metadiscourse markers in academic writing, with particular emphasis on hedges and boosters, is presented and discussed. The methodology of the study is outlined. The results show that there is a greater use of interactives than interactionals: with regard to interactive markers, transitional/logical connectives were most used, followed by endophoric markers, evidentials, and code glosses; with respect to interactional markers, hedges and boosters were the most used in this category with more hedges used as compared to boosters. Finally, concluding remarks are made about the analysis conducted.
A Corpus Analysis Of Metadiscourse Markers Used In Argumentative Essays By Pa...Nathan Mathis
The document analyzes the use of metadiscourse markers in 124 argumentative essays written by Pakistani undergraduate students. It finds that interactive metadiscourse markers were used more frequently than interactional markers. Transition markers were the most common, while endophoric markers were least frequent. The results have pedagogical implications for understanding writing conventions and developing students' writing skills through appropriate use of metadiscourse devices.
A Study Of Pakistani English Newspaper Texts An Application Of Halliday And ...Jennifer Daniel
This document summarizes a study that analyzed the use of cohesive devices in Pakistani English newspaper texts based on Halliday and Hasan's model of cohesion. The study examined weekly articles from The Daily Dawn newspaper by Cyril Almeida. It found the most frequently used cohesive devices were referencing, substitution, ellipsis, conjunction, and lexical cohesion like reiteration. Reference from grammatical cohesion occurred more than other cohesion subcategories. Many literary terms in the articles helped uncover political contexts. Overall, lexical cohesion like reiteration and collocation were dominant, suggesting the texts' cohesion came mainly from semantic vocabulary linkage rather than grammar.
A RHETORICAL ANALYSIS OF NEWS ARTICLE ON WORK FROM HOMEMartha Brown
This document summarizes a study that analyzed a news article about working from home during the COVID-19 pandemic using rhetorical elements of ethos, logos, and pathos. It defined each element and its subcategories. The study found the news article conveyed messages in an emotionally engaging tone with logical arguments and credibility to influence readers' views on the challenges of working from home, such as longer workdays and blurred work-life boundaries.
Reading meaning through the visual images social semiotic approach to tell ma...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a research study that analyzed visual images on the cover pages of TELL magazine in Nigeria using social semiotic multimodal discourse analysis. The study aimed to identify visual image features used on selected covers, describe how messages are communicated through those features, and relate the meanings to social context. It reviewed literature on multimodal discourse analysis and social semiotic approaches. The study sought to apply social semiotic MDA to the magazine covers' visuals independently of the linguistic texts, in order to understand how meaning is constructed solely through images. Four recent editions of TELL magazine were selected for analysis.
Reading meaning through the visual images social semiotic approach to tell ma...Alexander Decker
This document provides a social semiotic analysis of visual images on the cover pages of four editions of TELL magazine from Nigeria. It discusses how social semiotic approach and multimodal discourse analysis can be used to interpret meaning from the visual elements alone, without reference to the linguistic text. Key modes analyzed include color, symbols, images, and composition. Specific cover pages are interpreted in detail to show how meanings around Nigerian politics, leadership, and oil industry are communicated visually. The analysis concludes the visual images are effectively conveying important social and political messages to readers.
Discourse and Dissent in the Coverage of Hyderabad Blasts by the Leading Indi...ijtsrd
Print media is a mass media that serves as a vigilant watchdog in a society. It analyses the latest policies of the government and builds up public opinion, and works as a bridge between people and the government. Media has the power to generate a specific reaction from the public by the way a news story is portrayed. Newspapers have a significant impact on public perception of violent crime, far more than any other news source Paulsen, 2002 . During a conflict, the media plays a crucial role in shaping perception. The ways media constructs discourse vis a vis terrorist attacks needs to be recognized. “The credibility of media messages, their sources, and the messengers communicating those messages, as well as the context within which the messages are delivered, all mediate the influence of news on consumers†Baum and Groeling, 2009 . Since the terrorist attacks, in addition to involving perpetrators and victims, also involves the audience. It can be said that the way news about the attacks is covered has an influence on how the masses perceive the incident. Such attacks have become a common occurrence, however, the focus of the current study is to analyze the discourse that has been generated by the media in the coverage of the Hyderabad blasts. The study also analyses the dissent in Indian print media by analyzing the reportage of the Hyderabad blasts by the four leading Indian English newspapers. Saima Riyaz | Dr Aaliya Ahmed "Discourse and Dissent in the Coverage of Hyderabad Blasts by the Leading Indian English Dailies" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd21609.pdf
Authorial Presence In L 1 And L 2 Novice Writing Cross-Linguistic And Cross...Scott Bou
This study analyzed authorial presence markers in argumentative essays written by Turkish students in English and Turkish, and compared them to essays written by American students in English. The study used three sets of essays: 1) English essays by American students, 2) English essays by Turkish students, and 3) Turkish essays by the same Turkish students. Interviews with 10 Turkish students provided insight into their use of markers in L1 and L2 writing. The analysis focused on self-mentions, attitude markers, and boosters to examine similarities and differences in authorial presence across the three datasets.
Examining the Use of Metadiscourse Markers in Academic WritingPremier Publishers
Acquiring proficiency in academic writing is becoming increasingly important for academics, irrespective of the academic discipline, given that publications in highly rated, peer-reviewed international journals have a profound impact on how knowledge is constructed through the process of writing. In academic writing, the use of metadiscourse markers is fundamental since academic writers have to write in such a way that they are able to skilfully distinguish opinion from fact. At the same time, they have to assess their affirmations in suitable and convincing ways. Considering the afore-mentioned, this article examines the use of metadiscourse markers in academic writing in which special attention is paid to the use of hedges and boosters. It is a general analysis and mini-review of the use of metadiscourse markers in academic writing. One empirical research article, from the field of Applied Linguistics, is used for this purpose. An introduction is given about academic writing and the need to use metadiscourse markers. Literature review based on metadiscourse markers in academic writing, with particular emphasis on hedges and boosters, is presented and discussed. The methodology of the study is outlined. The results show that there is a greater use of interactives than interactionals: with regard to interactive markers, transitional/logical connectives were most used, followed by endophoric markers, evidentials, and code glosses; with respect to interactional markers, hedges and boosters were the most used in this category with more hedges used as compared to boosters. Finally, concluding remarks are made about the analysis conducted.
A Corpus Analysis Of Metadiscourse Markers Used In Argumentative Essays By Pa...Nathan Mathis
The document analyzes the use of metadiscourse markers in 124 argumentative essays written by Pakistani undergraduate students. It finds that interactive metadiscourse markers were used more frequently than interactional markers. Transition markers were the most common, while endophoric markers were least frequent. The results have pedagogical implications for understanding writing conventions and developing students' writing skills through appropriate use of metadiscourse devices.
A Study Of Pakistani English Newspaper Texts An Application Of Halliday And ...Jennifer Daniel
This document summarizes a study that analyzed the use of cohesive devices in Pakistani English newspaper texts based on Halliday and Hasan's model of cohesion. The study examined weekly articles from The Daily Dawn newspaper by Cyril Almeida. It found the most frequently used cohesive devices were referencing, substitution, ellipsis, conjunction, and lexical cohesion like reiteration. Reference from grammatical cohesion occurred more than other cohesion subcategories. Many literary terms in the articles helped uncover political contexts. Overall, lexical cohesion like reiteration and collocation were dominant, suggesting the texts' cohesion came mainly from semantic vocabulary linkage rather than grammar.
A RHETORICAL ANALYSIS OF NEWS ARTICLE ON WORK FROM HOMEMartha Brown
This document summarizes a study that analyzed a news article about working from home during the COVID-19 pandemic using rhetorical elements of ethos, logos, and pathos. It defined each element and its subcategories. The study found the news article conveyed messages in an emotionally engaging tone with logical arguments and credibility to influence readers' views on the challenges of working from home, such as longer workdays and blurred work-life boundaries.
Reading meaning through the visual images social semiotic approach to tell ma...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a research study that analyzed visual images on the cover pages of TELL magazine in Nigeria using social semiotic multimodal discourse analysis. The study aimed to identify visual image features used on selected covers, describe how messages are communicated through those features, and relate the meanings to social context. It reviewed literature on multimodal discourse analysis and social semiotic approaches. The study sought to apply social semiotic MDA to the magazine covers' visuals independently of the linguistic texts, in order to understand how meaning is constructed solely through images. Four recent editions of TELL magazine were selected for analysis.
Reading meaning through the visual images social semiotic approach to tell ma...Alexander Decker
This document provides a social semiotic analysis of visual images on the cover pages of four editions of TELL magazine from Nigeria. It discusses how social semiotic approach and multimodal discourse analysis can be used to interpret meaning from the visual elements alone, without reference to the linguistic text. Key modes analyzed include color, symbols, images, and composition. Specific cover pages are interpreted in detail to show how meanings around Nigerian politics, leadership, and oil industry are communicated visually. The analysis concludes the visual images are effectively conveying important social and political messages to readers.
Discourse and Dissent in the Coverage of Hyderabad Blasts by the Leading Indi...ijtsrd
Print media is a mass media that serves as a vigilant watchdog in a society. It analyses the latest policies of the government and builds up public opinion, and works as a bridge between people and the government. Media has the power to generate a specific reaction from the public by the way a news story is portrayed. Newspapers have a significant impact on public perception of violent crime, far more than any other news source Paulsen, 2002 . During a conflict, the media plays a crucial role in shaping perception. The ways media constructs discourse vis a vis terrorist attacks needs to be recognized. “The credibility of media messages, their sources, and the messengers communicating those messages, as well as the context within which the messages are delivered, all mediate the influence of news on consumers†Baum and Groeling, 2009 . Since the terrorist attacks, in addition to involving perpetrators and victims, also involves the audience. It can be said that the way news about the attacks is covered has an influence on how the masses perceive the incident. Such attacks have become a common occurrence, however, the focus of the current study is to analyze the discourse that has been generated by the media in the coverage of the Hyderabad blasts. The study also analyses the dissent in Indian print media by analyzing the reportage of the Hyderabad blasts by the four leading Indian English newspapers. Saima Riyaz | Dr Aaliya Ahmed "Discourse and Dissent in the Coverage of Hyderabad Blasts by the Leading Indian English Dailies" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd21609.pdf
Authorial Presence In L 1 And L 2 Novice Writing Cross-Linguistic And Cross...Scott Bou
This study analyzed authorial presence markers in argumentative essays written by Turkish students in English and Turkish, and compared them to essays written by American students in English. The study used three sets of essays: 1) English essays by American students, 2) English essays by Turkish students, and 3) Turkish essays by the same Turkish students. Interviews with 10 Turkish students provided insight into their use of markers in L1 and L2 writing. The analysis focused on self-mentions, attitude markers, and boosters to examine similarities and differences in authorial presence across the three datasets.
A Contrastive Study Of Hedging In Environmental Sciences Research ArticlesAnita Miller
This document summarizes a study that compares the frequency and types of hedges used in the Discussion sections of research articles in Environmental Sciences. The study analyzed 60 research articles written in English by English researchers, Iranian researchers writing in English, and Iranian researchers writing in Farsi. The study found no significant differences in hedge use between English and Iranian authors writing in English. However, it did find significant differences between English and Farsi written articles, which may be due to differences in how certainty is expressed in Farsi versus international academic discourse norms. The study used Salager-Meyer's taxonomy to analyze hedges.
Classification of Authentic Materials in the EFL Teaching to Improve Students...YogeshIJTSRD
The article distinguishes the notion of the communicative competence to enhance students’ English language skills through authentic methods and techniques. The descriptive analysis method was used to express the effectiveness of authentic activities. The article considers general tendencies in the world and education Uzbekistan, and also both principles and methods of forming professional, communicative competences and in the process of teaching foreign language for professional purposes. The meaning of authenticity, and researchers statements are analyzed and classified into several categories. The article describes some essential issues of this competence including awareness of pedagogical values, the construction of the pedagogical process, pedagogical technology, its essence, innovative components of professional activity. Furthermore, the article suggests some ways and techniques of forming communicative competence to use in the foreign language teaching process, and sample criteria for a lesson. The author concludes that the plan of the lesson can be a helpful tool for foreign language teachers in using authentic materials. Ibragimova Yulduz Urunbaevna "Classification of Authentic Materials in the EFL Teaching to Improve Students’ Communicative Skills" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-3 , April 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd39842.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/39842/classification-of-authentic-materials-in-the-efl-teaching-to-improve-students’-communicative-skills/ibragimova-yulduz-urunbaevna
One of the topical issues of linguistics concerning the understanding of discourse from the point of view of the basic paradigm "text – discourse" is considered. The features of the language and the tasks of advertising texts in the context of discursive parameters (communicative, semiotic, social) are revealed. by Egamberdieva Shakhzoda Damirovna, Egamberdieva Farida Oktamovna, Egamberdiev Khumoyun, Ergasheva Yulduz and Egamberdieva Dilbar 2020. Advertising text as a discourse. International Journal on Integrated Education. 2, 3 (Mar. 2020), 20-22. DOI:https://doi.org/10.31149/ijie.v2i3.250. https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/250/243 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/250
Reading and Writing lesson 3:Intertext_and_Hypertext.pptxMarionKyleLPlaza
The document discusses intertext and hypertext as strategies for reading resources. It defines intertextuality as the process by which separate texts are connected to create meaning, and provides examples of intertextuality in films, newspapers, and advertising. The document also defines hypertext as a computer-based text retrieval system that allows non-linear reading through links, and notes the advantages of using hypertext for reading in the digital age.
An Analysis Of Interactional Metadiscourse Markers On COVID-19 Vaccine Hesita...Andrew Parish
This document summarizes an academic article that analyzes interactional metadiscourse markers in 20 COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy op-ed articles from Filipino news sources. The study found attitude markers, engagement markers, and hedges were used more frequently than boosters and self-mentions. While the subcategories of Hyland's metadiscourse framework varied in frequency of use, the rhetorical nature of op-ed articles was found to be strong and consistent due to the collective culture and established discourse between writer and reader in the context. The document recommends comparing articles from different contexts to understand differences in rhetorical techniques.
This document discusses literacy and the Ontario language curriculum. It explores how literacy has evolved beyond traditional reading and writing to include digital literacy, media literacy, and global literacy. The curriculum emphasizes oral communication, media studies, reading, and writing across grades 1-8. Expectations include generating and organizing ideas, revising writing, and reflecting on strengths and areas for growth. Teachers are to create an infographic representing key messages of the oral language or media studies strand, including references to curriculum documents and connections to assessment, instruction, applications, and differentiation.
This document discusses literacy and the Ontario language curriculum. It explores how literacy has evolved beyond traditional reading and writing to include digital literacy, media literacy, and global literacy. The curriculum emphasizes oral communication, media studies, reading, and writing across grades 1-8. Expectations include generating and organizing ideas, revising writing, analyzing media, and reflecting on strengths and areas for growth. Teachers are to create an infographic representing key aspects of oral language or media studies standards in the curriculum.
A Descriptive Study on Entry-Level Indian PR Practitioners’ Writing Skills wi...Vikram Kharvi
The objective of this descriptive study was to determine the level of writing proficiency public relations practitioners are equipped with to meet the requirements put forward by the ever-evolving new media space. The study has also attempted to identify the perceptions of academicians from leading communications institutes/colleges on the writing abilities of communications students and the changes made by them to adapt the writing skills required by the new media. This study, combining survey results of senior practitioners of India’s largest public relations consultancy and academicians teaching communications across the country, confirms the significant dissatisfaction amongst the senior practitioners with the quality of writing amongst entry-level PR practitioners. Majority of educators who participated in the email based qualitative survey, reported that writing abilities in public relations students are of grave concern and that most students entering the programs lack basic writing abilities, leave aside their writing abilities for new media. Hence, all participants reported the need for new curriculum developments in response to new media as communication tools. The study is based on a qualitative email survey collected by 14 senior practitioners and equal number of academicians. The study also highlights the need for increased attention to technical training required to develop the writing skills for future PR practitioners, and creates an opportunity for an on-going study to track writing skills of entry-level PR practitioners in India over time.
The four resources model by Luke and Freebody (1999) includes:
i. Breaking the code of texts (code breaker);
ii. Participating in the meanings of text (meaning maker or text participant);
iii. Using texts functionally (text user); and
iv. Critically analysing and transforming texts (text analyst or text critic).
Based on the four resources model by Luke and Freebody, (1999), I would conclude by saying that whenever a teacher is engaging his/her students in a reading activity or other literacy activities, the teacher must ask himself certain questions. These are but a few of them:
i. Am I using a range of texts or sources in my classroom?
ii. Am I imposing the meaning of the text on the students or allowing them to come out with their own interpretations?
iii. Are the students allowed time to analyse everyday texts?
iv. Do I use a context in my teaching that is actually relevant to the needs of my students today?
v. Am I providing support to ensure that students engage with all the four resources model?
An Investigation of the Reading Text ‘Pakistan Zindabad’ (Long Live Pakistan)...Bahram Kazemian
This paper is a critical study in Critical Discourse Analysis paradigm of a Textbook prescribed for intermediate students (Second Language Learners) in Government Colleges affiliated to the Board of Intermediate and Secondary Education (BISE) Larkana, Sindh, Pakistan. The textbook contains selected texts to improve students reading skills integrated with writing activities. Each of the texts contains questions at the end to be answered. It is observed that the reading tasks are badly designed and there is no mental activity to involve students in the text discourse. The study focuses on critical discourse of the underlying text to inspect whether the text reading involves students in the critical discourse or not; it also attempts to analyze the Reading Text ‘Pakistan Zindabad’ to identify problems showing the gap and unawareness on the part of teachers and students regarding the critical discourse of the text in classroom reading context. It is also suggested that teachers need to bring about a change in their traditional teaching methods in order to tackle the issue. The awareness of critical discourse analysis is recommended on the part of the teachers in order to analyze and understand the real meaning of the text. In result, it may develop the critical approach which is very essential for a reader.
The document discusses critical literacy and its development and applications in education. It provides definitions of critical literacy from various scholars and outlines some of its key principles, including critiquing relationships between language, power and social practices. It also discusses how critical literacy has evolved since the 1970s and been taken up in different educational contexts. Several classroom applications of critical literacy are described, such as using questioning techniques and choosing empowering texts for students.
Critical language awareness_in_pedagogic_contextjacktriza
This document summarizes a study that investigated developing students' critical language awareness through teaching techniques of critical discourse analysis. The researcher integrated critical analysis activities into their teaching methodology with 18 graduate students. A pre-test and post-test showed that the students' critical thinking abilities increased after learning CDA techniques. Their motivation and ability to analyze the meaning and messages of texts also improved. The study concluded that teaching students CDA led to around 90% increase in their critical language awareness.
The present study aims to investigate the language functionality in
promotional and informational texts on social media within the Pakistani
context. The primary focus is on exploring the distinctions between promotional
and informational content on social media platforms. To achieve this objective,
data is collected from 10 influential Facebook users in Pakistan, with a balanced
representation of both informational and promotional content creators. The
collected data forms a corpus, and an analysis is conducted using the
Multidimensional Analysis Tagger (MAT) as the chosen corpus tool. The
theoretical framework for this research is based on Biber's (1988) first five
dimensions. The results indicate marked differences in language functionality
between informational and promotional texts. Across all dimensions proposed
by Biber, particularly in Dimensions 1 and 2, there are similarities in the
language features of both types of content, emphasizing a commonality in
written and formal language use. However, variations are evident in Dimensions
3 and 5, where promotional texts exhibit a slightly more sophisticated language
structure and a greater prevalence of spoken or interactive language. This study
is valuable for researchers, marketers, and content producers seeking a deeper
understanding of the linguistic shades in influencer marketing on social media
platforms like Facebook. The findings contribute insightful information for
those interested in navigating the complexities of language use in promotional
and informational contexts on social networking sites.
An Investigative Study Of Cognitive And Metacognitive Paraphrasing Strategies...Stephen Faucher
This document discusses paraphrasing strategies used by ESL writers. It begins by explaining that paraphrasing is a difficult task that requires both cognitive and metacognitive strategies. It then reviews literature showing that writers often struggle with paraphrasing due to low reading comprehension or issues with their second language. Common paraphrasing mistakes include including too much original text, leaving out details, or substituting inappropriate synonyms. The document also presents a reading-to-writing model of the paraphrasing process and discusses rhetorical, metacognitive, and cognitive strategies used in academic writing. Specifically, it examines a past study that explored students' cognitive and metacognitive processes during paraphrasing through verbal reports, surveys, and interviews.
Discourse Analysis article shared by Azhar Khan ..1Abdullah Saleem
This document discusses a study that analyzed six advertisements using methods of critical discourse analysis. The study aimed to investigate the intentions and techniques used by companies to influence consumers. Norman Fairclough's three-dimensional model and Kress and van Leeuwen's grammar of visual design were used to analyze how power and ideology are expressed in advertisements. The results showed that private producers try to give power to viewers to persuade them to buy products, while government producers try to show their own power. Overall, advertisements generally use power and ideology to change behaviors and thoughts.
This paper effective communication is an essential ingredient to any successful relationship regardless of political or religious backgrounds. Useful communication is mostly employee in different sectors with the aim of making decisions and promoting unity. Communique serves as informing, influencing, imagining, meeting social expectations and expressing feelings. Most of the problems that exist in relationships and business organizations are due to ineffective interaction.
A Comparative Analysis Of Self-Mentions In Applied Linguistics PhD Dissertati...Sabrina Baloi
This document analyzes a study that compared the use of self-mentions in applied linguistics PhD dissertations written by native English writers versus non-native English writers. The study analyzed 40 dissertations (20 from each group) and found that native English writers used more first-person pronouns and possessive adjectives (self-mentions) in the introductions and discussions sections. The findings suggest that non-native writers may take a more impersonal style compared to native writers. It is recommended that non-native writers incorporate more authorial presence and stance in their academic writing.
The Language of TV Commercials’ Slogans: A Semantic AnalysisBahram Kazemian
This qualitative-descriptive study highlights the semantic property of the slogans of TV commercials. The study
focuses on the analysis of linguistic tools used by the copywriters of TV commercials to influence the target audience. Leech’s (1981) associative meaning with its sub-types provide a theoretical basis to the study. The research displays multiple strategies used by the copywriters. It underscores the associations attached to the keywords of the selected slogans according to the mentioned theory of meaning. The research helps the TV viewers to understand the guile used by the copywriters to entrap them as well as the researchers of the field of semantics.
An Analysis Of Rhetorical Move And Translation Techniques In Undergraduate Th...Steven Wallach
This document summarizes a research paper that analyzed the rhetorical moves and translation techniques used in undergraduate thesis abstracts written in Indonesian and English. The study used 60 abstracts from English and Indonesian literature programs. It found that both languages generally used the same rhetorical moves, with Move 3 (Method) and Move 4 (Results) appearing in all abstracts. Move 5 (Conclusion) appeared less frequently across languages. In terms of translation techniques, literal translation was used most frequently to translate between Indonesian and English. The study recommends further analysis with more data from different fields to expand understanding of rhetorical moves and translation techniques in academic abstracts.
A CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS OF RHETORICAL STRATEGIES IN Quot OPEN LETTERS ...Jeff Nelson
This document provides an abstract for a paper that analyzes rhetorical strategies used in open letters to former Nigerian President Olusegun Obasanjo published in Nigerian newspapers from 2003-2007. The analysis uses Critical Discourse Analysis to examine the socio-political ideologies encoded in the letters' rhetoric. Most letters use persuasive strategies like advice and pleas for Obasanjo to leave office in 2007, while others employ direct and indirect threats as a coercive strategy framed through idioms and proverbs. Studying these letters through CDA reveals underlying ideologies and socio-political issues in Nigeria during Obasanjo's presidency, like his third term agenda and environmental degradation in the Niger Delta region.
The document discusses various aspects of daily life for ancient Egyptians, who largely depended on the Nile River for agriculture, trade, and water. Key details include the social classes of nobles, craftsmen and farmers; popular leisure activities like board games; important trades and crafts; and the practice of mummifying the dead through embalming to preserve the body. Life was centered around the flooding cycles of the Nile, which determined agricultural production and economic conditions.
The document discusses the steps to get help writing an assignment through the HelpWriting.net website. It involves:
1. Creating an account and providing login credentials.
2. Completing a form with assignment details, sources, and deadline to create a "write my paper for me" request.
3. Reviewing bids from writers and choosing one based on qualifications to start the assignment.
4. Reviewing the completed paper and authorizing payment if satisfied, with free revisions available.
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The article distinguishes the notion of the communicative competence to enhance students’ English language skills through authentic methods and techniques. The descriptive analysis method was used to express the effectiveness of authentic activities. The article considers general tendencies in the world and education Uzbekistan, and also both principles and methods of forming professional, communicative competences and in the process of teaching foreign language for professional purposes. The meaning of authenticity, and researchers statements are analyzed and classified into several categories. The article describes some essential issues of this competence including awareness of pedagogical values, the construction of the pedagogical process, pedagogical technology, its essence, innovative components of professional activity. Furthermore, the article suggests some ways and techniques of forming communicative competence to use in the foreign language teaching process, and sample criteria for a lesson. The author concludes that the plan of the lesson can be a helpful tool for foreign language teachers in using authentic materials. Ibragimova Yulduz Urunbaevna "Classification of Authentic Materials in the EFL Teaching to Improve Students’ Communicative Skills" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-3 , April 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd39842.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/39842/classification-of-authentic-materials-in-the-efl-teaching-to-improve-students’-communicative-skills/ibragimova-yulduz-urunbaevna
One of the topical issues of linguistics concerning the understanding of discourse from the point of view of the basic paradigm "text – discourse" is considered. The features of the language and the tasks of advertising texts in the context of discursive parameters (communicative, semiotic, social) are revealed. by Egamberdieva Shakhzoda Damirovna, Egamberdieva Farida Oktamovna, Egamberdiev Khumoyun, Ergasheva Yulduz and Egamberdieva Dilbar 2020. Advertising text as a discourse. International Journal on Integrated Education. 2, 3 (Mar. 2020), 20-22. DOI:https://doi.org/10.31149/ijie.v2i3.250. https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/250/243 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/250
Reading and Writing lesson 3:Intertext_and_Hypertext.pptxMarionKyleLPlaza
The document discusses intertext and hypertext as strategies for reading resources. It defines intertextuality as the process by which separate texts are connected to create meaning, and provides examples of intertextuality in films, newspapers, and advertising. The document also defines hypertext as a computer-based text retrieval system that allows non-linear reading through links, and notes the advantages of using hypertext for reading in the digital age.
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This document discusses literacy and the Ontario language curriculum. It explores how literacy has evolved beyond traditional reading and writing to include digital literacy, media literacy, and global literacy. The curriculum emphasizes oral communication, media studies, reading, and writing across grades 1-8. Expectations include generating and organizing ideas, revising writing, and reflecting on strengths and areas for growth. Teachers are to create an infographic representing key messages of the oral language or media studies strand, including references to curriculum documents and connections to assessment, instruction, applications, and differentiation.
This document discusses literacy and the Ontario language curriculum. It explores how literacy has evolved beyond traditional reading and writing to include digital literacy, media literacy, and global literacy. The curriculum emphasizes oral communication, media studies, reading, and writing across grades 1-8. Expectations include generating and organizing ideas, revising writing, analyzing media, and reflecting on strengths and areas for growth. Teachers are to create an infographic representing key aspects of oral language or media studies standards in the curriculum.
A Descriptive Study on Entry-Level Indian PR Practitioners’ Writing Skills wi...Vikram Kharvi
The objective of this descriptive study was to determine the level of writing proficiency public relations practitioners are equipped with to meet the requirements put forward by the ever-evolving new media space. The study has also attempted to identify the perceptions of academicians from leading communications institutes/colleges on the writing abilities of communications students and the changes made by them to adapt the writing skills required by the new media. This study, combining survey results of senior practitioners of India’s largest public relations consultancy and academicians teaching communications across the country, confirms the significant dissatisfaction amongst the senior practitioners with the quality of writing amongst entry-level PR practitioners. Majority of educators who participated in the email based qualitative survey, reported that writing abilities in public relations students are of grave concern and that most students entering the programs lack basic writing abilities, leave aside their writing abilities for new media. Hence, all participants reported the need for new curriculum developments in response to new media as communication tools. The study is based on a qualitative email survey collected by 14 senior practitioners and equal number of academicians. The study also highlights the need for increased attention to technical training required to develop the writing skills for future PR practitioners, and creates an opportunity for an on-going study to track writing skills of entry-level PR practitioners in India over time.
The four resources model by Luke and Freebody (1999) includes:
i. Breaking the code of texts (code breaker);
ii. Participating in the meanings of text (meaning maker or text participant);
iii. Using texts functionally (text user); and
iv. Critically analysing and transforming texts (text analyst or text critic).
Based on the four resources model by Luke and Freebody, (1999), I would conclude by saying that whenever a teacher is engaging his/her students in a reading activity or other literacy activities, the teacher must ask himself certain questions. These are but a few of them:
i. Am I using a range of texts or sources in my classroom?
ii. Am I imposing the meaning of the text on the students or allowing them to come out with their own interpretations?
iii. Are the students allowed time to analyse everyday texts?
iv. Do I use a context in my teaching that is actually relevant to the needs of my students today?
v. Am I providing support to ensure that students engage with all the four resources model?
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The document discusses critical literacy and its development and applications in education. It provides definitions of critical literacy from various scholars and outlines some of its key principles, including critiquing relationships between language, power and social practices. It also discusses how critical literacy has evolved since the 1970s and been taken up in different educational contexts. Several classroom applications of critical literacy are described, such as using questioning techniques and choosing empowering texts for students.
Critical language awareness_in_pedagogic_contextjacktriza
This document summarizes a study that investigated developing students' critical language awareness through teaching techniques of critical discourse analysis. The researcher integrated critical analysis activities into their teaching methodology with 18 graduate students. A pre-test and post-test showed that the students' critical thinking abilities increased after learning CDA techniques. Their motivation and ability to analyze the meaning and messages of texts also improved. The study concluded that teaching students CDA led to around 90% increase in their critical language awareness.
The present study aims to investigate the language functionality in
promotional and informational texts on social media within the Pakistani
context. The primary focus is on exploring the distinctions between promotional
and informational content on social media platforms. To achieve this objective,
data is collected from 10 influential Facebook users in Pakistan, with a balanced
representation of both informational and promotional content creators. The
collected data forms a corpus, and an analysis is conducted using the
Multidimensional Analysis Tagger (MAT) as the chosen corpus tool. The
theoretical framework for this research is based on Biber's (1988) first five
dimensions. The results indicate marked differences in language functionality
between informational and promotional texts. Across all dimensions proposed
by Biber, particularly in Dimensions 1 and 2, there are similarities in the
language features of both types of content, emphasizing a commonality in
written and formal language use. However, variations are evident in Dimensions
3 and 5, where promotional texts exhibit a slightly more sophisticated language
structure and a greater prevalence of spoken or interactive language. This study
is valuable for researchers, marketers, and content producers seeking a deeper
understanding of the linguistic shades in influencer marketing on social media
platforms like Facebook. The findings contribute insightful information for
those interested in navigating the complexities of language use in promotional
and informational contexts on social networking sites.
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Discourse Analysis article shared by Azhar Khan ..1Abdullah Saleem
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This paper effective communication is an essential ingredient to any successful relationship regardless of political or religious backgrounds. Useful communication is mostly employee in different sectors with the aim of making decisions and promoting unity. Communique serves as informing, influencing, imagining, meeting social expectations and expressing feelings. Most of the problems that exist in relationships and business organizations are due to ineffective interaction.
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The Language of TV Commercials’ Slogans: A Semantic AnalysisBahram Kazemian
This qualitative-descriptive study highlights the semantic property of the slogans of TV commercials. The study
focuses on the analysis of linguistic tools used by the copywriters of TV commercials to influence the target audience. Leech’s (1981) associative meaning with its sub-types provide a theoretical basis to the study. The research displays multiple strategies used by the copywriters. It underscores the associations attached to the keywords of the selected slogans according to the mentioned theory of meaning. The research helps the TV viewers to understand the guile used by the copywriters to entrap them as well as the researchers of the field of semantics.
An Analysis Of Rhetorical Move And Translation Techniques In Undergraduate Th...Steven Wallach
This document summarizes a research paper that analyzed the rhetorical moves and translation techniques used in undergraduate thesis abstracts written in Indonesian and English. The study used 60 abstracts from English and Indonesian literature programs. It found that both languages generally used the same rhetorical moves, with Move 3 (Method) and Move 4 (Results) appearing in all abstracts. Move 5 (Conclusion) appeared less frequently across languages. In terms of translation techniques, literal translation was used most frequently to translate between Indonesian and English. The study recommends further analysis with more data from different fields to expand understanding of rhetorical moves and translation techniques in academic abstracts.
A CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS OF RHETORICAL STRATEGIES IN Quot OPEN LETTERS ...Jeff Nelson
This document provides an abstract for a paper that analyzes rhetorical strategies used in open letters to former Nigerian President Olusegun Obasanjo published in Nigerian newspapers from 2003-2007. The analysis uses Critical Discourse Analysis to examine the socio-political ideologies encoded in the letters' rhetoric. Most letters use persuasive strategies like advice and pleas for Obasanjo to leave office in 2007, while others employ direct and indirect threats as a coercive strategy framed through idioms and proverbs. Studying these letters through CDA reveals underlying ideologies and socio-political issues in Nigeria during Obasanjo's presidency, like his third term agenda and environmental degradation in the Niger Delta region.
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9
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2. Nur Azyan Aszeli, Daniel Amer Jamil, Noor Hanim Rahmat
A STUDY OF INTERACTIONAL METADISCOURSE ON NEWS ARTICLE
ON THE IMPACT OF COVID-19 ON EDUCATION
European Journal of Literature, Language and Linguistics Studies - Volume 4 │ Issue 4 │ 2021 89
textbooks, blogs, speech text, and general essays. Metadiscourse is one of the linguistic divisions
which explains the direction and purpose of words used in a text. It is often used to lead the
reader towards the intent of writing and the course of such concepts presented.
It is one of the definitions of discourse that can be described as the analysis of discourse
itself or the aspects of the text that influence the relationship between writers and readers
(Chrismore, 1989, as cited in Nordquist, 2018). Hayland in one of the studies described
metadiscourse as three-way between the text, the writer, and the reader which permit the writer
to deliver messages through text through engagement with the reader (Hyland, 2005, as cited in
Tarrayo, 2014).
Text through online news articles can be positive or negatively reviewed by readers
depending on the writer's use of language with the consideration of how readers comprehend
the meaning. Metadiscourse is, hence, a term of words used by a writer to guide the reader
towards the purpose of the writing and the direction of some suggested idea in the text (Abdul
Kadir et al. 2020, p. 130).
1.2 Statement of Problem
The usage of metadiscourse is present in writing to enhance the expression and feelings of a
writer in terms of words (Hyland, 2017). Writers expect their readers to not only understand their
writings but also in the shoes of the writer. Metadiscourse is important and contributes to
connecting to the readers. It is essential that writers use metadiscourse in their writings so that
the writer will be able to convey their message and idea to the public much clearer than intended
(Lee and Deakin, 2016).
On the contrary, when metadiscourse is not used properly, the public might not perceive
the intended message of the writer. However, the writer is not to blame nor is their language and
communication skills. Mistakes of using the wrong metadiscourse leads to confusion when
reading the text. Improper metadiscourse usage strategies affect the audience in a negative way
that hinders them from the writing (Ho and Li, 2018).
News articles are one of the primary sources of the publics’ reading sources. Nonetheless,
news articles are still misunderstood and misinterpreted by many readers. By understanding
and learning interactional metadiscourse, it provides writers with a solution to their usage of
metadiscourse (Abdullah, Rahmat, & Zawawi, 2020). The readers vary from all aspects of society,
indicating that the readers are from different categories. Even with the proper use of
metadiscourse in writing, there still remains confusion among readers. To solve the issue, the
usage of interactional discourse of metadiscourse in news articles is explored in the study. The
news article selected is based on the impact of Covid-19 on education.
1.3 Objective
This study is done answer the following questions;
1) How are interactional metadiscourse resources on news articles transcribed in terms of
hedges and boosters?
2) How are interactional metadiscourse resources on news articles transcribed in terms of
attitude-markers and engagement-markers?
3. Nur Azyan Aszeli, Daniel Amer Jamil, Noor Hanim Rahmat
A STUDY OF INTERACTIONAL METADISCOURSE ON NEWS ARTICLE
ON THE IMPACT OF COVID-19 ON EDUCATION
European Journal of Literature, Language and Linguistics Studies - Volume 4 │ Issue 4 │ 2021 90
3) How are interactional metadiscourse resources on news articles transcribed in terms of
personal markers?
4) How does the frequency of usage differ across all metadiscourse markers?
2. Review of Related Literature
2.1 News Article
With the evolution of technology, there are multiple media sources created everyday, but the
majority of the public’s primary source of information is news articles (Karakaya & Glazier,
2019). These articles report the news, story and current events (Tanikawa, 2017). The pandemic
has even cause issues of education to be seen in a different light (Wahid, Rahmat, Dzuradeen &
Kadir, 2020) and hence there are many articles written about them. News articles refer to the
published writing relating to current or recent news. It is very convenient for the readers due to
easy access and reliability.
Not only that, news articles can also focus on specific and particular topics. The purpose
of news articles is to inform the readers of the global news around them. News articles are usually
published in magazines, newsletters, or websites. They can also appear in advertisements. The
content of news articles would include a headline, author information, introduction, body text
and quotes. Furthermore, the article is supported by visual aids such as photographs, graphs,
statistics, interviews. One of the main sources of information, news articles contain informative
data and opinions on world issues.
2.2.1 Issues on the News Article
When reading news articles, authors expect the audience to comprehend and understand their
writings. Hence, metadiscourse is needed in order to analyse and understand the author’s work
(Hyland, 2017). Metadiscourse contributes to connecting to the readers and it is essential to
analyse news article using metadiscourse to fully understand the message in the text. Next, news
article might contain wrong usage of metadiscourse which affects readers where they may not
perceive the information as intended (Ho and Li, 2018). Analysing news article will contribute to
further understanding of proper usage of certain words and acts as a tool to assist writers with
their writings.
2.3 Metadiscourse
2.3.1 Metadiscourse
Metadiscourse refers to how an author is able to convey their message to the readers. It helps to
give perspective and a viewpoint for the author. With that, it assists the readers in understanding
the authors views (Abdul Kadir et al., 2020). Not only that, metadiscourse also conveys the
expression behind an author’s text (Lee & Deakin, 2016). It is able to enhance the expressions and
feelings of an author hence is deemed practical and proper in analyzing text and writings.
Analyzing text using metadiscourse will enable the readers to understand the certain
usage of words and phrases used by the author. Metadiscourse analysis can be divided into two,
which is interactive and interactional metadiscourse markers. For example, certain markers such
4. Nur Azyan Aszeli, Daniel Amer Jamil, Noor Hanim Rahmat
A STUDY OF INTERACTIONAL METADISCOURSE ON NEWS ARTICLE
ON THE IMPACT OF COVID-19 ON EDUCATION
European Journal of Literature, Language and Linguistics Studies - Volume 4 │ Issue 4 │ 2021 91
as hedges helps to indicate purpose of the readers. Interactional metadiscourse will be the focus
of the study.
2.3.2 Interactive
Table 1: Interactive metadiscourse markers
Main Category Sub-Category Description Examples
Interactive
Resources
Transitions Express relations between main
clauses
In addition, but, thus, and
Frame
Markers
Refer to discourse acts, sequences
or stages.
Finally, to conclude, my purpose
is
Endophoric
Markers
Refer to information in other
parts of the text
Noted above, see Fig, in section
2
Evidentials Refer to information from other
text
According to X, Z states
Code
glosses
Elaborate propositional meaning Namely, e.g.,such as, in other
words
Source: Hyland's (2005).
Interactive resources consist of five different sub-category which are Transitions, Frame Markers,
Endophoric Markers, Evidentials, and Code glosses. The functions of interactive resources are to
engage and interact with readers. Transitions consist of examples such as in addition, but, and
thus. Frame markers refer to sequences or stages. Endophoric markers would refer to certain
words such as noted above, see Fig, and in section 2. Evidentials refer to information for other
sources. Finally, Code glosses explains propositional meaning. Interactive resource, however,
does not identify the interactional elements in writing.
2.3.4 Interactional
Table 2: Interactional metadiscourse markers
Main Category Sub-Category Description Examples
Interactional
Resources
Hedges Withhold commitment and
open dialogue
might; perhaps;
possible; about
Boosters Emphasize certainty or
close dialogue
in fact; definitely;
it is clear that
Attitude
Markers
Express writer’s attitude
to proposition
unfortunately;
I agree; surprisingly
Personal
Markers
Explicit references to author(s) I; we; my; me; our
Engagement
markers
Explicitly build relationship
with reader
consider; note;
you can see that
Source: Hyland's (2005).
Interactional resources consist of five different sub-category which are Hedges, Boosters,
Attitude markers, personal markers. This helps to indicate the certain word and phrases that
contributes to reader interaction. Hedges and boosters consist of similar functions, such as
5. Nur Azyan Aszeli, Daniel Amer Jamil, Noor Hanim Rahmat
A STUDY OF INTERACTIONAL METADISCOURSE ON NEWS ARTICLE
ON THE IMPACT OF COVID-19 ON EDUCATION
European Journal of Literature, Language and Linguistics Studies - Volume 4 │ Issue 4 │ 2021 92
withhold commitment and emphasizes certain. For Attitude markers and Personal markers, the
function consist of expressing writer’s attitude and references to authors. Finally, engagement
markers refer to explicit build relationship with readers.
2.4 Past Studies on Metadiscourse in news articles
Abdullah, Rahmat & Zawawi (2020) conducted a study using interactional metadiscourse to
identify the markers between two articles, a Malaysian author and South Korean author’s online
newspaper article. The researchers state that interactional resources are used in writings as a tool
to enhance focus and add elements of interaction. The study used Hyland’s (2005) model of
metadiscourse and observe the interactional resources. The findings of the study discovered that
personal markers were absent in the articles. The usage of hedges, boosters, engagement
markers, and attitude markers were present in both articles. The authors from the articles, were
informative on the issues and did not include their own personal opinions on the matter. The
South Korean author used more interactional metadiscourse when compared to the Malaysian
author. The study suggest that the results will contribute to studies on interactional
metadiscourse in online newspaper.
Anuarsham, Rahmat & Khamsah (2020) on the other hand, adopts document analysis of
interactional metadiscourse elements in online newspaper article. Only four markers from the
metadiscourse were used by the study, did not include Personal markers. This was conducted to
identify relationship between writer and reader. The findings of the study shows that
engagement markers is the most frequent interactional metadiscourse marker found throughout
the article. The research suggest that the employed method can be applied to other genres of
online newspaper articles. The study will contribute to metadiscourse framework from academic
institutes.
3. Methodology
3.1 Research Design
Document analysis and textual analysis were carried out for qualitative analysis of the data
where the papers written by Bob Spires in the University of Richmond’s blog were
conscientiously read to identify the interactional metadiscourse that takes place in the original
text. The contact tools identified were then grouped based on the structure outlined by Hyland
(2005) according to their categories, which are hedges, boosters, attitude markers, and
communication markers. As stated by Corbin and Strauss (2008), paper review from online
sources helps to obtain understanding and build analytical information from the data in which
researchers needed to know the roles of the metadiscourse components used in the data.
3.2 Sample
The sample is taken from a news article from the writing of Bob Spires, the Assistant Professor
of Education, the University of Richmond in a news blog called ‘How other countries reopened
schools during the pandemic’– and what the US can learn from them.
6. Nur Azyan Aszeli, Daniel Amer Jamil, Noor Hanim Rahmat
A STUDY OF INTERACTIONAL METADISCOURSE ON NEWS ARTICLE
ON THE IMPACT OF COVID-19 ON EDUCATION
European Journal of Literature, Language and Linguistics Studies - Volume 4 │ Issue 4 │ 2021 93
3.3 Instrument
Table 3: Coding for metadiscourse markers
Main Sub-Category Code Function
Interactional
Resources
Hedges In-Tn (H)
Withhold the writer's full commitment to
the statement
Emphatics In-Tn (E))
Emphasis force of writer’s certainty in
message
Attitude
Markers
In-Tn (AM)
Express writer's attitude to propositional
content
Rational
Markers
In-Tn
(EgM)
Explicitly refer in building relationship
with the reader
Personal Markers In-Tn (SM) Explicit references to the author(s)
Source: Hyland's (2005).
It was broken down into groups and coded like Table 1.
3.4. Method Data Collection
3.4.1 Where is the data found?
The data was found through an online platform in the University of Richmond's sparing websites
called theconversation.com. The news articles were written on July 22, 2020.
3.4.2 How do you collect it?
The researcher went to the web to look and study the impact of Covid-19 in education when they
found the writer’s write up about the comparison of how other countries reopened school during
the pandemic. After thorough reading through the text, researchers decided that they wanted to
review how the writer felt about the issue through his writing.
3.5 Method of Data Analysis
3.5.1 Reliability
The reliability of the study is achieved when two researchers from the same group reviewed and
coded the news article using the indication from Hyland's (2005) implication of metadiscourse
markers. The coding was done separately and then compared to discuss to reach mutual
understanding while producing the data marking results.
3.6 Data collection
The data analysis was done by replicating the study done by Hyland (2005). The English text
written by Spires (2020) on the web about the impact of COVID 19 on educational institutions of
few countries was marked using the metadiscourse marker by Hyland (2005). The metadiscourse
markers were marked and tagged using different colors and codes. The categorized
metadiscourse marker was then tabulate based on the categories using the taxonomy by Hyland
(2005). After that, the number of tagged metadiscourse markers were counted and categorized.
7. Nur Azyan Aszeli, Daniel Amer Jamil, Noor Hanim Rahmat
A STUDY OF INTERACTIONAL METADISCOURSE ON NEWS ARTICLE
ON THE IMPACT OF COVID-19 ON EDUCATION
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3.6.1 Data analysis
The data were analysed quantitatively, using frequency and percentage, as well as qualitatively.
The divisions that emerge from each analysis are then separately presented, following each
research question.
4. Discussion
4.1 Introduction
This section presents the findings and analysis, organized in the context of the sequence of
research questions.
1) How are interactional metadiscourse resources on news articles transcribed in terms of
hedges and boosters?
2) How are interactional metadiscourse resources on news articles transcribed in terms of
attitude-markers and engagement-markers?
3) How are interactional metadiscourse resources on news articles transcribed in terms of
personal markers?
4) How does the frequency of usage differ across all metadiscourse markers?
4.2 Interactional Resource
RQ 1: How are interactional metadiscourse resources on news articles transcribed in terms of
hedges and boosters?
4.2.1 Qualitative Findings
a. Hedges
[1] “As American school officials debate when it will be safe for schoolchildren to return
to classrooms, looking abroad may offer insights” [Line 3]
[2] “Too much, too soon” [Line 12]
[3] “….the disease may have affected…” [Line 46-47]
Based on the excerpts included above, the bolded words are classified as hedges as it
portrays the trait and characteristic of hedges. Some traits of hedges are to refuse to commit, to
show uncertainty, to be open for alternative opinions, or to be more subtle in giving viewpoints
(Hu & Cao, 2011). Excerpts 1 and 3 show the sentences contain hedges because the author is
trying to subtly express her insight. In excerpt 2, the author used hedges as he is voicing the need
for further study in the related field. According to Reza 2010, hedges is critical strategies in
establishing the need for a study in that, admittedly, research areas are for the most part
uncharted lands that require cautious handling.
8. Nur Azyan Aszeli, Daniel Amer Jamil, Noor Hanim Rahmat
A STUDY OF INTERACTIONAL METADISCOURSE ON NEWS ARTICLE
ON THE IMPACT OF COVID-19 ON EDUCATION
European Journal of Literature, Language and Linguistics Studies - Volume 4 │ Issue 4 │ 2021 95
b. Boosters
[1] “…reopening in Israel that, many experts say, came too soon and…” [Line 22-23]
[2] “…officials in Stockholm have admitted they don’t know…” [Line 46]
[3] “…according to a joint study from Sweden’s Upsala University…” [line 49]
[4] “A survey from Save the Children found that Japanese school…” [line 59]
[5] “Analysts credit Uruguay’s well-organized and efficient..” [line 59]
Based on the excerpts included above, the bolded words are classified as hedges as it
portrays the trait and characteristic of boosters. The use of hedges enables the writers to express
a perspective on their statements, to present unproven claims with caution and to enter to a
dialogue with their audience, while the use of boosters helps him/her to close down alternatives
and to show a high degree of certainty (Hyland, 2005). In excerpts 1,2 and 3 the author used the
boosters in the sentences to show that he was certain in stating the sentence based on fact from a
study. Meyer (1997) view the term ‘boosters’ as those lexical items by means of which the writer
can show strong confidence for a claim. Excerpts 4 and 5 on the other hand shows that the writer
is proving his point by using the claim made proven with factual count.
RQ 2: How are interactional metadiscourse resources on news articles transcribed in terms of
attitude-markers and engagement-markers?
c. Attitude Markers
[1] “Here’s what I found” [Line 11]
[2] ”Only one young Swedish child is believed to have died…” [Line 44-45]
[3] “However, officials in Stockholm have admitted they don’t…” [Line 46]
[4] “Japan: So far, so good” [Line 51]
[5] “There is no perfect way to reopen schools during a pandemic” [Line 78]
[6] “But the policies and practices..” [Line 80]
The above highlighted words are considered as attitude marker because it expresses
writers’ attitude to proposition. The purpose of boosters is to help express the writer’s stand and
opinion about the topic they write Ali & Azirah (2019). In excerpts 1 to 4, the writer is trying to
express his stand towards the topic. Excerpts 5 and 6 on the other hand shows the writer’s
opposition towards the issue which is a part of his believe towards the topic.
d. Engagement Markers
[1] “But shortly after schools..,” [Line 16]
[2] “But schools were only part of a broader…” [Line 22]
[3] “University of Virginia. Of those, slightly more..” [Line 50]
[4] “Most countries have national education systems..” [Line 91]
9. Nur Azyan Aszeli, Daniel Amer Jamil, Noor Hanim Rahmat
A STUDY OF INTERACTIONAL METADISCOURSE ON NEWS ARTICLE
ON THE IMPACT OF COVID-19 ON EDUCATION
European Journal of Literature, Language and Linguistics Studies - Volume 4 │ Issue 4 │ 2021 96
According to the excerpts given above, the bolded word is counted as engagement marker
because it suits the purpose as mentioned by Sahragard & Yazdanpanahi (2017), to help the
authors to use appropriate words to oppose, negotiate, and connect with the readers.
RQ 3: How are interactional metadiscourse resources on news articles transcribed in terms of
personal markers?
e. Personal Markers
[1] “I am a scholar of comparative international education.” [line 7]
[2] “For this article, I examined…” [Line 7]
[3] “Here’s what I found…” [Line 8]
There is minimal usage of personal marker in this article as the writer is reporting the
COVID-19 effect in education at few countries. However, the two mentioned excerpts explained
the reference of the author which in this case uses I as the personal pronounce.
4.2.2 Quantitative Findings
Research Question 4: How do the frequency of use differ across all metadiscourse markers?
Table 4: Frequency of usage for interactional metadiscourse
Main Category Sub-category Code Frequency Percentage (100%)
Interactional
Resources
Hedges In-Tn (H) 3 13.63
Boosters In-Tn (B) 5 22.73
Attitude Markers In-Tn (AM) 7 31.81
Rational Markers In-Tn (EgM) 4 18.19
Personal Markers In-Tn (SM) 3 13.63
Sub-Total Interactional 22 100
4.2.3 Quantitative Findings
The table 4 above shows the number of frequencies and percentages of the interactional resources
analyzed from an article written by Assistant Professor of Education, University of Richmond.
The article is comparing how other countries reopened schools during the pandemic of
COVID 19 and what the US can learn from them. The table above shows that attitude marker is
the highest content of interactional resources sub-category compared to others with the
percentage of 31.81%. The second highest interactional resources are boosters 22.73% . The usage
was then followed by rational markers with 18.19%. Hedges and personal markers on the other
hand scored the same percentage of usage which is 13. 63%. In conclusion, the article has used
all the interpersonal model of metadiscourse by Hyland (2005).
10. Nur Azyan Aszeli, Daniel Amer Jamil, Noor Hanim Rahmat
A STUDY OF INTERACTIONAL METADISCOURSE ON NEWS ARTICLE
ON THE IMPACT OF COVID-19 ON EDUCATION
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5. Conclusion
5.1 Introduction
In this section, the finding of the study is discussed.
5.1.1 Summary of Findings
The finding of this research concluded that metadiscourse study is vital in emphasizing the
writer’s belief towards their writing. It also promotes appeal towards reader and suggested how
the reader should feel upon certain topic. If a proper use of metadiscourse markers is used in the
writing, a connection and trust between writer and reading can be built. The research has also
shows that this article uses personal markers and hedges the least. This is due to the article is
collected from news article where the writers are writing facts rather than appealing or writing
with emotions. Finally, the results also showed that attitude markers were the most used in
interactional metadiscourse study in this news article.
5.2 Implications/Recommendations
This research will guide future researcher to understand and study well on metadiscourse
markers in text. It is recommended for future researcher to use the metadiscourse markers to
investigate texts in bigger point of view to get wider understanding pertaining this linguistic
marker.
5.3 Suggestions for Future Research
It is suggested for future researcher to conduct the study is larger sample size . Other than that,
future researcher may conduct the study not only in interactional but also in interactive point of
metadiscourse marker. This research is limited to investigating in online new article from the
perspective of the interactional resources of metadiscourse only. Because text limitation from the
original source, interactive point of view was not covered in this research. There is also
tremendous scope for future studies in this field to investigate both tools of metadiscourse not
only from online news articles but from offline scope as well in order to achieve a better
understanding of the use of metadiscourse taxonomy.
Conflict of Interest Statement
The authors declare no conflicts of interests.
About the Author(s)
Nur Azyan Aszeli and Daniel Amer Jamil are Postgraduate students of Master of Professional
Communication at Akademi Pengajian Bahasa, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysa.
Noor Hanim Rahmat is an associate professor teaching at Akademi Pengajian Bahasa, Universiti
Teknologi MARA, Malaysa. Her areas of expertise include TESL methodology, language skills
educational psychology and academic reading and writing.
11. Nur Azyan Aszeli, Daniel Amer Jamil, Noor Hanim Rahmat
A STUDY OF INTERACTIONAL METADISCOURSE ON NEWS ARTICLE
ON THE IMPACT OF COVID-19 ON EDUCATION
European Journal of Literature, Language and Linguistics Studies - Volume 4 │ Issue 4 │ 2021 98
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ON THE IMPACT OF COVID-19 ON EDUCATION
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A STUDY OF INTERACTIONAL METADISCOURSE ON NEWS ARTICLE
ON THE IMPACT OF COVID-19 ON EDUCATION
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