Hans Eric Melin, Managing Director at Circular Energy Storage gave this presentation at the Forth A Second Life For EV Batteries webinar on January 25, 2022.

1. Hans Eric Melin, Circular Energy Storage
A Second Life
For EV Batteries

2. • Leading provider of lifecycle data for for the lithium-ion battery
market
• Subscription of data and analysis and bespoke consulting
services such as custom reports, strategy and business
development and due diligence
• Over 200 customers throughout the entire battery value chain in
North America (42%), Europe (37%) and APAC (18%)
Featured and published in:
About Circular Energy Storage

3. The lifecycle of lithium-ion batteries
0.0%
5.0%
10.0%
15.0%
20.0%
1 year 2 years 3 years 4 years 5 years 6 years 7 years 8 years 9 years 10 years 11 years 12 years 13 years 14 years 15 years 16 years 17 years 18 years 19 years 20 years 21 years 22 years 23 years 24 years 25 years
0.0%
5.0%
10.0%
15.0%
20.0%
1 year 2 years 3 years 4 years 5 years 6 years 7 years 8 years 9 years 10 years 11 years 12 years 13 years 14 years 15 years 16 years 17 years 18 years 19 years 20 years 21 years 22 years 23 years 24 years 25 years
0.0%
5.0%
10.0%
15.0%
20.0%
1 year 2 years 3 years 4 years 5 years 6 years 7 years 8 years 9 years 10 years 11 years 12 years 13 years 14 years 15 years 16 years 17 years 18 years 19 years 20 years 21 years 22 years 23 years 24 years 25 years
0.0%
5.0%
10.0%
15.0%
20.0%
1 year 2 years 3 years 4 years 5 years 6 years 7 years 8 years 9 years 10 years 11 years 12 years 13 years 14 years 15 years 16 years 17 years 18 years 19 years 20 years 21 years 22 years 23 years 24 years 25 years
0.0%
5.0%
10.0%
15.0%
20.0%
1 year 2 years 3 years 4 years 5 years 6 years 7 years 8 years 9 years 10 years 11 years 12 years 13 years 14 years 15 years 16 years 17 years 18 years 19 years 20 years 21 years 22 years 23 years 24 years 25 years
0.0%
5.0%
10.0%
15.0%
20.0%
1 year 2 years 3 years 4 years 5 years 6 years 7 years 8 years 9 years 10 years 11 years 12 years 13 years 14 years 15 years 16 years 17 years 18 years 19 years 20 years 21 years 22 years 23 years 24 years 25 years

4. 0
70,000
140,000
210,000
2021 2020 2019 2018 2017 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 2010 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001
EV batteries will last for decades
Highway driving/43kW charging rate
Highway driving/7kW charging rate
Urban driving/43kW charging rate
Urban driving/22kW charging rate
1,000 cycles to
80% = 7.5 years
1,500 cycles to
80% = 13 years
2,000 cycles to
80% = 19 years
2,500 cycles to
80% = >21 years
BMW 3 series
Toyota Corolla
Driving and charging behaviour:

5. 0.0%
5.0%
10.0%
15.0%
1 year 3 years 5 years 7 years 9 years 11 years 13 years 15 years 17 years 19 years 21 years 23 years 25 years
Average share of batteries reaching end of
life when under warranty: 2%
Battery claimed by: OEM
Likely destiny: remanufacturing,
repurposing
Estimated share of batteries reaching end
of life due to accidents during first 10
years: 5%
Battery claimed by: car dismantlers
Likely destiny: repurposing, reuse
Estimated share of batteries reaching end of life
due to vehicles not economical to repair
(accidents, expensive components incl battery,
age): 90%
Battery claimed by: car dismantlers
Likely destiny: repurposing, reuse, recycling
Estimated share of batteries reaching end of
life due to degradation 2%
Battery claimed by: Independent garages
Likely destiny: repurposing
How EV batteries reach end of life

6. e-ELVs are exported – and batteries
are included
Nissan Leaf
Renault Zoe
Tesla Model 3
Tesla Model S
Chevy Bolt
Top 5 EVs sold in Ukraine
August 2021 (89% used import)
207 units from
EU and the US
71 units from EU
and NA
40 units from EU
38 units from EU
37 units from NA

7. Replacement
Upgrade/range-
extension
In-warranty
replacements
Residential
ESS
Forklifts
RV power
2-/3-wheelers
Grid/C&I ESS
UPS/backup
Fleet conversion
Classic cars
Boats
EV-charging
The real 2nd life market
– as diverse as the 1st life market
Power packs
Solar powered
applications

8. Growth in number of companies in the
market for reused batteries (global)
0
24
48
72
96
120
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
2nd life ESS EV-conversion
Upgrade/REx of EVs
Number of members in Facebook groups
relating to DIY battery
0
12000
24000
36000
48000
60000
2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
DIY Powerwall DIY electric vehicles
Jehu's DIY Powerwall DIY electric vehicles UK
DIY Battery
Everything is small in the beginning

10. Annual holiday trip
Daily commute
Occasional
weekend trip
The biggest waste of all
20%
45%
100%

12. New business models for optimized
usage and retained control

13. Thank you!
hanseric@circularenergystorage.com