A healthcare employment is the mainly domain in emergent technology of WBAN, and an e-health system created of cloud computing in addition to a WSN considers an important part of this field. An implementation of remotely system for monitoring the patient's vital signs require continuous observation to form low-cost networks with the ability of portability and flexibility and may be applied with separate position and long-term intensive care of peoples in the absence of disturbance of their everyday activities. The patient carries body sensor's patches to get transmitted vital signs continuously to the cloud environment, and a website is designed for presenting and analyzing the data based on designed algorithm. A comparison is made every received measurement with a that stored in the algorithm. In remote specialist care, the execution of confidence and confidentiality conservation is critical, as essential restrictions were being communicating with remote locations. To ensure reliability, the implemented system offers real time monitoring and certification to the patient's condition by means of a medical record, with rapid medical data delivery to the medical staff and can also increase the service delivery ratio of hospital capacity and monitoring of large number of patients with concentrated average delay.
Security Requirements, Counterattacks and Projects in Healthcare Applications...arpublication
Healthcare applications are well thought-out as interesting fields for WSN where patients can be examine using wireless medical sensor networks. Inside the hospital or extensive care surroundings there is a tempting need for steady monitoring of essential body functions and support for patient mobility. Recent research cantered on patient reliable communication, mobility, and energy-efficient routing. Yet deploying new expertise in healthcare applications presents some understandable security concerns which are the important concern in the inclusive deployment of wireless patient monitoring systems. This manuscript presents a survey of the security features, its counter attacks in healthcare applications including some proposed projects which have been done recently.
A modern healthcare IoT platform with an intelligent medicine box along with sensors for health monitoring and diagnosis is proposed here. Health care services based on Internet of Things have great potential in medical field. In this paper, an intelligent home-based medicine box with wireless connectivity along with an android application (Health-IoT) that helps patients and doctors to be in a more close communication. The proposed platform has an intelligent medicine box that gives alerts for patients to take their medication at the right time. The box is wirelessly connected to internet to make timely updates about medicines which will be notified in the android application with in patient’s smartphone. The system automatically gives alarm so that the patient takes the right medicine at the right time. And if there are any vital signs noticed SMS alerts are given to the predefined guardian.
Security Requirements, Counterattacks and Projects in Healthcare Applications...arpublication
Healthcare applications are well thought-out as interesting fields for WSN where patients can be examine using wireless medical sensor networks. Inside the hospital or extensive care surroundings there is a tempting need for steady monitoring of essential body functions and support for patient mobility. Recent research cantered on patient reliable communication, mobility, and energy-efficient routing. Yet deploying new expertise in healthcare applications presents some understandable security concerns which are the important concern in the inclusive deployment of wireless patient monitoring systems. This manuscript presents a survey of the security features, its counter attacks in healthcare applications including some proposed projects which have been done recently.
A modern healthcare IoT platform with an intelligent medicine box along with sensors for health monitoring and diagnosis is proposed here. Health care services based on Internet of Things have great potential in medical field. In this paper, an intelligent home-based medicine box with wireless connectivity along with an android application (Health-IoT) that helps patients and doctors to be in a more close communication. The proposed platform has an intelligent medicine box that gives alerts for patients to take their medication at the right time. The box is wirelessly connected to internet to make timely updates about medicines which will be notified in the android application with in patient’s smartphone. The system automatically gives alarm so that the patient takes the right medicine at the right time. And if there are any vital signs noticed SMS alerts are given to the predefined guardian.
As elderly population increases day by day caretaking demands are also increasing. Hence patient health monitoring systems are gaining importance these days. This paper is based on monitoring of patients. We have designed and developed a reliable, energy efficient patient monitoring system. It is able to send parameters of patient in real time. It enables the doctors to monitor patient's health parameters (temp, heartbeat, ECG, position) in real time. In the current proposed system the patient health is continuously monitored using different sensors which is connected to the Arduino board. And the acquired data is send to the server using Ethernet shield attached to the Arduino board. If any of the parameter values goes beyond the threshold value an alert is given to the doctor using an Android application installed in the doctor’s smartphone.
An Enhanced & Effective Fall Detection System for Elderly Person Monitoring u...IJRES Journal
Various fall-detection solutions have been previously proposed to create a reliable surveillance system for elderly people with high requirements on accuracy, sensitivity and specificity. In this paper, an enhanced fall detection system is proposed for elderly person monitoring that is based on smart sensors worn on the body and operating through consumer home networks. With treble thresholds, accidental falls can be detected in the home healthcare environment. By utilizing information gathered from an accelerometer, cardiotachometer and smart sensors, the impacts of falls can be logged and distinguished from normal daily activities. The proposed system have to be analyzed in a prototype system as detailed in this paper. From a test group of 30 healthy participants, it was found that the proposed fall detection system can achieve a high detection accuracy of 97.5%, while the sensitivity and specificity are 96.8% and 98.1% respectively. Therefore, this system can reliably be developed and deployed into a consumer product for use as an elderly person monitoring device with high accuracy and a low false positive rate.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
IOSR Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering(IOSR-JECE) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of electronics and communication engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in electronics and communication engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Technology plays the most important role in healthcare not only for sensory devices but besides in communication, recording and display device. It is very important to monitor various medical parameters and post operational days. Therefore the latest development in Healthcare communication method using IOT is adapted. Internet of things serves as a catalyst for the healthcare and plays prominent role in wide range of healthcare applications. In this project the PIC16F877A microcontroller is used as a gateway to communicate to the various sensors such as temperature sensor, Respiration sensor, Blood Oxygen level and heart beat sensor. The microcontroller picks up the sensor data and sends it to the network through IOT and hence provides real time monitoring of the health care parameters for doctors. The data can be access anytime by the doctor. The controller is in addition connected with buzzer to alert the caretaker about variation in sensor output. Other than the main issue in remote patient monitoring system is that the data as to be securely transmitted to the destination end and provision is made to allow only authorized user to access the data. The security problem is be addressed by transmitting the data through the password protected internet which will be encrypted by standard AES128 and the Doctors can access the records by logging to the html webpage. Next to the instance of extremity situation alert message is send to the doctor through IOT connected to the controller. For this reason quick provisional medication can be easily done by this system. This system is capable with low power consumption capability, easy setup, high performance and time to time response.
Survey of a Symptoms Monitoring System for Covid-19vivatechijri
The Internet of Things (IOT) depicts the organization of actual items that are implanted with sensors, programming, and different advances for the point of interfacing and trading information with different gadgets and frameworks over the web . In this day and age, there are numerous IOT based, these IOT based gadgets and machines range from wearable like brilliant watches to RFID stock following chips. IOT associated gadgets convey by means of organizations or cloud-based stages associated with the snare of Things. Among the applications that Internet of Things (IOT) encouraged to the planet , Healthcare applications are generally imperative . There are numerous wellbeing checking gadgets accessible. These framework comprises two sensors that is Heartbeat and blood heat sensor and furthermore contains Arduino UNO. This versatile gadget will screen heartbeat and blood heat utilizing sensors. The framework utilizes Arduino board which is associated with heart beat sensor and temperature sensor. The framework will take contribution from the guts beat and blood heat sensors and can send the data to Arduino. The Arduino will send the information of two sensors to LCD alphanumeric presentation . This presentation will show the perusing of the heartbeat sensor and blood heat sensor in BPM (Beats Per Minute) and in Celsius or Fahrenheit.
A Low Power Wearable Physiological Parameter Monitoring Systemijsrd.com
The design and development of a low power wearable physiological parameter monitoring system have been developing and reporting in this paper. The system can be used to monitor physiological parameters, such as ECG signals, temperature and heartbeat. The system consists of an electronic device which is worn on the wrist and finger, by an at-risk person. Using several sensors to measure different vital signs, the person is wirelessly monitored within his own home. An epic sensor has been used to detect ECG signals. The device is battery powered for use outdoors. The device can be easily adapted to monitor athletes and infants. The low cost of the device will help to lower the cost of home monitoring of patients recovering from illness. A prototype of the device has been fabricated and extensively tested with very good results.
Implementation Of Real Time IoT Based Health monitoring systemkchakrireddy
The main aim of this project is to interconnect the available medical resources and offer smart, reliable, and effective healthcare service to elderly people. Health monitoring for active and assisted living is one of the paradigms that can use the IOT advantages to improve the elderly lifestyle in this project we present an IOT architecture customized for healthcare applications. The proposed architecture collects the data and relays it to the cloud where it is processed and analyzed. Feedback actions based on the analyzed data can be sent back to the user.
Internet of things based electrocardiogram monitoring system using machine l...IJECEIAES
In Bangladesh’s rural regions, almost 30% of the population lives in poverty. Rural residents also have restricted access to nursing and diagnostic services due to obsolete healthcare infrastructure. Consequently, as cardiac failure occurs, they usually fail to call the services and adopt the facilities. The internet of things (IoT) offers a massive advantage in addressing cardiac problems. This study proposed a smart IoT-based electrocardiogram (ECG) monitoring system for heart patients. The system is divided into several parts: ECG sensing network (data acquisition), IoT cloud (data transmission), result analysis (data prediction) and monetization. P, Q, R, S, and T are ECG signal properties fetched, pre-processed, analyzed and predicted to age level for future health management. ECG data are saved in the cloud and accessible via message queuing telemetry transport (MQTT) and hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) servers. The linear regression method is utilized to determine the impact of electrocardiogram signal characteristics and error rate. The prediction was made to see how much variation there was in PQRST regularity and its sufficiency to be utilized in an ECG monitoring device. Recognizing the quality parameter values, acceptable outcomes are achieved. The proposed system will diminish future medical costs and difficulties for heart patients.
Energy-efficient cluster-based security mechanism for Wireless Body Area Netw...IJSRD
Rapid expansion of wireless technologies permits continuous healthcare monitoring of mobile patients using compact biomedical wireless sensor motes. These tiny wearable devices –have limited amount of memory, energy, computation, & communication capabilities – are positioned on a patient; after that , they self-configure to create a networked cluster that is capable to continuously monitor important signs like blood pressure and flow, ECG, core temperature, the oxygen saturation, and CO2 concentration (i.e. for the respiration monitoring). The WBAN is an energizing innovation that guarantees to convey the human services to a novel level of the personalization. The scaled down sensors can be worn on body and they can non-rudely screen individual's physiological state. The numerous sensors speak with mobile utilizing the remote interfaces shaping WBAN. The WBANs empower checking a singular's wellbeing consistently in the free living conditions, where individual is allowed to direct his or her day by day action. In propose, design a enhance cluster based protocol.
2 pf implementation of wireless body area network ed iqbal qcIAESIJEECS
Patients in hospitals have issue with health instrumentality that's connected with wires to their body. Wired health instrumentality restricts the quality of the patient. Moreover, health caretaker’s area unit compelled to work the instrumentality and take the measurements. Hence, wireless observance of patient is incredibly effective resolution thereto drawback. The most target of this study was to analysis the present trend and prospect of wireless observance of patients within the hospitals. This study conjointly aims to create the epitome system to implement wireless observance. Additionally to that, this thesis conjointly studies most fitted technique for building the foremost effective wireless observance system. The sensing element nodes and receiver of the epitome were designed. Golem phone was used as entranceway to receive the information from sensing element node and forward the information into receiver. Bluetooth Low energy was wont to communicate between sensing element nodes and golem phone. LAN is employed to speak between golem phone and also the receiver that is connected to laptop. The sensing element readings were initially ascertained in Arduino Serial Monitor so sent to sink node. The sensing element readings of a body were displayed in golem phone and yet as within the web site. Real time information of sensing element was created and with success updated within the web site. The study of results and project showed that wireless observance would be terribly effective by exploitation Interference free, short vary and extremely secure suggests that of communication. Bluetooth low energy that is appropriate choice for the system. Style of sensing element nodes ought to be terribly tiny as a result of it's to be worn round the body. Therefore smaller parts ought to be used.
As elderly population increases day by day caretaking demands are also increasing. Hence patient health monitoring systems are gaining importance these days. This paper is based on monitoring of patients. We have designed and developed a reliable, energy efficient patient monitoring system. It is able to send parameters of patient in real time. It enables the doctors to monitor patient's health parameters (temp, heartbeat, ECG, position) in real time. In the current proposed system the patient health is continuously monitored using different sensors which is connected to the Arduino board. And the acquired data is send to the server using Ethernet shield attached to the Arduino board. If any of the parameter values goes beyond the threshold value an alert is given to the doctor using an Android application installed in the doctor’s smartphone.
An Enhanced & Effective Fall Detection System for Elderly Person Monitoring u...IJRES Journal
Various fall-detection solutions have been previously proposed to create a reliable surveillance system for elderly people with high requirements on accuracy, sensitivity and specificity. In this paper, an enhanced fall detection system is proposed for elderly person monitoring that is based on smart sensors worn on the body and operating through consumer home networks. With treble thresholds, accidental falls can be detected in the home healthcare environment. By utilizing information gathered from an accelerometer, cardiotachometer and smart sensors, the impacts of falls can be logged and distinguished from normal daily activities. The proposed system have to be analyzed in a prototype system as detailed in this paper. From a test group of 30 healthy participants, it was found that the proposed fall detection system can achieve a high detection accuracy of 97.5%, while the sensitivity and specificity are 96.8% and 98.1% respectively. Therefore, this system can reliably be developed and deployed into a consumer product for use as an elderly person monitoring device with high accuracy and a low false positive rate.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
IOSR Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering(IOSR-JECE) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of electronics and communication engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in electronics and communication engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Technology plays the most important role in healthcare not only for sensory devices but besides in communication, recording and display device. It is very important to monitor various medical parameters and post operational days. Therefore the latest development in Healthcare communication method using IOT is adapted. Internet of things serves as a catalyst for the healthcare and plays prominent role in wide range of healthcare applications. In this project the PIC16F877A microcontroller is used as a gateway to communicate to the various sensors such as temperature sensor, Respiration sensor, Blood Oxygen level and heart beat sensor. The microcontroller picks up the sensor data and sends it to the network through IOT and hence provides real time monitoring of the health care parameters for doctors. The data can be access anytime by the doctor. The controller is in addition connected with buzzer to alert the caretaker about variation in sensor output. Other than the main issue in remote patient monitoring system is that the data as to be securely transmitted to the destination end and provision is made to allow only authorized user to access the data. The security problem is be addressed by transmitting the data through the password protected internet which will be encrypted by standard AES128 and the Doctors can access the records by logging to the html webpage. Next to the instance of extremity situation alert message is send to the doctor through IOT connected to the controller. For this reason quick provisional medication can be easily done by this system. This system is capable with low power consumption capability, easy setup, high performance and time to time response.
Survey of a Symptoms Monitoring System for Covid-19vivatechijri
The Internet of Things (IOT) depicts the organization of actual items that are implanted with sensors, programming, and different advances for the point of interfacing and trading information with different gadgets and frameworks over the web . In this day and age, there are numerous IOT based, these IOT based gadgets and machines range from wearable like brilliant watches to RFID stock following chips. IOT associated gadgets convey by means of organizations or cloud-based stages associated with the snare of Things. Among the applications that Internet of Things (IOT) encouraged to the planet , Healthcare applications are generally imperative . There are numerous wellbeing checking gadgets accessible. These framework comprises two sensors that is Heartbeat and blood heat sensor and furthermore contains Arduino UNO. This versatile gadget will screen heartbeat and blood heat utilizing sensors. The framework utilizes Arduino board which is associated with heart beat sensor and temperature sensor. The framework will take contribution from the guts beat and blood heat sensors and can send the data to Arduino. The Arduino will send the information of two sensors to LCD alphanumeric presentation . This presentation will show the perusing of the heartbeat sensor and blood heat sensor in BPM (Beats Per Minute) and in Celsius or Fahrenheit.
A Low Power Wearable Physiological Parameter Monitoring Systemijsrd.com
The design and development of a low power wearable physiological parameter monitoring system have been developing and reporting in this paper. The system can be used to monitor physiological parameters, such as ECG signals, temperature and heartbeat. The system consists of an electronic device which is worn on the wrist and finger, by an at-risk person. Using several sensors to measure different vital signs, the person is wirelessly monitored within his own home. An epic sensor has been used to detect ECG signals. The device is battery powered for use outdoors. The device can be easily adapted to monitor athletes and infants. The low cost of the device will help to lower the cost of home monitoring of patients recovering from illness. A prototype of the device has been fabricated and extensively tested with very good results.
Implementation Of Real Time IoT Based Health monitoring systemkchakrireddy
The main aim of this project is to interconnect the available medical resources and offer smart, reliable, and effective healthcare service to elderly people. Health monitoring for active and assisted living is one of the paradigms that can use the IOT advantages to improve the elderly lifestyle in this project we present an IOT architecture customized for healthcare applications. The proposed architecture collects the data and relays it to the cloud where it is processed and analyzed. Feedback actions based on the analyzed data can be sent back to the user.
Internet of things based electrocardiogram monitoring system using machine l...IJECEIAES
In Bangladesh’s rural regions, almost 30% of the population lives in poverty. Rural residents also have restricted access to nursing and diagnostic services due to obsolete healthcare infrastructure. Consequently, as cardiac failure occurs, they usually fail to call the services and adopt the facilities. The internet of things (IoT) offers a massive advantage in addressing cardiac problems. This study proposed a smart IoT-based electrocardiogram (ECG) monitoring system for heart patients. The system is divided into several parts: ECG sensing network (data acquisition), IoT cloud (data transmission), result analysis (data prediction) and monetization. P, Q, R, S, and T are ECG signal properties fetched, pre-processed, analyzed and predicted to age level for future health management. ECG data are saved in the cloud and accessible via message queuing telemetry transport (MQTT) and hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) servers. The linear regression method is utilized to determine the impact of electrocardiogram signal characteristics and error rate. The prediction was made to see how much variation there was in PQRST regularity and its sufficiency to be utilized in an ECG monitoring device. Recognizing the quality parameter values, acceptable outcomes are achieved. The proposed system will diminish future medical costs and difficulties for heart patients.
Energy-efficient cluster-based security mechanism for Wireless Body Area Netw...IJSRD
Rapid expansion of wireless technologies permits continuous healthcare monitoring of mobile patients using compact biomedical wireless sensor motes. These tiny wearable devices –have limited amount of memory, energy, computation, & communication capabilities – are positioned on a patient; after that , they self-configure to create a networked cluster that is capable to continuously monitor important signs like blood pressure and flow, ECG, core temperature, the oxygen saturation, and CO2 concentration (i.e. for the respiration monitoring). The WBAN is an energizing innovation that guarantees to convey the human services to a novel level of the personalization. The scaled down sensors can be worn on body and they can non-rudely screen individual's physiological state. The numerous sensors speak with mobile utilizing the remote interfaces shaping WBAN. The WBANs empower checking a singular's wellbeing consistently in the free living conditions, where individual is allowed to direct his or her day by day action. In propose, design a enhance cluster based protocol.
2 pf implementation of wireless body area network ed iqbal qcIAESIJEECS
Patients in hospitals have issue with health instrumentality that's connected with wires to their body. Wired health instrumentality restricts the quality of the patient. Moreover, health caretaker’s area unit compelled to work the instrumentality and take the measurements. Hence, wireless observance of patient is incredibly effective resolution thereto drawback. The most target of this study was to analysis the present trend and prospect of wireless observance of patients within the hospitals. This study conjointly aims to create the epitome system to implement wireless observance. Additionally to that, this thesis conjointly studies most fitted technique for building the foremost effective wireless observance system. The sensing element nodes and receiver of the epitome were designed. Golem phone was used as entranceway to receive the information from sensing element node and forward the information into receiver. Bluetooth Low energy was wont to communicate between sensing element nodes and golem phone. LAN is employed to speak between golem phone and also the receiver that is connected to laptop. The sensing element readings were initially ascertained in Arduino Serial Monitor so sent to sink node. The sensing element readings of a body were displayed in golem phone and yet as within the web site. Real time information of sensing element was created and with success updated within the web site. The study of results and project showed that wireless observance would be terribly effective by exploitation Interference free, short vary and extremely secure suggests that of communication. Bluetooth low energy that is appropriate choice for the system. Style of sensing element nodes ought to be terribly tiny as a result of it's to be worn round the body. Therefore smaller parts ought to be used.
An efficient IoT based biomedical health monitoring and diagnosing system usi...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
With the growing and aging population, patient auto monitoring systems are becoming more popular. Smart sensors linked with the internet of things (IoT) make patients' auto monitoring system possible. Nowadays myRIO with LabVIEW is more popular for easy data acquisition, instrument control, and automation. This paper proposed myRIO and IoT based health monitoring and diagnosing system (HMDS) to acquire heartbeat rate, pulse, blood pressure (BP), temperature and activities of the patient using various smart sensors with more accuracy. The acquired raw data from the various sensors had been sent to the myRIO using ESP 8266 Wi-Fi module. The received raw data by the myRIO would be processed to the equivalent medical parameters using LabVIEW and the same might be transferred to the remote monitoring system (RMS) using cloud via a gateway. The abnormalities in the obtained data would be monitored and the diagnosis was made. The experimental setup was developed using various wearable sensors, ESP 8266, myRIO with LabVIEW and cloud with the gateway.
Recently, in many cases, the reason for a patient staying in the hospital is not that he or she actually needs active medical care. Often, the principal reason for a lengthy stay in the hospital is simply continual observation. Therefore, efforts have been made to avoid acute admissions and long lengths of stay in the hospital. In recent years, emergency admissions and long lengths of stay have become extremely costly. So the focus of health policy has shifted away from the provision of reactive, acute care toward preventive care outside the hospital. As models of care are redesigned, health economies are seeking to provide more care outside large acute centers. The drivers for this shift are two-fold; first, there is a quality-of-care issue and second, there is a resource allocation issue. Being cared for in a patient’s own home is a key aim of current U.K. government health policy and that is driven by an imperative to provide better quality care to people without the need to disrupt their lives. Investment in technologies that enable remote monitoring would lead to long-term gains in terms of hospital finances and patient care.
Wireless Health Monitoring System Using ZigBeeijbuiiir1
Recent developments in off-the-shelf wireless embedded computing boards and the increasing need for efficient health monitoring systems, fueled by the increasing number of patients, has prompted R&D professionals to explore better health monitoring systems that are both mobile and cheap. This work investigates the feasibility of using the ZigBee embedded technology in health-related monitoring applications. Selected vital signs of patients are acquired using sensor nodes and readings are transmitted wirelessly using devices that utilize the ZigBee communications protocols. A prototype system has been developed and tested with encouraging results
Internet of Things IoT Based Healthcare Monitoring System using NodeMCU and A...ijtsrd
Today Internet has become one of the important parts of daily life. It has changed how people live, work, play and learn. Internet serves for many purposes educations, finance, Business, Industries, Entertainment, Social Networking, etc. The IoT is connected objects to the Internet and used to control of those objects or remote monitoring. A health care monitoring system is necessary to constantly monitor the patient's physiological parameters. The main advantage of this system is that the results can be viewed at any time and place. The doctors can be notified by using mobile phones messages if patient health is abnormal. In this system, heartbeat sensor, temperature sensor and blood pressure sensor are used. The system can analyze the signal to detect normal or abnormal conditions. In the system, the internet of things IoT is becoming a major platform for many services and applications. The IoT is generally considered as connecting objects to the Internet and using that connection for control of those objects or remote monitoring. Khin Thet Wai | Nyan Phyo Aung | Lwin Lwin Htay "Internet of Things (IoT) Based Healthcare Monitoring System using NodeMCU and Arduino UNO" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26482.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/26482/internet-of-things-iot-based-healthcare-monitoring-system-using-nodemcu-and-arduino-uno/khin-thet-wai
BANs are commonly regarded as an enabling technology for a variety of applications, including health and fitness monitoring, emergency response and device control. Recent breakthroughs in solid-state electronics afford for the creation of low-power, low-profile devices that can be modularly interconnected in order to create so-called sensor nodes comprised of one or more sensor devices, a microcontroller unit (MCU), and a radio transceiver that eliminates the need for wires to communicate with the coordinator node in order to transfer the collected data. In this survey, a review of the on-going research in WBANs in terms of system architecture, applications, how it different from Wireless Sensor Network and also describes the MAC protocols in WBAN.
The development of wireless patient monitoring system has been quite intensive in the past decade. Hence, in the present study, a new approach of wireless patient monitoring system was proposed as a prototype to minimize the power consumption and the costing issue. Visual Basic Net. 2010 as the software and Peripheral Interface Controller (PIC) 16F877 microcontroller as the hardware circuit were used to implement the system. The communication between the hardware and software systems is in the full duplex communication via the XBee modules happened. The results show that XBee module is successfully communicated with the whole system and the monitoring software is in the best condition to be implemented. Since the prototype using variable voltage, good comparison with the experimental and previous studies shows that the present study can be improved by using the real ECG machine so that the system can be ready to the real user.
Similar to A remote patient monitoring based on WBAN implementation with internet of thing and cloud server (20)
Square transposition: an approach to the transposition process in block cipherjournalBEEI
The transposition process is needed in cryptography to create a diffusion effect on data encryption standard (DES) and advanced encryption standard (AES) algorithms as standard information security algorithms by the National Institute of Standards and Technology. The problem with DES and AES algorithms is that their transposition index values form patterns and do not form random values. This condition will certainly make it easier for a cryptanalyst to look for a relationship between ciphertexts because some processes are predictable. This research designs a transposition algorithm called square transposition. Each process uses square 8 × 8 as a place to insert and retrieve 64-bits. The determination of the pairing of the input scheme and the retrieval scheme that have unequal flow is an important factor in producing a good transposition. The square transposition can generate random and non-pattern indices so that transposition can be done better than DES and AES.
Hyper-parameter optimization of convolutional neural network based on particl...journalBEEI
Deep neural networks have accomplished enormous progress in tackling many problems. More specifically, convolutional neural network (CNN) is a category of deep networks that have been a dominant technique in computer vision tasks. Despite that these deep neural networks are highly effective; the ideal structure is still an issue that needs a lot of investigation. Deep Convolutional Neural Network model is usually designed manually by trials and repeated tests which enormously constrain its application. Many hyper-parameters of the CNN can affect the model performance. These parameters are depth of the network, numbers of convolutional layers, and numbers of kernels with their sizes. Therefore, it may be a huge challenge to design an appropriate CNN model that uses optimized hyper-parameters and reduces the reliance on manual involvement and domain expertise. In this paper, a design architecture method for CNNs is proposed by utilization of particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm to learn the optimal CNN hyper-parameters values. In the experiment, we used Modified National Institute of Standards and Technology (MNIST) database of handwritten digit recognition. The experiments showed that our proposed approach can find an architecture that is competitive to the state-of-the-art models with a testing error of 0.87%.
Supervised machine learning based liver disease prediction approach with LASS...journalBEEI
In this contemporary era, the uses of machine learning techniques are increasing rapidly in the field of medical science for detecting various diseases such as liver disease (LD). Around the globe, a large number of people die because of this deadly disease. By diagnosing the disease in a primary stage, early treatment can be helpful to cure the patient. In this research paper, a method is proposed to diagnose the LD using supervised machine learning classification algorithms, namely logistic regression, decision tree, random forest, AdaBoost, KNN, linear discriminant analysis, gradient boosting and support vector machine (SVM). We also deployed a least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) feature selection technique on our taken dataset to suggest the most highly correlated attributes of LD. The predictions with 10 fold cross-validation (CV) made by the algorithms are tested in terms of accuracy, sensitivity, precision and f1-score values to forecast the disease. It is observed that the decision tree algorithm has the best performance score where accuracy, precision, sensitivity and f1-score values are 94.295%, 92%, 99% and 96% respectively with the inclusion of LASSO. Furthermore, a comparison with recent studies is shown to prove the significance of the proposed system.
A secure and energy saving protocol for wireless sensor networksjournalBEEI
The research domain for wireless sensor networks (WSN) has been extensively conducted due to innovative technologies and research directions that have come up addressing the usability of WSN under various schemes. This domain permits dependable tracking of a diversity of environments for both military and civil applications. The key management mechanism is a primary protocol for keeping the privacy and confidentiality of the data transmitted among different sensor nodes in WSNs. Since node's size is small; they are intrinsically limited by inadequate resources such as battery life-time and memory capacity. The proposed secure and energy saving protocol (SESP) for wireless sensor networks) has a significant impact on the overall network life-time and energy dissipation. To encrypt sent messsages, the SESP uses the public-key cryptography’s concept. It depends on sensor nodes' identities (IDs) to prevent the messages repeated; making security goals- authentication, confidentiality, integrity, availability, and freshness to be achieved. Finally, simulation results show that the proposed approach produced better energy consumption and network life-time compared to LEACH protocol; sensors are dead after 900 rounds in the proposed SESP protocol. While, in the low-energy adaptive clustering hierarchy (LEACH) scheme, the sensors are dead after 750 rounds.
Plant leaf identification system using convolutional neural networkjournalBEEI
This paper proposes a leaf identification system using convolutional neural network (CNN). This proposed system can identify five types of local Malaysia leaf which were acacia, papaya, cherry, mango and rambutan. By using CNN from deep learning, the network is trained from the database that acquired from leaf images captured by mobile phone for image classification. ResNet-50 was the architecture has been used for neural networks image classification and training the network for leaf identification. The recognition of photographs leaves requested several numbers of steps, starting with image pre-processing, feature extraction, plant identification, matching and testing, and finally extracting the results achieved in MATLAB. Testing sets of the system consists of 3 types of images which were white background, and noise added and random background images. Finally, interfaces for the leaf identification system have developed as the end software product using MATLAB app designer. As a result, the accuracy achieved for each training sets on five leaf classes are recorded above 98%, thus recognition process was successfully implemented.
Customized moodle-based learning management system for socially disadvantaged...journalBEEI
This study aims to develop Moodle-based LMS with customized learning content and modified user interface to facilitate pedagogical processes during covid-19 pandemic and investigate how teachers of socially disadvantaged schools perceived usability and technology acceptance. Co-design process was conducted with two activities: 1) need assessment phase using an online survey and interview session with the teachers and 2) the development phase of the LMS. The system was evaluated by 30 teachers from socially disadvantaged schools for relevance to their distance learning activities. We employed computer software usability questionnaire (CSUQ) to measure perceived usability and the technology acceptance model (TAM) with insertion of 3 original variables (i.e., perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and intention to use) and 5 external variables (i.e., attitude toward the system, perceived interaction, self-efficacy, user interface design, and course design). The average CSUQ rating exceeded 5.0 of 7 point-scale, indicated that teachers agreed that the information quality, interaction quality, and user interface quality were clear and easy to understand. TAM results concluded that the LMS design was judged to be usable, interactive, and well-developed. Teachers reported an effective user interface that allows effective teaching operations and lead to the system adoption in immediate time.
Understanding the role of individual learner in adaptive and personalized e-l...journalBEEI
Dynamic learning environment has emerged as a powerful platform in a modern e-learning system. The learning situation that constantly changing has forced the learning platform to adapt and personalize its learning resources for students. Evidence suggested that adaptation and personalization of e-learning systems (APLS) can be achieved by utilizing learner modeling, domain modeling, and instructional modeling. In the literature of APLS, questions have been raised about the role of individual characteristics that are relevant for adaptation. With several options, a new problem has been raised where the attributes of students in APLS often overlap and are not related between studies. Therefore, this study proposed a list of learner model attributes in dynamic learning to support adaptation and personalization. The study was conducted by exploring concepts from the literature selected based on the best criteria. Then, we described the results of important concepts in student modeling and provided definitions and examples of data values that researchers have used. Besides, we also discussed the implementation of the selected learner model in providing adaptation in dynamic learning.
Prototype mobile contactless transaction system in traditional markets to sup...journalBEEI
One way to prevent and reduce the spread of the covid-19 pandemic is through physical distancing program. This research aims to develop a prototype contactless transaction system using digital payment mechanisms and QR code technology that will be applied in traditional markets. The method used in the development of electronic market systems is a prototype approach. The application of QR code and digital payments are used as a solution to minimize money exchange contacts that are common in traditional markets. The results showed that the system built was able to accelerate and facilitate the buying and selling transaction process in traditional market environment. Alpha testing shows that all functional systems are running well. Meanwhile, beta testing shows that the user can very well accept the system that was built. The results of the study also show acceptance of the usefulness of the system being built, as well as the optimism of its users to be able to take advantage of this system both technologically and functionally, so its can be a part of the digital transformation of the traditional market to the electronic market and has become one of the solutions in reducing the spread of the current covid-19 pandemic.
Wireless HART stack using multiprocessor technique with laxity algorithmjournalBEEI
The use of a real-time operating system is required for the demarcation of industrial wireless sensor network (IWSN) stacks (RTOS). In the industrial world, a vast number of sensors are utilised to gather various types of data. The data gathered by the sensors cannot be prioritised ahead of time. Because all of the information is equally essential. As a result, a protocol stack is employed to guarantee that data is acquired and processed fairly. In IWSN, the protocol stack is implemented using RTOS. The data collected from IWSN sensor nodes is processed using non-preemptive scheduling and the protocol stack, and then sent in parallel to the IWSN's central controller. The real-time operating system (RTOS) is a process that occurs between hardware and software. Packets must be sent at a certain time. It's possible that some packets may collide during transmission. We're going to undertake this project to get around this collision. As a prototype, this project is divided into two parts. The first uses RTOS and the LPC2148 as a master node, while the second serves as a standard data collection node to which sensors are attached. Any controller may be used in the second part, depending on the situation. Wireless HART allows two nodes to communicate with each other.
Implementation of double-layer loaded on octagon microstrip yagi antennajournalBEEI
A double-layer loaded on the octagon microstrip yagi antenna (OMYA) at 5.8 GHz industrial, scientific and medical (ISM) Band is investigated in this paper. The double-layer consist of two double positive (DPS) substrates. The OMYA is overlaid with a double-layer configuration were simulated, fabricated and measured. A good agreement was observed between the computed and measured results of the gain for this antenna. According to comparison results, it shows that 2.5 dB improvement of the OMYA gain can be obtained by applying the double-layer on the top of the OMYA. Meanwhile, the bandwidth of the measured OMYA with the double-layer is 14.6%. It indicates that the double-layer can be used to increase the OMYA performance in term of gain and bandwidth.
The calculation of the field of an antenna located near the human headjournalBEEI
In this work, a numerical calculation was carried out in one of the universal programs for automatic electro-dynamic design. The calculation is aimed at obtaining numerical values for specific absorbed power (SAR). It is the SAR value that can be used to determine the effect of the antenna of a wireless device on biological objects; the dipole parameters will be selected for GSM1800. Investigation of the influence of distance to a cell phone on radiation shows that absorbed in the head of a person the effect of electromagnetic radiation on the brain decreases by three times this is a very important result the SAR value has decreased by almost three times it is acceptable results.
Exact secure outage probability performance of uplinkdownlink multiple access...journalBEEI
In this paper, we study uplink-downlink non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) systems by considering the secure performance at the physical layer. In the considered system model, the base station acts a relay to allow two users at the left side communicate with two users at the right side. By considering imperfect channel state information (CSI), the secure performance need be studied since an eavesdropper wants to overhear signals processed at the downlink. To provide secure performance metric, we derive exact expressions of secrecy outage probability (SOP) and and evaluating the impacts of main parameters on SOP metric. The important finding is that we can achieve the higher secrecy performance at high signal to noise ratio (SNR). Moreover, the numerical results demonstrate that the SOP tends to a constant at high SNR. Finally, our results show that the power allocation factors, target rates are main factors affecting to the secrecy performance of considered uplink-downlink NOMA systems.
Design of a dual-band antenna for energy harvesting applicationjournalBEEI
This report presents an investigation on how to improve the current dual-band antenna to enhance the better result of the antenna parameters for energy harvesting application. Besides that, to develop a new design and validate the antenna frequencies that will operate at 2.4 GHz and 5.4 GHz. At 5.4 GHz, more data can be transmitted compare to 2.4 GHz. However, 2.4 GHz has long distance of radiation, so it can be used when far away from the antenna module compare to 5 GHz that has short distance in radiation. The development of this project includes the scope of designing and testing of antenna using computer simulation technology (CST) 2018 software and vector network analyzer (VNA) equipment. In the process of designing, fundamental parameters of antenna are being measured and validated, in purpose to identify the better antenna performance.
Transforming data-centric eXtensible markup language into relational database...journalBEEI
eXtensible markup language (XML) appeared internationally as the format for data representation over the web. Yet, most organizations are still utilising relational databases as their database solutions. As such, it is crucial to provide seamless integration via effective transformation between these database infrastructures. In this paper, we propose XML-REG to bridge these two technologies based on node-based and path-based approaches. The node-based approach is good to annotate each positional node uniquely, while the path-based approach provides summarised path information to join the nodes. On top of that, a new range labelling is also proposed to annotate nodes uniquely by ensuring the structural relationships are maintained between nodes. If a new node is to be added to the document, re-labelling is not required as the new label will be assigned to the node via the new proposed labelling scheme. Experimental evaluations indicated that the performance of XML-REG exceeded XMap, XRecursive, XAncestor and Mini-XML concerning storing time, query retrieval time and scalability. This research produces a core framework for XML to relational databases (RDB) mapping, which could be adopted in various industries.
Key performance requirement of future next wireless networks (6G)journalBEEI
Given the massive potentials of 5G communication networks and their foreseeable evolution, what should there be in 6G that is not in 5G or its long-term evolution? 6G communication networks are estimated to integrate the terrestrial, aerial, and maritime communications into a forceful network which would be faster, more reliable, and can support a massive number of devices with ultra-low latency requirements. This article presents a complete overview of potential 6G communication networks. The major contribution of this study is to present a broad overview of key performance indicators (KPIs) of 6G networks that cover the latest manufacturing progress in the environment of the principal areas of research application, and challenges.
Noise resistance territorial intensity-based optical flow using inverse confi...journalBEEI
This paper presents the use of the inverse confidential technique on bilateral function with the territorial intensity-based optical flow to prove the effectiveness in noise resistance environment. In general, the image’s motion vector is coded by the technique called optical flow where the sequences of the image are used to determine the motion vector. But, the accuracy rate of the motion vector is reduced when the source of image sequences is interfered by noises. This work proved that the inverse confidential technique on bilateral function can increase the percentage of accuracy in the motion vector determination by the territorial intensity-based optical flow under the noisy environment. We performed the testing with several kinds of non-Gaussian noises at several patterns of standard image sequences by analyzing the result of the motion vector in a form of the error vector magnitude (EVM) and compared it with several noise resistance techniques in territorial intensity-based optical flow method.
Modeling climate phenomenon with software grids analysis and display system i...journalBEEI
This study aims to model climate change based on rainfall, air temperature, pressure, humidity and wind with grADS software and create a global warming module. This research uses 3D model, define, design, and develop. The results of the modeling of the five climate elements consist of the annual average temperature in Indonesia in 2009-2015 which is between 29oC to 30.1oC, the horizontal distribution of the annual average pressure in Indonesia in 2009-2018 is between 800 mBar to 1000 mBar, the horizontal distribution the average annual humidity in Indonesia in 2009 and 2011 ranged between 27-57, in 2012-2015, 2017 and 2018 it ranged between 30-60, during the East Monsoon, the wind circulation moved from northern Indonesia to the southern region Indonesia. During the west monsoon, the wind circulation moves from the southern part of Indonesia to the northern part of Indonesia. The global warming module for SMA/MA produced is feasible to use, this is in accordance with the value given by the validate of 69 which is in the appropriate category and the response of teachers and students through a 91% questionnaire.
An approach of re-organizing input dataset to enhance the quality of emotion ...journalBEEI
The purpose of this paper is to propose an approach of re-organizing input data to recognize emotion based on short signal segments and increase the quality of emotional recognition using physiological signals. MIT's long physiological signal set was divided into two new datasets, with shorter and overlapped segments. Three different classification methods (support vector machine, random forest, and multilayer perceptron) were implemented to identify eight emotional states based on statistical features of each segment in these two datasets. By re-organizing the input dataset, the quality of recognition results was enhanced. The random forest shows the best classification result among three implemented classification methods, with an accuracy of 97.72% for eight emotional states, on the overlapped dataset. This approach shows that, by re-organizing the input dataset, the high accuracy of recognition results can be achieved without the use of EEG and ECG signals.
Parking detection system using background subtraction and HSV color segmentationjournalBEEI
Manual system vehicle parking makes finding vacant parking lots difficult, so it has to check directly to the vacant space. If many people do parking, then the time needed for it is very much or requires many people to handle it. This research develops a real-time parking system to detect parking. The system is designed using the HSV color segmentation method in determining the background image. In addition, the detection process uses the background subtraction method. Applying these two methods requires image preprocessing using several methods such as grayscaling, blurring (low-pass filter). In addition, it is followed by a thresholding and filtering process to get the best image in the detection process. In the process, there is a determination of the ROI to determine the focus area of the object identified as empty parking. The parking detection process produces the best average accuracy of 95.76%. The minimum threshold value of 255 pixels is 0.4. This value is the best value from 33 test data in several criteria, such as the time of capture, composition and color of the vehicle, the shape of the shadow of the object’s environment, and the intensity of light. This parking detection system can be implemented in real-time to determine the position of an empty place.
Quality of service performances of video and voice transmission in universal ...journalBEEI
The universal mobile telecommunications system (UMTS) has distinct benefits in that it supports a wide range of quality of service (QoS) criteria that users require in order to fulfill their requirements. The transmission of video and audio in real-time applications places a high demand on the cellular network, therefore QoS is a major problem in these applications. The ability to provide QoS in the UMTS backbone network necessitates an active QoS mechanism in order to maintain the necessary level of convenience on UMTS networks. For UMTS networks, investigation models for end-to-end QoS, total transmitted and received data, packet loss, and throughput providing techniques are run and assessed and the simulation results are examined. According to the results, appropriate QoS adaption allows for specific voice and video transmission. Finally, by analyzing existing QoS parameters, the QoS performance of 4G/UMTS networks may be improved.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
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Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdf
A remote patient monitoring based on WBAN implementation with internet of thing and cloud server
1. Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics
Vol. 10, No. 3, June 2021, pp. 1640~1647
ISSN: 2302-9285, DOI: 10.11591/eei.v10i3.1813 1640
Journal homepage: http://beei.org
A remote patient monitoring based on WBAN implementation with
internet of thing and cloud server
Jaber H. Majeed1
, Qais Aish
1
Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Technology, Iraq-Baghdad
2
Middle Technical University, Institute of Technology-Baghdad, Iraq
Article Info ABSTRACT
Article history:
Received Oct 1, 2019
Revised Jan 12, 2021
Accepted Mar 25, 2021
A healthcare employment is the mainly domain in emergent technology of
WBAN, and an e-health system created of cloud computing in addition to a
WSN considers an important part of this field. An implementation of
remotely system for monitoring the patient's vital signs require continuous
observation to form low-cost networks with the ability of portability and
flexibility and may be applied with separate position and long-term intensive
care of peoples in the absence of disturbance of their everyday activities. The
patient carries body sensor's patches to get transmitted vital signs
continuously to the cloud environment, and a website is designed for
presenting and analyzing the data based on designed algorithm. A
comparison is made every received measurement with a that stored in the
algorithm. In remote specialist care, the execution of confidence and
confidentiality conservation is critical, as essential restrictions were being
communicating with remote locations. To ensure reliability, the implemented
system offers real time monitoring and certification to the patient's condition
by means of a medical record, with rapid medical data delivery to the
medical staff and can also increase the service delivery ratio of hospital
capacity and monitoring of large number of patients with concentrated
average delay.
Keywords:
Cloud computing
E-health & IoT
Remote patient monitor
Validation measurement
WBAN
This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.
Corresponding Author:
Jaber H. Majeed
Department of Electrical Engineering
University of Technology, Iraq-Baghdad
Email: 30085@uotechnology.edu.iq
1. INTRODUCTION
In a typical wireless body area network (WBAN) system, the device of sensing can be either
implanting or etching inside the human body in order to permanently be monitoring the physiological
parameters or animated signs. The changes that happen in technology are so fast that everything is linked to
the other over the internet [1]. The term "internet of things" (IoT) refers to everything that is linked to
everything else through the Internet [2], which represents objects connected to the network and multiple
objects to each other to process information, make decisions and respond to the physical and virtual world
[3]. IoT entities such as telephones, engines, sensors and computer devices create a large amount of data in
real time [4]. The best solution is to integrate cloud computing with IoT [5], [6]. Cloud computing is the core
virtual infrastructure that can be used with resource efficiency and includes multiple services such as servers,
networks and storage [7]. Therefore, the blending of cloud computing with IoT has significant benefits and
advantages in terms of automated resource management as well as the presence and use of scalable resources
and the use of these resources on demand [8]. There are many people in the world suffering from heart
disease and diabetes, which lead to heart attack, heart and kidney failure, and stroke [9]. Therefore, real time
2. Bulletin of Electr Eng & Inf ISSN: 2302-9285
A remote patient monitoring based on WBAN implementation with internet of… (Jaber H. Majeed)
1641
monitoring is essential for such patients to avoid any abnormal situations that could endanger their health
conditions.
The system of monitoring patient health was introduced in [10] using heart rate and blood pressure
sensors with IoT-based cloud via Wi-Fi communications. However, the system lacks a real electrocardiogram
(ECG)-based monitoring system which has been proposed in [11] utilizing an Arduino processor, cloud, ECG
sensor and Raspberry Pi. The system is connected to the internet via a Wi-Fi, the cloud server receives data
for processing and sends an alert to health care at emergency when necessary. In [12], a low-power health-
monitoring system has been proposed using a sensors system and a heartbeat Fitbit device that is connected
to the processor via Bluetooth. A Raspberry Pi can be utilized as a server for storing and process the vital
signs for the patient, which in the case of an emergency sends an alert to the doctor. This system does not
support cloud computing and the patient has a limited moving area. An intelligent health-care system was
designed in [13] for real time monitoring using temperature, heart rate, ECG and fall sensors and a Wi-Fi
protocol to send the patient's data from the device to a cloud server.
The system provides good communications between the doctor and the patient and gives freedom
for the patients to move due to using a global server. In [14], an effective monitoring system for elderly
patients has been proposed to observe their vital data outside the hospital based on a web server. The data are
collected utilizing temperature, heart rate, SPO2 and blood pressure (BP) sensors with ZigBee and global
system for mobile (GSM) communication protocols. A wearable energy-efficient health-monitoring system
has been produced in [15] with IoT technology and fog computing at a low cost. The system provides
monitoring for ECG, temperature and heart rate for patients outside the hospital with automatic analysis and
alarm. This system lacks accuracy in making decisions with limited moving space to the patients. A smart
grid health system that integrates cloud computing with a wireless sensor network (WSN) has been
introduced in [16], temperature, heart rate, SPO2 data were acquired using equivalent sensors, with an
Arduino, and sent using a Wi-Fi communication protocol.
The system provides real time monitoring and gives a medical decision depending on the patient's
real time data and previous data. However, the system lacks precision in making decisions and, in the event
of an emergency, notifying medical services [17]. Several challenges are observed in the systems of the
literature mentioned above, such as patient coverage area, the accuracy of decision-making, database, alerts,
real time monitoring from any location and size of the device. This has interested us for designing with
implementing a wearable wireless-based health-monitoring system that reads several vital parameters and
makes a decision based on an algorithm that is stored on the cloud to contact the required person in the case
of emergency [18]-[20]. The system measures the patient's data using several sensors and sends the real time
data to the cloud server utilizing an Arduino controller. The data is stored in the cloud using a specially
developed algorithm to monitor the condition of the patients automatically [21], [22]. The system provides
flexibility and interaction between the patient and the medical staff through alerts with high accuracy in
making decisions. There are many problems facing health institutions and caregivers when providing medical
services to a large number of patients [23]-[25].
There are also many problems facing the patient when receiving treatment or medical advice such as
limited bed capacity in hospitals as well as the lack of medical staff compared with the number of patients
According to that, it is important to establish a health system to avoid these kinds of problems, and real time
data presenting and relief from manual data collection, which is exposed to errors in data entry as well as
increasing the number of monitored patients with few health-care providers, in addition, increasing bed
capacity at hospitals and avoiding delay when a patient's data is delivered to health-care providers.
2. METHODOLOGY
The proposed system introduces wearable vital signs combined with wireless BAN (WVSBN). It
consists of a wearable device in addition to the cloud server. Such devices include a temperature sensor and
pulse oximeter sensor, was connected with the microcontroller type AT mega 328P, which sent data from
sensors to the cloud server via Wi-Fi (ESP8266) using the HTTP protocol. The server, stores, display and
analysis of the data then compares the WVSMS signs to the patient's benchmark signs. Through the process
of integrating the variables, the cloud server sends alerts by SMS if the signs do not match normal signs;
alerts are sent to multiple destinations: (1) patient helper, (2) the doctor, (3) ambulance, as shown in Figure 1.
2.1. WVSBN
The performance of the device is concerned with better comfortable for the patient when the device
is wearing, first the minimized size by designing of a two-layered circuit using the program EASY-EDA
where the circuit was made of 1.6 mm thick fibreglass with a 4.8 cm length and a 3.8 cm width as shown in
Figure 2, which is characterized by low cost and low power.
3. ISSN: 2302-9285
Bulletin of Electr Eng & Inf, Vol. 10, No. 3, June 2021 : 1640 – 1647
1642
The wearable device comprises of many components that can be considered as a major like a
microcontroller and sensors that connected by wires to the microcontroller in additions to a system on a chip with a
built-in TCP protocol and OLED which considers as an advanced electronic piece preferable than LCD screens as
shown in Figure 3. The Microcontroller type ATmega328p is chosen for controlling processes the received data
from the sensors and then sends it to the server via the hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP). Three health parameters
as sensors can be monitoring in continuous real-time like a negative temperature coefficient (NTC), heart rate, in
addition to SPO2. NTC is used to measure the skin temperature as a type of the temperature sensor.
Figure 1. WBAN block diagram
Figure 2. Image of the proposed system WVSBN
The pulse sensor measures the heart rates number with beats per minute (bpm). The pulse oximeter
is a measure of the level of oxygen in the blood. It is through the properties of light absorption of blood that
is based on the principle of measurement of oxygen. While SPO2 can be applied for measuring the oxygen
rate within the blood with infrared light and a red light. This sensor has infrared and red lamps which light
emitting with different wavelengths. Such system on a chip with a built-in TCP protocol represented by
ESP8266 is capable of providing access to a programmable Wi-Fi controller. It can organize an application
beside uploading Wi-Fi network functionality from another application. Finally, OLED that considers an
advanced electronic piece better than LCD screens with a low power consumption, high resolution 128x64
pixels with voltage ranging from 3.3 to 5 V. It has an easy connection with Arduino. Therefore, it can be
applied for indicating vital signs like temperature.
2.2. Cloud server
Owing to the restricted memory and capacity computation related to sensor nodes, in addition to
keep away from the smart phone adoption to be processed unit, the data collection from sensors such as
wearable sensors can be sent to the cloud server instantly. With cloud computing technology improvement,
the WVSBN data is successfully stored and processed on the cloud. Some functionalities can be cloudy
performed:
- The storage data and processing. A group of sensor signals are gathered with WVSBN, comprising the
blood pressure, temperature of the body, and heartbeats. A considerable feature can be recovered for
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detecting and identifying possible heart disease; though, noise is frequently existed through the
transmitted data, that will affect potential disease diagnostics. So, a technique of data-filtering can be
adopted for avoiding the unacceptable data. Also, the accurate diagnostics of a possible diseases often
necessitate confirmed size of historical data; thus, an establishment of cloud database within the
WVSBN-Cloud for storing the sensor data for any individual users of WVSBN.
- Notifications: The variable data is stored in cloud server then a comparison of the normal data with
specified algorithm which depends on data combining. IF the data seen abnormal, then alerts signal is
sent by the system to the doctor, ambulance, in addition to the patient assistant through SMS messages.
- Disease notification and identification. An unexpected heart attack often earnestly threatened life of
somebody, who suffered cardiac diseases. WVSBN intents for avoiding patients from these attacks, and
from important for the health condition patients to be monitored and realized. Additionally, any
abnormal sensor reading or suspicious must be recognized and alarm signals be sent for identifying
users, like doctors or family members.
Figure 3. Component of WVSBN
The WVSBN-cloud implementation is depending on a HTTP server as well as storage server which
is MySQL database. For example, the interface which presents a temperature body real-time and heartbeat
data can be shown in Figure 4. As the power is turned on, the temperature from the thermistor is measured, as
well as the heart rate from of the pulse meter sensors. This detail will be automatically uploaded to the Cloud
computing server, where they will be shown in real time on the website. At the same time, a similar
mechanism can be applied for other sensors and data and the cloud information is essential to employers for
self-monitoring their health condition, as well as doctors for diagnosing potential diseases. If there is
abnormal condition noticed, then alert signal must be generated for certain stakeholder, that contain text
message to their family members or doctors, this alert can be demonstrated on the user’s LCD. A cloud
computing characteristics cab be represented by storage capacity and speed of performance and flexibility,
and hence the cloud was used in providing telehealth services [17].
Figure 4. The responsible admin for the patients' devices management
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3. PROPOSED ALGORITHM
The introduced scheme's first contribution is focused on a built-in trust energy-efficient and reliable
communication mechanism for verifying trust by data transmission. The entertaining strategy has been accepted in
order to build confidence among bio-sensors in order to create a trustworthy network. Using the trust certificate,
the trust is also created at the remote medical server. To our understanding, the cooperative sensing technique has
never been used in WBAN before, along with the trust algorithm for trust management. In this section, the
proposed model is thoroughly explored. Bio-sensor nodes in WBAN remote patient tracking systems detect a
variety of body vital signs. WVSBN, as well as the wireless connection from the node to the server, the mechanism
of delivering updates, and the flowchart algorithm, are all included in the implemented scheme.
4.1. Wireless sensor node
For improving reliability in WBANs, the device model and network architecture of the proposed
wireless sensor nodes contact method are discussed. This device model and architecture are focused on
heterogeneous sensor networks, which are connected to the human body and include a heat sensor and a heart
rate sensor for SPO2 measurement. The processor which is attached to these sensors (ATmega328p). The
sensor node's function represents by collecting data from sensors with a predetermined delay and then show
it on a mobile device's computer. Wi-Fi is used to send the data to the computer. Every 30 seconds, the data
at the site is updated, as seen in Figure 5(a).
4.2. Cloud computing web server
The cloud server collects and processes data as well as providing updates to the patient in the
incident of an emergency. As it receives data via Wi-Fi from an HTTP protocol, it also functions as a real-
time program, transmitting the data to the server. The analysis of data in a cloud server based on three
variables can be combined to control the status of patient's health, which is based on a series of vital signs
that includes temperature (extreme, very high, average, low) and five levels heart rate (starting from low to
very high degrees). SPO2 can be classifying with three level categories (starting with low, very low, and
normal) and has been classified by a medical specialist. A decision is taken depending on the data
integration, for example, notifications are sent to parties involved (ambulance, doctor and patient assistant).
Taking the average of the last 10 readings, the party to which a message is sent is calculated, As seen in
Figure 5(b), this improves the accuracy of making the correct decision.
(a) (b)
Figure 5. These figures are, (a) Algorithm at sensor node, (b) Algorithm cloud server
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4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The patient monitoring system's website displays data obtained from the patient's component in real time,
representing both date and time, where the monitoring team can access the website from anywhere in the world
because of a global server application, the data were periodically updated on the web page every 30 seconds, where
the proposed system is characterized by high speed real-time data display as shown in Figure 6.
Figure 6. View data in real time
4.1. Alert notifications
Alerts are one of the basics of the electronic health system as it works to prevent the patient's health
from worsening in the proposed system that channels alerts to three groups (ambulance, doctor and patient
helper). The decision to submit a notice shall be decided on the basis of the consolidated data and not on the
basis of the alteration of the individual data such that the notification is sent to the concerned parties after the
process of combining the data and each probability corresponding to a given procedure. The aim of this
function is to ensure that the procedure is sent to the party involved according to the patient's condition, for
example, when the temperature is normal but the heart rate is elevated and attended by a SPO2 decreasing, in
this case, the system sends a notice to the ambulance because the patient's condition is critical and cannot be
delayed, as well as the rest of the cases. Table 1 shows each procedure and the condition of the investigation.
Table 1. Clarifies the condition of the investigation and corresponds to the recipient of the notice
No. Condition of investigation The recipient of the notice
1 If SPO2 <80 % or temperature > 39 A message sends to the patient's assistant
2
If temperature < 36 or > 40 or Heart rate < 50 or > 135
or SPO2 < 80
A message will be sent an advertisement to the ambulance as well
as to the doctor and patient assistant at the same time
3 If 50 < Heart rate <60 or 100< Heart rate <120 Send announcement to doctor as well as to the patient assistant
The composite of the last 10 readings defines the agency to which messages are sent, making it
more reliable in making the correct decision. The program takes one decision of the subsequent levels based
on the significance of the patient's illness:
a. Ambulance: This technique is used if the incoming tests indicate a critical state such as a temperature
rise of more than 41°C, a pulse of more than 100 beats per minute but less than 55 beats over minute, or
maybe a low oxygen saturation level less than 80%. With this condition, a message including the
patient's contact information is delivered to the ambulance, as well as the doctor is told to monitor the
patient in a vital state. The note also incorporates the patient's rate for the next 10 readings. The medical
assistant is now told that the ambulance is approaching him to ready the patient for transport to the
hospital.
b. The doctor: If the received evaluations are irregular but do not indicate a critical condition, represented
by a pulse rate exceeding 100 beats per minute or a low pulse of less than 60 beats over minute, this
treatment is considered. In this scenario, an SMS containing a series of 10 incoming readings is sent to
the doctor, allowing him to assess the condition and take appropriate action.
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c. Patient assistant: When the patient's condition isn't life-threatening and you don't need to call a doctor or
an ambulance, such as when the SPO2 is 80 percent or else the temperature is a little high, a message
will be send from the device to the patient's assistant, instructing him to either give oxygen to the patient
or warning him for monitoring the temperature patient.
4.2. Save patient’s historical data
The suggested method requires all patient readings in the form of an Excel file to be accessed. This
file includes the readings (heart rate, SPO2, temperature) and the time and date at which each reading is
registered, representing a consistent medical record, as seen in Figure 7, showing an average of one patient's
historical data over two weeks.
Figure 7. The historical data of one patient over 14 days
In terms of patient data collection, patient mobility and warnings, as well as the size of the system,
the proposed system was contrasted with a number of prior studies for comparison. The proposed system
gives more suitable conditions for the healthcare monitoring with an addition of SMS messages immediately
for all the corresponding cases. A database is added to the system and the unlimited patient mobility can be
considered as an addition to the healthcare WBANS.
5. CONCLUSION
The use of cloud computing in health systems has made major improvements in the healthcare
services provided to patients. This paper describes the creation of a cloud-based electronic health system for
monitoring and controlling a patient's vital signs in real time. Furthermore, in addition to the convenience of
the patient, the proposed system seeks to conserve patient data and reduce the pressure on hospitals, where
the device is reduced to the greatest degree possible and is viewed as a low-cost device. Based on the data
integration algorithm, the recommended system depends on messaging to send warnings to health care
providers. The framework attempts to provide constant tracking of patients at home and elsewhere in the
world where the global cloud server can be often used, empowering patients to access and track health care
providers from anywhere easily by signing in to the platform, uploading previous data, and accessing the web
page data. The purpose of the proposed mobile system is to distribute the devices to all patients in the cities
and towns in order to be monitored and preserved by medical staffs.
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