The existence of a large number of wireless standards motivates the investigation of a multi-standard wireless receiver architecture that uses the same hardware to meet performance requirements. This paper presents an architecture of a reconfigurable receiver operating at both Low-IF and Zero-IF modes for GSM-1800 and UMTS-2100 wireless standards. The reconfigurability in the RF front-end part is achieved by a reconfigurable filter based on a dual mode resonator with the possibility of using MEMS switches to tune the center frequency and the bandwidth of the preselector filter. System-level analysis and derivation of block-level specification for the specified standards are developed to design the receiver. Simulation results of both system-level analysis of the reconfigurable receiver and circuit design of the reconfigurable filter are presented and discussed. Simulation results indicate that the designed receiver meets the minimum requirements specified in GSM-1800 and UMTS-2100 wireless standards with a good margin.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Realization of Dual-Dipole-Antenna System for Concurrent Dual-Radio Operation...Saou-Wen Su
The study of the mutual coupling between the two simple strip dipole antennas is first carried out and investigated. The results show that the coupling or the antenna port isolation is almost separation distance independent when the two dipole antennas are arranged to be of orthogonal polarization. Following this characteristic, a novel dual-dipole-antenna system aimed for concurrent 2.4 and 5 GHz band operation and at the same time, to achieve very compact integration of two individual antennas with separate feeds is proposed. The two dipole antennas are etched on a two-layered dielectric substrate with dimensions 30 mm × 30 mm. On the front layer is put the 2.4 GHz dipole, which is perpendicular to the 5 GHz dipole located on the bottom layer. Though the two dipoles are stacked up with a distance of 0.8 mm only, port isolation can still be below –15 dB. The proposed dual-dipole-antenna system is a promising candidate for the antenna solution that enables simultaneous dual-radio operation.
Very-Low-Profile Monopole Antennas for Concurrent 2.4- and 5-GHz WLAN Access-...Saou-Wen Su
A very-low-profile, six-antenna MIMO system aimed at operating in the concurrent 2.4 and 5 GHz bands for WLAN access-point applications is proposed. The MIMO system consists mainly of an antenna ground plane and six short-circuited monopole antennas, among which the three antennas are designated for 2.4 and 5 GHz operation respectively. The antennas are set in a sequential, rotating arrangement on the ground plane, and the 2.4 and 5 GHz antennas are facing each other one by one. The results show that well port isolation can be obtained together with good radiation characteristics. With a low profile of 6 mm in height, the proposed design can easily fit into wireless access points or routers and allow the 2.4- and 5-GHz band signals to be simultaneously received and transmitted with no need of external diplexer.
Concurrent 2.4/5-GHz Multi-Loop MIMO Antennas with Wide 3-dB Beamwidth Radiat...Saou-Wen Su
A high-gain, wide-beamwidth, six-loop-antenna MIMO system suited for wireless access points in the concurrent WLAN 2.4 and 5 GHz bands is presented. The antenna system mainly comprises an antenna ground plane and single-band loop antennas, among which the three antennas are designated for 2.4 and 5 GHz operation respectively. The antennas are set in a sequential, rotating arrangement on the ground plane with an equal inclination angle of 60° to form a symmetrical structure, and the 2.4 and 5 GHz loops are facing each other one by one. The experimental results show that good port isolation can be obtained between antenna ports. High-gain, directional radiation patterns with wide 3-dB beamwidth in elevation planes are also observed. Details of a design prototype are described and discussed in the paper.
2009 EuCAP-Hybrid of Monopole and Dipole Antennas for Concurrent WLAN APSaou-Wen Su
A novel hybrid of a 2.4-GHz monopole antenna and a 5-GHz dipole antenna is presented to provide concurrent 2.4 and 5 GHz band operation for access- point applications. The two antennas are arranged in a collinear structure and printed on a compact dielectric substrate with dimensions 12 mm × 60 mm. The monopole antenna has a meandered radiating strip and is short-circuited to a small ground plane through a shorting strip. The dipole antenna includes two sub-dipoles at the opposite side of a narrow ground plane and fed by a simple T-junction microstrip-line network. The two antennas are closely set with a distance of 1 mm only, yet good port isolation (S21) well below –20 dB can be obtained. With a low profile, the proposed design can easily fit into the casing of some standard access points and allow the 2.4 and 5 GHz band signals to be simultaneously received or transmitted with no external diplexer required. Good omnidirectional radiation has been observed too.
Low-Cost Flat Metal-Plate Dipole Antenna for 2.4/5 GHz WLAN OperationSaou-Wen Su
A low-cost, one-piece, flat-plate dipole antenna for dual WLAN band operation is presented. The dipole antenna is rectangular in shape with the dimensions 10 mm × 37 mm and fed by 50-ohm mini-coaxial cable. By cutting two L-shaped slits in each radiating arm, two dipole arms are obtained, which form a larger dipole and a smaller dipole antennas for the 2.4 and 5 GHz band operation respectively. The dipole arms are further short-circuited, making it possible for the antenna to be fabricated by stamping a single, flat metal plate only. The impedance bandwidth for 2.4/5 GHz WLAN operation is with VSWR below 1.5 and good omnidirectional radiation patterns are also observed.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Realization of Dual-Dipole-Antenna System for Concurrent Dual-Radio Operation...Saou-Wen Su
The study of the mutual coupling between the two simple strip dipole antennas is first carried out and investigated. The results show that the coupling or the antenna port isolation is almost separation distance independent when the two dipole antennas are arranged to be of orthogonal polarization. Following this characteristic, a novel dual-dipole-antenna system aimed for concurrent 2.4 and 5 GHz band operation and at the same time, to achieve very compact integration of two individual antennas with separate feeds is proposed. The two dipole antennas are etched on a two-layered dielectric substrate with dimensions 30 mm × 30 mm. On the front layer is put the 2.4 GHz dipole, which is perpendicular to the 5 GHz dipole located on the bottom layer. Though the two dipoles are stacked up with a distance of 0.8 mm only, port isolation can still be below –15 dB. The proposed dual-dipole-antenna system is a promising candidate for the antenna solution that enables simultaneous dual-radio operation.
Very-Low-Profile Monopole Antennas for Concurrent 2.4- and 5-GHz WLAN Access-...Saou-Wen Su
A very-low-profile, six-antenna MIMO system aimed at operating in the concurrent 2.4 and 5 GHz bands for WLAN access-point applications is proposed. The MIMO system consists mainly of an antenna ground plane and six short-circuited monopole antennas, among which the three antennas are designated for 2.4 and 5 GHz operation respectively. The antennas are set in a sequential, rotating arrangement on the ground plane, and the 2.4 and 5 GHz antennas are facing each other one by one. The results show that well port isolation can be obtained together with good radiation characteristics. With a low profile of 6 mm in height, the proposed design can easily fit into wireless access points or routers and allow the 2.4- and 5-GHz band signals to be simultaneously received and transmitted with no need of external diplexer.
Concurrent 2.4/5-GHz Multi-Loop MIMO Antennas with Wide 3-dB Beamwidth Radiat...Saou-Wen Su
A high-gain, wide-beamwidth, six-loop-antenna MIMO system suited for wireless access points in the concurrent WLAN 2.4 and 5 GHz bands is presented. The antenna system mainly comprises an antenna ground plane and single-band loop antennas, among which the three antennas are designated for 2.4 and 5 GHz operation respectively. The antennas are set in a sequential, rotating arrangement on the ground plane with an equal inclination angle of 60° to form a symmetrical structure, and the 2.4 and 5 GHz loops are facing each other one by one. The experimental results show that good port isolation can be obtained between antenna ports. High-gain, directional radiation patterns with wide 3-dB beamwidth in elevation planes are also observed. Details of a design prototype are described and discussed in the paper.
2009 EuCAP-Hybrid of Monopole and Dipole Antennas for Concurrent WLAN APSaou-Wen Su
A novel hybrid of a 2.4-GHz monopole antenna and a 5-GHz dipole antenna is presented to provide concurrent 2.4 and 5 GHz band operation for access- point applications. The two antennas are arranged in a collinear structure and printed on a compact dielectric substrate with dimensions 12 mm × 60 mm. The monopole antenna has a meandered radiating strip and is short-circuited to a small ground plane through a shorting strip. The dipole antenna includes two sub-dipoles at the opposite side of a narrow ground plane and fed by a simple T-junction microstrip-line network. The two antennas are closely set with a distance of 1 mm only, yet good port isolation (S21) well below –20 dB can be obtained. With a low profile, the proposed design can easily fit into the casing of some standard access points and allow the 2.4 and 5 GHz band signals to be simultaneously received or transmitted with no external diplexer required. Good omnidirectional radiation has been observed too.
Low-Cost Flat Metal-Plate Dipole Antenna for 2.4/5 GHz WLAN OperationSaou-Wen Su
A low-cost, one-piece, flat-plate dipole antenna for dual WLAN band operation is presented. The dipole antenna is rectangular in shape with the dimensions 10 mm × 37 mm and fed by 50-ohm mini-coaxial cable. By cutting two L-shaped slits in each radiating arm, two dipole arms are obtained, which form a larger dipole and a smaller dipole antennas for the 2.4 and 5 GHz band operation respectively. The dipole arms are further short-circuited, making it possible for the antenna to be fabricated by stamping a single, flat metal plate only. The impedance bandwidth for 2.4/5 GHz WLAN operation is with VSWR below 1.5 and good omnidirectional radiation patterns are also observed.
Compact reconfigurable PIFA antenna for wireless applicationsTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This paper presents, new compact and multiband frequency reconfigurable planar inverted-F antenna (PIFA). The antenna is designed and optimized to cover mobile application devices like GPS, WLAN/Wi-Fi, WiMAX, 4G LTE, UWB, and satellite applications. The frequency reconfigurability is obtained by using only a single RF switch (PIN diode) for changing the operating frequency. The antenna dimensions are 45.6x39.6x1.6 mm3 printed on an FR-4 epoxy substrate with relative dielectric constant εr = 4.3, loss tangent tan (δ) = 0.002 and 50 Ω coaxial feed line. The proposed antenna has two patches connected by a single PIN diode. The antenna introduces nine resonant frequencies under (S11 ≤ -10 dB) which are: 0.980 GHz, 3.392 GHz, 3.924 GHz, 4.554 GHz, 5.82 GHz, 6.81 GHz, 7.305 GHz, 8 GHz and 8.105 GHz in the ON and OFF states of the PIN diode which are applicable to cover GSM900, WLAN/Wi-Fi, WiMAX, 4G LTE, UWB, and satellite systems. The obtained maximum simulated gain is 8.45 dB at 6.81 GHz. The lowest return loss is obtained to be -42 dB at 5.854 GHz. Detailed simulation and measurement results are explored and studied in this research. The CST software is used to simulate and optimize the proposed PIFA antenna. The proposed antenna has been fabricated and produced a good agreement with the simulation results.
Hybrid of Monopole and Dipole Antennas for Concurrent 2.4- and 5-GHz WLAN Acc...Saou-Wen Su
A novel hybrid of a 2.4-GHz monopole antenna and a 5-GHz dipole antenna is presented to provide concurrent 2.4 and 5 GHz band operation for access- point applications. The two antennas are arranged in a collinear structure and printed on a compact dielectric substrate with dimensions 12 mm × 60 mm. The monopole antenna has a meandered radiating strip and is short-circuited to a small ground plane through a shorting strip. The dipole antenna includes two sub-dipoles at the opposite side of a narrow ground plane and fed by a simple T-junction microstrip-line network. The two antennas are closely set with a distance of 1 mm only, yet good port isolation (S21) well below –20 dB can be obtained. With a low profile, the proposed design can easily fit into the casing of some standard access points and allow the 2.4 and 5 GHz band signals to be simultaneously received or transmitted with no external diplexer required. Good omnidirectional radiation has been observed too.
Printed Omnidirectional Access-Point Antenna for 2.4/5-GHz WLAN OperationSaou-Wen Su
A new design of the printed omnidirectional antenna for applications in 2.4/5-GHz dual-WLAN-band access points is proposed. The antenna consists of a conventional collinear antenna for 2.4 GHz operation and two U stubs for 5 GHz operation. The two U stubs are located near the points where the maximum currents at about 5.5 GHz occurring on the strips of the collinear antenna, and arranged back to back in the same phase for achieving better antenna gain. Detailed analyses of the U stub on the impedance matching over the 5 GH band is presented. A prototype with good omnidirectional radiation across the 2.4/5-GHz WLAN bands is demonstrated.
A NEW MODIFIED SYSTEM FOR EQUAL POWER DIVISION WITH LCC FOR WIRELESS APPLCATIONSijistjournal
In this paper, a new modified system for equal power division is implemented with the help of rectangular micro strip patch antenna, Gysel power divider and leakage cancellation circuit. Today’s world power division plays an important role in wireless application areas such as base stations, antenna arrays, handheld devices etc., Here micro strip patch antenna is implemented with FR4 as a substrate material due to its benefits such as low loss and low fabrication cost while the ground material is aluminium due to its conductivity. For a good system, the return loss should be highly desirable and insertion loss should be low. Our proposed system is designed with a combination of micro strip patch antenna, leakage cancellation circuit and Gysel power divider produces equal power division with low loss such as insertion loss is measured as -39.291dB, return loss as -16.11dB and leakage cancellation as 6dB which was designed and simulated in Agilent Advanced Design System software (2009).
Printed Coplanar Two-Antenna Element for 2.4/5 GHz WLAN Operation in a MIMO S...Saou-Wen Su
A printed coplanar two-antenna element suited for WLAN operation in the 2.4 and 5 GHz bands for dual-module applications in a MIMO system is proposed. The two-antenna element is comprised of one planar inverted-F antenna (PIFA) and one monopole antenna, both printed and integrated in a coplanar configuration on a narrow dielectric substrate with the dimensions 50 mm × 11 mm. The two antennas are excited using two separate feeds with a common ground plane. By utilizing two proposed elements spaced 10 mm apart in the lateral direction with an optimized arrangement, the four-antenna MIMO system obtained can achieve optimal isolation between any two of the four antennas. In comparison with the conventional dual-band antenna with a single feed, the proposed two-antenna element allows the 2.4 and 5 GHz signals to be simultaneously received or transmitted with no external switch circuit between the antenna and modules required.
Ausgrid is investing more than $1 billion in the Sydney CBD electricity network over five years to 2014. Ausgrid's Sydney CityGrid project involves constructing new substations, replacing and upgrading high-voltage cables and constructing a new tunnel to link into our existing network of CBD cable tunnels. These tunnels connect to form an 8 km ring under Sydney's CBD that interconnects Ausgrid's substations.
To provide a GRN P-25 coverage solution into these tunnels for Ausgrid's maintenance staff presented a challenge. Coverage is provided by utilising 'radio over fibre' repeater technology which rebroadcasts the NSW Government Radio Network from two dedicated base station sites located in two of Ausgrid's substations. Radiating cable, fixed to the ceiling of the tunnel, distributes the radio signals to the user in the tunnel, providing a method of communications deep underneath Sydney's CBD, where previously there was no way of communicating with the outside world.
Steve Harvey, Engineering Manager, Distributed Coverage and Capacity Solutions (DCCS), CommScope
A Bent, Shorted, Planar Monopole Antenna for 2.4 GHz WLAN ApplicationsSaou-Wen Su
A simple, bent monopole antenna well useful for WLAN applications in the 2.4 GHz band is presented. The monopole antenna has a rectangular radiating plate in general and is short-circuited to a small antenna ground and an assembly plate. The assembly plate is not only used as a supporting plate for antenna installation but also regarded as antenna ground. With a low profile of the monopole and use of the coaxial-line feed, the antenna has much flexibility in the placement inside a wireless device. Good radiation characteristics have been observed too.
Integration of Internal 700 MHz and WLAN/WiMAX Antennas for Palm-Sized Mobile...Saou-Wen Su
Two promising, internal, shorted monopole antennas for 700 MHz and WLAN/WiMAX operation are combined in an arrangement with minimized mutual coupling for palm-sized mobile applications. The two stamped, metal-plate antennas with a 2 mm gap therein between can be integrated into a compact configuration and are then mounted near one side of the system circuit board. With the suitable shorting locations and arrangement of the two antennas, good isolation (S21 < –20 dB) between the two ports can easily be obtained. Analysis of placing a CCD shielding cylinder between the two antennas and the two shorting strips joined to form a shorting wall are also conducted. Detailed designs of the two antennas are described, and the results thereof are discussed.
A New Compact and Wide-band Band-stop Filter Using Rectangular SRRTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This paper proposes a novel compact band-stop filter based on Rectangular SRR unit cell. The
BSF structure consists of modified microstrip line connected to 50 Ω feed line on both sides and
Rectangular-SRR which has been added and located in the center of the proposed design. The R-SRR
dimensions are chosen and optimized in order to achieve a resonant frequency in the undesired band.
This filter is designed, simulated and optimized using two electromagnetic solvers. The circuit
performances have been investigated and found to have an excellent BSF characterized by high power
rejection level in the stop-band, low insertion loss in the both pass-bands and compact size. The
experimental results illustrate that the proposed BSF achieves a wide fractional bandwidth of 72 % at
2.2GHz.
Real-life Indoor MIMO Performance with Ultra-compact LTE NodesEricsson
With the ever increasing demand for mobile broadband service with very high bitrates to indoor users, there is large industry traction around different types of In Building Solutions (IBS) for Long Term Evolution (LTE).
2008 IEEE AP-S-Internal Wideband Monopole Antenna For MIMO Access-Point Appli...Saou-Wen Su
A three-antenna MIMO system capable of generating a wide operating bandwidth of 2400-5850 MHz for access-point applications is introduced. The proposed design is based on a bent metal-plate monopole antenna with a compact size of 20 × 20 × 14 mm3. The three antennas are equally spaced along the perimeter of a circular ground and all generate a wide bandwidth of larger than 4 GHz. With the antenna short-circuiting facing the center of the ground, not only the overall antenna size is reduced but also good isolation of less than -20 dB can easily be obtained. Calculated envelope correlation is also less than 0.002 across the operating band.
Frequency reconfigurable monopole antenna with harmonic suppression for IoT a...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This work proposes a new reconfigurable printed monopole antenna for IoT devices working with the promising wireless technology Wi-Fi 6. Based on effective resonant length value, the antenna has the ability to reconfigure its operating band between 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz ISM bands. Therefore, the designed antenna works as an RF band-pass filter which reduces receiver complexity and supports network scalability. One PIN diode with complete biasing circuit is integrated to the antenna radiator to obtain re-configurability. Furthermore, two stubs are added to the antenna structure in order to suppress harmonic component which appears near to the higher band (5 GHz) when antenna forced to work at the lower band (2.4 GHz). The design built over commercially available FR-4 substrate with a compact size of (33.5x16x1.6) mm3. CST software is used to simulate antenna performance in terms of flection coefficient, radiation pattern, efficiency, and gain.
2009 IEEE AP-S-Compact Coaxial-Line-Fed Printed Monopole Antenna for Lower-Ba...Saou-Wen Su
A compact, printed, ultrawideband (UWB) monopole antenna suitable to be as an internal antenna attractive for future UWB applications is demonstrated. The proposed antenna is of a small form factor with the dimensions 6 mm × 33 mm and can easily be fed by 50-ohms mini-cable line. The antenna mainly comprises a monopole antenna, a feeding strip and a ground plane, all printed on a small FR4 substrate. The monopole antenna is printed on both layers of the substrate with an end portion on the back for control of the first/lower resonant mode of the antenna. The feeding strip in between the monopole antenna and the ground plane is further offset to achieve better impedance matching and proper upper-edge operating frequency. With the proposed antenna structure, which provides an operating bandwidth of larger than 2.7 GHz, the impedance bandwidth by 10-dB return loss can easily cover the 3.1–4.85 GHz band, the lower band of the UWB operation.
Compact tri-band T-shaped frequency reconfigurable antenna for cognitive radi...journalBEEI
This paper presents, new compact tri-band and broadband frequency reconfigurable antenna for cognitive radio applications. The proposed antenna consists of an Ultrawideband sensing antenna and reconfigurable communicating antenna at the same substrate. The sensing antenna is a UWB printed elliptical monopole antenna operates at frequency band from 2.72 to 23.8 GHz which can cover the entire UWB frequency band from 3.1 to 10.6 GHz and cover the broadband up to 20 GHz. The communicating antenna is a T-shaped frequency reconfigurable antenna operates on three bands of 7.925 GHz, 13.16 GHz, and 14.48 GHz under (S11≤-10 dB) with a fractional bandwidth of 14.55%, 6.2%, and 3.3% respectively. The proposed antenna used to operate in two modes one for cognitive radio applications to cover WiMAX, land, Fixed and Mobile satellite, Radar, and broadband applications. The frequency reconfigurability is obtained by using only one RF switch (PIN diode) for changing the operating frequency. The antenna overall dimensions are 42x30x1.6 mm3 printed on an FR-4 epoxy substrate with relative dielectric constant εr=4.3, loss tangent tan (δ)=0.002 and 50Ω microstrip line feed. The maximum obtained simulated gain is 8.5 dB at 13.16 GHz. The S11 is under -20 dB and coupling between the two antennas is less than -15 dB at the resonant frequencies.
A Compact Reconfigurable Dual Band-notched Ultra-wideband Antenna using Varac...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this paper, a reconfigurable dual band-notched ultra-wideband (UWB) antenna is presented.
The antenna design consists of a circular shape with two pairs of the L-resonator. To realize the notch
characteristics in WLAN at 5.2 GHz and 5.8 GHz bands, the half wavelength of the L-resonator is
introduced in the design. The T-shaped notch is etched in the ground to enhance the bandwidth which
covers the UWB operating frequency range from 3.219–10.863 GHz. The proposed reconfigurable dual
band-notched UWB antenna shows good impedance matching for the simulated in the physical layout.
Furthermore, the proposed antenna has a compact size of 37.6x28 mm2. This proposed reconfigurable
design can provide an alternative solution for the wireless system in the designing of a band-notched
antenna with a good tuning capability.
Design of Miniaturized Multiband Patch Antenna Using CSRR for WLAN/WiMAX Appl...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
A novel miniaturized multiband, single-feed microstrip patch antenna is presented in this paper for
WLAN and WiMAX applications. Both size reduction and multiband are obtained by etching the Multiple
Complementary Split Ring Resonators (MC-SRR) on the ground plane of the normal patch antenna. At
first, the normal patch antenna produces a single band of 5.15 GHz; 200 MHz (5.0500~5.2499).
Subsequently, a Single Circular Split Ring Resonator (SC-SRR) is etched on the ground plane and
produces a triple band of: 3.25 GHz; 288 MHz (3.1085~3.3964), 4.5 GHz; 101.3 MHz (4.4488~4.5501),
and 5.22 GHz; 220 MHz (5.1191~5.3400) and Double Single Circular Split Ring Resonator (DC-MCSRR)
with: 2.99 GHz; 60.7 MHz (2.9574~3.0181), 3.57 GHz; 324.7 MHz (3.4065~3.7312), and 5.1413 GHz;
115.4 MHz (5.0817~5.1971). The working bandwidths cover the desired frequency bands of WLAN
5.2 GHz and WiMAX 3.3/3.5 GHz. The proposed (MC-SRR) antenna can be employed to wireless
communication systems due to its simplicity in design, compactness and miniaturization.
In this paper, a novel multi-frequency microstrip antenna with complementary ring slot resonator (CRSR) structure that satisfies Bluetooth, worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX), and wireless local area network (WLAN) applications is proposed. The conventional antenna consists of a circular microstrip patch at a resonance frequency band of 2.5 GHz. By loading two CRSR at the radiating element, three operating frequency bands 2.5 GHz, 3.6 GHz, and 5.2 GHz are achieved. The operational bands covered by the antenna are Bluetooth 2.5 GHz, WiMAX 3.6 GHz, and WLAN 5.2 GHz. The insertion of CRSR to patch antenna has made it possible to compact and simple design, and miniaturized antenna for cognitive radio. Moreover, the directivity of the proposed antenna is adequate with acceptable radiation properties and perfectly matches with the simulated and measured results.
Octa-band reconfigurable monopole antenna frequency diversity 5G wirelessIJECEIAES
An octa-band frequency-reconfigurable antenna (28×14×1.5 mm 3 ) with a broad tuning range is shown. Antenna mode1 (4.31 GHz) works in one single-band mode and two dual-band in modes 2 and 3 (i.e., 3.91 and 5.9 GHz) as well as one tri-band in mode 4 (i.e., 3.09, 5.65, and 7.92 GHz) based on the switching situation of the antenna. Changing capacitance for frequency reconfigurability is accomplished with the use of lumped components. The antenna’s observed tuning spans from 3.09 GHz to 7.92 GHz. for all the resonant bands, the suggested antenna has a voltage standing waves ratio (VSWR)<1.45 except for one band with a VSWR<1.85. From 70.57% to 97.93%, the suggested structure’s radiation efficiency may be calculated. For a better understanding proposed antenna’s far field and scattering characteristics, we used CST Microwave Studio 2021. We may conclude that our suggested antenna is suitable for today’s wireless applications, which need multiband and multimode small antennas. Using a small stainless-steel wire as a switch, a prototype of the antenna design is built and tested to verify the simulation findings. The suggested reconfigurable antenna’s strong concordance between simulated and measured findings.
Compact reconfigurable PIFA antenna for wireless applicationsTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This paper presents, new compact and multiband frequency reconfigurable planar inverted-F antenna (PIFA). The antenna is designed and optimized to cover mobile application devices like GPS, WLAN/Wi-Fi, WiMAX, 4G LTE, UWB, and satellite applications. The frequency reconfigurability is obtained by using only a single RF switch (PIN diode) for changing the operating frequency. The antenna dimensions are 45.6x39.6x1.6 mm3 printed on an FR-4 epoxy substrate with relative dielectric constant εr = 4.3, loss tangent tan (δ) = 0.002 and 50 Ω coaxial feed line. The proposed antenna has two patches connected by a single PIN diode. The antenna introduces nine resonant frequencies under (S11 ≤ -10 dB) which are: 0.980 GHz, 3.392 GHz, 3.924 GHz, 4.554 GHz, 5.82 GHz, 6.81 GHz, 7.305 GHz, 8 GHz and 8.105 GHz in the ON and OFF states of the PIN diode which are applicable to cover GSM900, WLAN/Wi-Fi, WiMAX, 4G LTE, UWB, and satellite systems. The obtained maximum simulated gain is 8.45 dB at 6.81 GHz. The lowest return loss is obtained to be -42 dB at 5.854 GHz. Detailed simulation and measurement results are explored and studied in this research. The CST software is used to simulate and optimize the proposed PIFA antenna. The proposed antenna has been fabricated and produced a good agreement with the simulation results.
Hybrid of Monopole and Dipole Antennas for Concurrent 2.4- and 5-GHz WLAN Acc...Saou-Wen Su
A novel hybrid of a 2.4-GHz monopole antenna and a 5-GHz dipole antenna is presented to provide concurrent 2.4 and 5 GHz band operation for access- point applications. The two antennas are arranged in a collinear structure and printed on a compact dielectric substrate with dimensions 12 mm × 60 mm. The monopole antenna has a meandered radiating strip and is short-circuited to a small ground plane through a shorting strip. The dipole antenna includes two sub-dipoles at the opposite side of a narrow ground plane and fed by a simple T-junction microstrip-line network. The two antennas are closely set with a distance of 1 mm only, yet good port isolation (S21) well below –20 dB can be obtained. With a low profile, the proposed design can easily fit into the casing of some standard access points and allow the 2.4 and 5 GHz band signals to be simultaneously received or transmitted with no external diplexer required. Good omnidirectional radiation has been observed too.
Printed Omnidirectional Access-Point Antenna for 2.4/5-GHz WLAN OperationSaou-Wen Su
A new design of the printed omnidirectional antenna for applications in 2.4/5-GHz dual-WLAN-band access points is proposed. The antenna consists of a conventional collinear antenna for 2.4 GHz operation and two U stubs for 5 GHz operation. The two U stubs are located near the points where the maximum currents at about 5.5 GHz occurring on the strips of the collinear antenna, and arranged back to back in the same phase for achieving better antenna gain. Detailed analyses of the U stub on the impedance matching over the 5 GH band is presented. A prototype with good omnidirectional radiation across the 2.4/5-GHz WLAN bands is demonstrated.
A NEW MODIFIED SYSTEM FOR EQUAL POWER DIVISION WITH LCC FOR WIRELESS APPLCATIONSijistjournal
In this paper, a new modified system for equal power division is implemented with the help of rectangular micro strip patch antenna, Gysel power divider and leakage cancellation circuit. Today’s world power division plays an important role in wireless application areas such as base stations, antenna arrays, handheld devices etc., Here micro strip patch antenna is implemented with FR4 as a substrate material due to its benefits such as low loss and low fabrication cost while the ground material is aluminium due to its conductivity. For a good system, the return loss should be highly desirable and insertion loss should be low. Our proposed system is designed with a combination of micro strip patch antenna, leakage cancellation circuit and Gysel power divider produces equal power division with low loss such as insertion loss is measured as -39.291dB, return loss as -16.11dB and leakage cancellation as 6dB which was designed and simulated in Agilent Advanced Design System software (2009).
Printed Coplanar Two-Antenna Element for 2.4/5 GHz WLAN Operation in a MIMO S...Saou-Wen Su
A printed coplanar two-antenna element suited for WLAN operation in the 2.4 and 5 GHz bands for dual-module applications in a MIMO system is proposed. The two-antenna element is comprised of one planar inverted-F antenna (PIFA) and one monopole antenna, both printed and integrated in a coplanar configuration on a narrow dielectric substrate with the dimensions 50 mm × 11 mm. The two antennas are excited using two separate feeds with a common ground plane. By utilizing two proposed elements spaced 10 mm apart in the lateral direction with an optimized arrangement, the four-antenna MIMO system obtained can achieve optimal isolation between any two of the four antennas. In comparison with the conventional dual-band antenna with a single feed, the proposed two-antenna element allows the 2.4 and 5 GHz signals to be simultaneously received or transmitted with no external switch circuit between the antenna and modules required.
Ausgrid is investing more than $1 billion in the Sydney CBD electricity network over five years to 2014. Ausgrid's Sydney CityGrid project involves constructing new substations, replacing and upgrading high-voltage cables and constructing a new tunnel to link into our existing network of CBD cable tunnels. These tunnels connect to form an 8 km ring under Sydney's CBD that interconnects Ausgrid's substations.
To provide a GRN P-25 coverage solution into these tunnels for Ausgrid's maintenance staff presented a challenge. Coverage is provided by utilising 'radio over fibre' repeater technology which rebroadcasts the NSW Government Radio Network from two dedicated base station sites located in two of Ausgrid's substations. Radiating cable, fixed to the ceiling of the tunnel, distributes the radio signals to the user in the tunnel, providing a method of communications deep underneath Sydney's CBD, where previously there was no way of communicating with the outside world.
Steve Harvey, Engineering Manager, Distributed Coverage and Capacity Solutions (DCCS), CommScope
A Bent, Shorted, Planar Monopole Antenna for 2.4 GHz WLAN ApplicationsSaou-Wen Su
A simple, bent monopole antenna well useful for WLAN applications in the 2.4 GHz band is presented. The monopole antenna has a rectangular radiating plate in general and is short-circuited to a small antenna ground and an assembly plate. The assembly plate is not only used as a supporting plate for antenna installation but also regarded as antenna ground. With a low profile of the monopole and use of the coaxial-line feed, the antenna has much flexibility in the placement inside a wireless device. Good radiation characteristics have been observed too.
Integration of Internal 700 MHz and WLAN/WiMAX Antennas for Palm-Sized Mobile...Saou-Wen Su
Two promising, internal, shorted monopole antennas for 700 MHz and WLAN/WiMAX operation are combined in an arrangement with minimized mutual coupling for palm-sized mobile applications. The two stamped, metal-plate antennas with a 2 mm gap therein between can be integrated into a compact configuration and are then mounted near one side of the system circuit board. With the suitable shorting locations and arrangement of the two antennas, good isolation (S21 < –20 dB) between the two ports can easily be obtained. Analysis of placing a CCD shielding cylinder between the two antennas and the two shorting strips joined to form a shorting wall are also conducted. Detailed designs of the two antennas are described, and the results thereof are discussed.
A New Compact and Wide-band Band-stop Filter Using Rectangular SRRTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This paper proposes a novel compact band-stop filter based on Rectangular SRR unit cell. The
BSF structure consists of modified microstrip line connected to 50 Ω feed line on both sides and
Rectangular-SRR which has been added and located in the center of the proposed design. The R-SRR
dimensions are chosen and optimized in order to achieve a resonant frequency in the undesired band.
This filter is designed, simulated and optimized using two electromagnetic solvers. The circuit
performances have been investigated and found to have an excellent BSF characterized by high power
rejection level in the stop-band, low insertion loss in the both pass-bands and compact size. The
experimental results illustrate that the proposed BSF achieves a wide fractional bandwidth of 72 % at
2.2GHz.
Real-life Indoor MIMO Performance with Ultra-compact LTE NodesEricsson
With the ever increasing demand for mobile broadband service with very high bitrates to indoor users, there is large industry traction around different types of In Building Solutions (IBS) for Long Term Evolution (LTE).
2008 IEEE AP-S-Internal Wideband Monopole Antenna For MIMO Access-Point Appli...Saou-Wen Su
A three-antenna MIMO system capable of generating a wide operating bandwidth of 2400-5850 MHz for access-point applications is introduced. The proposed design is based on a bent metal-plate monopole antenna with a compact size of 20 × 20 × 14 mm3. The three antennas are equally spaced along the perimeter of a circular ground and all generate a wide bandwidth of larger than 4 GHz. With the antenna short-circuiting facing the center of the ground, not only the overall antenna size is reduced but also good isolation of less than -20 dB can easily be obtained. Calculated envelope correlation is also less than 0.002 across the operating band.
Frequency reconfigurable monopole antenna with harmonic suppression for IoT a...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This work proposes a new reconfigurable printed monopole antenna for IoT devices working with the promising wireless technology Wi-Fi 6. Based on effective resonant length value, the antenna has the ability to reconfigure its operating band between 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz ISM bands. Therefore, the designed antenna works as an RF band-pass filter which reduces receiver complexity and supports network scalability. One PIN diode with complete biasing circuit is integrated to the antenna radiator to obtain re-configurability. Furthermore, two stubs are added to the antenna structure in order to suppress harmonic component which appears near to the higher band (5 GHz) when antenna forced to work at the lower band (2.4 GHz). The design built over commercially available FR-4 substrate with a compact size of (33.5x16x1.6) mm3. CST software is used to simulate antenna performance in terms of flection coefficient, radiation pattern, efficiency, and gain.
2009 IEEE AP-S-Compact Coaxial-Line-Fed Printed Monopole Antenna for Lower-Ba...Saou-Wen Su
A compact, printed, ultrawideband (UWB) monopole antenna suitable to be as an internal antenna attractive for future UWB applications is demonstrated. The proposed antenna is of a small form factor with the dimensions 6 mm × 33 mm and can easily be fed by 50-ohms mini-cable line. The antenna mainly comprises a monopole antenna, a feeding strip and a ground plane, all printed on a small FR4 substrate. The monopole antenna is printed on both layers of the substrate with an end portion on the back for control of the first/lower resonant mode of the antenna. The feeding strip in between the monopole antenna and the ground plane is further offset to achieve better impedance matching and proper upper-edge operating frequency. With the proposed antenna structure, which provides an operating bandwidth of larger than 2.7 GHz, the impedance bandwidth by 10-dB return loss can easily cover the 3.1–4.85 GHz band, the lower band of the UWB operation.
Compact tri-band T-shaped frequency reconfigurable antenna for cognitive radi...journalBEEI
This paper presents, new compact tri-band and broadband frequency reconfigurable antenna for cognitive radio applications. The proposed antenna consists of an Ultrawideband sensing antenna and reconfigurable communicating antenna at the same substrate. The sensing antenna is a UWB printed elliptical monopole antenna operates at frequency band from 2.72 to 23.8 GHz which can cover the entire UWB frequency band from 3.1 to 10.6 GHz and cover the broadband up to 20 GHz. The communicating antenna is a T-shaped frequency reconfigurable antenna operates on three bands of 7.925 GHz, 13.16 GHz, and 14.48 GHz under (S11≤-10 dB) with a fractional bandwidth of 14.55%, 6.2%, and 3.3% respectively. The proposed antenna used to operate in two modes one for cognitive radio applications to cover WiMAX, land, Fixed and Mobile satellite, Radar, and broadband applications. The frequency reconfigurability is obtained by using only one RF switch (PIN diode) for changing the operating frequency. The antenna overall dimensions are 42x30x1.6 mm3 printed on an FR-4 epoxy substrate with relative dielectric constant εr=4.3, loss tangent tan (δ)=0.002 and 50Ω microstrip line feed. The maximum obtained simulated gain is 8.5 dB at 13.16 GHz. The S11 is under -20 dB and coupling between the two antennas is less than -15 dB at the resonant frequencies.
A Compact Reconfigurable Dual Band-notched Ultra-wideband Antenna using Varac...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this paper, a reconfigurable dual band-notched ultra-wideband (UWB) antenna is presented.
The antenna design consists of a circular shape with two pairs of the L-resonator. To realize the notch
characteristics in WLAN at 5.2 GHz and 5.8 GHz bands, the half wavelength of the L-resonator is
introduced in the design. The T-shaped notch is etched in the ground to enhance the bandwidth which
covers the UWB operating frequency range from 3.219–10.863 GHz. The proposed reconfigurable dual
band-notched UWB antenna shows good impedance matching for the simulated in the physical layout.
Furthermore, the proposed antenna has a compact size of 37.6x28 mm2. This proposed reconfigurable
design can provide an alternative solution for the wireless system in the designing of a band-notched
antenna with a good tuning capability.
Design of Miniaturized Multiband Patch Antenna Using CSRR for WLAN/WiMAX Appl...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
A novel miniaturized multiband, single-feed microstrip patch antenna is presented in this paper for
WLAN and WiMAX applications. Both size reduction and multiband are obtained by etching the Multiple
Complementary Split Ring Resonators (MC-SRR) on the ground plane of the normal patch antenna. At
first, the normal patch antenna produces a single band of 5.15 GHz; 200 MHz (5.0500~5.2499).
Subsequently, a Single Circular Split Ring Resonator (SC-SRR) is etched on the ground plane and
produces a triple band of: 3.25 GHz; 288 MHz (3.1085~3.3964), 4.5 GHz; 101.3 MHz (4.4488~4.5501),
and 5.22 GHz; 220 MHz (5.1191~5.3400) and Double Single Circular Split Ring Resonator (DC-MCSRR)
with: 2.99 GHz; 60.7 MHz (2.9574~3.0181), 3.57 GHz; 324.7 MHz (3.4065~3.7312), and 5.1413 GHz;
115.4 MHz (5.0817~5.1971). The working bandwidths cover the desired frequency bands of WLAN
5.2 GHz and WiMAX 3.3/3.5 GHz. The proposed (MC-SRR) antenna can be employed to wireless
communication systems due to its simplicity in design, compactness and miniaturization.
In this paper, a novel multi-frequency microstrip antenna with complementary ring slot resonator (CRSR) structure that satisfies Bluetooth, worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX), and wireless local area network (WLAN) applications is proposed. The conventional antenna consists of a circular microstrip patch at a resonance frequency band of 2.5 GHz. By loading two CRSR at the radiating element, three operating frequency bands 2.5 GHz, 3.6 GHz, and 5.2 GHz are achieved. The operational bands covered by the antenna are Bluetooth 2.5 GHz, WiMAX 3.6 GHz, and WLAN 5.2 GHz. The insertion of CRSR to patch antenna has made it possible to compact and simple design, and miniaturized antenna for cognitive radio. Moreover, the directivity of the proposed antenna is adequate with acceptable radiation properties and perfectly matches with the simulated and measured results.
Octa-band reconfigurable monopole antenna frequency diversity 5G wirelessIJECEIAES
An octa-band frequency-reconfigurable antenna (28×14×1.5 mm 3 ) with a broad tuning range is shown. Antenna mode1 (4.31 GHz) works in one single-band mode and two dual-band in modes 2 and 3 (i.e., 3.91 and 5.9 GHz) as well as one tri-band in mode 4 (i.e., 3.09, 5.65, and 7.92 GHz) based on the switching situation of the antenna. Changing capacitance for frequency reconfigurability is accomplished with the use of lumped components. The antenna’s observed tuning spans from 3.09 GHz to 7.92 GHz. for all the resonant bands, the suggested antenna has a voltage standing waves ratio (VSWR)<1.45 except for one band with a VSWR<1.85. From 70.57% to 97.93%, the suggested structure’s radiation efficiency may be calculated. For a better understanding proposed antenna’s far field and scattering characteristics, we used CST Microwave Studio 2021. We may conclude that our suggested antenna is suitable for today’s wireless applications, which need multiband and multimode small antennas. Using a small stainless-steel wire as a switch, a prototype of the antenna design is built and tested to verify the simulation findings. The suggested reconfigurable antenna’s strong concordance between simulated and measured findings.
Switchable dual-band bandpass filter based on stepped impedance resonator wit...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This paper presents a new technique in designing the switchable dual-band bandpass filter at
2.4 GHz and 3.5 GHz for WLAN and WiMAX applications. Wideband bandpass filter designed based on
stepped impedance resonator at frequency of 3 GHz. To eliminate the interference from existing system
that operates in the same frequency band, a defected microstrip structure applied and implemented to
produce the notch response. In order to generate the switchable characteristic, the PIN diode was
introduced at the dual-band filter. It exhibits that the measured results for switchable attributes when the
diode is at OFF state, the wide passband is produced with the fractional bandwidth of 62.1 % centered at
2.9 GHz. Meanwhile, for the diode in ON state, the dual-passband has produced which centered at
2.5 GHz and 3.45 GHz. The experimental results showed good agreement with the simulation results. This
structure is very useful for wireless communication systems and its applications.
Study and analysis of rf mems shunt switch for reconfigurable antennaeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Miniature design of T-Shaped frequency Reconfigurable antenna for S-Band Appl...IJECEIAES
The article presents a miniature antenna with a simple geometry and a simple approach for reconfiguration. In order to make the T-shaped antenna frequency reconfigurable, we integrated Switches in specific positions. The location of the switches is determined following a study of the distribution of the surface currents of the suggested antenna. Indeed, we found that the insertion of switches in places where the concentrations of surface currents are high is irrelevant. In fact, to redirect current flow, the PIN diodes or RF Switch must be placed in positions where the distribution of the surface currents is of low concentration. These locations facilitate the establishment of new trajectories of the flux of current. As a result, a miniature tunable antenna dimension 20mm*20mm*1.6mm printed on FR4 substrate with 4.4 permittivity and with 0.04 loss tangent, the antenna can be adopted in many communication devices in view of its small size, its low manufacturing cost and performance on frequency sweep, the antenna operates in S-Band with an acceptable band and gain. The antenna is simulated and optimized using CST Microwave Studio.
Hybrid Microstrip Diplexer Design for Multi-band WiMAX Application in 2.3 and...IJECEIAES
In this paper, a design of hybrid microstrip diplexer is proposed for multiband Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) application in 2.3 and 3.5 GHz bands. The diplexer consists of a combination of two different filter designs. These filters were designed based on microstripline coupling techniques in order to obtain minimum insertion losses and achieve the desired frequency bandwidth. Therefore, a coupled open loop ring resonator was chosen for the filter design in 2.3 GHz band and a folded coupled line resonator was chosen for the filter design in 3.5 GHz band. Then, these filters were combined with a ring manifold matching network to be a hybrid microstrip diplexer. Based on the results, good agreements were achieved between the simulation and measurement results in terms of insertion loss, return loss and bandwidth in the 2.3 and 3.5 GHz bands.
Reconfigurable Microstrip Patch Antenna for Frequency Diversity Using RF MEMSIOSR Journals
A novel reconfigurable patch antenna for frequency diversity is proposed by reconfiguring its
geometry using tree rectangular tapes that are connected to the patch via six RF MEMS switches. So switching
between the different frequency bands is achieved by using capacitive series RF-MEMS switches. The antenna
was designed to operate at 2.6 GHz, 3.1 GHz, 3.5 GHz and 5 GHz
Reconfigurable Microstrip Patch Antenna for Frequency Diversity Using RF MEMSIOSR Journals
Abstract: A novel reconfigurable patch antenna for frequency diversity is proposed by reconfiguring its geometry using tree rectangular tapes that are connected to the patch via six RF MEMS switches. So switching between the different frequency bands is achieved by using capacitive series RF-MEMS switches. The antenna was designed to operate at 2.6 GHz, 3.1 GHz, 3.5 GHz and 5 GHz. Keywords - Frequency diversity, Planar antenna, Reconfigurable antenna, RF MEMS, Switches
A miniaturized hairpin resonator for the high selectivity of WLAN bandwidthjournalBEEI
In this article, a miniaturized hairpin resonator has been presented to introduce the high selectivity of Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) bandwidth. In the construction of the hairpin resonator, short-circuited
comb-lines are electrically coupled with the two longer edges of a rectangular-shaped loop. The hairpin resonator has been designed and fabricated with the Taconic TLX-8 substrate with a center-frequency at 2.45 GHz. The resonator exhibits a second order quasi-Chebyshev bandpass response. A low insertion loss has been found as -0.36 dB with a minimum return loss as -36.71 dB. The filtering dimension of this hairpin resonator occupies a small area of 166.82 mm2. This hairpin resonator is highly selective for the bandpass applications of the entire WLAN bandwidth.
Design of Reconfigurable Microstrip Patch Antenna for WLAN ApplicationEditor IJMTER
In this paper we propose a rectangular microstrip patch antenna with inset fed which can
operate at 2.4 GHz (IEEE 802.11b) & 5.8 GHz (IEEE 802.11a) WLAN applications. Various slot is
cut into the antenna structure which changes the surface current path resulting in dual resonant
frequency. Further by embedding any switch into a slot, reconfiguration can be achieved i.e. the
antenna can only be used in unlicensed 2.4 GHz band. The achieved directivity is greater than 5db and
the bandwidth obtained is much greater than the required bandwidth. The proposed antenna is
simulated using High Frequency Structure Simulator.
A trade-off design of microstrip broadband power amplifier for UHF applications IJECEIAES
In this paper, the design of a Broadband Power Amplifier for UHF applications is presented. The proposed BPA is based on ATF13876 Agilent active device. The biasing and matching networks both are implemented by using microstrip transmission lines. The input and output matching circuits are designed by combining two broadband matching techniques: a binomial multi-section quarter wave impedance transformer and an approximate transformation of previously designed lumped elements. The proposed BPA shows excellent performances in terms of impedance matching, power gain and unconditionally stability over the operating bandwidth ranging from 1.2 GHz to 3.3 GHz. At 2.2 GHz, the large signal simulation shows a saturated output power of 18.875 dBm with an output 1-dB compression point of 6.5 dBm of input level and a maximum PAE of 36.26%.
Design and optimization of a new compact 2.4 GHz-bandpass filter using DGS te...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The objective of this work is the study, the design and the optimization of an innovative structure of a network of coupled copper metal lines deposited on the upper surface of a R04003 type substrate of height 0.813 with a ground deformed by slots (DGS). This structure is designed in an optimal configuration for use in the design of narrowband bandpass filter for wireless communication systems (WLAN), the aim of use the defected ground structure is to remove the unwanted harmonics in the rejection band, the simulation results obtained from this structure using CST software show a very high selectivity of the designed filter, a very low level of losses (less than-0.45 dB) with a size overall size of 43.5x34.3 mm.
A Multiband Printed Antenna Suitable for Wireless ApplicationsTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This study deals with a new research work on a low cost multiband printed antenna
which can be used for three operating frequency bands GSM900/PCS/WIFI/Bluetooth. The
achieved antenna is mounted on an FR-4 substrate. In this study, the solts technique is used to
obtain the multiband behavior. The different solts are inserted in the radiator face and the back
face that is the ground. The whole circuit is optimized taking into account the good matching of
the input impedance in the operating frequency bands with a stable radiation pattern. In order to
optimize the proposed antenna structure we have used CST-MW and to compare the obtained
simulation results we have conducted another electromagnetic simulation by using HFSS
solver. The final circuit validated into simulation has been fabricated and tested which permits to
validate the proposed multiband antenna.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Thesis Statement for students diagnonsed withADHD.ppt
A RECONFIGURABLE LOW IF-ZERO IF RECEIVER ARCHITECTURE FOR MULTI STANDARD WIRELESS SYSTEMS USING A RECONFIGURABLE FILTER
1. International Journal Of Microwave Engineering (JMICRO) Vol.2, No.2, April 2017
DOI:10.5121/Jmicro.2017.2201 1
A RECONFIGURABLE LOW IF-ZERO IF RECEIVER
ARCHITECTURE FOR MULTI STANDARD WIRELESS
SYSTEMS USING A RECONFIGURABLE FILTER
Mahmoud Eissa
Higher Institute for Applied Sciences and Technology, Damascus, Syria
ABSTRACT
The existence of a large number of wireless standards motivates the investigation of a multi-standard
wireless receiver architecture that uses the same hardware to meet performance requirements. This paper
presents an architecture of a reconfigurable receiver operating at both Low-IF and Zero-IF modes for
GSM-1800 and UMTS-2100 wireless standards. The reconfigurability in the RF front-end part is achieved
by a reconfigurable filter based on a dual mode resonator with the possibility of using MEMS switches to
tune the center frequency and the bandwidth of the preselector filter. System-level analysis and derivation
of block-level specification for the specified standards are developed to design the receiver. Simulation
results of both system-level analysis of the reconfigurable receiver and circuit design of the reconfigurable
filter are presented and discussed. Simulation results indicate that the designed receiver meets the
minimum requirements specified in GSM-1800 and UMTS-2100 wireless standards with a good margin.
KEYWORDS
Multi-standard, Zero-IF, Low-IF, reconfigurable filter; dual mode resonators, microstip, system
simulation.
1. INTRODUCTION
The simultaneous need for global roaming and all-in-one wireless phones has resulted in a
demand for handsets which can receive multiple standards and meet the modern requirements of
the wireless devices such as low cost, high integration and high performance [1].
Achieving multi-standard receiver with previous features has been the subject of many recent
research. Sampling receivers [2, 3] and wide band receivers using wide band LNA [4] were
proposed solutions as multi standard receivers; however they have moderate linearity and poor
matching.
A tunable quadrature band pass charge sampling filter and a time varying matching network
based on impedance translation were used to form a tunable receiver front end [5], although it
enhances the linearity and matching but it also increases the complexity of the receiver.
To meet the modern requirements, a multi standard receiver is proposed in this paper. A Low IF-
Zero IF architecture that suits wireless devices is used [6]. A dual mode microstrip resonators
filter forms the pass band filter; this kind of filters offers size reduction, ease of fabrication,
integration and high selectivity, which improves the receiver's linearity [7]. RF MEMS switches
are used with the dual mode microstrip resonators filter to form a reconfigurable filter with
tunable center frequency and bandwidth to accommodate to the different standards [7].
The designed receiver is simple, effective and low cost, which are the desired characteristics for
the wireless devices.
2. International Journal Of Microwave Engineering (JMICRO) Vol.2, No.2, April 2017
2
In this context, the design and analysis of the proposed RF front-end receiver are presented. Then,
a brief summary of the two wireless standards and the overall receiver specifications required for
each standard are provided. The proposed Low-IF Zero-IF receiver is then examined. A brief
description of the reconfigurable dual mode resonator filter in which MEMS switches can be used
and other components of the receiver are presented. System-level simulation results are also
presented and discussed to make sure that the proposed receiver is valid.
2. THE RECONFIGURABLE RF FRONT-END (RFFE) RECEIVER
Our work, the design of a reconfigurable RF-FE receiver, has been the subject of many papers
and dissertations around the world ([1], [6], [8], [9] and [10]). In this section our motivation to do
this work is expressed, and its novelty is highlighted when compared to other work.
Two important ideas had to be considered in designing the multi-standard receiver: the first idea
was about the architecture of the receiver. Since Zero-IF and Low-IF architectures are more
suitable for high integration level [6], a Low IF-Zero IF architecture was used. However,
choosing the suitable architecture (Zero-IF or Low-IF) for the suitable standard is essential in
order to improve the receiver performance (section 4).
The second idea was about how to achieve multi-standard function. Generally, a dual standard
operation is enabled through two separate parallel receiver chains (Figure 1). Obviously, this is
not a cost-efficient solution, and it increases the size [8].
To overcome this problem, some solutions were developed. One of these solutions was done by
using a silicon varactor-tuned band pass filter (BPF) connected with a tunable six-port
demodulator to design a reconfigurable front end direct conversion receiver for GSM and WLAN
bands (1.9 and 2.4 GHz). The tunable demodulator is composed of a tunable six port junction in
connection with four RF power detectors [9]. Although this BPF offers high selectivity, it
requires using two different sets of voltage supply and the insertion loss degrades as varactor
capacitance increases due to the mismatch and varactor diode equivalent series resistances [9].
Another proposed solution was achieved by using dual behavioral resonator (DBR) topology to
design an electrical tunable filter which can switch between UMTS, WiFi and LTE reception
bands. The DBR topology is based on the parallel association of two stubs, this gives a band pass
response. For controlling central frequency and bandwidth independently, varicap diodes were
implemented at the end of each stub [10].
Micro-Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS) switches facilitate building reconfigurable filters to
cope with different standards, and to obtain good performance [7]. Then multi-standard receiver
could be designed without increasing its size or cost.
The researchers in [8] gave an example of using RF MEMS switches to design a reconfigurable
FBAR filter for multi-standard RF front-end receiver. Although this filter has unique advantages
such as high frequency operation and high quality factor, the technology FBAR may not be
available everywhere and it is not easy to fabricate.
1SAW
2SAW
1LNA
2LNA
I/Q down
converter BB
circuits
Figure. 1. Classical approach for dual standard RF front-ends.
3. International Journal Of Microwave Engineering (JMICRO) Vol.2, No.2, April 2017
3
However, in this paper we propose using one RF-FE block, instead of two separate parallel
receiver chains. In addition, we use dual mode resonators as a reconfigurable filter to deal with
different standards. The reconfigurability of the filter is achieved by simulating the use of MEMS
switches. This solution is characterized by size reduction, high selectivity and being easy to
implement and integrate in microstrip technology.
3. OVERVIEW OF GSM1800 AND UMTS 2100 STANDARDS
Table 1 shows the receiver frequency bands of GSM-1800 and UMTS-2100. UMTS-2100 has a
channel of 5 MHz bandwidth while GSM-1800 has a 200 KHz channel bandwidth.
Table 1. Receiver frequency bands for GSM1800 and UMTS2100.
The two standards have different specifications known as the minimum performance
requirements [11], [12]. These requirements mainly specify the receiver sensitivity, inter-
modulation characteristics, adjacent and alternate channel selectivity, blocking characteristics,
and spurious emission.
From these different specifications, a set of specifications suitable for the two standards at the
same time was derived. It was done by selecting the most stringent requirements of each
parameter. Table 2 shows the common specifications of the multi-standard receiver to work in
accordance with the two standards.
Table 2. Required specifications of the multi-standard receiver.
Requirements for the reconfigurable receiver
< 7.2Noise Figure (dB)
≥ 35IIP2 Mixer (dBm)
≥ -14.7IIP3(dBm)
≥ 30Image rejection (dB)
The designed receiver must satisfy blocking
characteristics defined in [11], [12].Blocking characteristics
4. LOW IF-ZERO IF MULTI-STANDARD ARCHITECTURE
It is preferable to use Zero-IF architecture when dealing with systems that have wide channel
bandwidth like UMTS-2100, because removing DC offset by using DC notch filter or AC
coupling will not cause a significant damage [1]. The narrow channel bandwidth in GSM-1800
makes this architecture unattractive due to the removal of significant part of the signal when
removing DC offset. Thus, using Zero-IF architecture is suitable for UMTS-2100 while using
Low-IF architecture will be more suitable for GSM-1800[1].
SpecificationParameterStandard
1805 to 1880Downlink frequency band Rx (MHz)GSM-1800
2110 to 2170Downlink frequency band Rx (MHz)UMTS-2100
4. International Journal Of Microwave Engineering (JMICRO) Vol.2, No.2, April 2017
4
The Low-IF architecture is similar to the Zero-IF architecture, except that there is an AC coupling
or DC notch in the Zero-IF to remove the DC offset. And there is an image rejection circuit in
Low-IF to drop the image signal out.
In order to reduce size and cost, a common RF-FE receiver that can be configured to operate as
Zero-IF for UMTS-2100 and Low-IF for GSM-1800 was designed. This can be achieved by using
a digital dual quadrature converter in the digital base band block of the Low IF receiver to cope
with the image rejection. Moreover, the AC coupling or DC notch filter was dropped from the
Zero-IF architecture. The DC cancellation was achieved by means of I/Q down converter, as
shown in section (5). Figure 2 shows the architecture of the proposed receiver. This architecture is
based on high-dynamic analog-to-digital converter (ADC). It helps to relax the restrictions on the
automatic gain control system (AGC) which is concentrated on the RF amplifiers. By using fixed
and low gain baseband amplifiers, this architecture may have less I and Q mismatch and less DC
offset issue [13].
LNA RF BPFRFA
f
RF
LO
LPF BBAdiplexer VGA
ADC
f
IF
I/Q
Figure 2. The architecture of the proposed receiver.
5. RFFE BUILDING BLOCKS DESIGN
5.1. RECONFIGURABLE DUAL MODE RESONATORS
The filters based on dual mode resonators were designed to be reconfigurable. The
reconfigurabilty process consists of tuning the filters' center frequency and bandwidth to achieve
multi-band selection according to the two standards.
Recently, dual-mode microstrip resonators have been increasingly used for designing
reconfigurable microwave filters. They have the advantages of ease of fabrication, integration,
low loss, and high selectivity in addition to low cost [7].
Dual mode resonators have symmetric structure (it's a ring in our case) and support two
orthogonal degenerate modes of resonance. By inserting a perturbation (eg. cut) into the structure
of the resonator, the two modes are coupled and tuned to form a resonant filter [7].
The bandwidth of the filter could be changed by adjusting the dimensions of its perturbation
element, while tuning its center frequency could be accomplished by changing the center radius
of the ring.
Usually, RF switches are used to achieve geometric tuning, so they can be used to change the
dimensions of the cut and the center radius of the ring. Nowadays, RF MEMS switches are
considered as a suitable choice to achieve fine tuning, because of their small size, simple circuit
model, zero power consumption and low insertion loss [7].
5. International Journal Of Microwave Engineering (JMICRO) Vol.2, No.2, April 2017
5
In this work, two filters were simulated to represent the changing cut size and center radius
instead of implementing RF MEMS switches (they were considered as an ideal short-circuit),
Figure 3 shows these two filters.
( )a ( )b
Figure 3. Layout of two designed filters simulated with substrate has h= 3.06 mm, 3.58r and tang
δ=0.0035, (a) the center frequency and bandwidth agree with GSM-1800, (b) the center frequency and
bandwidth agree with UMTS-2100.
For the filter "a", the outer ring was separated from the middle one. This configuration acts as an
OFF state of RF MEMS switches between the two rings. The center radius of the outer ring was
set to comply with the standard center frequency of the GSM band. While the ON state of the RF
MEMS was represented by connecting the outer ring with the one in the middle (filter "b"). This
connection decreases the center radius of the resulted ring, then the center frequency of the filter
increases reaching the standard center frequency of the UMTS band. In the same way, the
bandwidth of the reconfigurable filter is tuned by means of the RF MEMS switches placed in the
cut region.
Figure 4 shows the simulation results of this filter by using an electromagnetic simulator. The
insertion loss (S21) and reflection coefficient (S11) of the filters are also shown in this figure.
5.2. RF AND BASEBAND CIRCUITS.
Both diplexer and RF BPF were designed to be reconfigurable filter with dual mode resonators to
achieve high selectivity against transmission leakage and other interferers.
ADC plays an important role in this design. Because of its large dynamic range (80 dB or 13
bits), low order baseband LPF and fixed-gain baseband amplifiers could be used. In addition, the
dynamic range of the AGC system could be relaxed to only 53dB in spite of the fact that the
required dynamic range for the designed receiver is about 100 dB (with margin).
Low noise amplifier (LNA) and variable gain amplifier (VGA) form the AGC system. The 53 dB
dynamic range results from the two gain-stepped LNA and the one gain-stepped VGA. This
configuration makes AGC system simple and efficient.
6. International Journal Of Microwave Engineering (JMICRO) Vol.2, No.2, April 2017
6
( )a
1.60 1.70 1.80 1.90 2.00 2.10
Freq [GHz]
-60.00
-50.00
-40.00
-30.00
-20.00
-10.00
0.00
dB
res 1800 stationary ok4XY Plot 1 ANSOFT
m3
m4 m2Name X Y
m2 1.8800 -5.5976
m3 1.8440 -2.5993
m4 1.8080 -5.7473
( )b
1.80 1.90 2.00 2.10 2.20 2.30 2.40
Freq [GHz]
-60.00
-50.00
-40.00
-30.00
-20.00
-10.00
0.00
dB
res 2100 stationary ok1XY Plot 1 ANSOFT
m3
m1 m2
Name X Y
m2 2.1850 -4.2409
m3 2.1500 -1.8624
m1 2.1050 -4.7334
Figure 4. S11 and S21 simulation results of the designed filter. (a) filter "a". (b) filter "b".
The characteristics of the I/Q down converter affect directly the performance of the receiver. This
converter should have a suitable second order intercept point 2IIP (more than 35 dBm as
specified in table 2) since I/Q down converter dominates the second order distortion in Zero-IF
architecture [13]. The I/Q down converter should offer enough isolation between its ports to
reduce signal leakage. In our design, the DC cancellation was achieved by the I/Q down converter
which offers this feature by means of a signal control coming from the digital domain. Table 3
shows the characteristics of the used amplifiers and I/Q down converter. These amplifiers and I/Q
converter form the RFFE of the receiver.
7. International Journal Of Microwave Engineering (JMICRO) Vol.2, No.2, April 2017
7
Table 3. Specifications of amplifiers and I/Q down converter of the RFFE receiver
Low pass
filter (LPF)
forms the
channel filter in both Zero-IF and Low-IF. Since the bandwidth of the channel in GSM-1800
differs from that in UMTS-2100, the cutoff frequency of the LPF should be tunable to obtain 200
KHz for Low_IF case and 2.5 MHz for Zero-IF. An active fourth order chebyshev filter was
employed in both I and Q channels, and the tunability was accomplished by using switches as
shown in Figure 5.
Block Parameters
LNA
High gain (dB) 11
_ ( )high gainNF dB 2.5
3_ _ ( )high gainIIP dBm 25
Mid gain (dB) 2
_ ( )mid gainNF dB 8
3_ _ ( )mid gainIIP dBm 27.5
Low gain (dB) -12
_ ( )low gainNF dB 21
3_ _ ( )low gainIIP dBm 28
VGA
High gain (dB) 10
_ ( )high gainNF dB 4.5
3_ _ ( )high gainIIP dBm 29
Low gain (dB) -20
_ ( )low gainNF dB 30
3_ _ ( )low gainIIP dBm 59
RFA
Gain (dB) 15
( )NF dB 4
3 ( )IIP dBm 12
BB_ amplifiers
Gain (dB) 36
( )NF dB 28
3 ( )IIP dBm 20
I/Q down
converter
Gain (dB) 2.5
( )NF dB 12.7
3 ( )IIP dBm 25.7
2 ( )IIP dBm 60
RF / LO Isolation (dB)
58
8. International Journal Of Microwave Engineering (JMICRO) Vol.2, No.2, April 2017
8
AMP_BAMP_BBPFB BPFB
LPFB
IN OUT
LO
MIXER_B
TONE
1
2
3
VGA_F
1
2
3
VGA_F
PORTDIN
PORTDOUT
I/Q down
converterLNADiplexer
VGA_TABLE1<<"LNA_File"
VGA_TABLE2<<"RFA_File"
RFA RF BPF VGA LPF
BB
amplifier
LO
Ant.Port Out.PortControl Voltage Control Voltage
+
-
+
-1R 2R
3R 4R
1_UMC 1_GSC
2_UMC 2_GSC
3_GSC
3_UMC
4_GSC
4_UMC1SW
2SW
3SW
4SW
5SW
6SW 7SW 8SW
Figure 5. Tunable LPF circuit.
6. SIMULATION RESULTS
The simulation results for GSM-1800 are presented and compared with the minimum
requirements defined in the GSM-1800 standard.
Figure 6 shows the building receiver. The assigned values to the components' parameters of the
receiver are the same as the real ones to make the simulation closer to the reality. The simulation
results include noise figure, third order input intercept point, sensitivity and blocking
characteristics.
Figure 6. Block diagram of the simulated receiver.
6.1. NOISE FIGURE (NF)
Table 2 shows that the noise figure of the receiver should be less than 7.2 dB. Figure 7 shows the
new value of the NF after each component of the designed receiver, the overall noise figure is 5.7
dB. This value means that the design has a margin of about 1.5 dB.
9. International Journal Of Microwave Engineering (JMICRO) Vol.2, No.2, April 2017
9
NF_Rx
2
3
4
5
6
NF(dB)
BPFB (F1) VGA_F (A1) AMP_B (A11) BPFB (F3) VGA_F (A3) MIXER_B (A7) LPFB (F2) AMP_B (A4)
p1
AMP_B.A4
5.758 dB
LPFB.F2
5.228 dB
MIXER_B.A7
5.228 dB
VGA_F.A3
5.182 dB
BPFB.F3
5.163 dB
AMP_B.A11
5.158 dB
VGA_F.A1
4.804 dB
Receiver's Components
Figure 7. Simulated NF of the receiver.
6.2. THIRD ORDER INPUT INTERCEPT POINT ( 3
IIP )
Table 2 shows that the desired 3
IIP of the receiver is greater than -14.7 dBm. Figure 8 shows the
new value of the 3
IIP after each component of the designed receiver. The overall 3
IIP
is -14.23 dBm which meets the requirement. The resulted 3
IIP indicates that the margin is only
about 0.5 dB. This is because the gain in the RF block was forced to be high to cope with the low
sensitivity defined in UMTS-2100 (-117 dBm [12]).
6.3. SENSITIVITY
The sensitivity of a wireless mobile receiver is defined as the weakest RF signal power that can
be processed to develop a minimum signal-to-noise ratio for achieving a required bit error rate
(BER) by the system [13]. GSM-1800 standard defines the sensitivity as -102 dBm for
BER= 3
10
. The result of simulation is shown in Figure 9. This result indicates that for
min 8CNR dB which meets the specified value of BER [9], the sensitivity of the designed
receiver is -104.7 dBm, and then there is a margin of about 2.7 dB.
10. International Journal Of Microwave Engineering (JMICRO) Vol.2, No.2, April 2017
10
IIP3_Rx
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
IIP3(dBm)
BPFB (F1) VGA_F (A1) AMP_B (A11) BPFB (F3) VGA_F (A3) MIXER_B (A7) LPFB (F2) AMP_B (A4)
p1
AMP_B.A11
3.487 dB BPFB.F3
3.487 dB VGA_F.A3
2.172 dB
LPFB.F2
-6.012 dBMIXER_B.A7
-6.012 dB
AMP_B.A4
-14.23 dB
Receiver's Components
Figure 8. Simulated 3
IIP of the receiver.
-112 -107 -102 -97 -92
Rx Signal Power (dBm)
Receiver Sensitivity
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
CNR(dB)
-104.69 dBm
8 dB
Figure 9. Simulated sensitivity of the receiver.
6.4. BLOCKING CHARACTERISTICS
The blocking requirements set by the standard are shown in table 4, with the condition that the
desired signal level is -99 dBm [12]. Figures 10 and 11 show the allowed interferer's level at the
given offset frequency (from the center frequency) for each value of the carrier to interferer and
noise ratio (CINR). For CINR=8 dB the results of simulation indicate that the proposed receiver
meets the blocking requirements with a good margin.
Table 4. GSM blocking requirements.
Allowed ( )blockingI dBmOffset Frequency (MHz)
-430.6-1.6 MHz
-331.6-3.0 MHz
-26>3 MHz
11. International Journal Of Microwave Engineering (JMICRO) Vol.2, No.2, April 2017
11
-65 -60 -55 -50 -45 -40 -35 -30 -25
Power (dBm)
Blocking Test
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
CINR(dB)
-29.03 dBm
8 dB
-42.12 dBm
8 dB
offset frequency=1.6MHZ
offset frequency=600KHz
Figure 10. Simulated blocking characteristics for offset frequency 1.6 MHz and 600 KHz.
-35 -32 -29 -26 -23 -20 -17 -15
Power (dBm)
Blocking Test
0
5
10
15
CINR(dB)
-19.05 dBm
8 dB
offset frequency=3.1 MHz
Figure 11. Simulated blocking characteristics for an offset frequency more than 3 MHz.
7. CONCLUSION
A dual-standard RF front-end receiver based on reconfigurable dual mode microstrip band pass
filter has been proposed. The specifications of the multi-standard receiver which are suitable for
both GSM-1800 and UMTS-2100 standards were defined. The simulation of the proposed band
pass filter and the characteristics of the other components of the receiver were presented. Finally,
a simulation of the whole system was shown. This simulation shows that the proposed design
meets the required specifications with a good margin for NF, sensitivity and blocking
characteristics.
REFERENCES
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Receiver Front-End with reconfigurable FIR Filtering”, in Proc. ESSCIRC, 2012.
[3] C. Park, J. Yoon, and BummanKiu, “Non-Decimation FIR Filter for Digital RF Sampling Receiver
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AUTHOR
Mahmoud Eissa received both the B.Eng. degree in 2009, and the Master degree in 2015
from HIAST (Higher Institute for Applied Sciences and Technology). His research interests
include Microwave circuit design, reconfigurable microwave resonator and filter design, RF
front-end aspects and multi-standard receivers.