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A presentation on Carcinogens
- 1. MADAN MOHAN MALAVIYAUNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, GORAKHPUR (U.P.) INDIA TOPIC : CARCINOGENS Presented To : Shri Ram Chaurasia Sir (Associate Professor) MMMUT Presented By : Akansha Sinha M. Tech. (1st year) Environmental Engineering (2019013204)
- 2. OBJECTIVES Carcinogens Environmentalfactors causing cancer Carcinogenesis Types of Carcinogens Determination of Carcinogens Various agencies classifying Carcinogens Reduction of exposure to Carcinogens Disposal of Carcinogenic substances
- 3. What is Carcinogen? • A Carcinogen is any substance, radionuclide, or radiation that promotes Carcinogenesis, the formation of cancer. • The definition of Carcinogen proposed by IARC is - a Carcinogen denotes any agent, exposure to which is capable of increasing the incidence of malignant neoplasia (IARC 1993). • CANCER - A disease in which abnormal cells divide uncontrollably and destroy body tissue. • It is the result of changes in a cell’s DNA – its genetic “blueprint.” Some of these changes may be inherited from our parents. Others may be caused by outside exposures.
- 4. Environmental factors causingcancer are : • Lifestyle factors (nutrition, tobacco and alcohol use, physical inactivity, etc.) • Naturally occurring exposures (ultraviolet light, radon gas, infectious agents, etc.) • Medical treatments (radiation and medicines including chemotherapy, hormone drugs, drugs that suppress the immune system, etc.) • Workplace exposures • Household exposures • Pollution
- 5. Carcinogenesis The cancer-generating process called Carcinogenesisis a multi- step process, usually slow, linked to mutagenesis. This process goes through distinct stages such as initiation, promotion and progression.
- 6. Types of Carcinogens: • Chemicals/Substances : Like asbestos in insulation can lead to lung cancer and mesothelioma. • Environmental radiation : Like ultraviolet radiation from the sun is the cause of skin cancer. • Medical radiation : Both radiation used medically for diagnostic tests and that used to treat cancer are considered Carcinogens. • Viruses : Like human papillomaviruses which cause oral cancer and cervical cancer, and hepatitis C, which can cause liver cancer. • Some medications: Some chemotherapy drugs (such as Cytoxan) and hormonal therapy can raise the risk of cancer. • Lifestyle factors: Smoking and obesity are both Carcinogens in that they can be responsible for the mutations which result in cancer. • Pollution: Both outdoor and indoor air may contain pollutants that are Carcinogenic.
- 7. How do researchersdetermine if something is a Carcinogen? For this scientists use lab tests on cell cultures and animals, or epidemiology studies, which look at human populations. What lab studies can show : Almost all Carcinogens are first tested on and found to cause cancer in lab animals then are later found to cause cancer in people. Most studies of potential Carcinogens expose the lab animals to doses that are much higher than common human exposures.
- 8. What Epidemiology studies(studies in people) can show : Epidemiology studies look at different groups of people to determine which factors might be linked to cancer. By combining data from the studies, scientists do their best to make an educated assessment of whether something can cause cancer. When the evidence is conclusive, the exposure or substance is labeled as a Carcinogen. When the available evidence is compelling but not felt to be conclusive, the exposure or substance may be labeled as a probable Carcinogen. When there is limited evidence that is far from being conclusive, the exposure or substance may be labeled as a possible Carcinogen.
- 9. Who determines howCarcinogens are classified? Several national and international agencies review the available evidence to try to determine the cancer-causing potential of different substances.
- 10. International Agency forResearch on Cancer • The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) is the specialized cancer research agency of WHO. • IARC promotes cancer prevention and communicates scientific results to the general public and the media. • IARC has evaluated the cancer-causing potential into these groups: Group 1: Carcinogenic to humans Group 2A: Probably Carcinogenic to humans Group 2B: Possibly Carcinogenic to humans Group 3: Not classifiable as to its Carcinogenicity in humans
- 11. International Agency forResearch on Cancer Group 1: Carcinogenic to humans • Acetaldehyde (from consuming alcoholic beverages) • Alcoholic beverages • Ionizing radiation (all types) • Solar radiation • Tobacco, smokeless • Tobacco smoke, secondhand • Tobacco smoking • Ultraviolet (UV) radiation, including UVA, UVB, and UVC rays • Welding fumes • Wood dust • X- and Gamma-radiation
- 12. National Toxicology Program •The National Toxicology Program (NTP) is formed from parts of several US government agencies, including the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). • The NTP updates its Report on Carcinogens (RoC) every few years. • The Report on Carcinogens identifies 2 groups of agents: Known to be human Carcinogens Reasonably anticipated to be human Carcinogens • The current version of the RoC includes about 250 substances.
- 13. National Toxicology Program14th Report on Carcinogens • Arsenic and inorganic arsenic compounds • Asbestos • Benzene • Beryllium and beryllium compounds • Coal tars • Mineral oils (untreated and mildly treated) • Nickel compounds • Radon • Solar radiation • Ultraviolet (UV) radiation, broad spectrum • Wood dust • X-radiation and gamma radiation
- 14. Other agencies andgroups • The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) • The CDC’s National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) • The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) • The National Cancer Institute (NCI) • California Environmental Protection Agency (CalEPA)
- 15. The American CancerSociety’s role • The American Cancer Society (ACS) contributes in many ways to evaluating how environmental factors affect a person's likelihood of developing cancer. • The ACS does not directly evaluate whether a certain substance or exposure causes cancer. Instead, the ACS looks to national and international organizations such as the NTP and IARC.
- 16. To reduce yourexposure to Carcinogens : Be informed To learn about what may be harmful, check out our list of environmental concerns and chemicals in the workplace. You’ll also find out how to reduce your exposure or protect yourself when you’re around Carcinogens. Make safer decisions For example, avoid idling your vehicle, or dig out weeds at their roots instead of using pesticides. Follow safety instructions when using, storing and disposing of harmful materials or chemicals Read and carefully follow the manufacturers’ directions for safely using and storing hazardous chemicals at home and at work.
- 17. How to disposeoff Carcinogenic substances : Carcinogenic substances should never be disposed of through drains or by evaporation into the atmosphere, nor should they be buried since they might be released later. Carcinogenic substances should be treated in such a way that: • The degradation products are non-toxic and non-Carcinogenic. • The procedures involved for treatment and disposal do not result in exposure to these substances of personnel in charge of the work. • The procedures involved for treatment and disposal do not result in contamination of equipment or space.
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Editor's Notes
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