This document discusses vestibulitis, a condition characterized by focal erythema and sometimes erosion at the junction of the hymen and vestibule. Women with vestibulitis experience pain with sexual intercourse or tampon insertion due to tenderness in the vestibular area. A careful examination looking for erythema or fissures at the hymenal-vestibular junction can help diagnose vestibulitis. Medical therapies for vestibulitis are generally ineffective as the condition renders the vestibular epithelium more susceptible to damage.
The document discusses vulval pain syndrome (VPS), which includes enigmatic causes of vulval pain that comprise a heterogeneous group of women who are difficult to manage. VPS can be classified as dysaesthetic vulvodynia or vestibulodynia. Dysaesthetic vulvodynia involves chronic discomfort characterized by burning, stinging or irritation without visible signs. Vestibulodynia involves severe pain on vestibular touch or entry with tenderness localized within the vestibule. Management of VPS involves vulvar care, topical therapies, oral medications like antidepressants, biofeedback, injections, diet modification and surgery.
Gabor Jozsef Joo - Female urinary incontinenceKatalin Cseh
Female urinary incontinence and genital prolapse affect many women. Common causes include aging, childbirth, and menopause. Symptoms include urinary urgency and leakage. Diagnosis involves medical history, exams, and tests like cystometry. Treatment options include pelvic floor exercises, pessaries, medications, and surgeries like Burch repair, TVT, and vaginal wall repairs. Managing risk factors and treating reversible causes can help address these common women's health issues.
Vaginal discharge is the most common gynecologic complaint encountered. It can be caused by normal physiologic changes, disturbances in vaginal flora, infections like bacterial vaginosis (BV), yeast infections, trichomoniasis, or less commonly sexually transmitted diseases or other issues. A full history and physical exam including diagnostic tests like pH checks and microscopy of discharge can determine the cause. Common causes like BV, yeast, and trichomoniasis are treated with antibiotics or antifungals, while less common issues may require further testing or management.
Up to half of women will develop pelvic organ prolapse during their lifetime, which is caused by weakening of the pelvic floor muscles and fascia due to factors like aging, childbirth, and endocrine changes. Common symptoms include a feeling of pressure or bulge in the vagina. Treatment options range from conservative measures like pessaries and pelvic floor exercises to various surgical repairs depending on the type and severity of prolapse.
This document provides guidelines for the diagnosis and management of endometriosis. It discusses the symptoms of endometriosis and recommends laparoscopy with biopsy as the gold standard for diagnosis. For treatment of pain, it recommends initially treating empirically with adequate analgesia, hormonal contraceptives, progestagens, or GnRH agonists. It provides details on the use of various hormonal options like combined oral contraceptives, progestins, and aromatase inhibitors to reduce endometriosis-associated pain.
Anal warts are small growths inside or around the anus caused by certain types of HPV. They may appear as single or multiple small bumps or cauliflower-like shapes. Risk factors include unprotected sex and multiple partners. Diagnosis involves visual examination and treatment options range from topical creams to cryotherapy or surgery. Prevention includes HPV vaccination and safe sex practices.
The document discusses vulval pain syndrome (VPS), which includes enigmatic causes of vulval pain that comprise a heterogeneous group of women who are difficult to manage. VPS can be classified as dysaesthetic vulvodynia or vestibulodynia. Dysaesthetic vulvodynia involves chronic discomfort characterized by burning, stinging or irritation without visible signs. Vestibulodynia involves severe pain on vestibular touch or entry with tenderness localized within the vestibule. Management of VPS involves vulvar care, topical therapies, oral medications like antidepressants, biofeedback, injections, diet modification and surgery.
Gabor Jozsef Joo - Female urinary incontinenceKatalin Cseh
Female urinary incontinence and genital prolapse affect many women. Common causes include aging, childbirth, and menopause. Symptoms include urinary urgency and leakage. Diagnosis involves medical history, exams, and tests like cystometry. Treatment options include pelvic floor exercises, pessaries, medications, and surgeries like Burch repair, TVT, and vaginal wall repairs. Managing risk factors and treating reversible causes can help address these common women's health issues.
Vaginal discharge is the most common gynecologic complaint encountered. It can be caused by normal physiologic changes, disturbances in vaginal flora, infections like bacterial vaginosis (BV), yeast infections, trichomoniasis, or less commonly sexually transmitted diseases or other issues. A full history and physical exam including diagnostic tests like pH checks and microscopy of discharge can determine the cause. Common causes like BV, yeast, and trichomoniasis are treated with antibiotics or antifungals, while less common issues may require further testing or management.
Up to half of women will develop pelvic organ prolapse during their lifetime, which is caused by weakening of the pelvic floor muscles and fascia due to factors like aging, childbirth, and endocrine changes. Common symptoms include a feeling of pressure or bulge in the vagina. Treatment options range from conservative measures like pessaries and pelvic floor exercises to various surgical repairs depending on the type and severity of prolapse.
This document provides guidelines for the diagnosis and management of endometriosis. It discusses the symptoms of endometriosis and recommends laparoscopy with biopsy as the gold standard for diagnosis. For treatment of pain, it recommends initially treating empirically with adequate analgesia, hormonal contraceptives, progestagens, or GnRH agonists. It provides details on the use of various hormonal options like combined oral contraceptives, progestins, and aromatase inhibitors to reduce endometriosis-associated pain.
Anal warts are small growths inside or around the anus caused by certain types of HPV. They may appear as single or multiple small bumps or cauliflower-like shapes. Risk factors include unprotected sex and multiple partners. Diagnosis involves visual examination and treatment options range from topical creams to cryotherapy or surgery. Prevention includes HPV vaccination and safe sex practices.
Laparoscopy surgery, while minimally invasive, carries risks of complications. Common complications include bowel injury, bleeding, and hernia formation. Bowel injuries can occur from trocars, instruments, or electrocautery and may be difficult to detect, sometimes not appearing for days. Vessel injuries to major blood vessels in the abdomen are also risks. Preventive measures include proper patient positioning, careful trocar placement, and avoiding deep dissection. Neurologic injuries from positioning are rare but possible. The urinary tract is also at risk of injury from instruments. As laparoscopy is used for more complex cases, complication rates can be expected to rise but proper training and awareness of risks can help minimize complications.
Pelvic organ prolapse
Etiology of pelvic organ prolapse
Vaginal vault prolapse
Etiological factors of vault prolapse
Signs and symptoms of vaginal vault prolapse
Diagnosis of vaginal vault prolapse
Treatment measures
Endometriosis is a medical condition where endometrial tissue grows outside the uterus, commonly in the ovaries, fallopian tubes, and pelvic lining. It affects 6-10% of women and causes pain, irregular bleeding, and infertility. The exact cause is unknown but theories include retrograde menstruation, genetic factors, and environmental toxins. Diagnosis involves a medical history, physical exam, ultrasound, MRI, and laparoscopy to visualize lesions. Stages range from minimal to severe based on location, size, and depth of implants. Treatment focuses on pain management and hormone therapy to suppress menstruation. Differential diagnoses include pelvic inflammatory disease, ovarian cysts, and uterine fibroids.
This document discusses bacterial vaginosis (BV) and vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC). It provides information on:
- The normal vaginal flora being dominated by lactobacillus which prevents infection, while BV involves a shift reducing lactobacillus.
- Risk factors, presentations, and treatments for BV including the role of Gardnerella vaginalis biofilms. Recurrence is common.
- Commensal and pathogenic forms of Candida albicans causing VVC. Symptoms, recurrent forms, and treatment with antifungals.
This document discusses Peutz-Jeghers syndrome, a rare genetic disorder characterized by benign polyps in the gastrointestinal tract and pigmentation of the mouth and skin. It is caused by a mutation in a tumor suppressor gene and is inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern. Symptoms may include abdominal pain, blood in the stool, and intestinal blockage. Diagnosis involves family history, clinical examination finding polyps and pigmentation, and genetic testing. Treatment involves surgery to remove polyps and endoscopic screening, while prevention involves genetic counseling.
This document defines interstitial cystitis (IC) and bladder pain syndrome (BPS) as chronic bladder pain and discomfort perceived to be related to the urinary bladder. It discusses the epidemiology, etiology, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of IC/BPS. Regarding treatment, it emphasizes conservative therapies like behavioral modification, physical therapy, and oral medications first before more invasive options like intravesical therapies, cystoscopy, neuromodulation, or in rare cases, surgery. The goal is to avoid surgery if possible and use multiple simultaneous treatments for best outcomes.
Vaginismus is an involuntary spasm of the outer third of the vagina that interferes with sexual intercourse. It has psychological and physical causes and can develop from traumatic experiences, sexual abuse, or religious beliefs. Treatment involves breaking the pain-anxiety cycle through sex education, muscle relaxation exercises, and the gradual insertion of dilators under the woman's control to desensitize the vagina to penetration. The goal is to help the woman feel comfortable owning her body and sharing it through a process that respects her pace and limits anxiety, with success rates of around 90% through systematic desensitization. Surgery is rarely needed and may worsen the condition.
Chronic progressive sclerosing inflammatory dermatosis of unknown origin that results in white plaques with epidermal atrophy and scarring…… Lichen sclerosus. Penile Lichen sclerosus (LS) is the preferred term for Balanitis Xerotica Obliterans.
LNG IUSROLE IN AUB DR. JYOTI BHASKAR Dr Sharda Jain Lifecare Centre
The document discusses the use of the levonorgestrel intrauterine system (LNG IUS) in the treatment of abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB). It provides details on the pharmacokinetics and mechanisms of action of LNG IUS in reducing bleeding. The summary discusses evidence that LNG IUS is more effective than other medical therapies in reducing bleeding, improves quality of life, and has high patient satisfaction. It is an appropriate first-line treatment for many causes of AUB and provides an effective long-acting reversible contraceptive option.
Benign diseases of the uterus and cervixMagda Helmi
Benign diseases of the uterus and cervix are common problems seen in gynecological clinics. The most common myometrial problem is uterine fibroids, which are benign tumors originating from the uterine smooth muscle layer. Other common benign uterine conditions addressed include cervical ectropion, cervical stenosis, endometrial polyps, and Asherman's syndrome. These conditions can present with symptoms like abnormal bleeding or pain and are typically diagnosed by ultrasound, hysteroscopy or dilation and curettage. Treatment options depend on the specific condition but may include medication, surgical procedures, or hormone therapy.
Pseudocyesis, or false pregnancy, refers to a condition where a woman experiences symptoms of pregnancy such as abdominal growth and morning sickness despite not actually being pregnant. It is believed to be caused by psychological or physiological factors that mimic the symptoms of pregnancy. A sonogram or ultrasound is needed to definitively rule out biological pregnancy in cases of suspected pseudocyesis. While symptoms may feel very real to the woman, treatment typically involves counseling or therapy rather than medical intervention for a nonexistent pregnancy.
This document discusses stress urinary incontinence (SUI) in women. It begins by describing the physiology of micturition and defining urinary incontinence. It then describes the different types of urinary incontinence, focusing on stress incontinence. It discusses the anatomy and physiology related to SUI, including the internal and external urethral sphincters. It also covers the etiology, pathophysiology, investigations, and diagnostic tests for SUI. The primary tests discussed are the stress test, Bonney test, Q-tip test, cystometrogram, and urethral pressure profile measurement.
Laparoscopy is useful for diagnosing various gynecologic disorders that cause chronic pelvic pain, including endometriosis, adhesions, ovarian cysts, and pelvic inflammatory disease. It allows for direct visualization of the pelvic organs and structures. While laparoscopy may not find a cause in some cases, abnormalities are detected through laparoscopy in approximately 60% of patients who have undergone other diagnostic evaluations. Laparoscopy is also used therapeutically to treat conditions like ectopic pregnancies and tubo-ovarian abscesses.
Endometriosis is a condition where the uterine lining implants itself in other areas of the pelvis, causing cysts and adhesions. It commonly affects women of reproductive age and causes painful periods, painful intercourse, and infertility. While the causes are unknown, potential factors include genetics, retrograde menstruation, immune problems, and estrogen levels. Diagnosis is usually via laparoscopy surgery. Treatment options include surgical removal of growths, hormonal therapy to suppress menstruation, and pain medication. Endometriosis has no cure but combination therapies can help manage symptoms and fertility issues.
This document provides information on Asherman's syndrome (AS), including:
- AS is an acquired uterine condition caused by scarring inside the uterine cavity from procedures or infections.
- Diagnosis is via hysteroscopy or sonohysterography and symptoms include abnormal bleeding or infertility.
- Treatment involves removing adhesions via hysteroscopy or dilation and curettage, followed by measures to prevent re-adhesion and restoration of the endometrium with hormones or stem cells.
- Prevention focuses on avoiding unnecessary procedures inside the uterus that could cause scarring.
Laparoscopic ovarian surgery can be used to manage most ovarian abnormalities. Key steps in laparoscopic ovarian cystectomy include aspirating cyst contents, stripping the cyst capsule from the ovarian cortex, and extracting the capsule. It is important to avoid injury to nearby structures like the ureter and completely remove the cyst to evaluate for early carcinoma. Outcomes are better when the ovary can be preserved through cystectomy rather than full oophorectomy. Teratomas require especially careful removal of all contents to prevent chemical peritonitis.
1) Adenomyosis is characterized by ectopic endometrial tissue within the myometrium and prevalence increases with age and multiparity.
2) It can contribute to infertility by impairing sperm transport and destruction of the myometrial architecture.
3) MRI is more specific than transvaginal ultrasound in diagnosing adenomyosis based on junctional zone thickness measurements.
4) Prolonged GnRH agonist treatment prior to IVF was found to minimize any adverse effects of adenomyosis on implantation and pregnancy rates.
5) The LNG-IUS and UAE show promise in effectively treating adenomyosis symptoms like heavy bleeding and pain.
Congenital malformation of female reproductive organAnzuBista1
Congenital malformations of the female reproductive system can affect the vagina, cervix, uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries. They develop prenatally due to genetic abnormalities, environmental factors, or unknown causes. Common malformations include uterine anomalies (septate or bicornuate uterus), vaginal abnormalities (septum or stenosis), and cervical abnormalities. Clinical features may include infertility, miscarriage, obstructed labor, or abnormal bleeding. Diagnosis involves medical imaging and internal examination. Many malformations require no treatment, while some are addressed through surgery or dilation. Reproductive outcomes vary depending on the specific anomaly.
This document discusses fungal vulvovaginal infections, including candidiasis (yeast infection). It covers the vaginal environment and factors that can lead to infection. Candida albicans is noted as the most common cause of vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC). Symptoms, diagnosis, classification as uncomplicated or complicated VVC, and treatment recommendations including topical and oral antifungal agents are summarized. Recurrent and severe VVC require longer treatment courses and consideration of maintenance therapy.
Este documento habla sobre la vulvodinia y sus síntomas como dolor, picazón y ardor en la vulva que pueden ser desesperantes e irritantes al caminar, sentarse o tener relaciones sexuales. Recomienda evitar la ropa interior muy ajustada o perfumada, duchas vaginales y falta de higiene personal. Aconseja que si se presentan estos síntomas, la persona no pierda tiempo y consulte a un ginecólogo para tratar cualquier malestar a tiempo antes de que pueda desarrollarse un cáncer.
The document discusses the diagnosis of syphilis through various testing methods. Dark field microscopy can detect Treponema pallidum in lesions during primary or secondary syphilis. Non-treponemal tests like VDRL and RPR are screening tests but have low sensitivity in early and late syphilis. Treponemal specific tests like FTA-Abs are used to confirm syphilis diagnosis when non-treponemal tests are reactive. Both types of tests are used at different stages of syphilis to make or confirm the diagnosis.
Laparoscopy surgery, while minimally invasive, carries risks of complications. Common complications include bowel injury, bleeding, and hernia formation. Bowel injuries can occur from trocars, instruments, or electrocautery and may be difficult to detect, sometimes not appearing for days. Vessel injuries to major blood vessels in the abdomen are also risks. Preventive measures include proper patient positioning, careful trocar placement, and avoiding deep dissection. Neurologic injuries from positioning are rare but possible. The urinary tract is also at risk of injury from instruments. As laparoscopy is used for more complex cases, complication rates can be expected to rise but proper training and awareness of risks can help minimize complications.
Pelvic organ prolapse
Etiology of pelvic organ prolapse
Vaginal vault prolapse
Etiological factors of vault prolapse
Signs and symptoms of vaginal vault prolapse
Diagnosis of vaginal vault prolapse
Treatment measures
Endometriosis is a medical condition where endometrial tissue grows outside the uterus, commonly in the ovaries, fallopian tubes, and pelvic lining. It affects 6-10% of women and causes pain, irregular bleeding, and infertility. The exact cause is unknown but theories include retrograde menstruation, genetic factors, and environmental toxins. Diagnosis involves a medical history, physical exam, ultrasound, MRI, and laparoscopy to visualize lesions. Stages range from minimal to severe based on location, size, and depth of implants. Treatment focuses on pain management and hormone therapy to suppress menstruation. Differential diagnoses include pelvic inflammatory disease, ovarian cysts, and uterine fibroids.
This document discusses bacterial vaginosis (BV) and vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC). It provides information on:
- The normal vaginal flora being dominated by lactobacillus which prevents infection, while BV involves a shift reducing lactobacillus.
- Risk factors, presentations, and treatments for BV including the role of Gardnerella vaginalis biofilms. Recurrence is common.
- Commensal and pathogenic forms of Candida albicans causing VVC. Symptoms, recurrent forms, and treatment with antifungals.
This document discusses Peutz-Jeghers syndrome, a rare genetic disorder characterized by benign polyps in the gastrointestinal tract and pigmentation of the mouth and skin. It is caused by a mutation in a tumor suppressor gene and is inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern. Symptoms may include abdominal pain, blood in the stool, and intestinal blockage. Diagnosis involves family history, clinical examination finding polyps and pigmentation, and genetic testing. Treatment involves surgery to remove polyps and endoscopic screening, while prevention involves genetic counseling.
This document defines interstitial cystitis (IC) and bladder pain syndrome (BPS) as chronic bladder pain and discomfort perceived to be related to the urinary bladder. It discusses the epidemiology, etiology, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of IC/BPS. Regarding treatment, it emphasizes conservative therapies like behavioral modification, physical therapy, and oral medications first before more invasive options like intravesical therapies, cystoscopy, neuromodulation, or in rare cases, surgery. The goal is to avoid surgery if possible and use multiple simultaneous treatments for best outcomes.
Vaginismus is an involuntary spasm of the outer third of the vagina that interferes with sexual intercourse. It has psychological and physical causes and can develop from traumatic experiences, sexual abuse, or religious beliefs. Treatment involves breaking the pain-anxiety cycle through sex education, muscle relaxation exercises, and the gradual insertion of dilators under the woman's control to desensitize the vagina to penetration. The goal is to help the woman feel comfortable owning her body and sharing it through a process that respects her pace and limits anxiety, with success rates of around 90% through systematic desensitization. Surgery is rarely needed and may worsen the condition.
Chronic progressive sclerosing inflammatory dermatosis of unknown origin that results in white plaques with epidermal atrophy and scarring…… Lichen sclerosus. Penile Lichen sclerosus (LS) is the preferred term for Balanitis Xerotica Obliterans.
LNG IUSROLE IN AUB DR. JYOTI BHASKAR Dr Sharda Jain Lifecare Centre
The document discusses the use of the levonorgestrel intrauterine system (LNG IUS) in the treatment of abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB). It provides details on the pharmacokinetics and mechanisms of action of LNG IUS in reducing bleeding. The summary discusses evidence that LNG IUS is more effective than other medical therapies in reducing bleeding, improves quality of life, and has high patient satisfaction. It is an appropriate first-line treatment for many causes of AUB and provides an effective long-acting reversible contraceptive option.
Benign diseases of the uterus and cervixMagda Helmi
Benign diseases of the uterus and cervix are common problems seen in gynecological clinics. The most common myometrial problem is uterine fibroids, which are benign tumors originating from the uterine smooth muscle layer. Other common benign uterine conditions addressed include cervical ectropion, cervical stenosis, endometrial polyps, and Asherman's syndrome. These conditions can present with symptoms like abnormal bleeding or pain and are typically diagnosed by ultrasound, hysteroscopy or dilation and curettage. Treatment options depend on the specific condition but may include medication, surgical procedures, or hormone therapy.
Pseudocyesis, or false pregnancy, refers to a condition where a woman experiences symptoms of pregnancy such as abdominal growth and morning sickness despite not actually being pregnant. It is believed to be caused by psychological or physiological factors that mimic the symptoms of pregnancy. A sonogram or ultrasound is needed to definitively rule out biological pregnancy in cases of suspected pseudocyesis. While symptoms may feel very real to the woman, treatment typically involves counseling or therapy rather than medical intervention for a nonexistent pregnancy.
This document discusses stress urinary incontinence (SUI) in women. It begins by describing the physiology of micturition and defining urinary incontinence. It then describes the different types of urinary incontinence, focusing on stress incontinence. It discusses the anatomy and physiology related to SUI, including the internal and external urethral sphincters. It also covers the etiology, pathophysiology, investigations, and diagnostic tests for SUI. The primary tests discussed are the stress test, Bonney test, Q-tip test, cystometrogram, and urethral pressure profile measurement.
Laparoscopy is useful for diagnosing various gynecologic disorders that cause chronic pelvic pain, including endometriosis, adhesions, ovarian cysts, and pelvic inflammatory disease. It allows for direct visualization of the pelvic organs and structures. While laparoscopy may not find a cause in some cases, abnormalities are detected through laparoscopy in approximately 60% of patients who have undergone other diagnostic evaluations. Laparoscopy is also used therapeutically to treat conditions like ectopic pregnancies and tubo-ovarian abscesses.
Endometriosis is a condition where the uterine lining implants itself in other areas of the pelvis, causing cysts and adhesions. It commonly affects women of reproductive age and causes painful periods, painful intercourse, and infertility. While the causes are unknown, potential factors include genetics, retrograde menstruation, immune problems, and estrogen levels. Diagnosis is usually via laparoscopy surgery. Treatment options include surgical removal of growths, hormonal therapy to suppress menstruation, and pain medication. Endometriosis has no cure but combination therapies can help manage symptoms and fertility issues.
This document provides information on Asherman's syndrome (AS), including:
- AS is an acquired uterine condition caused by scarring inside the uterine cavity from procedures or infections.
- Diagnosis is via hysteroscopy or sonohysterography and symptoms include abnormal bleeding or infertility.
- Treatment involves removing adhesions via hysteroscopy or dilation and curettage, followed by measures to prevent re-adhesion and restoration of the endometrium with hormones or stem cells.
- Prevention focuses on avoiding unnecessary procedures inside the uterus that could cause scarring.
Laparoscopic ovarian surgery can be used to manage most ovarian abnormalities. Key steps in laparoscopic ovarian cystectomy include aspirating cyst contents, stripping the cyst capsule from the ovarian cortex, and extracting the capsule. It is important to avoid injury to nearby structures like the ureter and completely remove the cyst to evaluate for early carcinoma. Outcomes are better when the ovary can be preserved through cystectomy rather than full oophorectomy. Teratomas require especially careful removal of all contents to prevent chemical peritonitis.
1) Adenomyosis is characterized by ectopic endometrial tissue within the myometrium and prevalence increases with age and multiparity.
2) It can contribute to infertility by impairing sperm transport and destruction of the myometrial architecture.
3) MRI is more specific than transvaginal ultrasound in diagnosing adenomyosis based on junctional zone thickness measurements.
4) Prolonged GnRH agonist treatment prior to IVF was found to minimize any adverse effects of adenomyosis on implantation and pregnancy rates.
5) The LNG-IUS and UAE show promise in effectively treating adenomyosis symptoms like heavy bleeding and pain.
Congenital malformation of female reproductive organAnzuBista1
Congenital malformations of the female reproductive system can affect the vagina, cervix, uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries. They develop prenatally due to genetic abnormalities, environmental factors, or unknown causes. Common malformations include uterine anomalies (septate or bicornuate uterus), vaginal abnormalities (septum or stenosis), and cervical abnormalities. Clinical features may include infertility, miscarriage, obstructed labor, or abnormal bleeding. Diagnosis involves medical imaging and internal examination. Many malformations require no treatment, while some are addressed through surgery or dilation. Reproductive outcomes vary depending on the specific anomaly.
This document discusses fungal vulvovaginal infections, including candidiasis (yeast infection). It covers the vaginal environment and factors that can lead to infection. Candida albicans is noted as the most common cause of vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC). Symptoms, diagnosis, classification as uncomplicated or complicated VVC, and treatment recommendations including topical and oral antifungal agents are summarized. Recurrent and severe VVC require longer treatment courses and consideration of maintenance therapy.
Este documento habla sobre la vulvodinia y sus síntomas como dolor, picazón y ardor en la vulva que pueden ser desesperantes e irritantes al caminar, sentarse o tener relaciones sexuales. Recomienda evitar la ropa interior muy ajustada o perfumada, duchas vaginales y falta de higiene personal. Aconseja que si se presentan estos síntomas, la persona no pierda tiempo y consulte a un ginecólogo para tratar cualquier malestar a tiempo antes de que pueda desarrollarse un cáncer.
The document discusses the diagnosis of syphilis through various testing methods. Dark field microscopy can detect Treponema pallidum in lesions during primary or secondary syphilis. Non-treponemal tests like VDRL and RPR are screening tests but have low sensitivity in early and late syphilis. Treponemal specific tests like FTA-Abs are used to confirm syphilis diagnosis when non-treponemal tests are reactive. Both types of tests are used at different stages of syphilis to make or confirm the diagnosis.
Este documento describe las enfermedades benignas más comunes de la vulva y la vagina. Estas incluyen infecciones como la vaginosis bacteriana, la candidiasis y la tricomoniasis, así como condiciones no infecciosas como el liquen escleroso, el liquen plano y la dermatitis vulvar. El documento proporciona detalles sobre los síntomas, causas, diagnóstico y tratamiento de cada afección.
The document discusses several diseases that can affect the vulva, including Bartholin's gland cysts and abscesses, Herpes vulvitis, Molluscum contagiosum, HPV warts, Tinea cruris, lichen sclerosis, Paget's disease, vulvar hematoma, primary syphilis, condyloma lata, chancroid, lymphogranuloma venereum, and granuloma inguinale. For each condition, it describes symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment options.
This document discusses the differential diagnosis and management of vulvovaginal disorders. It begins by categorizing common conditions into infections (trichomoniasis, bacterial vaginosis, vulvovaginal candidiasis), skin conditions (fungal vulvitis, contact dermatitis, vulvar dermatoses), and psychogenic causes. It then provides detailed guidelines on evaluating, diagnosing, and treating specific infections like trichomoniasis, bacterial vaginosis, and vulvovaginal candidiasis. It also reviews vulvar conditions like lichen sclerosus, contact dermatitis, and classifications of vulvar dermatoses.
Este documento describe varios tipos de tumores benignos que pueden desarrollarse en el aparato genital femenino, incluidos quistes, pólipos, fibromas y condilomas. Muchos de estos tumores son asintomáticos, pero algunos pueden causar hemorragias, dolor o infecciones. El tratamiento suele ser la extirpación quirúrgica para aliviar los síntomas y descartar la posibilidad de malignidad.
This document summarizes various causes of vaginal itching and discharge and their treatments. It discusses yeast, bacterial vaginosis, trichomoniasis, contact dermatitis, pubic lice, HPV, and several types of vulvar dystrophy as potential causes. Topical and oral antifungal agents are recommended for treating yeast. Flagyl, clindamycin, or amoxicillin can treat bacterial vaginosis. Flagyl is used to treat trichomoniasis. Further evaluation including wet mounts, cultures or biopsies may be needed to diagnose other conditions.
Vulvar cancer accounts for about 5% of cancers of the female genital system in the US. Possible signs include bleeding, itching, lumps or growths on the vulva, skin color changes, or ulcers. Risk factors include HPV infection, smoking, and precancerous skin conditions. Treatment depends on stage but may involve surgery to remove the tumor and nearby lymph nodes, radiation therapy, or chemoradiation. Side effects can include skin irritation in the vulvar area, as well as urinary and bowel issues. Overall survival rates vary from over 80% for local stage to under 20% for distant stage disease.
This document summarizes research about female circumcision practices in 2014 at the University of Bahri in Sudan. It includes an introduction describing female genital mutilation and its prevalence in Africa. It then lists the students who conducted the research and provides an overview of the document contents and objectives of the study which are to assess knowledge, attitudes and practices of female circumcision among female students aged 18-30 at the university. It also aims to identify common procedures, reduce harmful practices, and estimate doctors' willingness to stop such procedures.
Benign & precancerous tumors of female genitale organsRuslan Migorianu
The document discusses several benign and precancerous tumors that can occur in female genital organs. It describes urethral caruncles as small fleshy growths on the urethra that are more common in postmenopausal women. It also discusses cysts, fibromas, lipomas and other benign tumors that can occur on the vulva, vagina and cervix. It provides details on cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) which is a precursor to cervical cancer and notes various risk factors for its development.
This document discusses urinary tract injuries that can occur during laparoscopic gynecological surgery. It notes that bladder injury is the most common major complication. Prevention strategies include catheterization before trocar insertion, using the lowest effective power for electrosurgery, and identifying bladder boundaries. Injuries may be recognized intraoperatively through direct visualization, cystoscopy, or instilling dye. Postoperative recognition involves symptoms like pain and hematuria. Management often involves laparoscopic repair by a gynecologist or urologist to avoid additional morbidity of laparotomy.
This study retrospectively analyzed 65 cases of unusual ectopic pregnancies out of 1000 total ectopic pregnancy cases over a 10-year period. The study found that ovarian pregnancies were associated with intrauterine device placement and pelvic inflammatory diseases. Extratubal ectopic pregnancies like those in the ovaries, cervix, and abdomen presented more serious symptoms and had higher misdiagnosis rates than tubal pregnancies. Most unusual ectopic pregnancies required surgery for treatment, though some early cervical and corneal pregnancies were treated with conservative methods like mifepristone and methotrexate or curettage.
This document discusses the role of tubal patency tests and tubal surgery in the era of assisted reproductive techniques. It reviews evidence on various tubal patency tests like laparoscopy, hysterosalpingogram, hysterosalpingo contrast sonography, and their advantages and limitations. While laparoscopy is considered the gold standard, it requires general anesthesia and carries surgical risks. Hysterosalpingogram is widely available but less accurate and exposes patients to radiation. Hysterosalpingo contrast sonography provides images without radiation but may be limited in some patients. The document concludes that in vitro fertilization has largely replaced tubal surgery as it offers better success rates and can be done on an out
This document summarizes recent advances in endocrine therapy for breast cancer. Key findings from clinical trials show that aromatase inhibitors are superior to tamoxifen for postmenopausal women, 10 years of tamoxifen is better than 5 years for premenopausal women, and combining mTOR inhibitors like everolimus with hormonal therapies improves outcomes. New trials also found fulvestrant works as well as aromatase inhibitors for first-line metastatic disease. Combining fulvestrant and exemestane was more effective than single agents. Exemestane was also found to reduce invasive breast cancers in prevention settings.
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the effects of various maternal, fetal, and technical factors on the accuracy of sonographic fetal weight estimation (SFWE). The study analyzed over 9,000 SFWEs performed within a week of delivery. It found that several maternal factors, including higher weight, height, BMI, older age, diabetes, and multiparity were associated with underestimation of fetal weight. Fetal factors like male sex were also linked to underestimation, while breech presentation slightly improved accuracy. Experience level of the sonographer had little effect. Overall, the models assessed explained less than 10% of errors, suggesting most inaccuracy comes from limitations of SFWE formulas themselves.
This study examined the effects of mechanical cervical dilation using laminaria tents for women with premature rupture of membranes (PROM) at term. The study compared outcomes between women who received laminaria tent insertion for unfavorable cervical ripening prior to 2010 (group 1) and women managed without laminaria tents after 2010 (group 2). The results found no significant differences between the groups in maternal and neonatal outcomes such as infection rates, time to delivery, Apgar scores, or umbilical cord pH levels. Mechanical cervical dilation did not increase infection risks or improve perinatal prognosis, providing no clear benefits for women with PROM at term.
This document discusses selective progesterone receptor modulators (SPRM) and their uses in gynecology. It provides background on the initial development of mifepristone as a progesterone receptor antagonist in the 1980s. More recently, ulipristal acetate, a SPRM, has been licensed for emergency contraception and as a preoperative treatment for uterine fibroids. The document outlines the mechanism of action of SPRMs as having mixed agonist and antagonist effects on progesterone receptors. It also summarizes recent clinical trials showing ulipristal acetate to be an effective alternative to gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogues for preoperative treatment of uterine fibroids, with reduced side effect profiles compared to analogues.
This study assessed satisfaction in 89 women who underwent concurrent pelvic organ prolapse (POP) repair and midurethral sling placement to treat stress urinary incontinence (SUI). At the 1-year follow-up, 72% of patients had complete cure of both POP and SUI, while 17% and 10% had persistent SUI or POP respectively. Overall, 88% reported being satisfied. Patients who achieved complete cure of both conditions had a 95% satisfaction rate, while 40% were dissatisfied if SUI was not cured and 22% if POP was not cured. The only outcome measure correlated with satisfaction was improvement in vaginal bulge symptoms. The study highlights the complex relationship between surgical outcomes and patient
1) The document discusses retinoids, which are known to be teratogenic when used during pregnancy. Isotretinoin in particular is used to treat severe acne but has significant risks of causing fetal malformations.
2) When isotretinoin is prescribed to women of childbearing age, a pregnancy prevention programme is implemented to prevent exposure during treatment and for at least one month after. However, pregnancies still occasionally occur despite these measures.
3) The main teratogenic effects of isotretinoin exposure during pregnancy include craniofacial, central nervous system, cardiovascular and thymic abnormalities in the developing fetus. Management of pregnancies with recent isotretinoin exposure involves counseling and potential
This study assessed resilience, depressed mood, and menopausal symptoms in 169 postmenopausal women aged 48-68 years. 45% of women had depressed mood and 35% had severe menopausal symptoms. Women with less resilience had higher depressed mood scores and more severe menopausal symptoms. Multiple regression identified two models: 1) Resilience scores correlated inversely with depressed mood and positively with regular exercise. 2) Depressed mood scores correlated positively with somatic and psychological menopausal symptom scores and inversely with resilience. This study suggests depressed mood and menopausal symptoms are associated with lower resilience in postmenopausal women, while exercise is linked to higher resilience.
This document discusses risk factors for early childhood obesity from a prenatal care perspective. It identifies several risk factors that occur before or immediately after birth, including maternal obesity, excessive weight gain during pregnancy, smoking during pregnancy, and bottle feeding rather than breastfeeding. The document provides evidence from multiple studies on how each of these factors increases the risk of a child being overweight or obese. It emphasizes that prenatal care provides an opportunity for healthcare providers to educate mothers on these risks and support behaviors like maintaining a healthy weight, smoking cessation, limiting weight gain during pregnancy, and breastfeeding to help decrease the likelihood of early childhood obesity.
Nerve injuries are a common complication of gynaecological surgery, occurring in 1.1-1.9% of cases. The femoral, ilioinguinal, pudendal, obturator, lateral cutaneous, iliohypogastric and genitofemoral nerves are most commonly injured during surgery due to patient mal-positioning, incorrect retractor placement, haematoma formation, or direct nerve entrapment or transection. While most neuropathies resolve with conservative management, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors or other medications may help manage painful neuropathies.
This document discusses progress towards Millennium Development Goal 4 (MDG4) of reducing child mortality. While overall progress has been made, neonatal mortality rates have declined more slowly. Simple, low-cost interventions like kangaroo mother care, neonatal resuscitation, and breastfeeding can significantly reduce neonatal deaths. However, implementation faces barriers like lack of healthcare workers, cultural practices, financial barriers to care, and poor quality of services. Political will is needed to fully achieve MDG4 targets through strengthened health systems and addressing inequities between regions.
This document discusses litigation in the field of gynaecology. It begins by noting that obstetrics and gynaecology has a reputation as a highly litigious specialty. It then discusses some of the common reasons why doctors are sued, including accountability, the need for explanation, concern over standards of care, and compensation. The document outlines the typical stages of a medical claim and summarizes several important legal cases that have influenced medico-legal rulings. It also discusses factors that commonly lead to claims in gynaecology, such as issues with consent, sterilization procedures, and laparoscopic surgeries.
This study examined the effects of adding estradiol valerate (EV) to clomiphene citrate (CC)-stimulated cycles on endometrial thickness. Thirty women received CC for ovulation induction in two treatment cycles, with one group also receiving a placebo and the other group receiving additional EV. While CC alone slightly reduced endometrial thickness, the addition of EV significantly increased thickness compared to CC with placebo. EV especially improved endometrial thickness in women where CC caused thinning, but had little effect where thickness was normal with CC alone. Other measures of folliculogenesis and ovulation were unaffected by EV. The study concluded EV prevents CC-induced endometrial thinning without disrupting the ovulation process.
This document reviews studies that have assessed the biomechanical properties of the uterine cervix during pregnancy using various quantitative methods. It discusses how elastography techniques have been applied to measure cervical deformability but have not demonstrated an ability to predict delivery timing. Measurement of maximum cervical deformability (cervical consistency index) provided more meaningful results, showing increased compliance with gestational age. Aspiration measurements also found a progressive decrease in cervical stiffness along gestation. Cervical consistency index and aspiration measurements are promising for quantitative assessment of changing cervical biomechanics during pregnancy.
This document discusses how functional echocardiography can assess cardiac function in fetuses with non-cardiac diseases or conditions that impact the fetus. It provides details on:
1) How ultrasound can evaluate various aspects of fetal cardiac function like cardiac output, size, contractility, and diastolic function.
2) Examples of conditions that can alter fetal hemodynamics like intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), tumors, twin-twin transfusion syndrome, and maternal diabetes. In IUGR, changes in the umbilical artery and ductus venosus occur as placental function declines.
3) Insights from evaluating these conditions, such as how IUGR fetuses develop a dominant left
This document summarizes a presentation on whether incidental findings from prenatal testing should always be reported to patients. It discusses the case for reporting all incidental findings by defining what incidental findings are and outlining the purpose and goals of prenatal diagnosis. It then applies principles of medical ethics including autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, and justice to argue that incidental findings of known clinical significance that are actionable should be reported. It acknowledges the difficulty of incidental findings of unknown significance but still argues they should be shared with parents so they can make informed decisions. Finally, it addresses concerns about discovering late-onset untreatable diseases and risks of anxiety, but concludes that an ethical approach is to
This document discusses the potential for noninvasive prenatal DNA testing (NIDT) to become the standard screening test for Down syndrome in all pregnant women. It presents perspectives both for and against this proposition. Those in favor argue that NIDT has higher accuracy and lower risk than current invasive screening tests, so it respects patient autonomy and informed choice better. However, others are more cautious and want more data on costs and outcomes before widely implementing NIDT as the standard of care for all pregnancies. Overall the debate centers on whether NIDT should replace current screening paradigms or be offered as an additional option based on its advantages over existing tests.
This cross-sectional study examined gestational weight gain and perinatal outcomes in 1462 pregnant women in southern India. The study found that 37.41% of women gained less than the recommended weight based on IOM guidelines, while 21.41% gained more. Less than optimal weight gain was associated with a higher risk of preterm delivery (adjusted odds ratio 3.58). However, gestational weight gain was not significantly associated with other maternal or neonatal outcomes. This suggests the IOM guidelines may not be an appropriate standard for monitoring gestational weight gain in this population.
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Travel vaccination in Manchester offers comprehensive immunization services for individuals planning international trips. Expert healthcare providers administer vaccines tailored to your destination, ensuring you stay protected against various diseases. Conveniently located clinics and flexible appointment options make it easy to get the necessary shots before your journey. Stay healthy and travel with confidence by getting vaccinated in Manchester. Visit us: www.nxhealthcare.co.uk
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Giloy in Ayurveda - Classical Categorization and SynonymsPlanet Ayurveda
Giloy, also known as Guduchi or Amrita in classical Ayurvedic texts, is a revered herb renowned for its myriad health benefits. It is categorized as a Rasayana, meaning it has rejuvenating properties that enhance vitality and longevity. Giloy is celebrated for its ability to boost the immune system, detoxify the body, and promote overall wellness. Its anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and antioxidant properties make it a staple in managing conditions like fever, diabetes, and stress. The versatility and efficacy of Giloy in supporting health naturally highlight its importance in Ayurveda. At Planet Ayurveda, we provide a comprehensive range of health services and 100% herbal supplements that harness the power of natural ingredients like Giloy. Our products are globally available and affordable, ensuring that everyone can benefit from the ancient wisdom of Ayurveda. If you or your loved ones are dealing with health issues, contact Planet Ayurveda at 01725214040 to book an online video consultation with our professional doctors. Let us help you achieve optimal health and wellness naturally.
5-hydroxytryptamine or 5-HT or Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that serves a range of roles in the human body. It is sometimes referred to as the happy chemical since it promotes overall well-being and happiness.
It is mostly found in the brain, intestines, and blood platelets.
5-HT is utilised to transport messages between nerve cells, is known to be involved in smooth muscle contraction, and adds to overall well-being and pleasure, among other benefits. 5-HT regulates the body's sleep-wake cycles and internal clock by acting as a precursor to melatonin.
It is hypothesised to regulate hunger, emotions, motor, cognitive, and autonomic processes.
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Osvaldo Bernardo Muchanga-GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS AND GASTRITIS-2024.pdfOsvaldo Bernardo Muchanga
GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS AND GASTRITIS
Osvaldo Bernardo Muchanga
Gastrointestinal Infections
GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS result from the ingestion of pathogens that cause infections at the level of this tract, generally being transmitted by food, water and hands contaminated by microorganisms such as E. coli, Salmonella, Shigella, Vibrio cholerae, Campylobacter, Staphylococcus, Rotavirus among others that are generally contained in feces, thus configuring a FECAL-ORAL type of transmission.
Among the factors that lead to the occurrence of gastrointestinal infections are the hygienic and sanitary deficiencies that characterize our markets and other places where raw or cooked food is sold, poor environmental sanitation in communities, deficiencies in water treatment (or in the process of its plumbing), risky hygienic-sanitary habits (not washing hands after major and/or minor needs), among others.
These are generally consequences (signs and symptoms) resulting from gastrointestinal infections: diarrhea, vomiting, fever and malaise, among others.
The treatment consists of replacing lost liquids and electrolytes (drinking drinking water and other recommended liquids, including consumption of juicy fruits such as papayas, apples, pears, among others that contain water in their composition).
To prevent this, it is necessary to promote health education, improve the hygienic-sanitary conditions of markets and communities in general as a way of promoting, preserving and prolonging PUBLIC HEALTH.
Gastritis and Gastric Health
Gastric Health is one of the most relevant concerns in human health, with gastrointestinal infections being among the main illnesses that affect humans.
Among gastric problems, we have GASTRITIS AND GASTRIC ULCERS as the main public health problems. Gastritis and gastric ulcers normally result from inflammation and corrosion of the walls of the stomach (gastric mucosa) and are generally associated (caused) by the bacterium Helicobacter pylor, which, according to the literature, this bacterium settles on these walls (of the stomach) and starts to release urease that ends up altering the normal pH of the stomach (acid), which leads to inflammation and corrosion of the mucous membranes and consequent gastritis or ulcers, respectively.
In addition to bacterial infections, gastritis and gastric ulcers are associated with several factors, with emphasis on prolonged fasting, chemical substances including drugs, alcohol, foods with strong seasonings including chilli, which ends up causing inflammation of the stomach walls and/or corrosion. of the same, resulting in the appearance of wounds and consequent gastritis or ulcers, respectively.
Among patients with gastritis and/or ulcers, one of the dilemmas is associated with the foods to consume in order to minimize the sensation of pain and discomfort.
“Psychiatry and the Humanities”: An Innovative Course at the University of Mo...Université de Montréal
“Psychiatry and the Humanities”: An Innovative Course at the University of Montreal Expanding the medical model to embrace the humanities. Link: https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/view/-psychiatry-and-the-humanities-an-innovative-course-at-the-university-of-montreal
1. A practical approach to
vestibulitis
ed ia
a lt hM
e n He only
owd se
ht D rsonal u
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Copyr For pe
Women who have vestibulitis have evidence of focal erythema
and, sometimes, focal erosion at the junction of the hymen and
vestibule. In addition, some patients exhibit vestibular fissures.
52 OBG Management | May 2009 | Vol. 21 No. 5
For mass reproduction, content licensing and permissions contact Dowden Health Media.
2. and vulvodynia
Draw a few basic distinctions and apply simple
strategies to aid your diagnosis and management
of these all-too-common conditions
CASE
David Soper, MD
No relief, despite multiple therapies
Dr. Soper is Professor of Obstetrics
and Gynecology and Vice Chairman A 20-year-old woman is referred to your practice for evalu-
for Clinical Affairs at the Medical ation of persistent dyspareunia. She describes the pain as
University of South Carolina in
“excruciating” and reports that it occurs with attempted IN THIS
Charleston, SC.
ARTICLE
penile insertion.
The author reports no financial
Her symptoms began 1 year ago when she noted some Cyclic vulvovaginitis
relationships relevant to this article.
postcoital soreness at the introitus, as well as external dys- can lead to
uria. The symptoms have become so pronounced that she
dyspareunia
now avoids sexual intercourse altogether. She experiences
page 54
similar pain when she inserts a tampon, wears tight jeans,
or rides a bicycle. She has no history of recurrent vaginitis.
One, simple question
So far, she has tried, sequentially, topical steroids,
vitamin D ointment, topical gabapentin, and oral amitripty-
can aid the diagnosis
line—without improvement.
of vestibulitis
What is the differential diagnosis? And what can you page 56
do to ease her pain?
Essential vulvodynia
responds to medical
A
lthough vulvar pain has many causes, women
who have a chronic vulvar pain syndrome gen- therapy
MOLLY BORMAN FOR OBG MANAGEMENT
erally fall into one of three diagnostic categories page 60
(i.e., McKay’s patterns):
• cyclic vulvovaginal candidiasis
›› SHARE YOUR COMMENTS
How would you diagnose and • vestibulitis
manage the patient described on • essential vulvodynia.1
this page? Drop us a line and let In this case, the diagnosis is vestibulitis, which is
us know.
marked by focal erythema and, in some cases, focal ero-
E-MAIL obg@dowdenhealth.com
sion at the junction of the hymen and vestibule. Clinical
FAX 201-391-2778
findings in women who have vestibulitis are often subtle,
but can be detected with careful examination. CONTINUED ON PA GE 54
o b g m a n a ge me n t .c om Vol. 21 No. 5 | May 2009 | OBG Management 53
3. Vestibulitis and vulvodynia
TABLE How vulvar pain Anatomy of the vulva
is classified The first step in adopting a practical approach
to vulvar pain is developing familiarity with
Generalized
vulvar anatomy. I find it useful to divide the
Involvement of the entire vulva
vulvovaginal anatomy into three discrete areas:
• Provoked (sexual contact, nonsexual
contact, or both) • vulva
• Unprovoked (spontaneous) • vestibule
• Mixed (provoked and unprovoked) • vagina.
The vulvar integument is keratinized and
Localized
Involvement of a portion, or component, contains hair follicles and apocrine glands.
of the vulva, e.g., vestibulodynia, clitorodynia, The epithelium of the vestibule, on the other
hemivulvodynia, etc. hand, is similar to the buccal mucosa: non-
• Provoked (sexual contact, nonsexual keratinized and usually moist, with no ad-
contact, or both) nexal structures. This highly innervated area
• Unprovoked extends from the hymenal ring to Hart’s line
• Mixed (provoked or unprovoked)
(FIGURE 1) and is the primary site of concern
International Society for the Study of Vulvar Diseases13 in women who have a vulvar pain syndrome.
The vagina begins at the hymenal ring
and extends proximally to the cervix. The
FIGURE 1Physical findings may vagina is uniformly normal in patients who
be subtle complain of chronic vulvar pain unless yeast
vaginitis is one of the causes.
Areas of
erythema Cyclic vulvovaginitis can
lead to dyspareunia
When they relapse, Women who have cyclic vulvovaginal can-
women who have didiasis initially complain of symptoms of
cyclic vulvovaginitis yeast vaginitis, e.g., vulvovaginal itching and
tend to experience a cheesy white vaginal discharge. Most wom-
en experience infrequent episodes of yeast
mild irritative
Hart’s line vaginitis, but those who have cyclic candidi-
symptoms and
asis relapse after a short course of topical or
a new complaint of
When vestibulitis is suspected, look for areas of systemic antifungal therapy. When they re-
entry dyspareunia erythema or fissuring at the junction of the hymen
lapse, they tend to experience mild irritative
and vestibule and explore the entire vestibule out
to Hart’s line. symptoms and de novo entry dyspareunia.
PHOTO COURTESY OF DAVID SOPER, MD
Many of these women will have been
treated with intermittent antifungal medica-
tion and antibiotics because their clinician
This article outlines the diagnosis and assumed that a bacterial infection was pres-
management of vestibulitis and essential ent when the antifungal therapy did not solve
vulvodynia, including a basic classification the problem. Another challenge in evaluating
of vulvar pain (TABLE). In the process, it also these women is the inability of point-of-care
sheds light on the tricky diagnosis of cyclic vul- testing to guide the diagnosis—or the omis-
vovaginal candidiasis, which can provoke ves- sion of such testing altogether.
tibulitis in some cases. The basic profile of these patients re-
A careful history, focused physical exami- mains the same, however: relapsing introital
nation of the vulva and vagina, and microsco- symptoms that are relatively mild but lead to
py of the vaginal secretions are the foundation worsening entry dyspareunia, a sign of vestib-
of diagnosis of any vulvar pain syndrome. ulitis. The patient may also report postcoital
54 OBG Management | May 2009 | Vol. 21 No. 5
4. Vestibulitis and vulvodynia
topical or systemic antimicrobial. When she
An overlooked and underestimated affliction returns, vulvovaginal candidiasis can usually
be diagnosed by microscopy and confirmed
As an official entity, the term vulvodynia has been around only 25 by vaginal yeast culture to rule out non-albi-
years. The International Society for the Study of Vulvar Diseases cans Candida. Patients who have recurrent
(ISSVD) defined vulvodynia in 1984 as chronic vulvar discomfort, not- vulvovaginal candidiasis tend to flare pre-
ing that it is characterized in particular by the patient’s complaint of menstrually.
burning, stinging, irritation, or rawness.
Vulvodynia didn’t originate in 1984, of course. But its definition Treatment may be lengthy
was an important first step in identifying a clinical entity that had
Treatment of cyclic vulvovaginal candidiasis
long been ignored by clinicians, primarily because of their inability to
involves an initial course of oral fluconazole
determine a cause, establish a diagnosis, and recommend a specific
course of therapy. In addition, the magnitude of the problem was (150 mg every 3 days for three doses), fol-
woefully underestimated. lowed by suppressive therapy with weekly flu-
A population-based study of 4,915 women in Boston found that conazole (150 mg).2 This treatment is effective
16% of respondents reported either chronic vulvar burning or pain in more than 90% of cases, easing the cyclicity
with contact.11 Hispanic women were more likely than Caucasian and of the patient’s symptoms. However, she may
African-American women to acknowledge such a complaint. be left with some residual vestibulitis and dis-
Similarly, Goetsch found that 15% of patients in her gynecologic comfort with coitus, which may take as long as
practice had vestibular pain and tenderness on examination.12 2 months to resolve. Biweekly application of a
topical steroid of modest strength may help,
such as triamcinalone 0.1% ointment.
soreness and burning after micturition when
the urine drops onto the vestibule (“splash
dysuria”). These symptoms may reflect the Vestibulitis is most common
presence of small vestibular fissures. among young women
Women who have vestibulitis tend to be pre-
Young women Evaluation can be tricky menopausal and young—typically, in their
who have vestibulitis The key to evaluation of a patient with these 20s. They usually complain of worsening
tend to complain complaints is to schedule her appointment pain with coitus, as well as pain with tampon
of progressively once she has been off therapy for at least 2 insertion and tenderness when riding a bike
weeks and has not used any intravaginal or wearing tight jeans, suggesting that touch
worsening pain with
medication during that interval. This drug to the vestibule provokes the pain.
coitus as well as
holiday serves two functions: Despite these other symptoms, however,
other symptoms that
• It eliminates adverse reactions to medi- it is the inability to have vaginal sexual inter-
suggest that touch
cations from the differential diagnosis. course that usually brings the patient to the
to the vestibule • It allows adequate evaluation of vaginal physician. I generally ask a simple question:
provokes the pain secretions, including a reliable vaginal “If you did not engage in sexual intercourse,
culture for Candida species. would you be normal?” In other words, would
During this initial encounter, the exam she avoid the pain if she avoided touch to the
may well be normal. Ask the patient to grade vestibule? Patients who have vestibulitis in-
her vulvovaginal symptoms on a scale of 0 to evitably answer, “Yes!”
10, with 10 representing the worst symptoms
experienced and 0 being a complete lack of “The eye doesn’t see what
symptoms. Many patients at the initial en- the mind doesn’t know”
counter will grade their symptoms as mini- This caveat is important as you examine the
mal, in the range of 2 to 3 out of 10. patient (FIGURE 1, page 54). When vestibulitis
If the exam is normal, ask the patient is present, clinical findings are often subtle;
to return for a repeat evaluation when her careful examination, however, can elicit the
symptoms reach 8 or greater on the 10-point source of the tenderness. Inspect the vulvar
scale, and instruct her not to self-treat with a vestibule carefully circumferentially, and
56 OBG Management | May 2009 | Vol. 21 No. 5
6. PELVIC SURGERY
DVD SERIES
FIGURE 2 Excision of the vestibule now available
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PHOTO COURTESY OF DAVID SOPER, MD Review sample clips from these remarkable
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Vestibulectomy entails removal of the hymen • Sling Procedures from A to Z
and vestibular skin out to Hart’s line. This usually
means removal of all of the vestibule except the • Vaginal Correction of Anterior and Posterior Vaginal
part just lateral to the urethral meatus (FIGURE 2). Wall Prolapse With and Without Vaginal Hysterectomy
Once this tissue is removed, mobilize the • Techniques to Correct Enterocele and Vaginal Vault
vaginal epithelium, as in posterior colporrha- Prolapse
phy, and advance it to cover the surgical defect. • Cystourethroscopy and Urologic Surgery for the
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After surgery, the patient should expect to be • Reconstructive Procedures on the Lower Urinary Tract
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quire narcotic analgesia during this time. Heal- • Challenging Cases in Urology and Urogynecology
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• Evaluation of Women With Lower Urinary Tract
weeks, but the suture line at the introitus may
Symptoms With and Without Pelvic Organ Prolapse—
still be slightly tender. I usually recommend that
Including Urodynamic Testing
the patient avoid coitus until the 3-month post-
operative visit. At this visit, the introitus should • Surgical Management of Congenital, Acquired and
no longer be tender. If this is the case, the patient Iatrogenic Lesions of the Vagina and Urethra
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7. Vestibulitis and vulvodynia
usually genital atrophy. Long-term treatment Less is more in the pharmacotherapeutic
with systemic or topical estrogen will usually management of essential vulvodynia. Women
ease coital pain. Surgery is not a mainstay of who do not respond to a lower dosage tend
treatment of dyspareunia in postmenopaus- not to respond to a higher one, either.
al women. (For more on this population, see Another option is gabapentin. It usually
“Postmenopausal dyspareunia: A problem is administered orally but was recently stud-
for the 21st century,” by Alan Altman, MD, in ied in a topical formulation, both of which
the March 2009 issue of OBG Management appear to be effective.9,10
at www.obgmanagement.com.) Counsel the patient that improvement,
not cure, is the therapeutic goal with these
drugs and that her response will be gradual,
Essential vulvodynia is more with improvement usually noticed after 2
common among older women weeks of therapy, continuing until her 6-
Women who have essential (dysesthetic) week revisit. At that time, the dosage can be
vulvodynia tend to be older and postmeno- maintained or increased, depending on the
pausal, although premenopausal women are patient’s response. If the patient is happy with
sometimes affected. These women complain that response, treatment should continue for
of chronic, unremitting, diffuse vulvar burn- 4 months, at which point she can be weaned
ing that is usually not limited to the vestibule. from therapy. Relapse is uncommon.
They may have similar symptoms in the re-
gion of the urethra and rectum. In general, CASE: OUTCOME
dyspareunia is not a major problem. Upon examination, the patient exhibits focal
In women who have essential vulvo- erythema at the junction of the hymen and
dynia, the pelvic examination is absolutely vestibule. Palpation of these areas with a
normal other than the presence of mild geni- moist cotton swab causes extreme tender-
tal atrophy in the postmenopausal patient. ness, recreating the patient’s introital pain.
When the patient There is no evidence of provoked tenderness Microscopy of the vaginal secretions is nor-
has essential and no focal erythema or erosion. mal, and a vaginal yeast culture is negative.
Because she is an excellent candidate for
vulvodynia, the pelvic
exam is absolutely Treatment is medical vestibulectomy, the patient undergoes resec-
Women who have essential vulvodynia are tion of the vulvar vestibule from the hymenal
normal except
not candidates for surgery. Optimal treatment ring to Hart’s line, from the 1 o’clock to 11
for the presence of
of this neuralgia entails the use of low-dosage o’clock positions, and recovers slowly.
mild genital atrophy
amitriptyline (25 to 50 mg nightly) or other At her 6-week postoperative checkup,
in postmenopausal
antidepressants (e.g., venlafaxine, sertraline, the surgical site is healed but tender. At her
women duloxetine).8 I prefer low-dosage sertraline 3-month visit, the introitus is no longer ten-
(25 mg daily) because it has a low incidence of der, erythema has resolved, and she resumes
side effects at this dosage. coital activity.
References
1. McKay M. Vulvodynia. Diagnostic patterns. 6. Landry T, Bergeron S, Dupuis MJ, Desrochers CA. Topical gabapentin in the treatment of local-
Dermatol Clin. 1992;10:423–433. G. The treatment of provoked vestibulodynia: a ized and generalized vulvodynia. Obstet Gynecol.
2. Sobel JD, Wiesenfeld HC, Martens M, et al. critical review. Clin J Pain. 2008;24:155–171. 2008;112:579–585.
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