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A Method for Reusing and Re-engineering Non-ontological Resources for Building Ontologies

The document discusses a method for reusing non-ontological resources to accelerate ontology development by leveraging existing standardized resources. It outlines various methodologies, best practices in software and knowledge engineering, and evaluates current resources and methodologies for ontology engineering. Additionally, it emphasizes the application of software re-engineering principles to optimize ontology design and resource reuse.

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A Method for Reusing and Re-engineering Non-ontological Resources for Building Ontologies Boris Villazón-Terrazas bvillazon@fi.upm.es 14th April, 2011
Outline 2
Introduction NACE 3
Introduction Goal To speed up the ontology up the development by reusing and re‐engineering and re‐ non‐ non‐ontological resources that have already reached  some consensus by  b standardization bodies 4
Introduction Overview – Methodologies for building ontologies From scratch • METHONTOLOGY [Gómez-Pérez et al. 2003] • On-To-Knowledge [Staab et al. 2001] • DILIGENT [Pinto et al. 2004] NeOn Methodology [Suárez-Figueroa 2010] [Suárez Figueroa 5
Introduction The role of Patterns Architecture [Alexander 1979] Software engineering [Tichy 1997] Knowledge engineering [Clark et al 2000] al. Ontology engineering gy g g • Semantic-Web Best Practices and Deployment Working Group • Ontology Design Patterns Public Catalog • Ontology Design Patterns Portal • Linked Data Patterns 6
Introduction Apply software re-engineering concepts to Ontology Engineering Software A Software Software Development Save resources S Engineering Process P Software B Software Re‐ Save time engineering Patterns Classification Scheme Thesaurus Lexicon Ontology Glossary y Ontology Save resources Development l Engineering Folksonomy Process Save time Ontology Re‐ engineering Patterns Reach consensus 7
Outline 8
State of the Art 9
State of the Art Software re-engineering model (Alteration) Reverse Con- Con- Forward re-think Engineering ceptual ceptual t l Engineering (Abstraction) Requirements re-specify Requirements (Refinement) Design re-design Design Implementation re-code Implementation Existing System Target System Software re-engineering Patterns describe how to change a legacy system into a new, refactored system that fits current conditions and requirements [Pooley et al. 1998] E.J. Byrne. A conceptual foundation for software re-engineering. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Software Maintenance and Reengineering, pages 226–235. IEEE Computer Society, 1992. 10
State of the Art Ontology Patterns Online catalogues SemanticWeb Best Ontology Design Ontology Design Practices and Patterns Public Patterns (ODP) Linked Data Patterns DeploymentWorking Catalog Portal Group Lack f tt L k of patterns f re-engineering resources i t ontologies for i i into t l i http://ontologydesignpatterns.org 11
State of the Art 12
State of the Art Evaluation framework Non ontological resource Non-ontological • type • data model • implementation Reuse • methodological guidelines • tool support • provenance Transformation • approach: ABox,TBox or Population • semantic/syntactic level semantic/s ntactic le el • makes explicit the semantics hidden in the relations • relies on additional resources or human domain expert • automatic / semiautomatic / manual • methodological guidelines • t h i l techniques employed d Ontology • lightweight or heavyweight • implementation language • single or several 13
State of the Art 18 methods & 13 tools Non-ontological resource Reuse Type of Data Resource Methodological Tool Provenance model Research work Guidelines Support Research work resource is known implemented in Hepp et al. [HdB07] Classification No Database Hepp et al. [HdB07] No No No scheme, the- Hakkarainen et al. No No No sauri [HHST06] Hakkarainen et al. Classification Yes Flat file Abbasi et al. [ASC07] No No No [HHST06] scheme Maala et al. [MDA07] No No No Abbasi et al. [ASC07] Folksonomy No Not mentioned Maala et al. [MDA07] Folksonomy No Not mentioned Van Assem et al. No No Yes van Assem et al. Lexica Yes Prolog [vAGS06] [vAGS06] Gangemi et al. [GNV03, No No No Gangemi et al. [GNV03, Lexica Yes Database GGMO03] GGMO03] Hahn et al. [Hah03, HS03] No No No Hahn et al. [Hah03, HS03] Thesauri Yes ASCII files Van Assem et al. No No No Van Assem et al. Thesauri No proprietary text [vAMSW04] format, database, [vAMSW04] XML van Assem et al. No No No Van Assem et al. Thesauri No Not mentioned [vAMMS06] [vAMMS06] Wielinga et al. [WSWS01] No No No Wielinga et al. [WSWS01] Thesauri Yes XML Hyvonen et al. [HVTS08] ¨ No No No Hyvonen et al. [HVTS08] ¨ Thesauri No Not mentioned Soergel et al. [SLL+ 04, Thesauri Yes Database Soergel et al. [SLL + 04, No No No LS06] LS06] Stojanovic et al. [SSV02] Not specified Yes Database Stojanovic et al. [SSV02] No No No Barrasa et al. [BCGP04, Not specified Yes Database Barrasa et al. [BCGP04, No No No Bar07] Bar07] Garc´a et al. [GC05] ı Not specified No XML Garc´a et al. [GC05] ı No No No An et al. [AM05] Not specified No XML An et al. [AM05] No No No Cruz et al. [CXH04] Not specified No XML Foxvog et al. [FB06] Not specified No Flat file Cruz et al. [CXH04] No No No   Foxvog et al. [FB06] No No No   Transformation T f i Ontology O t l Research work Transformat Transformation Semantics of Additional Automatic / Methodological Technique Tool support Lightweight/ Components Implementation Single/ Approach Aspects NOR relations Resources / Semi- Guidelines Research Work Heavyweight language Several Domain automatic / Hepp et al. [HdB07] Lightweight classes, relations RDF(S) / OWL Single Expert Manual DLP Hepp et al. [HdB07] TBox syntactic, subClassOf, No Semi-automatic Yes Not mentioned SKOS2GenTax Hakkarainen et al. Lightweight classes, attributes, OWL DL Single semantic ad-hoc relation [HHST06] relations Hakkarainen et al. ABox syntactic, subClassOf, No Semi-automatic Yes Transformation Not mentioned [HHST06] semantic ad-hoc relation rules Abbasi et al. [ASC07] Lightweight instances Not mentioned Several Abbasi et al. [ASC07] Population syntactic No Swoogle Automatic Yes Lexico T-ORG Maala et al. [MDA07] Lightweight instances RDF Single Google Syntactic Patterns Van Assem et al. Lightweight classes, attributes, RDF(S) / OWL Single [vAGS06] relations, instances Full Maala et al. [MDA07] Population syntactic No WordNet, Automatic Yes Not mentioned Not mentioned Geographical G hi l Gangemi et al [GNV03 al. [GNV03, Lightweight classes, attributes classes attributes, DAML+OIL Single locations, GGMO03] relations Ontology of things Hahn et al. [Hah03, Heavyweight classes, relations LOOM / ALC Single Van Assem et ABox syntactic No No Semi-automatic Yes Not mentioned Swi-Prolog HS03] al. [vAGS06] van Assem et al. Lightweight classes, attributes, RDF(S) / OWL Single Gangemi et al. TBox syntactic, ad-hoc relations DOLCE Semi-automatic Yes NLP Not mentioned [vAMSW04] relations Full [GNV03, GGMO03] semantic Techniques van Assem et al. Lightweight instances SKOS RDF Single Hahn et al. TBox syntactic, subClassOf, No Semi-automatic Yes Ontology Ad-hoc tool [Hah03, HS03] semantic partOf, ad-hoc Design [vAMMS06] relation Patterns Wielinga et al. Lightweight classes, attributes, RDF(S) Single van Assem et al. TBox syntactic, subClassOf, No Semi-automatic Yes Not mentioned Ad-hoc tool [WSWS01] relations [vAMSW04] semantic ad-hoc relation Hyvonen ¨ et al. Heavyweight classes, attributes, RDF(S) Single van Assem et al. Population syntactic Not mentioned No Automatic Yes Not mentioned Swi-Prolog [vAMMS06] [HVTS08] relations Wielinga et al. TBox syntactic, subClassOf Not mentioned Semi-automatic Yes Not mentioned Ad-hoc tool Soergel et al. [SLL + 04, Heavyweight classes, attributes, OWL DL Single [WSWS01] semantic LS06] relations Hyvonen et al. y ¨ TBox syntactic, y , subClassOf, , DOLCE Semi-automatic Yes Not mentioned Ad-hoc tool Stojanovic et al. Lightweight instances F Logic F-Logic / RDF Single [HVTS08] semantic partOf [SSV02] Soergel et al. TBox syntactic, subClassOf, No Manual Yes Not mentioned Not mentioned [SLL+ 04, LS06] semantic ad-hoc relation Barrasa et al. [BCGP04, Lightweight instances RDF Single Stojanovic et al. Population syntactic ad-hoc relation No Semi-automatic Yes Mapping rules KAON- Bar07] [SSV02] REVERSE Garc´a et al. [GC05] ı Lightweight classes, attributes, OWL Full/ RDF Single Barrasa et al. Population syntactic subClassOf, No Semi-automatic Yes Mapping rules ODEMapster relations, instances [BCGP04, Bar07] ad-hoc relation An et al. [AM05] Lightweight instances RDF Single Garc´a et al. [GC05] ı ABox syntactic ad-hoc relation No Semi-automatic Yes Mapping rules XSD2OWL XML2RDF Cruz et al. [CXH04] Lightweight classes, attributes, RDF(S) Single An et al. [AM05] ABox syntactic ad-hoc relation No Semi-automatic No Not mentioned Discovery tool relations, instances Cruz et al. [CXH04] ABox syntactic Not mentioned No Semi-automatic Yes Mapping rules Ad-hoc tool Foxvog et al. [FB06] Lightweight classes, attributes, CycL / OWL Several Foxvog et al. [FB06] ABox syntactic Not mentioned No Semi-automatic Yes Not mentioned Ad-hoc tool relations, instances Full / WSML     14
State of the Art 18 methods & 13 tools Non-ontological resource Reuse Data Type of Resource Type of model Data model Resource Research work Methodological Guidelines Tool Support Provenance Research work Tool resource resource known is model is implemented in implemented in Hepp et al. [HdB07] Hakkarainen et al. No No No No No No [HHST06] Hepp et al. [HdB07] Classification No known Database Abbasi et al. [ASC07] No No No Maala et al. [MDA07] No No No SKOS2GenTax scheme, Classification the- No SKOS RDF Van Assem et al. No No Yes [vAGS06] sauri schemes, h Gangemi et al. [GNV03, GGMO03] No No No Hakkarainen et al. Classification Yes Flat file [HHST06] scheme thesauri Hahn et al. [Hah03, HS03] Van Assem et al. No No No No No No [vAMSW04] T-ORG Abbasi et al. [ASC07] FolksonomyFolksonomy No No mentioned Not mentioned Not van Assem [vAMMS06] et al. No No No Wielinga et al. [WSWS01] No No No KAON- Maala et al. [MDA07] Folksonomy specified Not No Yes mentioned Database Not Hyvonen et al. [HVTS08] ¨ No No No Soergel et al. [SLL + 04, No No No van Assem REVERSE Lexica et al. Yes Prolog LS06] Stojanovic et al. [SSV02] No No No [vAGS06] ODEMapster Not specified Yes Database Barrasa et al. [BCGP04, No No No Bar07] Gangemi et al. [GNV03, Lexica Yes Database Garc´a et al. [GC05] ı No No No GGMO03] D2R Server Not specified No Database An et al. [AM05] No No No Cruz et al. [CXH04] No No No Hahn et al. [Hah03, HS03] Com- Not specified TopBraid Thesauri No Database, XML, Foxvog et al. [FB06] No No No Yes ASCII files   Van Assem poser al. Thesauri et No proprietary text Flat file, Spread- Transformation T f [vAMSW04] [ AMSW04] i t d t b sheet format, database, f Ontology O t l XSD2OWL and Not specified Research work Transformat Transformation Semantics of Additional Automatic / Methodological Technique Tool support XML No XML Lightweight/ Components Implementation Single/ Approach Aspects NOR relations Resources / Semi- Guidelines Research Work Heavyweight language Several Van Assem XML2RDF Thesauri et al. No Domain Expert automatic / Manual Not mentioned Hepp et al. [HdB07] Lightweight classes, relations RDF(S) / OWL Single DLP [vAMMS06] Hepp et al. [HdB07] TBox syntactic, semantic subClassOf, ad-hoc relation No Semi-automatic Yes Not mentioned SKOS2GenTax Hakkarainen et al. Lightweight classes, attributes, OWL DL Single ConvertToRdf Hakkarainen et al. Wielinga et al. [WSWS01] Thesauri [HHST06] Not specified ABox Yes syntactic, semantic subClassOf, ad-hoc relation No Semi-automatic Yes Transformation rules Not mentioned No XML Delimited text [HHST06] Abbasi et al. [ASC07] Maala et al. [MDA07] Lightweight Lightweight relations instances instances Not mentioned RDF Several Single Abbasi et al. [ASC07] Population syntactic No Swoogle Automatic Yes Lexico T-ORG Hyvonen et al. [HVTS08] y ¨ [ ] Thesauri Maala et al. [MDA07] Population No syntactic No Google WordNet, Automatic Yes Syntactic Patterns Not mentioned Not mentioned Not mentioned data file Van Assem et al. [vAGS06] Lightweight classes, attributes, relations, instances RDF(S) / OWL Full Single Geographical G hi l Gangemi et al [GNV03 al. [GNV03, Lightweight classes, attributes classes attributes, DAML+OIL Single locations, flat2rdf04, Thesauri Not specified Soergel et al. [SLL + Van Assem et ABox Yes syntactic No Ontology of things No Semi-automatic Yes Not mentioned Swi-Prolog No Database Flat file GGMO03] Hahn et al. HS03] [Hah03, Heavyweight relations classes, relations LOOM / ALC Single al. [vAGS06] van Assem et al. Lightweight classes, attributes, RDF(S) / OWL Single LS06] Java BibTeX-To- Not specified Gangemi et al. [GNV03, GGMO03] TBox syntactic, semantic ad-hoc relations DOLCE Semi-automatic Yes NLP Techniques Not mentioned No Flat file [vAMSW04] relations Full van Assem et al. Lightweight instances SKOS RDF Single Hahn et al. TBox syntactic, subClassOf, No Semi-automatic Yes Ontology Ad-hoc tool Stojanovic et al. [SSV02] RDF Converter specified [Hah03, HS03] Not Yes semantic partOf, ad-hoc relation Design Patterns Database [vAMMS06] Wielinga et al. Lightweight classes, attributes, RDF(S) Single van Assem et al. TBox syntactic, subClassOf, No Semi-automatic Yes Not mentioned Ad-hoc tool [WSWS01] relations [vAMSW04] semantic ad-hoc relation Barrasa et al. Excel2rdf Not specified specified [BCGP04, van Assem et al. [vAMMS06] Not Population Yes syntactic Not mentioned No Automatic Yes Not mentioned Swi-Prolog Database No Spreadsheet Hyvonen ¨ [HVTS08] et al. Heavyweight classes, attributes, relations RDF(S) Single Soergel et al. [SLL + 04, Heavyweight classes, attributes, OWL DL Single Bar07] Wielinga et al. [WSWS01] TBox syntactic, semantic subClassOf Not mentioned Semi-automatic Yes Not mentioned Ad-hoc tool LS06] relations RDF123 Hyvonen et al. y ¨ [HVTS08] Garc´a et al. [GC05] ı Soergel et al.Not specified specified Not TBox TBox No syntactic, y semantic , syntactic, subClassOf, partOf subClassOf, , DOLCE No Semi-automatic Manual Yes Yes Not mentioned Not mentioned Ad-hoc tool Not mentioned No XML Spreadsheet Stojanovic [SSV02] et al. Lightweight instances F Logic F-Logic / RDF Single [SLL+ 04, LS06] semantic ad-hoc relation Barrasa et al. [BCGP04, Lightweight instances RDF Single Bar07] An et al. [AM05]XLWrap [SSV02] Barrasa et al. Not specified specified Stojanovic et al. Not Population Population No syntactic syntactic ad-hoc relation subClassOf, No No Semi-automatic Semi-automatic Yes Yes Mapping rules Mapping rules KAON- REVERSE ODEMapster No XML Spreadsheet Garc´a et al. [GC05] ı Lightweight classes, attributes, relations, instances OWL Full/ RDF Single [BCGP04, Bar07] ad-hoc relation An et al. [AM05] Lightweight instances RDF Single Cruz et al. [CXH04] An et al. [AM05] Not specified Garc´a et al. [GC05] ı ABox ABox No syntactic syntactic ad-hoc relation ad-hoc relation No No Semi-automatic Semi-automatic Yes No Mapping rules Not mentioned XSD2OWL XML2RDF Discovery tool XML Cruz et al. [CXH04] Lightweight classes, attributes, relations, instances RDF(S) Single Foxvog et al. [FB06] Lightweight classes, attributes, CycL / OWL Several Foxvog et al. [FB06] Not specified Cruz et al. [CXH04] Foxvog et al. [FB06] ABox ABox No syntactic syntactic Not mentioned Not mentioned No No Semi-automatic Semi-automatic Yes Yes Mapping rules Not mentioned Ad-hoc tool Ad-hoc tool Flat file   relations, instances Full / WSML   15
State of the Art 18 methods & 13 tools Non-ontological resource Reuse Methodological Tool Provenance Research work Guidelines Support Hepp et al. [HdB07] No No No Hakkarainen et al. No No No • Ad-hoc solutions for particular resources [HHST06] Abbasi et al. [ASC07] No No No • Only focus on the resource type or Maala et al. [MDA07] No No No Van Assem et al. No No Yes [vAGS06] resource i l implementation t ti Gangemi et al. [GNV03, GGMO03] No No No Hahn et al. [Hah03, HS03] No No No Van Assem et al. No No No [vAMSW04] van Assem et al. No No No [vAMMS06] Wielinga et al. [WSWS01] No No No Hyvonen et al. [HVTS08] ¨ No No No Soergel et al. [SLL + 04, No No No LS06] Stojanovic et al. [SSV02] No No No Barrasa et al. [BCGP04, No No No Bar07] Garc´a et al. [GC05] ı No No No An et al. [AM05] No No No Cruz et al. [CXH04] No No No Foxvog et al. [FB06] No No No   Transformation T f i Ontology O t l Research work Transformat Transformation Semantics of Additional Automatic / Methodological Technique Tool support Lightweight/ Components Implementation Single/ Approach Aspects NOR relations Resources / Semi- Guidelines Research Work Heavyweight language Several Domain automatic / Hepp et al. [HdB07] Lightweight classes, relations RDF(S) / OWL Single Expert Manual DLP Hepp et al. [HdB07] TBox syntactic, subClassOf, No Semi-automatic Yes Not mentioned SKOS2GenTax Hakkarainen et al. Lightweight classes, attributes, OWL DL Single semantic ad-hoc relation [HHST06] relations Hakkarainen et al. ABox syntactic, subClassOf, No Semi-automatic Yes Transformation Not mentioned [HHST06] semantic ad-hoc relation rules Abbasi et al. [ASC07] Lightweight instances Not mentioned Several Abbasi et al. [ASC07] Population syntactic No Swoogle Automatic Yes Lexico T-ORG Maala et al. [MDA07] Lightweight instances RDF Single Google Syntactic Patterns Van Assem et al. Lightweight classes, attributes, RDF(S) / OWL Single [vAGS06] relations, instances Full Maala et al. [MDA07] Population syntactic No WordNet, Automatic Yes Not mentioned Not mentioned Geographical G hi l Gangemi et al [GNV03 al. [GNV03, Lightweight classes, attributes classes attributes, DAML+OIL Single locations, GGMO03] relations Ontology of things Hahn et al. [Hah03, Heavyweight classes, relations LOOM / ALC Single Van Assem et ABox syntactic No No Semi-automatic Yes Not mentioned Swi-Prolog HS03] al. [vAGS06] van Assem et al. Lightweight classes, attributes, RDF(S) / OWL Single Gangemi et al. TBox syntactic, ad-hoc relations DOLCE Semi-automatic Yes NLP Not mentioned [vAMSW04] relations Full [GNV03, GGMO03] semantic Techniques van Assem et al. Lightweight instances SKOS RDF Single Hahn et al. TBox syntactic, subClassOf, No Semi-automatic Yes Ontology Ad-hoc tool [Hah03, HS03] semantic partOf, ad-hoc Design [vAMMS06] relation Patterns Wielinga et al. Lightweight classes, attributes, RDF(S) Single van Assem et al. TBox syntactic, subClassOf, No Semi-automatic Yes Not mentioned Ad-hoc tool [WSWS01] relations [vAMSW04] semantic ad-hoc relation Hyvonen ¨ et al. Heavyweight classes, attributes, RDF(S) Single van Assem et al. Population syntactic Not mentioned No Automatic Yes Not mentioned Swi-Prolog [vAMMS06] [HVTS08] relations Wielinga et al. TBox syntactic, subClassOf Not mentioned Semi-automatic Yes Not mentioned Ad-hoc tool Soergel et al. [SLL + 04, Heavyweight classes, attributes, OWL DL Single [WSWS01] semantic LS06] relations Hyvonen et al. y ¨ TBox syntactic, y , subClassOf, , DOLCE Semi-automatic Yes Not mentioned Ad-hoc tool Stojanovic et al. Lightweight instances F Logic F-Logic / RDF Single [HVTS08] semantic partOf [SSV02] Soergel et al. TBox syntactic, subClassOf, No Manual Yes Not mentioned Not mentioned [SLL+ 04, LS06] semantic ad-hoc relation Barrasa et al. [BCGP04, Lightweight instances RDF Single Stojanovic et al. Population syntactic ad-hoc relation No Semi-automatic Yes Mapping rules KAON- Bar07] [SSV02] REVERSE Garc´a et al. [GC05] ı Lightweight classes, attributes, OWL Full/ RDF Single Barrasa et al. Population syntactic subClassOf, No Semi-automatic Yes Mapping rules ODEMapster relations, instances [BCGP04, Bar07] ad-hoc relation An et al. [AM05] Lightweight instances RDF Single Garc´a et al. [GC05] ı ABox syntactic ad-hoc relation No Semi-automatic Yes Mapping rules XSD2OWL XML2RDF Cruz et al. [CXH04] Lightweight classes, attributes, RDF(S) Single An et al. [AM05] ABox syntactic ad-hoc relation No Semi-automatic No Not mentioned Discovery tool relations, instances Cruz et al. [CXH04] ABox syntactic Not mentioned No Semi-automatic Yes Mapping rules Ad-hoc tool Foxvog et al. [FB06] Lightweight classes, attributes, CycL / OWL Several Foxvog et al. [FB06] ABox syntactic Not mentioned No Semi-automatic Yes Not mentioned Ad-hoc tool relations, instances Full / WSML     16
State of the Art 18 methods & 13 tools Non-ontological resource Reuse Methodological Tool Provenance Research work Guidelines Support Hepp et al. [HdB07] No No No • Ad-hoc solutions Hakkarainen et al. No No No • Only focus on the resource type or [HHST06] resource i l implementation t ti Abbasi et al. [ASC07] No No No Maala et al. [MDA07] No No No Van Assem et al. No No Yes [vAGS06] Gangemi et al. [GNV03, No No No GGMO03] Hahn et al. [Hah03, HS03] No No No Van Assem et al. No No No [vAMSW04] van Assem et al. al No No No Transformation T f i [vAMMS06] Ontology O t l Research work Transformat Transformation Semantics of Additional Automatic / Methodological Technique Tool support Lightweight/ Components Implementation Single/ Wielinga et al. [WSWS01] Approach Aspects NOR relations Resources / Domain Expert Semi- automatic / Manual Guidelines No No Research Work Hepp et al. [HdB07] Heavyweight Lightweight No classes, relations language RDF(S) / OWL DLP Several Single Hepp et al. [HdB07] TBox syntactic, subClassOf, No Semi-automatic Yes Not mentioned SKOS2GenTax Hakkarainen et al. Hyvonen et al. [HVTS08] ¨ ABox semantic syntactic, ad-hoc relation subClassOf, No Semi-automatic Yes Transformation Not mentioned No No Hakkarainen [HHST06] et al. Lightweight No classes, attributes, relations OWL DL Single [HHST06] semantic ad-hoc relation rules Abbasi et al. [ASC07] Lightweight instances Not mentioned Several Abbasi et al. [ASC07] Soergel et al. [SLL+ 04, Population syntactic No Swoogle Google Automatic Yes Lexico Syntactic Patterns T-ORG No No Maala et al. [MDA07] Van Assem et al. [vAGS06] Lightweight Lightweight No instances classes, attributes, relations, instances RDF RDF(S) / OWL Full Single Single Maala et al. [MDA07] LS06] Population syntactic No WordNet, Geographical G hi l locations, Ontology of Automatic Yes Not mentioned Not mentioned Gangemi et al [GNV03 GGMO03] al. [GNV03, Lightweight classes, attributes classes relations attributes, DAML+OIL Single things Hahn et al. [Hah03, Heavyweight classes, relations LOOM / ALC Single Van Assem et al. [vAGS06] Stojanovic et al. [SSV02] ABox syntactic No No Semi-automatic Yes Not mentioned Swi-Prolog No No HS03] van Assem et al. Lightweight No classes, attributes, RDF(S) / OWL Single Gangemi et al. TBox syntactic, ad-hoc relations DOLCE Semi-automatic Yes NLP Not mentioned [vAMSW04] relations Full [GNV03, GGMO03] Hahn et al. [Hah03, HS03] Barrasa et al. [BCGP04, TBox semantic syntactic, semantic subClassOf, partOf, ad-hoc No Semi-automatic Yes Techniques Ontology Design Ad-hoc tool No No van Assem et al. [vAMMS06] Lightweight No instances SKOS RDF Single relation Patterns Wielinga et al. Lightweight classes, attributes, RDF(S) Single van Assem et al. [vAMSW04] Bar07] TBox syntactic, semantic subClassOf, ad-hoc relation No Semi-automatic Yes Not mentioned Ad-hoc tool [WSWS01] Hyvonen ¨ et al. Heavyweight relations classes, attributes, RDF(S) Single van Assem et al. Population syntactic Not mentioned No Automatic Yes Not mentioned Swi-Prolog [HVTS08] relations [vAMMS06] Wielinga et al. [WSWS01] Garc´a et al. [GC05] TBoxı syntactic, semantic subClassOf Not mentioned Semi-automatic Yes Not mentioned Ad-hoc tool No No Soergel et al. [SLL + 04, LS06] Heavyweight No classes, attributes, relations OWL DL Single Hyvonen et al. y ¨ TBox syntactic, y , subClassOf, , DOLCE Semi-automatic Yes Not mentioned Ad-hoc tool Stojanovic et al. Lightweight instances F Logic F-Logic / RDF Single [HVTS08] Soergel et al. [SLL+ 04, LS06] An A et al. [AM05] TBox l semantic syntactic, semantic partOf subClassOf, ad-hoc relation No Manual Yes Not mentioned Not mentioned No N No N [SSV02] Barrasa et al. [BCGP04, Lightweight No Ninstances RDF Single Stojanovic et al. Population syntactic ad-hoc relation No Semi-automatic Yes Mapping rules KAON- Bar07] [SSV02] Barrasa et al. Cruz et al. [CXH04] Population syntactic subClassOf, No Semi-automatic Yes Mapping rules REVERSE ODEMapster No No Garc´a et al. [GC05] ı Lightweight No classes, attributes, relations, instances OWL Full/ RDF Single [BCGP04, Bar07] ad-hoc relation An et al. [AM05] Lightweight instances RDF Single Garc´a et al. [GC05] ı An et al. [AM05] Foxvog et al. [FB06] ABox ABox syntactic syntactic ad-hoc relation ad-hoc relation No No Semi-automatic Semi-automatic Yes No Mapping rules Not mentioned XSD2OWL XML2RDF Discovery tool No No Cruz et al. [CXH04] Lightweight No classes, attributes, relations, instances RDF(S) Single Cruz et al. [CXH04] ABox syntactic Not mentioned No Semi-automatic Yes Mapping rules Ad-hoc tool Foxvog et al. [FB06] Lightweight classes, attributes, CycL / OWL Several   Foxvog et al. [FB06] ABox syntactic Not mentioned No   Semi-automatic Yes Not mentioned Ad-hoc tool   relations, instances Full / WSML 17
State of the Art 18 methods & 13 tools Non-ontological resource Reuse • Ad-hoc solutions solutions for particular resources • No detailed guidelines for the selection of the • Only focus on the resource type or resource are given resource i l implementation t ti •The resource provenance i f Th information is not ti i t •considered Transformation T f i Ontology O t l Research work Transformat Transformation Semantics of Additional Automatic / Methodological Technique Tool support Lightweight/ Components Implementation Single/ Approach Aspects NOR relations Resources / Semi- Guidelines Research Work Heavyweight language Several Domain automatic / Hepp et al. [HdB07] Lightweight classes, relations RDF(S) / OWL Single Expert Manual DLP Hepp et al. [HdB07] TBox syntactic, subClassOf, No Semi-automatic Yes Not mentioned SKOS2GenTax Hakkarainen et al. Lightweight classes, attributes, OWL DL Single semantic ad-hoc relation [HHST06] relations Hakkarainen et al. ABox syntactic, subClassOf, No Semi-automatic Yes Transformation Not mentioned [HHST06] semantic ad-hoc relation rules Abbasi et al. [ASC07] Lightweight instances Not mentioned Several Abbasi et al. [ASC07] Population syntactic No Swoogle Automatic Yes Lexico T-ORG Maala et al. [MDA07] Lightweight instances RDF Single Google Syntactic Patterns Van Assem et al. Lightweight classes, attributes, RDF(S) / OWL Single [vAGS06] relations, instances Full Maala et al. [MDA07] Population syntactic No WordNet, Automatic Yes Not mentioned Not mentioned Geographical G hi l Gangemi et al [GNV03 al. [GNV03, Lightweight classes, attributes classes attributes, DAML+OIL Single locations, GGMO03] relations Ontology of things Hahn et al. [Hah03, Heavyweight classes, relations LOOM / ALC Single Van Assem et ABox syntactic No No Semi-automatic Yes Not mentioned Swi-Prolog HS03] al. [vAGS06] van Assem et al. Lightweight classes, attributes, RDF(S) / OWL Single Gangemi et al. TBox syntactic, ad-hoc relations DOLCE Semi-automatic Yes NLP Not mentioned [vAMSW04] relations Full [GNV03, GGMO03] semantic Techniques van Assem et al. Lightweight instances SKOS RDF Single Hahn et al. TBox syntactic, subClassOf, No Semi-automatic Yes Ontology Ad-hoc tool [Hah03, HS03] semantic partOf, ad-hoc Design [vAMMS06] relation Patterns Wielinga et al. Lightweight classes, attributes, RDF(S) Single van Assem et al. TBox syntactic, subClassOf, No Semi-automatic Yes Not mentioned Ad-hoc tool [WSWS01] relations [vAMSW04] semantic ad-hoc relation Hyvonen ¨ et al. Heavyweight classes, attributes, RDF(S) Single van Assem et al. Population syntactic Not mentioned No Automatic Yes Not mentioned Swi-Prolog [vAMMS06] [HVTS08] relations Wielinga et al. TBox syntactic, subClassOf Not mentioned Semi-automatic Yes Not mentioned Ad-hoc tool Soergel et al. [SLL + 04, Heavyweight classes, attributes, OWL DL Single [WSWS01] semantic LS06] relations Hyvonen et al. y ¨ TBox syntactic, y , subClassOf, , DOLCE Semi-automatic Yes Not mentioned Ad-hoc tool Stojanovic et al. Lightweight instances F Logic F-Logic / RDF Single [HVTS08] semantic partOf [SSV02] Soergel et al. TBox syntactic, subClassOf, No Manual Yes Not mentioned Not mentioned [SLL+ 04, LS06] semantic ad-hoc relation Barrasa et al. [BCGP04, Lightweight instances RDF Single Stojanovic et al. Population syntactic ad-hoc relation No Semi-automatic Yes Mapping rules KAON- Bar07] [SSV02] REVERSE Garc´a et al. [GC05] ı Lightweight classes, attributes, OWL Full/ RDF Single Barrasa et al. Population syntactic subClassOf, No Semi-automatic Yes Mapping rules ODEMapster relations, instances [BCGP04, Bar07] ad-hoc relation An et al. [AM05] Lightweight instances RDF Single Garc´a et al. [GC05] ı ABox syntactic ad-hoc relation No Semi-automatic Yes Mapping rules XSD2OWL XML2RDF Cruz et al. [CXH04] Lightweight classes, attributes, RDF(S) Single An et al. [AM05] ABox syntactic ad-hoc relation No Semi-automatic No Not mentioned Discovery tool relations, instances Cruz et al. [CXH04] ABox syntactic Not mentioned No Semi-automatic Yes Mapping rules Ad-hoc tool Foxvog et al. [FB06] Lightweight classes, attributes, CycL / OWL Several Foxvog et al. [FB06] ABox syntactic Not mentioned No Semi-automatic Yes Not mentioned Ad-hoc tool relations, instances Full / WSML     18
Research work Transformat Transformation Semantics of Additional Automatic / Methodological Technique State support the Art Tool of Approach Aspects NOR relations Resources / Domain Semi- automatic / 18 methods & 13 tools Guidelines Expert Manual Non-ontological resource Hepp et al. [HdB07] TBox syntactic, subClassOf, No Semi-automatic Yes Not mentioned SKOS2GenTax Reuse semantic ad-hoc relation Hakkarainen et al. ABox syntactic, subClassOf, No Semi-automatic Yes Transformation Not mentioned [HHST06] semantic ad-hoc relation rules Tool Transformat Transformation Semantics of Automatic • no detailed guidelines for the Technique of the Additional Yes Automatic / Abbasi et al. [ASC07] Population syntactic No Swoogle Lexico T-ORG • ad-hoc solutions Google Syntactic selection Approach Aspects NOR relations Resources / Semi- • only focus on the resource type or resource Patterns Maala et al. [MDA07] [ ] Population p syntactic y No WordNet, , Domain Yes automatic / Automatic Not mentioned Not mentioned resource i l implementationt ti Geographical • d not consider th resource provenance do t id the Expert Manual locations, Ontology of information SKOS2GenTax TBox syntactic, subClassOf, things No Semi-automatic Not mentioned semantic ad-hoc relation Van Assem et ABox syntactic No No Semi-automatic Yes Not mentioned Swi-Prolog al. [vAGS06] T-ORG Population syntactic No Swoogle Automatic Lexico Gangemi et al. TBox syntactic, ad-hoc relations DOLCE Semi-automatic Yes NLP Syntactic Not mentioned [GNV03, GGMO03] semantic Techniques Patterns Hahn et al. TBox syntactic, subClassOf, No Semi-automatic Yes Ontology KAON-REVERSE ABox syntactic No No Semi-automatic Mapping tool Ad-hoc rules [Hah03, HS03] semantic partOf, ad-hoc Design ODEMapster Population relation syntactic No No Patterns Semi-automatic Mapping rules van Assem et al. TBox syntactic, subClassOf, No Semi-automatic Yes Not mentioned Ad-hoc tool [vAMSW04] D2R Server Population semantic syntactic ad-hoc relation No No Semi-automatic Mapping rules van Assemp al. Composer TopBraid et p Population ABox syntactic Not y syntactic mentioned No No Automatic No Yes Semi-automatic Not mentioned Mapping rules pp g Swi Prolog Swi-Prolog [vAMMS06] XSD2OWL and ABox syntactic No No Semi-automatic Mapping rules Ontology O t l Wielinga et XML2RDF TBox al. syntactic, subClassOf Not mentioned Semi-automatic Yes Not mentioned Lightweight/ Components Ad-hoc tool Implementation Single/ Research Work Heavyweight language Several [WSWS01] semantic Hepp et al. [HdB07] Lightweight classes, relations RDF(S) / OWL Single DLP ConvertToRdf Hyvonen et al. ¨ TBox Population syntactic, syntactic subClassOf, No DOLCE Semi-automaticNo Hakkarainen Yes et Semi-automatic al. Not mentioned Not mentioned Lightweight classes, attributes, Ad-hoc tool Single OWL DL [HHST06] relations [HVTS08] semantic partOf Abbasi et al. [ASC07] Lightweight instances Not mentioned Several flat2rdf Population syntactic No No Maala et al. [MDA07] Semi-automatic Lightweight instances Not mentioned RDF Single Van Assem et al. Soergel et al. TBox syntactic, subClassOf, No Manual [vAGS06] Yes Not mentioned RDF(S) / OWL Single Lightweightclasses, attributes, relations, instances Full Not mentioned [SLL+Java BibTeX-To-RDF 04, BibTeX To RDF 04 LS06] Population semantic ad syntactic ad-hoc relation hoc No No Gangemi et al [GNV03 GGMO03] al. [GNV03, Automatic Lightweight classes, classes relations attributes, attributes Not mentioned DAML+OIL Single Converter Stojanovic et al. Population syntactic ad-hoc relation No Semi-automatic Hahn et al. HS03] Yes [Hah03, Heavyweight classes, relations Mapping rules LOOM / ALC KAON- Single van Assem et al. Lightweight classes, attributes, RDF(S) / OWL Single [SSV02] Excel2rdf Population syntactic No No [vAMSW04] Semi-automatic relations NotREVERSE Full mentioned van Assem et al. Lightweight instances SKOS RDF Single Barrasa et al. Population syntactic subClassOf, No Semi-automatic [vAMMS06] Yes Mapping rules ODEMapster [BCGP04, Bar07] RDF123 Population syntactic ad-hoc relation No No Wielinga [WSWS01] et Semi-automatic al. Lightweight classes, attributes, relations Not mentioned RDF(S) Single Hyvonen ¨ et al. Heavyweight classes, attributes, RDF(S) Single ı XLWrap Garc´a et al. [GC05] ABox Population syntactic syntactic ad-hoc relation No No Semi-automaticNo [HVTS08] Yes Semi-automaticrules OWL DLXSD2OWL Soergel et al. [SLL + 04, Mapping Heavyweight Mapping rules relations classes, attributes, Single LS06] relations XML2RDF   An et al. [AM05] ABox syntactic ad-hoc relation No Semi-automatic Stojanovic [SSV02] No et Barrasa et al. [BCGP04, al. Lightweight instances Not mentioned RDF Discovery tool Lightweightinstances Single F Logic F-Logic / RDF Single Bar07] Cruz et al. [CXH04] ABox syntactic Not mentioned No Semi-automatic Yes Garc´a et al. [GC05] ı Mapping rules OWL Full/ RDF Single Lightweightclasses, attributes, relations, instances Ad-hoc tool An et al. [AM05] Lightweight instances RDF Single Foxvog et al. [FB06] ABox syntactic Not mentioned No Semi-automatic Yes Cruz et al. [CXH04] Not mentioned RDF(S) Ad-hoc tool Lightweightclasses, attributes, Single Transformation relations, instances   Foxvog et al. [FB06] Lightweight classes, attributes, relations, instances CycL / OWL Full / WSML Several   19
State of the Art 18 methods & 13 tools Non-ontological resource Reuse • Ad-hoc solutions solutions for particular resources • No detailed guidelines for the selection of the • Only focus on the resource type or resource are given resource i l implementation t ti •The resource provenance i f Th information is not ti i t considered Transformation T f i Ontology O t l Lightweight/ Components Implementation Single/ Research Work Heavyweight language Several Hepp et al. [HdB07] Lightweight classes, relations RDF(S) / OWL Single DLP • Do not include the three transformation Hakkarainen et al. Lightweight classes, attributes, OWL DL Single [HHST06] relations Abbasi et al. [ASC07] Lightweight instances Not mentioned Several approaches (TBox, ABox, and Population). Maala et al. [MDA07] Lightweight instances RDF Single Van Assem et al. Lightweight classes, attributes, RDF(S) / OWL Single [vAGS06] relations, instances Full • M k explicit the hidden semantics i th Make li it th hidd ti in the Gangemi et al [GNV03 al. [GNV03, Lightweight classes, attributes classes attributes, DAML+OIL Single GGMO03] relations Hahn et al. [Hah03, Heavyweight classes, relations LOOM / ALC Single relations of the NOR terms. HS03] van Assem et al. Lightweight classes, attributes, RDF(S) / OWL Single [vAMSW04] relations Full • Lack the application of re-engineering van Assem et al. Lightweight instances SKOS RDF Single [vAMMS06] Wielinga et al. Lightweight classes, attributes, RDF(S) Single patterns [WSWS01] relations Hyvonen ¨ et al. Heavyweight classes, attributes, RDF(S) Single [HVTS08] relations Soergel et al. [SLL + 04, Heavyweight classes, attributes, OWL DL Single LS06] relations Stojanovic et al. Lightweight instances F Logic F-Logic / RDF Single [SSV02] Barrasa et al. [BCGP04, Lightweight instances RDF Single Bar07] Garc´a et al. [GC05] ı Lightweight classes, attributes, OWL Full/ RDF Single relations, instances An et al. [AM05] Lightweight instances RDF Single Cruz et al. [CXH04] Lightweight classes, attributes, RDF(S) Single relations, instances Foxvog et al. [FB06] Lightweight classes, attributes, CycL / OWL Several relations, instances Full / WSML   20
State of the Art Lightweight/ Components 18 methods & 13 tools Implementation Single/ Non-ontological resource Research Work Hepp et al [HdB07] al. Heavyweight Lightweight classes, classes relations language Several RDF(S) / OWL Single Reuse DLP Hakkarainen et Lightweight/ Components al. Lightweight Implementation classes, attributes, OWL DL Single/ Single Tool [HHST06] Heavyweight relations language Several • ad-hoc solutions Abbasi et al. [ASC07] Lightweight classes, instances • no detailed guidelines for the selection of the SKOS2GenTax Lightweight OWL Not mentioned Single DLP/ Several • only focus on the resource[MDA07] Maala et al. type or Lightweight attributes, instances resource RDF(S)RDF Single resource i l implementation Van Assem et al. Li ht i ht relations attributes, not consider th resource provenance V ti A t t l Lightweight classes, l tt ib d • do t t RDF(S) / OWL the l id Single Si [vAGS06] relations, instances Full T-ORG classes, information Gangemi et al. [GNV03, Lightweight instances attributes, mentioned Lightweight Not DAML+OIL Several Single KAON-REVERSE GGMO03] Lightweight classes, relations F-Logic / RDF Single Hahn et al. [Hah03, Heavyweightattributes,relations classes, LOOM / ALC Single HS03] relations, van A Assem et al. Li h i h instances attributes, RDF(S) / OWL Si l l Lightweight classes, l ib Single [vAMSW04] relations Full ODEMapster van Assem et Lightweight al. Lightweight instances instances RDF SKOS RDF Single Single D2R Server [vAMMS06] Lightweight instances RDF Single Wielinga et TopBraid Composer Lightweight al. Lightweight classes, classes, attributes, RDF(S)(Full, RDF/OWL Single Single [WSWS01] relations attributes, , DL or Lite) ) Transformation T f i Hyvonen ¨ et al. Heavyweight classes, attributes, RDF(S) l i h l relations, ib (S) Single Si l Ontology O t l [HVTS08] relations instances Soergel et al. [SLL+ 04, Heavyweight classes, attributes, OWL DL Single XSD2OWLLS06] and Lightweight classes, relations OWL Full/ RDF Single • do not include the three transformationLightweight attributes, XML2RDFStojanovic et al. instances F-Logic / RDF Single approaches (TBox, ABox, and Population). [SSV02] relations, • make explicit th hidd semantics i th k li it the hidden et al. [BCGP04, the Barrasa ti in Lightweight instances instances RDF Single Bar07] relations of the NOR terms. ConvertToRdfal. [GC05] Lightweight instances attributes, OWL Full/ RDF Single RDF Garc´a et ı Lightweight classes, Single • lack of the application of re-engineering flat2rdf Lightweight instances instances relations, RDF Single patterns Java AnBibTeX-To- Lightweight et al. [AM05] Lightweight instances instances RDF RDF Single Single Cruz et al. [CXH04] RDF Converter Lightweight classes, attributes, RDF(S) Single relations, instances Excel2rdf Lightweight instances RDF Single Foxvog et al. [FB06] Lightweight classes, attributes, CycL / OWL Several RDF123 Lightweight instances instances relations, RDF Full / WSML Several   XLWrap Lightweight instances RDF Several   21
State of the Art Limitations of methods and tools Non-ontological resource Reuse Ad-hoc solutions solutions for particular resources No detailed guidelines for the selection of the Only focus on the resource type or resourceare given resource i l implementation t ti The Th resource provenance i f information is not ti i t considered T f i Transformation O t l Ontology Do not include the three transformation Generate only ontology schema or approaches (TBox, ABox, and Population). ontology instances Make M k explicit the hidden semantics i th li it th hidd ti in the relations of the NOR terms. Lack the application of re-engineering patterns 22
Outline 23
Objectives & Research Methodology Objectives and Contributions To speed up the ontology development by reusing and re-re- engineering non-ontological non- resources. resources. Methodological objectives O1. The definition of methodological aspects related to the reuse of non- ontological resources for building ontologies. O2. The definition of methodological aspects related to the re-engineering of non-ontological non ontological resources for building ontologies. Technological objectives O3 The creation of a library of patterns for O3. re-engineering non-ontological resources into ontologies. O4. The development of a software library, NOR2O that implements the suggestions O, given by the re-engineering patterns. 24
Objectives & Research Methodology Hypotheses H1 The reuse and re engineering of NORs will allow the development of ontologies in an easier H1. re-engineering and faster way. H2. It is possible to define a unified method for transforming NORs into ontologies independently i d d tl • (1) of the type, data model or implementation of the resource, and • (2) of the target ontology to be generated. H3. The method for re-engineering NORs is extensible and adaptable to other types of resources. H4. It is possible to create re-engineering patterns that allow generating ontologies from re engineering available NORs, namely, classification schemes, thesauri, and lexica, in an uniform way, independently • (1) of how they have been implemented; • (2) of the target ontology to be generated generated, • (3) of the domain of the resources, that is, the patterns can be used to build ontologies in different domains; H5. The re-engineering patterns can be implemented in a software library that facilitates the work of ontology engineers when developing ontologies. 25
Objectives & Research Methodology Research Methodology Methodological Inputs g p Empirical Inputs Available ad-hoc Previous practices methods and experiences Existing categorization of resources Methodological Inputs Empirical Inputs Available ad-hoc Previous practices methods and experiences Available Software Re- engineering practices Methodological Inputs g p Available Software Re- Previous practices in engineering patterns Ontology Engineering 26
Outline 27
Contributions O1. The definition of methodological aspects related to the reuse of non- ontological resources for building ontologies. 28
Contributions Categorization of Non-ontological Resources • Non-ontological Resource (NOR) is a knowledge resource whose semantics has not yet been formalized by an ontology. 29
Contributions Non-ontological Resource Metadata Vocabulary (NoRMV) OMV http://www.oeg-upm.net/files/normv/normv.owl 30
Contributions Methodological guidelines for reusing NORs Non-ontological Resource Reuse Definition Non-ontological Resource Reuse refers to the process of choosing the most suitable non-ontological resources for the development of ontologies. Goal To choose the most suitable non-ontological resources for building ontologies. Input Output The ontology A set of non-ontological requirements resources that to some specification document extend covers the (ORSD). expected domain. Who Domain experts, software developers and ontology practitioners. When After the ontology specification activity and before the non-ontological resource re-engineering process. 31
Contributions O2. The definition of methodological aspects related to the re-engineering of non-ontological resources for building ontologies. 32
Contributions Re-engineering Model for NORs Patterns for Re-engineering General Model for Software Re-engineering Non-ontological Non ontological Resources (PR-NOR) Con- Speci- Ontology Forward NOR Reverse ceptual fication Engineering Engineering Conceptua- Requirements Transformation lization Design Formalization Implementation Implementation RDF(S) Non-ontological Resource Ontology 33
Contributions Template for the PR-NOR Slot Value General Information Name Name of the pattern An acronym composed of component type + abbreviated name of the Identifier component + number Component Type Pattern for Re-engineering Non-ontological Resource (PR-NOR) Use Case Description in natural language of the re-engineering problem addressed by General the pattern for re-engineering non-ontological resources. Example Description in natural language of an example of the re-engineering problem. Pattern for Re-engineering Non-ontological Resource INPUT: Resource to be Re-engineered Classification scheme Description i natural l D i ti in t l language of th non-ontological resource. f the t l i l INPUT General Example Description in natural language of an example of the non-ontological resource. Thesaurus Graphical Representation General Graphical representation of the non-ontological resource. Lexicon Example Graphical representation of the example of non-ontological resource. OUTPUT: Designed Ontology Description in natural language of the ontology created after applying the OUTPUT General pattern for re-engineering the non-ontological resource. Graphical Representation (UML) General Graphical representation, using the UML profile [BH06], of the ontology Solution Ontology created for the non-ontological resource being re-engineered. (UML) Example A graphical representation example, which uses the UML profile [BH06], of Semantics of the Solution Ontology the ontology created for the non-ontological resource being used. Relations among the PROCESS: How to Re engineer Re-engineer NOR Entities General Algorithm for the re-engineering process Algorithm for the re-engineering process. Example Time Complexity Application of the algorithm to the non-ontological resource example. The time complexity of the algorithm. PROCESS Additional Notes Additional notes of the algorithm. Formal Transformation Formal description of the transformation made with the formal definitions of General the resources. Relationships (Optional) Relations to other Description of any relation to other PR-NOR patterns or other ontology design modelling patterns. components   34
Contributions Semantics of the Relations among the NOR Entities 1. 1: Take two related terms from the NOR, ti and tj TBox transformation: patterns must 2: defaultRelationsemantics of the relations discover the ← userDefinedRelation 5. 3: if contains(ti,tj) then entities. among the NOR 4: 4 relation ← ti bCl l ti ti.subClassOf.tj Of tj 5: else if contains(tj,ti) then 6. 6: relation ← tj.subClassOf.ti 7: else 8: wordnetRelation ← WordNet(ti, tj) 9: if wordnetRelation == hyponym then 10: relation ← ti.subClassOf.tj 1. 11: else if wordnetRelation == hypernym then 12: relation ← tj.subClassOf.ti 3. 13: else if wordnetRelation == meronym then 14: default relation relation ← ti.partOf.tj 15: else if wordnetRelation == holonym then y 8. 16: relation ← tj.partOf.ti 17: else 18: relation ← defaultRelation 19: end if 14. 14 20: end if 21: return relation 35
Contributions Methodological guidelines for re-engineering NORs Non-Ontological Resource Re-engineering Definition Cope with the classification schemes, thesauri, and lexica, in an uniform way, Non-Ontological Resource Re-engineering refers to the process of taking a non ontological resource and non-ontological independently of how those resources have p y transforming it into an ontology. been implemented Goal Are based on re-engineering patterns Creating an ontology from a non-ontological resource. Input Output Include the three transformation approaches One or more non- (TBox, ABox and Population) ontological resources An ontology. selected by the reuse process. Make explicit the hidden semantics in the p Who relations of the NOR terms by means of Domain experts, software developers and ontology external resources in a semi-automatic way practitioners. Provide support for the transformation, When including information about who is in charge After the non-ontological resource reuse process of performing a particular activity and when and before the conceptualization activity. such an activity has to be carried out. 36
Contributions Methodological guidelines for re-engineering NORs Analyzing the non-ontological resource in order to identify its underlying components 37
Contributions Methodological guidelines for re-engineering NORs The goal is to generate a conceptual model from the NOR Criteria for searching for a suitable pattern: • NOR Type: classification scheme, thesauri, or lexicon • NOR Data model: C.Scheme data model, thesaurus data model, or lexicon data model • Transformation approach: TBox, ABox 38
Contributions Methodological guidelines for re-engineering NORs To output a new implementation of the ontology on the basis of the new conceptual model. 39
Contributions O3. The creation of a library of patterns for re-engineering non-ontological resources into ontologies. Patterns for classificatio n schemes (8) Patterns for thesauri (4) Patterns for lexica (4) PR-NOR Library 40
Contributions Patterns for re-engineering classification schemes • A classification scheme1 is the descriptive information Path Enumeration Data Model N Identifier Type of NOR Adjacency List Data Model NOR Data Target for an arrangement or division of objects into Schema 1 PR-NOR-CLTX-01 Classification Model Path Ontology groups based on characteristics, which th objects h b d h t Scheme i ti hiEnumeration bj (TBox) have i h the t in common, e.g., water area classification Ontology Schema 2 PR-NOR-CLTX-02 Classification Scheme Adjacency List scheme2. (TBox) 3 PR-NOR-CLTX-03 Classification Snowflake Ontology Schema Scheme (TBox) 4 PR-NOR-CLTX-04 Classification Flattened Ontology Schema Scheme (TBox) 5 PR-NOR-CLAX-10 Classification Path Ontology Snowflake Data Model Flattened Data Model Scheme S h Enumeration (TBox+ABox) (TB +AB ) 6 PR-NOR-CLAX-11 Classification Adjacency List Ontology Scheme (TBox+ABox) 7 PR-NOR-CLAX-12 Classification Snowflake Ontology Scheme (TBox+ABox) 8 PR-NOR-CLAX-13 Classification Flattened Ontology Scheme (TBox+ABox)   1. 1 International Standard Organization (ISO) Information technology - Metadata registries – Part 1: Framework, 2004. (ISO). Framework 2004 Report ISO/IEC FDIS 11179-1. 2. http://www.fao.org/figis/servlet/RefServlet 41
Contributions Pattern for re-engineering a classification scheme following the adjacency list data model into an ontology schema Example PROCESS: How to Re-engineer Require: Identification of the parent/child by using the adjacency list model noParentT erms ← [Water parent/child by using the adjacency list model 1:Require: Identification of thearea] 2: 1:// noParentTerms ← classification scheme terms without parent noParentTerms.length=1 > 1 2: 1 ← createClass(Water area) 14: Cif noParentTerms.length > 1 then 16: children ← childrenOf(Water area) // using the adjacency list model 3: entityName ← name of; Jurisdiction area; Fishing the classification 16: children ← [Environmental area; the entity that ; containsstatistical area] [ g ] scheme t h terms 19: C 2 ← createClass(Environmental area) 4: rootClass ← createClass(entityName) 21: rel1 ← ExternalResource.getRelation(C 1,C 2) 5: ← ri ∈ noParentTerms do 19: C 3 for createClass(Jurisdiction area) 21: rel2 Ri ← createClass(ri) 6: ← ExternalResource.getRelation(C 1,C 3) 7: relation ← ExternalResource.getRelation(rootClass,Ri) 19: C 4 ← createClass(Fishing statistical area) 8: ← ExternalResource.getRelation(C 21: rel3 relate(relation,rootClass,Ri) 1,C 4) 9: end f 26: noParentTerms ← [Environmental area; Jurisdiction area; Fishing statistical area] d for 10: end if ← childrenOf(Environmental area) // using the adjacency list model. 16: children 11: repeat 16: children ← [Inland/Marine;Ocean;North/South/Equatorial] 12: for cei ∈ noParentTerms 19: C 5 ← createClass(Inland/Marine)do 13: if ExternalResource.getRelation(C 2,C 5) 21: rel4 ←not alreadyCreatedClassFor(cei) then 19: C 6 ←C i ← createClass(cei) 14: createClass(Ocean) 15: end if 21 rel5 ← ExternalResource.getRelation(C 2,C 6) 21: 16: children ← childrenOf(cei) 19: C 7 ← createClass(North/South/Equatorial) 17: for cej ∈ children do 21: rel6 ← ExternalResource.getRelation(C 2,C 7) 18: if ← ∅ ← childrenOf(Jurisdiction area) 16: childrennot alreadyCreatedClassFor(cej) then C j ← createClass(cej) 16: children ← childrenOf(Fishing statistical area) // using the adjacency list model 19: 20: end← [FAO Statistical area;Areal grid system] 16: children if 19: C 8 ←relation ← ExternalResource getRelation(cei cej) 21: ExternalResource.getRelation(cei,cej) createClass(FAO Statistical area) 21: rel7 ← ExternalResource.getRelation(C 4,C 8) 22: relate(relation,cei,cej) 19: C 9 ← createClass(Areal grid system) 23: end for 21: rel8 ← ExternalResource.getRelation(C 4,C 9) 24: add(allChildren,children) 26: noParentTerms ← [Inland/Marine;Ocean;North/South/Equ.;FAO 25: end for 26: noParentT erms ← Statistical;Areal grid system] allChildren 16: children ← ∅ ← childrenOf(Inland/Marine) 27: removeAllTerms(allChildren) ( ) ← ∅ ← childrenOf(Ocean) 16: childrenisEmpty(noParentT erms) 28: until 16: children ← ∅ ← childrenOf(North/South/Equatorial) 16: children ← ∅ ← childrenOf(FAO Statistical area)   16: children ← ∅ ← childrenOf(Areal grid system) 26: noParentTerms ← ∅ 42
Contributions Patterns for re-engineering thesauri • Record-based data model • Thesauri1 Identifier N are controlled vocabularies of terms in aData Target Type of NOR NOR particular domain with hierarchical, associative and equivalence Model relations between terms. Thesauri are mainly used for indexing and retrieving of articles in lOntology Schema 9 l PR-NOR-TSTX-01 i Thesaurus t i i Record-based i large d t b i df i d d f ti l databases. A An example of thesaurus is the AGROVOC2 thesaurus. (TBox) 10 PR-NOR-TSTX-02 Thesaurus Relation-based Ontology Schema (TBox) 11 PR-NOR-TSAX-10 Thesaurus Record-based Ontology (TBox+ABox) 12 PR-NOR-TSAX-11 Thesaurus Relation-based Ontology (TBox+ABox) • Relation-based data model 1. International Standard Organization (ISO). Documentation – Guidelines for the establishment and development of monolingual thesaurus, 1986. Report ISO 2788. 2. http://www.fao.org/agrovoc/ 43
Contributions Pattern for re-engineering a thesaurus following the relation-based data model into an ontology schema Example PROCESS: How to Re-engineer Require: Identification of the BT/NT/RT/UF relations by using the relation- based model Require: Identification of the BT/NT/RT/UF relations by using the relation- 1: noBTerms ← [Poaceae; Cereals] based model 5: C 1 ← createClass(Poaceae) 1: noBTerms ← terms without a broader term 2: repeat ← narrowerTermOf(Poaceae) 7: N T erms 3: Nforerms ← [Oryza] // do the relation-based model 7: T ti ∈ noBTerms using 12: C 11 ← createClass(Oryza) 4: rel1not alreadyCreatedClassFor(ti) then 11) 14: if ← ExternalResource.getRelation(C 1,C 15: C i ← createClass(ti) 5: relate(rel1,C 1,C 11) 6: RTerms ← ∅ ← relatedTermOf(Poaceae) 17: end if 27: NTerms ← ← usedForTermOf(Poaceae) 7: UFTerms ← ∅ narrowerTermOf(ti) 31: for tj ∈ NTerms do 8: restOfTerms ← [Oryza] ← createClass(Cereals) 9: C 2 if alreadyCreatedClassFor(tj) then 5: 10: NTerms ← narrowerTermOf(Cereals) 7: remove(N T erms,tj) 11: NTerms ← [Rice] // using the relation-based model 7: else 12: ← ← createClass(tj) 12 C 21 C jcreateClass(Rice) j) 12: Cl ( 14: rel2 ← ExternalResource.getRelation(C 2,C 21) 13: end if 15: 14: relate(rel2,C 2,C 21) relation ← ExternalResource.getRelation(C i,C j) 15: RTerms ← ∅ ← relatedTermOf(Cereals) 17: relate(relation,C i,C j) 27: UFTerms ← ∅ ← usedForTermOf(Cereals) 16: restOffor 31: end T erms ← [Oryza;Rice] 34: RTerms ← relatedTermOf(ti) 17: noBTerms ← restOfTerms ← [Oryza;Rice] 35: for tr ∈ RTerms do 18: removeAllTerms(restOfTerms) ( ) 19: // Oryza class, C 11, already created then 4: if alreadyCreatedClassFor(tr) 20: NTerms ← ∅ ← narrowerTermOf(Oryza) 7: remove(RTerms,tr) 21: RTerms ← relatedTermOf(Oryza) 17: else 22: RTerms ← [Rice] // using the relation-based model 17: Cr createClass(tr) 20: 23: remove(RTerms,Rice) // Rice class, C21, already created end if 24: rel3 ← ExternalResource.getRelation(C 11,C 21) i,C r) 24: relation ← ExternalResource.getRelation(C 25: 25: relate(rel3,C 11,C 21) relate(relation,Ci,Cr) ( ) 26: UFT erms ← ∅ ← usedForTermOf(Oryza) 27: 27 end for dF T Of(O ) 31: restOfTerms ← ∅ UFTerms ← usedForTermOf(ti) 27: // Rice, C 21, already created 4: for tq ∈ ∅ ← narrowerTermOf(Rice) 28: NTerms ← UFTerms do 7: 29: RTerms ← ∅ ← relatedTermOf(Rice) 17: SOE(ti,tq) 30: UFTerms ← usedForTermOf(Rice) 27: end for 31: UFTerms ← [Paddy] // using the relation-based model 27: add(restOfTerms,NTerms) 32: SOE(Rice Paddy) add(restOfTerms,RTerms) 29: SOE(Rice,Paddy) 33: restOfTerms ← ∅ 31: end for 34: noBTerms ← ←← restOfTerms 34: noBTerms ∅ restOfTerms 35: removeAllTerms(restOfTerms) 35: removeAllTerms(restOfTerms) 36: until isEmpty(noBTerms)   44
Contributions Patterns for re-engineering lexica • •A lexicon1 is a list of words inmodel (a vocabulary) along with some Record-based data a language knowledge of how to use each word. A lexicon may be general or domain- N Identifier Type of NOR NOR Data Target specific; we might have, for example, a lexicon of several thousand common Model words of English or German, or a lexicon of the technical Ontology Schema 13 PR-NOR-LXTX-01 Lexicon Record-based terms of dentistry in some language. An example is WordNet2 (TBox) • Relation-based data model 14 PR-NOR-LXTX-02 Lexicon Relation-based Ontology Schema (TBox) 15 PR-NOR-LXAX-10 Lexicon Record-based Ontology (TBox+ABox) 16 PR-NOR-LXAX-11 Lexicon Relation-based Ontology (TBox+ABox)   1. G. Hirst. Ontology and the lexicon. In Handbook on Ontologies in Information Systems, pages 209–230. Springer, 2004. 2. http://www.wordnet-online.com 45
Contributions Pattern for re-engineering a lexicon following the record-based data model into an ontology schema PROCESS: How to Re-engineer Require: Identification of the relations by using the record-based model 1: Synsets ← all the synsets of the lexicon 2: for si ∈ Synsets do 3: if not alreadyCreatedClassFor(si) then C i ← createClass(si) endif 4: Hyponyms ← hyponymOf(si) 5: for sj ∈ H yponyms do 6: if not alreadyCreatedClassFor(sj) then C j ← createClass(sj) endif Example 7: relate(subClassOf,C i,C j) 8: end Identification of the relations by using the record-based model Require: for 9:1: Hypernyms ← hypernymOf(si) Synsets ← [cell;cell part;animal cell] 10: for sk ∈ Hypernyms do C 1 ← createClass(cell) 3: if not alreadyCreatedClassFor(sk) th C k ← createClass(sk) endif ( ) 11: 11 t l d C t dCl F ( k) then t Cl ( k) dif 12: Hyponyms ← hyponymOf(cell) 4: relate(subClassOf,C k,C i) 4: Hyponyms ← [animal cell] // using the record-based model 13: end for 6: C 2 ← createClass(animal 14: Meronyms ← meronymOf(si)cell) 15: for sl ∈ Meronyms do 1) 7: relate(subClassOf,C 2,C 16: if not alreadyCreatedClassFor(sl) then C l ← createClass(sl) endif 9: Hypernyms ← ∅ ←hypernymOf(cell) 17: relate(partOf,C← meronymOf(cell) // using the record-based model 14: Meronyms i,C l) record based 18: end for Meronyms ← [cell part] 14:Holonyms ← holonymOf(si) 19: 16: C 3 ← Holonyms do 20: for sm ∈createClass(cell part) 17: relate(partOf,C 3,C 1) 21: if not alreadyCreatedClassFor(sm) then C m ← createClass(sm) enif 22: relate(partOf,C m,C ← holonymOf(cell) 19: Holonyms ← ∅ i) 24: Synonyms ← synonymOf(cell) // using the record-based model 23: end for 24: Synonyms ← ← o y O (s ) : Synonyms sy [CESP:C16C10 8] 24:Sy o y s synonymOf(si) [CESP:C16C10.8] 25: for sn ∈ Synonyms do 26: CorchoEtAlPattern(cell,CESP:C16C10.8) // Corcho et al. [Cor09]. 26: CorchoEtAlPattern(si,tn)∅//← relatedSynsetOf(cell) Pattern 28: RelatedSynsets ← Corcho et al. [Cor09]. Logical 27: end for 28: RelatedSynsets ← relatedSynsetOf(si)   29: for so ∈ RelatedSynsets do 30: if not alreadyCreatedClassFor(so) then C o ← createClass(so) endif 31: relation ← ExternalResource getRelation(C i Co) ExternalResource.getRelation(C i,Co) 32: relate(relation,C i,C o) 33: end for 34: end for   46
Contributions PR-NOR library at the ODP Portal http://ontologydesignpatterns.org/wiki/Submissions:ReengineeringODPs 47
Contributions O4. The development of a software library, NOR2O, that implements the suggestions given by the re- engineering patterns. 48
Contributions NOR2O Software Library 49
Outline 50
Evaluation Controlled experiment in Master course Controlled experiment in academic setting to validate Participants create an ontology schema from the • understandability ETT thesaurus, which follows the record-based data • applicability model and is implemented in XML. • usability H1 H2 Setting  Participants from Master Course.   Build manually a conceptual model from a thesaurus.  Analysing the guidelines and patterns. Results  Conceptual model from an excerpt of a thesaurus in  razonable time, 30 min. Conclusions  The methodological guidelines seem to be useful and   understandable. Example p Require: Identification of the BT/NT/RT/UF relations by using the relation- based model 1: noBTerms ← [Poaceae; Cereals] 5: C 1 ← createClass(Poaceae) 7: N T erms ← narrowerTermOf(Poaceae) 7: N T erms ← [Oryza] // using the relation-based model 12: C 11 ← createClass(Oryza) 14: rel1 ← ExternalResource.getRelation(C 1,C 11) 15: relate(rel1,C 1,C 11) 17: RTerms ← ∅ ← relatedTermOf(Poaceae) 27: UFTerms ← ∅ ← usedForTermOf(Poaceae) H4 31: restOfTerms ← [Oryza] 5: C 2 ← createClass(Cereals) 7: NTerms ← narrowerTermOf(Cereals) 7: NTerms ← [Rice] // using the relation-based model 12: C 21 ← createClass(Rice) 14 rel2 ← ExternalResource.getRelation(C 2,C 21) 14: 15: relate(rel2,C 2,C 21) 17: RTerms ← ∅ ← relatedTermOf(Cereals) PR-NOR-TSTX-01 27: UFTerms ← ∅ ← usedForTermOf(Cereals) 31: restOf T erms ← [Oryza;Rice] 34: noBTerms ← restOfTerms ← [Oryza;Rice] 35: removeAllTerms(restOfTerms) 4: // Oryza class, C 11, already created 7: NTerms ← ∅ ← narrowerTermOf(Oryza) 17: RTerms ← relatedTermOf(Oryza) 17: RTerms ← [Rice] // using the relation-based model 20: remove(RTerms,Rice) // Rice class, C21, already created 24: rel3 ← ExternalResource.getRelation(C 11,C 21) 25: relate(rel3,C 11,C 21) 27: UFT erms ← ∅ ← usedForTermOf(Oryza) 31: restOfTerms ← ∅ 4: // Rice C 21 already created Rice, 21, 7: NTerms ← ∅ ← narrowerTermOf(Rice) 17: RTerms ← ∅ ← relatedTermOf(Rice) 27: UFTerms ← usedForTermOf(Rice) 27: UFTerms ← [Paddy] // using the relation-based model 29: SOE(Rice,Paddy) 31: restOfTerms ← ∅ 34: noBTerms ← ∅ ← restOfTerms 35: removeAllTerms(restOfTerms) 51
Evaluation SEEMP Project Build a Reference Ontology by applying our method for reusing and re-engineering NORs H1 H2 Ontology Concepts Attributes Axioms Instances Efforts (man.months) SEEMP RO 1985 315 1037 1449 6 Resource Type Data Model Implementation Pattern used NACE Classification Path enumeration Database PR-NOR-CLTX-01 Scheme FOET Classification Path enumeration Database PR-NOR-CLTX-01 Scheme ISCED 97 Classification Scheme Adjacency list Database PR-NOR-CLTX-02 H4 ISO 4217 Classification Snowflake XML PR-NOR-CLAX-12 Scheme ISO 3166 Classification Snowflake XML PR-NOR-CLAX-12 Scheme ISO 639 Classification Snowflake XML PR-NOR-CLAX-12 Scheme CEFR Classification Proprietary model Proprietary for- Scheme mat EU Driving g Classification Snowflake Proprietary for- p y License Scheme mat EURES Skill Classification Path enumeration Database PR-NOR-CLTX-01 Scheme LE FOREM Proprietary Proprietary model Proprietary for- Contracts classification mat   52
Evaluation GeoLinkedData Project Populate the SCOVO vocabulary from INE datasets H1 H2 H3 H5 53
Evaluation Controlled experiment to validate the quality of the patterns and NOR2O Setting  Two ontology engineers.  Two ontology engineers.  Build five ontologies from available NORs. Ontology   Compare these five gold standard ontologies against  Engineer  the ontologies generated by NOR2O. Results Similarity values of every ontology generated with the  Ontology  Engineers gold standard ontology. gold standard ontology Conclusions  The ontologies generated have an acceptable level of NOR2O  quality, meaning by quality the similarity of the  ontologies to the gold standard ones. Name Type Data Model Implementation N. N of N. N of Pattern terms terms Used covered ASFA thesaurus record-based XML 9882 188 PR-NOR-TSTX-01 ETT thesaurus record-based XML 2522 337 PR-NOR-TSTX-01 ACM classification adjacency list XML 1606 223 PR-NOR-CLTX-02 scheme FOET classification path enumeration spreadsheet 127 112 PR-NOR-CLTX-01 scheme H4 BioLexicon lexicon relation-based database 53876 150 PR-NOR-LXTX-02   Similarity values between ontologies generated with the gold standard Cider StrucSubsDistAlignment H5 ASFA 0.754 0.631 ETT 0.713 0.745 similarity ACM 0.620 0.870 FOET 0.621 0.753 BioLexicon 0.515 0.793   54
Outline 55
Conclusions Comparative analysis of the three most representative methods and ours Features Heep et al. Hyvonen et al. ¨ Soerger et al. Villazo n- ´ Terrazas Transformation Transformation TBox TBox TBox TBox, ABox, , , approach Population Transformation syntactic syntacti syntactic syntactic, aspects semantic semantic semantic semantic Semantics of subClassOf, subClassOf, subClassOf, subClassOf, the NOR ad-hoc relation partOf ad-hoc relation partOf relations Additional No DOLCE Domain expert WordNet resources/Do- main expert Automatic / Semiautomatic Semiautomatic Manual Semiautomatic Semiautomatic / Manual Technique Not mentioned Not mentioned Not mentioned Re-engineering patterns Tool support SKOS2GenTax ad-hoc tool Not mentioned NOR2 O 56
Outline 57
Future work Creation of a registry of non ontological resources non-ontological resources. g g Re-engineering NORs Richer ontologies Additional external resources e g DBpedia resources, e.g., Generation of GoodRelations-compliant ontologies Multilingual NORs Integration of different NORs Evolution of the NORs Linked Data aspects 58
Outline 59
Selected Publications & Patent 1 B. Villazón-Terrazas J Ramírez, M C Suárez-Figueroa A Gómez-Pérez (2011) “A Network of Villazón Terrazas, J. Ramírez M.C. Suárez Figueroa, A. Gómez Pérez (2011). A Ontology Networks for building e-Employment Advanced Systems”. In International Journal on Expert Systems with Applications, ELSEIVER. 2 B. Villazón-Terrazas, M.C. Suárez-Figueroa, A. Gómez-Pérez (2010). “A Pattern-Based Method for Re-engineering Non-ontological Resources into Ontologies”. In International Journal on Semantic g g g g Web and Information Systems, Wright State University, USA. 3 B. Villazón-Terrazas, A. Gómez-Pérez, Jean Paul Calbimonte (2010). “NOR2O: a Library for Transforming Non-ontological Resources to Ontologies”. Poster In Extended Semantic Web Conference (ESWC2010) 4 L. M. Vilches Blázquez, B. Villazón-Terrazas, V. Saquicela, A. de León, O. Corcho, A. Gómez-Pérez (2010) . “GeoLinked data and INSPIRE through an application case”. In ACM SIGSPATIAL International Conference on Advances in Geographic Information Systems (GIS2010) 5 B. Villazón-Terrazas, M.C. Suárez-Figueroa, A. Gómez-Pérez (2009). “Pattern for Re-engineering a Term-based Thesaurus, which follows the Record-based model, to a Lightweight Ontology”. In Workshop on Ontology Patterns (WOP). In International Semantic Web Conference (ISWC 2009) 6 A. Gómez-Pérez, J. Ramírez, B. Villazón-Terrazas (2007). “An Ontology for Modelling Human Resources Management based on Standards”. In 11th International Conference on Knowledge- Based Intelligent Information & Engineering Systems (KES2007) 7 A. Gómez-Pérez, J. Ramírez, B. Villazón-Terrazas (2007) “Methodology for Reusing Human Resources Management Standards”. In: 19th International Conference on Software Engineering and Knowledge Engineering (SEKE 2007) 8 B. Villazón-Terrazas, A. Gómez-Pérez, J. Ramírez (2009) “Ontología de CV y Ofertas de Empleo”. Villazón Terrazas, Gómez Pérez, Ontología Empleo . Patent, Registro de la Propiedad Intelectual. Comunidad de Madrid. Reference M-404/2009. 60
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A Method for Reusing and Re-engineering Non-ontological Resources for Building Ontologies Boris Villazón-Terrazas bvillazon@fi.upm.es 14th April, 2011

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A Method for Reusing and Re-engineering Non-ontological Resources for Building Ontologies

  • 1.
    A Method forReusing and Re-engineering Non-ontological Resources for Building Ontologies Boris Villazón-Terrazas bvillazon@fi.upm.es 14th April, 2011
  • 2.
  • 3.
  • 4.
    Introduction Goal To speed up the ontology up the development by reusing and re‐engineering and re‐ non‐ non‐ontological resources that have already reached  some consensus by  b standardization bodies 4
  • 5.
    Introduction Overview – Methodologies for building ontologies From scratch • METHONTOLOGY [Gómez-Pérez et al. 2003] • On-To-Knowledge [Staab et al. 2001] • DILIGENT [Pinto et al. 2004] NeOn Methodology [Suárez-Figueroa 2010] [Suárez Figueroa 5
  • 6.
    Introduction The role of Patterns Architecture [Alexander 1979] Software engineering [Tichy 1997] Knowledge engineering [Clark et al 2000] al. Ontology engineering gy g g • Semantic-Web Best Practices and Deployment Working Group • Ontology Design Patterns Public Catalog • Ontology Design Patterns Portal • Linked Data Patterns 6
  • 7.
    Introduction Apply software re-engineering concepts to Ontology Engineering Software A Software Software Development Save resources S Engineering Process P Software B Software Re‐ Save time engineering Patterns Classification Scheme Thesaurus Lexicon Ontology Glossary y Ontology Save resources Development l Engineering Folksonomy Process Save time Ontology Re‐ engineering Patterns Reach consensus 7
  • 8.
  • 9.
  • 10.
    State of theArt Software re-engineering model (Alteration) Reverse Con- Con- Forward re-think Engineering ceptual ceptual t l Engineering (Abstraction) Requirements re-specify Requirements (Refinement) Design re-design Design Implementation re-code Implementation Existing System Target System Software re-engineering Patterns describe how to change a legacy system into a new, refactored system that fits current conditions and requirements [Pooley et al. 1998] E.J. Byrne. A conceptual foundation for software re-engineering. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Software Maintenance and Reengineering, pages 226–235. IEEE Computer Society, 1992. 10
  • 11.
    State of theArt Ontology Patterns Online catalogues SemanticWeb Best Ontology Design Ontology Design Practices and Patterns Public Patterns (ODP) Linked Data Patterns DeploymentWorking Catalog Portal Group Lack f tt L k of patterns f re-engineering resources i t ontologies for i i into t l i http://ontologydesignpatterns.org 11
  • 12.
  • 13.
    State of theArt Evaluation framework Non ontological resource Non-ontological • type • data model • implementation Reuse • methodological guidelines • tool support • provenance Transformation • approach: ABox,TBox or Population • semantic/syntactic level semantic/s ntactic le el • makes explicit the semantics hidden in the relations • relies on additional resources or human domain expert • automatic / semiautomatic / manual • methodological guidelines • t h i l techniques employed d Ontology • lightweight or heavyweight • implementation language • single or several 13
  • 14.
    State of theArt 18 methods & 13 tools Non-ontological resource Reuse Type of Data Resource Methodological Tool Provenance model Research work Guidelines Support Research work resource is known implemented in Hepp et al. [HdB07] Classification No Database Hepp et al. [HdB07] No No No scheme, the- Hakkarainen et al. No No No sauri [HHST06] Hakkarainen et al. Classification Yes Flat file Abbasi et al. [ASC07] No No No [HHST06] scheme Maala et al. [MDA07] No No No Abbasi et al. [ASC07] Folksonomy No Not mentioned Maala et al. [MDA07] Folksonomy No Not mentioned Van Assem et al. No No Yes van Assem et al. Lexica Yes Prolog [vAGS06] [vAGS06] Gangemi et al. [GNV03, No No No Gangemi et al. [GNV03, Lexica Yes Database GGMO03] GGMO03] Hahn et al. [Hah03, HS03] No No No Hahn et al. [Hah03, HS03] Thesauri Yes ASCII files Van Assem et al. No No No Van Assem et al. Thesauri No proprietary text [vAMSW04] format, database, [vAMSW04] XML van Assem et al. No No No Van Assem et al. Thesauri No Not mentioned [vAMMS06] [vAMMS06] Wielinga et al. [WSWS01] No No No Wielinga et al. [WSWS01] Thesauri Yes XML Hyvonen et al. [HVTS08] ¨ No No No Hyvonen et al. [HVTS08] ¨ Thesauri No Not mentioned Soergel et al. [SLL+ 04, Thesauri Yes Database Soergel et al. [SLL + 04, No No No LS06] LS06] Stojanovic et al. [SSV02] Not specified Yes Database Stojanovic et al. [SSV02] No No No Barrasa et al. [BCGP04, Not specified Yes Database Barrasa et al. [BCGP04, No No No Bar07] Bar07] Garc´a et al. [GC05] ı Not specified No XML Garc´a et al. [GC05] ı No No No An et al. [AM05] Not specified No XML An et al. [AM05] No No No Cruz et al. [CXH04] Not specified No XML Foxvog et al. [FB06] Not specified No Flat file Cruz et al. [CXH04] No No No   Foxvog et al. [FB06] No No No   Transformation T f i Ontology O t l Research work Transformat Transformation Semantics of Additional Automatic / Methodological Technique Tool support Lightweight/ Components Implementation Single/ Approach Aspects NOR relations Resources / Semi- Guidelines Research Work Heavyweight language Several Domain automatic / Hepp et al. [HdB07] Lightweight classes, relations RDF(S) / OWL Single Expert Manual DLP Hepp et al. [HdB07] TBox syntactic, subClassOf, No Semi-automatic Yes Not mentioned SKOS2GenTax Hakkarainen et al. Lightweight classes, attributes, OWL DL Single semantic ad-hoc relation [HHST06] relations Hakkarainen et al. ABox syntactic, subClassOf, No Semi-automatic Yes Transformation Not mentioned [HHST06] semantic ad-hoc relation rules Abbasi et al. [ASC07] Lightweight instances Not mentioned Several Abbasi et al. [ASC07] Population syntactic No Swoogle Automatic Yes Lexico T-ORG Maala et al. [MDA07] Lightweight instances RDF Single Google Syntactic Patterns Van Assem et al. Lightweight classes, attributes, RDF(S) / OWL Single [vAGS06] relations, instances Full Maala et al. [MDA07] Population syntactic No WordNet, Automatic Yes Not mentioned Not mentioned Geographical G hi l Gangemi et al [GNV03 al. [GNV03, Lightweight classes, attributes classes attributes, DAML+OIL Single locations, GGMO03] relations Ontology of things Hahn et al. [Hah03, Heavyweight classes, relations LOOM / ALC Single Van Assem et ABox syntactic No No Semi-automatic Yes Not mentioned Swi-Prolog HS03] al. [vAGS06] van Assem et al. Lightweight classes, attributes, RDF(S) / OWL Single Gangemi et al. TBox syntactic, ad-hoc relations DOLCE Semi-automatic Yes NLP Not mentioned [vAMSW04] relations Full [GNV03, GGMO03] semantic Techniques van Assem et al. Lightweight instances SKOS RDF Single Hahn et al. TBox syntactic, subClassOf, No Semi-automatic Yes Ontology Ad-hoc tool [Hah03, HS03] semantic partOf, ad-hoc Design [vAMMS06] relation Patterns Wielinga et al. Lightweight classes, attributes, RDF(S) Single van Assem et al. TBox syntactic, subClassOf, No Semi-automatic Yes Not mentioned Ad-hoc tool [WSWS01] relations [vAMSW04] semantic ad-hoc relation Hyvonen ¨ et al. Heavyweight classes, attributes, RDF(S) Single van Assem et al. Population syntactic Not mentioned No Automatic Yes Not mentioned Swi-Prolog [vAMMS06] [HVTS08] relations Wielinga et al. TBox syntactic, subClassOf Not mentioned Semi-automatic Yes Not mentioned Ad-hoc tool Soergel et al. [SLL + 04, Heavyweight classes, attributes, OWL DL Single [WSWS01] semantic LS06] relations Hyvonen et al. y ¨ TBox syntactic, y , subClassOf, , DOLCE Semi-automatic Yes Not mentioned Ad-hoc tool Stojanovic et al. Lightweight instances F Logic F-Logic / RDF Single [HVTS08] semantic partOf [SSV02] Soergel et al. TBox syntactic, subClassOf, No Manual Yes Not mentioned Not mentioned [SLL+ 04, LS06] semantic ad-hoc relation Barrasa et al. [BCGP04, Lightweight instances RDF Single Stojanovic et al. Population syntactic ad-hoc relation No Semi-automatic Yes Mapping rules KAON- Bar07] [SSV02] REVERSE Garc´a et al. [GC05] ı Lightweight classes, attributes, OWL Full/ RDF Single Barrasa et al. Population syntactic subClassOf, No Semi-automatic Yes Mapping rules ODEMapster relations, instances [BCGP04, Bar07] ad-hoc relation An et al. [AM05] Lightweight instances RDF Single Garc´a et al. [GC05] ı ABox syntactic ad-hoc relation No Semi-automatic Yes Mapping rules XSD2OWL XML2RDF Cruz et al. [CXH04] Lightweight classes, attributes, RDF(S) Single An et al. [AM05] ABox syntactic ad-hoc relation No Semi-automatic No Not mentioned Discovery tool relations, instances Cruz et al. [CXH04] ABox syntactic Not mentioned No Semi-automatic Yes Mapping rules Ad-hoc tool Foxvog et al. [FB06] Lightweight classes, attributes, CycL / OWL Several Foxvog et al. [FB06] ABox syntactic Not mentioned No Semi-automatic Yes Not mentioned Ad-hoc tool relations, instances Full / WSML     14
  • 15.
    State of theArt 18 methods & 13 tools Non-ontological resource Reuse Data Type of Resource Type of model Data model Resource Research work Methodological Guidelines Tool Support Provenance Research work Tool resource resource known is model is implemented in implemented in Hepp et al. [HdB07] Hakkarainen et al. No No No No No No [HHST06] Hepp et al. [HdB07] Classification No known Database Abbasi et al. [ASC07] No No No Maala et al. [MDA07] No No No SKOS2GenTax scheme, Classification the- No SKOS RDF Van Assem et al. No No Yes [vAGS06] sauri schemes, h Gangemi et al. [GNV03, GGMO03] No No No Hakkarainen et al. Classification Yes Flat file [HHST06] scheme thesauri Hahn et al. [Hah03, HS03] Van Assem et al. No No No No No No [vAMSW04] T-ORG Abbasi et al. [ASC07] FolksonomyFolksonomy No No mentioned Not mentioned Not van Assem [vAMMS06] et al. No No No Wielinga et al. [WSWS01] No No No KAON- Maala et al. [MDA07] Folksonomy specified Not No Yes mentioned Database Not Hyvonen et al. [HVTS08] ¨ No No No Soergel et al. [SLL + 04, No No No van Assem REVERSE Lexica et al. Yes Prolog LS06] Stojanovic et al. [SSV02] No No No [vAGS06] ODEMapster Not specified Yes Database Barrasa et al. [BCGP04, No No No Bar07] Gangemi et al. [GNV03, Lexica Yes Database Garc´a et al. [GC05] ı No No No GGMO03] D2R Server Not specified No Database An et al. [AM05] No No No Cruz et al. [CXH04] No No No Hahn et al. [Hah03, HS03] Com- Not specified TopBraid Thesauri No Database, XML, Foxvog et al. [FB06] No No No Yes ASCII files   Van Assem poser al. Thesauri et No proprietary text Flat file, Spread- Transformation T f [vAMSW04] [ AMSW04] i t d t b sheet format, database, f Ontology O t l XSD2OWL and Not specified Research work Transformat Transformation Semantics of Additional Automatic / Methodological Technique Tool support XML No XML Lightweight/ Components Implementation Single/ Approach Aspects NOR relations Resources / Semi- Guidelines Research Work Heavyweight language Several Van Assem XML2RDF Thesauri et al. No Domain Expert automatic / Manual Not mentioned Hepp et al. [HdB07] Lightweight classes, relations RDF(S) / OWL Single DLP [vAMMS06] Hepp et al. [HdB07] TBox syntactic, semantic subClassOf, ad-hoc relation No Semi-automatic Yes Not mentioned SKOS2GenTax Hakkarainen et al. Lightweight classes, attributes, OWL DL Single ConvertToRdf Hakkarainen et al. Wielinga et al. [WSWS01] Thesauri [HHST06] Not specified ABox Yes syntactic, semantic subClassOf, ad-hoc relation No Semi-automatic Yes Transformation rules Not mentioned No XML Delimited text [HHST06] Abbasi et al. [ASC07] Maala et al. [MDA07] Lightweight Lightweight relations instances instances Not mentioned RDF Several Single Abbasi et al. [ASC07] Population syntactic No Swoogle Automatic Yes Lexico T-ORG Hyvonen et al. [HVTS08] y ¨ [ ] Thesauri Maala et al. [MDA07] Population No syntactic No Google WordNet, Automatic Yes Syntactic Patterns Not mentioned Not mentioned Not mentioned data file Van Assem et al. [vAGS06] Lightweight classes, attributes, relations, instances RDF(S) / OWL Full Single Geographical G hi l Gangemi et al [GNV03 al. [GNV03, Lightweight classes, attributes classes attributes, DAML+OIL Single locations, flat2rdf04, Thesauri Not specified Soergel et al. [SLL + Van Assem et ABox Yes syntactic No Ontology of things No Semi-automatic Yes Not mentioned Swi-Prolog No Database Flat file GGMO03] Hahn et al. HS03] [Hah03, Heavyweight relations classes, relations LOOM / ALC Single al. [vAGS06] van Assem et al. Lightweight classes, attributes, RDF(S) / OWL Single LS06] Java BibTeX-To- Not specified Gangemi et al. [GNV03, GGMO03] TBox syntactic, semantic ad-hoc relations DOLCE Semi-automatic Yes NLP Techniques Not mentioned No Flat file [vAMSW04] relations Full van Assem et al. Lightweight instances SKOS RDF Single Hahn et al. TBox syntactic, subClassOf, No Semi-automatic Yes Ontology Ad-hoc tool Stojanovic et al. [SSV02] RDF Converter specified [Hah03, HS03] Not Yes semantic partOf, ad-hoc relation Design Patterns Database [vAMMS06] Wielinga et al. Lightweight classes, attributes, RDF(S) Single van Assem et al. TBox syntactic, subClassOf, No Semi-automatic Yes Not mentioned Ad-hoc tool [WSWS01] relations [vAMSW04] semantic ad-hoc relation Barrasa et al. Excel2rdf Not specified specified [BCGP04, van Assem et al. [vAMMS06] Not Population Yes syntactic Not mentioned No Automatic Yes Not mentioned Swi-Prolog Database No Spreadsheet Hyvonen ¨ [HVTS08] et al. Heavyweight classes, attributes, relations RDF(S) Single Soergel et al. [SLL + 04, Heavyweight classes, attributes, OWL DL Single Bar07] Wielinga et al. [WSWS01] TBox syntactic, semantic subClassOf Not mentioned Semi-automatic Yes Not mentioned Ad-hoc tool LS06] relations RDF123 Hyvonen et al. y ¨ [HVTS08] Garc´a et al. [GC05] ı Soergel et al.Not specified specified Not TBox TBox No syntactic, y semantic , syntactic, subClassOf, partOf subClassOf, , DOLCE No Semi-automatic Manual Yes Yes Not mentioned Not mentioned Ad-hoc tool Not mentioned No XML Spreadsheet Stojanovic [SSV02] et al. Lightweight instances F Logic F-Logic / RDF Single [SLL+ 04, LS06] semantic ad-hoc relation Barrasa et al. [BCGP04, Lightweight instances RDF Single Bar07] An et al. [AM05]XLWrap [SSV02] Barrasa et al. Not specified specified Stojanovic et al. Not Population Population No syntactic syntactic ad-hoc relation subClassOf, No No Semi-automatic Semi-automatic Yes Yes Mapping rules Mapping rules KAON- REVERSE ODEMapster No XML Spreadsheet Garc´a et al. [GC05] ı Lightweight classes, attributes, relations, instances OWL Full/ RDF Single [BCGP04, Bar07] ad-hoc relation An et al. [AM05] Lightweight instances RDF Single Cruz et al. [CXH04] An et al. [AM05] Not specified Garc´a et al. [GC05] ı ABox ABox No syntactic syntactic ad-hoc relation ad-hoc relation No No Semi-automatic Semi-automatic Yes No Mapping rules Not mentioned XSD2OWL XML2RDF Discovery tool XML Cruz et al. [CXH04] Lightweight classes, attributes, relations, instances RDF(S) Single Foxvog et al. [FB06] Lightweight classes, attributes, CycL / OWL Several Foxvog et al. [FB06] Not specified Cruz et al. [CXH04] Foxvog et al. [FB06] ABox ABox No syntactic syntactic Not mentioned Not mentioned No No Semi-automatic Semi-automatic Yes Yes Mapping rules Not mentioned Ad-hoc tool Ad-hoc tool Flat file   relations, instances Full / WSML   15
  • 16.
    State of theArt 18 methods & 13 tools Non-ontological resource Reuse Methodological Tool Provenance Research work Guidelines Support Hepp et al. [HdB07] No No No Hakkarainen et al. No No No • Ad-hoc solutions for particular resources [HHST06] Abbasi et al. [ASC07] No No No • Only focus on the resource type or Maala et al. [MDA07] No No No Van Assem et al. No No Yes [vAGS06] resource i l implementation t ti Gangemi et al. [GNV03, GGMO03] No No No Hahn et al. [Hah03, HS03] No No No Van Assem et al. No No No [vAMSW04] van Assem et al. No No No [vAMMS06] Wielinga et al. [WSWS01] No No No Hyvonen et al. [HVTS08] ¨ No No No Soergel et al. [SLL + 04, No No No LS06] Stojanovic et al. [SSV02] No No No Barrasa et al. [BCGP04, No No No Bar07] Garc´a et al. [GC05] ı No No No An et al. [AM05] No No No Cruz et al. [CXH04] No No No Foxvog et al. [FB06] No No No   Transformation T f i Ontology O t l Research work Transformat Transformation Semantics of Additional Automatic / Methodological Technique Tool support Lightweight/ Components Implementation Single/ Approach Aspects NOR relations Resources / Semi- Guidelines Research Work Heavyweight language Several Domain automatic / Hepp et al. [HdB07] Lightweight classes, relations RDF(S) / OWL Single Expert Manual DLP Hepp et al. [HdB07] TBox syntactic, subClassOf, No Semi-automatic Yes Not mentioned SKOS2GenTax Hakkarainen et al. Lightweight classes, attributes, OWL DL Single semantic ad-hoc relation [HHST06] relations Hakkarainen et al. ABox syntactic, subClassOf, No Semi-automatic Yes Transformation Not mentioned [HHST06] semantic ad-hoc relation rules Abbasi et al. [ASC07] Lightweight instances Not mentioned Several Abbasi et al. [ASC07] Population syntactic No Swoogle Automatic Yes Lexico T-ORG Maala et al. [MDA07] Lightweight instances RDF Single Google Syntactic Patterns Van Assem et al. Lightweight classes, attributes, RDF(S) / OWL Single [vAGS06] relations, instances Full Maala et al. [MDA07] Population syntactic No WordNet, Automatic Yes Not mentioned Not mentioned Geographical G hi l Gangemi et al [GNV03 al. [GNV03, Lightweight classes, attributes classes attributes, DAML+OIL Single locations, GGMO03] relations Ontology of things Hahn et al. [Hah03, Heavyweight classes, relations LOOM / ALC Single Van Assem et ABox syntactic No No Semi-automatic Yes Not mentioned Swi-Prolog HS03] al. [vAGS06] van Assem et al. Lightweight classes, attributes, RDF(S) / OWL Single Gangemi et al. TBox syntactic, ad-hoc relations DOLCE Semi-automatic Yes NLP Not mentioned [vAMSW04] relations Full [GNV03, GGMO03] semantic Techniques van Assem et al. Lightweight instances SKOS RDF Single Hahn et al. TBox syntactic, subClassOf, No Semi-automatic Yes Ontology Ad-hoc tool [Hah03, HS03] semantic partOf, ad-hoc Design [vAMMS06] relation Patterns Wielinga et al. Lightweight classes, attributes, RDF(S) Single van Assem et al. TBox syntactic, subClassOf, No Semi-automatic Yes Not mentioned Ad-hoc tool [WSWS01] relations [vAMSW04] semantic ad-hoc relation Hyvonen ¨ et al. Heavyweight classes, attributes, RDF(S) Single van Assem et al. Population syntactic Not mentioned No Automatic Yes Not mentioned Swi-Prolog [vAMMS06] [HVTS08] relations Wielinga et al. TBox syntactic, subClassOf Not mentioned Semi-automatic Yes Not mentioned Ad-hoc tool Soergel et al. [SLL + 04, Heavyweight classes, attributes, OWL DL Single [WSWS01] semantic LS06] relations Hyvonen et al. y ¨ TBox syntactic, y , subClassOf, , DOLCE Semi-automatic Yes Not mentioned Ad-hoc tool Stojanovic et al. Lightweight instances F Logic F-Logic / RDF Single [HVTS08] semantic partOf [SSV02] Soergel et al. TBox syntactic, subClassOf, No Manual Yes Not mentioned Not mentioned [SLL+ 04, LS06] semantic ad-hoc relation Barrasa et al. [BCGP04, Lightweight instances RDF Single Stojanovic et al. Population syntactic ad-hoc relation No Semi-automatic Yes Mapping rules KAON- Bar07] [SSV02] REVERSE Garc´a et al. [GC05] ı Lightweight classes, attributes, OWL Full/ RDF Single Barrasa et al. Population syntactic subClassOf, No Semi-automatic Yes Mapping rules ODEMapster relations, instances [BCGP04, Bar07] ad-hoc relation An et al. [AM05] Lightweight instances RDF Single Garc´a et al. [GC05] ı ABox syntactic ad-hoc relation No Semi-automatic Yes Mapping rules XSD2OWL XML2RDF Cruz et al. [CXH04] Lightweight classes, attributes, RDF(S) Single An et al. [AM05] ABox syntactic ad-hoc relation No Semi-automatic No Not mentioned Discovery tool relations, instances Cruz et al. [CXH04] ABox syntactic Not mentioned No Semi-automatic Yes Mapping rules Ad-hoc tool Foxvog et al. [FB06] Lightweight classes, attributes, CycL / OWL Several Foxvog et al. [FB06] ABox syntactic Not mentioned No Semi-automatic Yes Not mentioned Ad-hoc tool relations, instances Full / WSML     16
  • 17.
    State of theArt 18 methods & 13 tools Non-ontological resource Reuse Methodological Tool Provenance Research work Guidelines Support Hepp et al. [HdB07] No No No • Ad-hoc solutions Hakkarainen et al. No No No • Only focus on the resource type or [HHST06] resource i l implementation t ti Abbasi et al. [ASC07] No No No Maala et al. [MDA07] No No No Van Assem et al. No No Yes [vAGS06] Gangemi et al. [GNV03, No No No GGMO03] Hahn et al. [Hah03, HS03] No No No Van Assem et al. No No No [vAMSW04] van Assem et al. al No No No Transformation T f i [vAMMS06] Ontology O t l Research work Transformat Transformation Semantics of Additional Automatic / Methodological Technique Tool support Lightweight/ Components Implementation Single/ Wielinga et al. [WSWS01] Approach Aspects NOR relations Resources / Domain Expert Semi- automatic / Manual Guidelines No No Research Work Hepp et al. [HdB07] Heavyweight Lightweight No classes, relations language RDF(S) / OWL DLP Several Single Hepp et al. [HdB07] TBox syntactic, subClassOf, No Semi-automatic Yes Not mentioned SKOS2GenTax Hakkarainen et al. Hyvonen et al. [HVTS08] ¨ ABox semantic syntactic, ad-hoc relation subClassOf, No Semi-automatic Yes Transformation Not mentioned No No Hakkarainen [HHST06] et al. Lightweight No classes, attributes, relations OWL DL Single [HHST06] semantic ad-hoc relation rules Abbasi et al. [ASC07] Lightweight instances Not mentioned Several Abbasi et al. [ASC07] Soergel et al. [SLL+ 04, Population syntactic No Swoogle Google Automatic Yes Lexico Syntactic Patterns T-ORG No No Maala et al. [MDA07] Van Assem et al. [vAGS06] Lightweight Lightweight No instances classes, attributes, relations, instances RDF RDF(S) / OWL Full Single Single Maala et al. [MDA07] LS06] Population syntactic No WordNet, Geographical G hi l locations, Ontology of Automatic Yes Not mentioned Not mentioned Gangemi et al [GNV03 GGMO03] al. [GNV03, Lightweight classes, attributes classes relations attributes, DAML+OIL Single things Hahn et al. [Hah03, Heavyweight classes, relations LOOM / ALC Single Van Assem et al. [vAGS06] Stojanovic et al. [SSV02] ABox syntactic No No Semi-automatic Yes Not mentioned Swi-Prolog No No HS03] van Assem et al. Lightweight No classes, attributes, RDF(S) / OWL Single Gangemi et al. TBox syntactic, ad-hoc relations DOLCE Semi-automatic Yes NLP Not mentioned [vAMSW04] relations Full [GNV03, GGMO03] Hahn et al. [Hah03, HS03] Barrasa et al. [BCGP04, TBox semantic syntactic, semantic subClassOf, partOf, ad-hoc No Semi-automatic Yes Techniques Ontology Design Ad-hoc tool No No van Assem et al. [vAMMS06] Lightweight No instances SKOS RDF Single relation Patterns Wielinga et al. Lightweight classes, attributes, RDF(S) Single van Assem et al. [vAMSW04] Bar07] TBox syntactic, semantic subClassOf, ad-hoc relation No Semi-automatic Yes Not mentioned Ad-hoc tool [WSWS01] Hyvonen ¨ et al. Heavyweight relations classes, attributes, RDF(S) Single van Assem et al. Population syntactic Not mentioned No Automatic Yes Not mentioned Swi-Prolog [HVTS08] relations [vAMMS06] Wielinga et al. [WSWS01] Garc´a et al. [GC05] TBoxı syntactic, semantic subClassOf Not mentioned Semi-automatic Yes Not mentioned Ad-hoc tool No No Soergel et al. [SLL + 04, LS06] Heavyweight No classes, attributes, relations OWL DL Single Hyvonen et al. y ¨ TBox syntactic, y , subClassOf, , DOLCE Semi-automatic Yes Not mentioned Ad-hoc tool Stojanovic et al. Lightweight instances F Logic F-Logic / RDF Single [HVTS08] Soergel et al. [SLL+ 04, LS06] An A et al. [AM05] TBox l semantic syntactic, semantic partOf subClassOf, ad-hoc relation No Manual Yes Not mentioned Not mentioned No N No N [SSV02] Barrasa et al. [BCGP04, Lightweight No Ninstances RDF Single Stojanovic et al. Population syntactic ad-hoc relation No Semi-automatic Yes Mapping rules KAON- Bar07] [SSV02] Barrasa et al. Cruz et al. [CXH04] Population syntactic subClassOf, No Semi-automatic Yes Mapping rules REVERSE ODEMapster No No Garc´a et al. [GC05] ı Lightweight No classes, attributes, relations, instances OWL Full/ RDF Single [BCGP04, Bar07] ad-hoc relation An et al. [AM05] Lightweight instances RDF Single Garc´a et al. [GC05] ı An et al. [AM05] Foxvog et al. [FB06] ABox ABox syntactic syntactic ad-hoc relation ad-hoc relation No No Semi-automatic Semi-automatic Yes No Mapping rules Not mentioned XSD2OWL XML2RDF Discovery tool No No Cruz et al. [CXH04] Lightweight No classes, attributes, relations, instances RDF(S) Single Cruz et al. [CXH04] ABox syntactic Not mentioned No Semi-automatic Yes Mapping rules Ad-hoc tool Foxvog et al. [FB06] Lightweight classes, attributes, CycL / OWL Several   Foxvog et al. [FB06] ABox syntactic Not mentioned No   Semi-automatic Yes Not mentioned Ad-hoc tool   relations, instances Full / WSML 17
  • 18.
    State of theArt 18 methods & 13 tools Non-ontological resource Reuse • Ad-hoc solutions solutions for particular resources • No detailed guidelines for the selection of the • Only focus on the resource type or resource are given resource i l implementation t ti •The resource provenance i f Th information is not ti i t •considered Transformation T f i Ontology O t l Research work Transformat Transformation Semantics of Additional Automatic / Methodological Technique Tool support Lightweight/ Components Implementation Single/ Approach Aspects NOR relations Resources / Semi- Guidelines Research Work Heavyweight language Several Domain automatic / Hepp et al. [HdB07] Lightweight classes, relations RDF(S) / OWL Single Expert Manual DLP Hepp et al. [HdB07] TBox syntactic, subClassOf, No Semi-automatic Yes Not mentioned SKOS2GenTax Hakkarainen et al. Lightweight classes, attributes, OWL DL Single semantic ad-hoc relation [HHST06] relations Hakkarainen et al. ABox syntactic, subClassOf, No Semi-automatic Yes Transformation Not mentioned [HHST06] semantic ad-hoc relation rules Abbasi et al. [ASC07] Lightweight instances Not mentioned Several Abbasi et al. [ASC07] Population syntactic No Swoogle Automatic Yes Lexico T-ORG Maala et al. [MDA07] Lightweight instances RDF Single Google Syntactic Patterns Van Assem et al. Lightweight classes, attributes, RDF(S) / OWL Single [vAGS06] relations, instances Full Maala et al. [MDA07] Population syntactic No WordNet, Automatic Yes Not mentioned Not mentioned Geographical G hi l Gangemi et al [GNV03 al. [GNV03, Lightweight classes, attributes classes attributes, DAML+OIL Single locations, GGMO03] relations Ontology of things Hahn et al. [Hah03, Heavyweight classes, relations LOOM / ALC Single Van Assem et ABox syntactic No No Semi-automatic Yes Not mentioned Swi-Prolog HS03] al. [vAGS06] van Assem et al. Lightweight classes, attributes, RDF(S) / OWL Single Gangemi et al. TBox syntactic, ad-hoc relations DOLCE Semi-automatic Yes NLP Not mentioned [vAMSW04] relations Full [GNV03, GGMO03] semantic Techniques van Assem et al. Lightweight instances SKOS RDF Single Hahn et al. TBox syntactic, subClassOf, No Semi-automatic Yes Ontology Ad-hoc tool [Hah03, HS03] semantic partOf, ad-hoc Design [vAMMS06] relation Patterns Wielinga et al. Lightweight classes, attributes, RDF(S) Single van Assem et al. TBox syntactic, subClassOf, No Semi-automatic Yes Not mentioned Ad-hoc tool [WSWS01] relations [vAMSW04] semantic ad-hoc relation Hyvonen ¨ et al. Heavyweight classes, attributes, RDF(S) Single van Assem et al. Population syntactic Not mentioned No Automatic Yes Not mentioned Swi-Prolog [vAMMS06] [HVTS08] relations Wielinga et al. TBox syntactic, subClassOf Not mentioned Semi-automatic Yes Not mentioned Ad-hoc tool Soergel et al. [SLL + 04, Heavyweight classes, attributes, OWL DL Single [WSWS01] semantic LS06] relations Hyvonen et al. y ¨ TBox syntactic, y , subClassOf, , DOLCE Semi-automatic Yes Not mentioned Ad-hoc tool Stojanovic et al. Lightweight instances F Logic F-Logic / RDF Single [HVTS08] semantic partOf [SSV02] Soergel et al. TBox syntactic, subClassOf, No Manual Yes Not mentioned Not mentioned [SLL+ 04, LS06] semantic ad-hoc relation Barrasa et al. [BCGP04, Lightweight instances RDF Single Stojanovic et al. Population syntactic ad-hoc relation No Semi-automatic Yes Mapping rules KAON- Bar07] [SSV02] REVERSE Garc´a et al. [GC05] ı Lightweight classes, attributes, OWL Full/ RDF Single Barrasa et al. Population syntactic subClassOf, No Semi-automatic Yes Mapping rules ODEMapster relations, instances [BCGP04, Bar07] ad-hoc relation An et al. [AM05] Lightweight instances RDF Single Garc´a et al. [GC05] ı ABox syntactic ad-hoc relation No Semi-automatic Yes Mapping rules XSD2OWL XML2RDF Cruz et al. [CXH04] Lightweight classes, attributes, RDF(S) Single An et al. [AM05] ABox syntactic ad-hoc relation No Semi-automatic No Not mentioned Discovery tool relations, instances Cruz et al. [CXH04] ABox syntactic Not mentioned No Semi-automatic Yes Mapping rules Ad-hoc tool Foxvog et al. [FB06] Lightweight classes, attributes, CycL / OWL Several Foxvog et al. [FB06] ABox syntactic Not mentioned No Semi-automatic Yes Not mentioned Ad-hoc tool relations, instances Full / WSML     18
  • 19.
    Research work Transformat Transformation Semantics of Additional Automatic / Methodological Technique State support the Art Tool of Approach Aspects NOR relations Resources / Domain Semi- automatic / 18 methods & 13 tools Guidelines Expert Manual Non-ontological resource Hepp et al. [HdB07] TBox syntactic, subClassOf, No Semi-automatic Yes Not mentioned SKOS2GenTax Reuse semantic ad-hoc relation Hakkarainen et al. ABox syntactic, subClassOf, No Semi-automatic Yes Transformation Not mentioned [HHST06] semantic ad-hoc relation rules Tool Transformat Transformation Semantics of Automatic • no detailed guidelines for the Technique of the Additional Yes Automatic / Abbasi et al. [ASC07] Population syntactic No Swoogle Lexico T-ORG • ad-hoc solutions Google Syntactic selection Approach Aspects NOR relations Resources / Semi- • only focus on the resource type or resource Patterns Maala et al. [MDA07] [ ] Population p syntactic y No WordNet, , Domain Yes automatic / Automatic Not mentioned Not mentioned resource i l implementationt ti Geographical • d not consider th resource provenance do t id the Expert Manual locations, Ontology of information SKOS2GenTax TBox syntactic, subClassOf, things No Semi-automatic Not mentioned semantic ad-hoc relation Van Assem et ABox syntactic No No Semi-automatic Yes Not mentioned Swi-Prolog al. [vAGS06] T-ORG Population syntactic No Swoogle Automatic Lexico Gangemi et al. TBox syntactic, ad-hoc relations DOLCE Semi-automatic Yes NLP Syntactic Not mentioned [GNV03, GGMO03] semantic Techniques Patterns Hahn et al. TBox syntactic, subClassOf, No Semi-automatic Yes Ontology KAON-REVERSE ABox syntactic No No Semi-automatic Mapping tool Ad-hoc rules [Hah03, HS03] semantic partOf, ad-hoc Design ODEMapster Population relation syntactic No No Patterns Semi-automatic Mapping rules van Assem et al. TBox syntactic, subClassOf, No Semi-automatic Yes Not mentioned Ad-hoc tool [vAMSW04] D2R Server Population semantic syntactic ad-hoc relation No No Semi-automatic Mapping rules van Assemp al. Composer TopBraid et p Population ABox syntactic Not y syntactic mentioned No No Automatic No Yes Semi-automatic Not mentioned Mapping rules pp g Swi Prolog Swi-Prolog [vAMMS06] XSD2OWL and ABox syntactic No No Semi-automatic Mapping rules Ontology O t l Wielinga et XML2RDF TBox al. syntactic, subClassOf Not mentioned Semi-automatic Yes Not mentioned Lightweight/ Components Ad-hoc tool Implementation Single/ Research Work Heavyweight language Several [WSWS01] semantic Hepp et al. [HdB07] Lightweight classes, relations RDF(S) / OWL Single DLP ConvertToRdf Hyvonen et al. ¨ TBox Population syntactic, syntactic subClassOf, No DOLCE Semi-automaticNo Hakkarainen Yes et Semi-automatic al. Not mentioned Not mentioned Lightweight classes, attributes, Ad-hoc tool Single OWL DL [HHST06] relations [HVTS08] semantic partOf Abbasi et al. [ASC07] Lightweight instances Not mentioned Several flat2rdf Population syntactic No No Maala et al. [MDA07] Semi-automatic Lightweight instances Not mentioned RDF Single Van Assem et al. Soergel et al. TBox syntactic, subClassOf, No Manual [vAGS06] Yes Not mentioned RDF(S) / OWL Single Lightweightclasses, attributes, relations, instances Full Not mentioned [SLL+Java BibTeX-To-RDF 04, BibTeX To RDF 04 LS06] Population semantic ad syntactic ad-hoc relation hoc No No Gangemi et al [GNV03 GGMO03] al. [GNV03, Automatic Lightweight classes, classes relations attributes, attributes Not mentioned DAML+OIL Single Converter Stojanovic et al. Population syntactic ad-hoc relation No Semi-automatic Hahn et al. HS03] Yes [Hah03, Heavyweight classes, relations Mapping rules LOOM / ALC KAON- Single van Assem et al. Lightweight classes, attributes, RDF(S) / OWL Single [SSV02] Excel2rdf Population syntactic No No [vAMSW04] Semi-automatic relations NotREVERSE Full mentioned van Assem et al. Lightweight instances SKOS RDF Single Barrasa et al. Population syntactic subClassOf, No Semi-automatic [vAMMS06] Yes Mapping rules ODEMapster [BCGP04, Bar07] RDF123 Population syntactic ad-hoc relation No No Wielinga [WSWS01] et Semi-automatic al. Lightweight classes, attributes, relations Not mentioned RDF(S) Single Hyvonen ¨ et al. Heavyweight classes, attributes, RDF(S) Single ı XLWrap Garc´a et al. [GC05] ABox Population syntactic syntactic ad-hoc relation No No Semi-automaticNo [HVTS08] Yes Semi-automaticrules OWL DLXSD2OWL Soergel et al. [SLL + 04, Mapping Heavyweight Mapping rules relations classes, attributes, Single LS06] relations XML2RDF   An et al. [AM05] ABox syntactic ad-hoc relation No Semi-automatic Stojanovic [SSV02] No et Barrasa et al. [BCGP04, al. Lightweight instances Not mentioned RDF Discovery tool Lightweightinstances Single F Logic F-Logic / RDF Single Bar07] Cruz et al. [CXH04] ABox syntactic Not mentioned No Semi-automatic Yes Garc´a et al. [GC05] ı Mapping rules OWL Full/ RDF Single Lightweightclasses, attributes, relations, instances Ad-hoc tool An et al. [AM05] Lightweight instances RDF Single Foxvog et al. [FB06] ABox syntactic Not mentioned No Semi-automatic Yes Cruz et al. [CXH04] Not mentioned RDF(S) Ad-hoc tool Lightweightclasses, attributes, Single Transformation relations, instances   Foxvog et al. [FB06] Lightweight classes, attributes, relations, instances CycL / OWL Full / WSML Several   19
  • 20.
    State of theArt 18 methods & 13 tools Non-ontological resource Reuse • Ad-hoc solutions solutions for particular resources • No detailed guidelines for the selection of the • Only focus on the resource type or resource are given resource i l implementation t ti •The resource provenance i f Th information is not ti i t considered Transformation T f i Ontology O t l Lightweight/ Components Implementation Single/ Research Work Heavyweight language Several Hepp et al. [HdB07] Lightweight classes, relations RDF(S) / OWL Single DLP • Do not include the three transformation Hakkarainen et al. Lightweight classes, attributes, OWL DL Single [HHST06] relations Abbasi et al. [ASC07] Lightweight instances Not mentioned Several approaches (TBox, ABox, and Population). Maala et al. [MDA07] Lightweight instances RDF Single Van Assem et al. Lightweight classes, attributes, RDF(S) / OWL Single [vAGS06] relations, instances Full • M k explicit the hidden semantics i th Make li it th hidd ti in the Gangemi et al [GNV03 al. [GNV03, Lightweight classes, attributes classes attributes, DAML+OIL Single GGMO03] relations Hahn et al. [Hah03, Heavyweight classes, relations LOOM / ALC Single relations of the NOR terms. HS03] van Assem et al. Lightweight classes, attributes, RDF(S) / OWL Single [vAMSW04] relations Full • Lack the application of re-engineering van Assem et al. Lightweight instances SKOS RDF Single [vAMMS06] Wielinga et al. Lightweight classes, attributes, RDF(S) Single patterns [WSWS01] relations Hyvonen ¨ et al. Heavyweight classes, attributes, RDF(S) Single [HVTS08] relations Soergel et al. [SLL + 04, Heavyweight classes, attributes, OWL DL Single LS06] relations Stojanovic et al. Lightweight instances F Logic F-Logic / RDF Single [SSV02] Barrasa et al. [BCGP04, Lightweight instances RDF Single Bar07] Garc´a et al. [GC05] ı Lightweight classes, attributes, OWL Full/ RDF Single relations, instances An et al. [AM05] Lightweight instances RDF Single Cruz et al. [CXH04] Lightweight classes, attributes, RDF(S) Single relations, instances Foxvog et al. [FB06] Lightweight classes, attributes, CycL / OWL Several relations, instances Full / WSML   20
  • 21.
    State of theArt Lightweight/ Components 18 methods & 13 tools Implementation Single/ Non-ontological resource Research Work Hepp et al [HdB07] al. Heavyweight Lightweight classes, classes relations language Several RDF(S) / OWL Single Reuse DLP Hakkarainen et Lightweight/ Components al. Lightweight Implementation classes, attributes, OWL DL Single/ Single Tool [HHST06] Heavyweight relations language Several • ad-hoc solutions Abbasi et al. [ASC07] Lightweight classes, instances • no detailed guidelines for the selection of the SKOS2GenTax Lightweight OWL Not mentioned Single DLP/ Several • only focus on the resource[MDA07] Maala et al. type or Lightweight attributes, instances resource RDF(S)RDF Single resource i l implementation Van Assem et al. Li ht i ht relations attributes, not consider th resource provenance V ti A t t l Lightweight classes, l tt ib d • do t t RDF(S) / OWL the l id Single Si [vAGS06] relations, instances Full T-ORG classes, information Gangemi et al. [GNV03, Lightweight instances attributes, mentioned Lightweight Not DAML+OIL Several Single KAON-REVERSE GGMO03] Lightweight classes, relations F-Logic / RDF Single Hahn et al. [Hah03, Heavyweightattributes,relations classes, LOOM / ALC Single HS03] relations, van A Assem et al. Li h i h instances attributes, RDF(S) / OWL Si l l Lightweight classes, l ib Single [vAMSW04] relations Full ODEMapster van Assem et Lightweight al. Lightweight instances instances RDF SKOS RDF Single Single D2R Server [vAMMS06] Lightweight instances RDF Single Wielinga et TopBraid Composer Lightweight al. Lightweight classes, classes, attributes, RDF(S)(Full, RDF/OWL Single Single [WSWS01] relations attributes, , DL or Lite) ) Transformation T f i Hyvonen ¨ et al. Heavyweight classes, attributes, RDF(S) l i h l relations, ib (S) Single Si l Ontology O t l [HVTS08] relations instances Soergel et al. [SLL+ 04, Heavyweight classes, attributes, OWL DL Single XSD2OWLLS06] and Lightweight classes, relations OWL Full/ RDF Single • do not include the three transformationLightweight attributes, XML2RDFStojanovic et al. instances F-Logic / RDF Single approaches (TBox, ABox, and Population). [SSV02] relations, • make explicit th hidd semantics i th k li it the hidden et al. [BCGP04, the Barrasa ti in Lightweight instances instances RDF Single Bar07] relations of the NOR terms. ConvertToRdfal. [GC05] Lightweight instances attributes, OWL Full/ RDF Single RDF Garc´a et ı Lightweight classes, Single • lack of the application of re-engineering flat2rdf Lightweight instances instances relations, RDF Single patterns Java AnBibTeX-To- Lightweight et al. [AM05] Lightweight instances instances RDF RDF Single Single Cruz et al. [CXH04] RDF Converter Lightweight classes, attributes, RDF(S) Single relations, instances Excel2rdf Lightweight instances RDF Single Foxvog et al. [FB06] Lightweight classes, attributes, CycL / OWL Several RDF123 Lightweight instances instances relations, RDF Full / WSML Several   XLWrap Lightweight instances RDF Several   21
  • 22.
    State of theArt Limitations of methods and tools Non-ontological resource Reuse Ad-hoc solutions solutions for particular resources No detailed guidelines for the selection of the Only focus on the resource type or resourceare given resource i l implementation t ti The Th resource provenance i f information is not ti i t considered T f i Transformation O t l Ontology Do not include the three transformation Generate only ontology schema or approaches (TBox, ABox, and Population). ontology instances Make M k explicit the hidden semantics i th li it th hidd ti in the relations of the NOR terms. Lack the application of re-engineering patterns 22
  • 23.
  • 24.
    Objectives & ResearchMethodology Objectives and Contributions To speed up the ontology development by reusing and re-re- engineering non-ontological non- resources. resources. Methodological objectives O1. The definition of methodological aspects related to the reuse of non- ontological resources for building ontologies. O2. The definition of methodological aspects related to the re-engineering of non-ontological non ontological resources for building ontologies. Technological objectives O3 The creation of a library of patterns for O3. re-engineering non-ontological resources into ontologies. O4. The development of a software library, NOR2O that implements the suggestions O, given by the re-engineering patterns. 24
  • 25.
    Objectives & ResearchMethodology Hypotheses H1 The reuse and re engineering of NORs will allow the development of ontologies in an easier H1. re-engineering and faster way. H2. It is possible to define a unified method for transforming NORs into ontologies independently i d d tl • (1) of the type, data model or implementation of the resource, and • (2) of the target ontology to be generated. H3. The method for re-engineering NORs is extensible and adaptable to other types of resources. H4. It is possible to create re-engineering patterns that allow generating ontologies from re engineering available NORs, namely, classification schemes, thesauri, and lexica, in an uniform way, independently • (1) of how they have been implemented; • (2) of the target ontology to be generated generated, • (3) of the domain of the resources, that is, the patterns can be used to build ontologies in different domains; H5. The re-engineering patterns can be implemented in a software library that facilitates the work of ontology engineers when developing ontologies. 25
  • 26.
    Objectives & ResearchMethodology Research Methodology Methodological Inputs g p Empirical Inputs Available ad-hoc Previous practices methods and experiences Existing categorization of resources Methodological Inputs Empirical Inputs Available ad-hoc Previous practices methods and experiences Available Software Re- engineering practices Methodological Inputs g p Available Software Re- Previous practices in engineering patterns Ontology Engineering 26
  • 27.
  • 28.
    Contributions O1. The definitionof methodological aspects related to the reuse of non- ontological resources for building ontologies. 28
  • 29.
    Contributions Categorization of Non-ontological Resources • Non-ontological Resource (NOR) is a knowledge resource whose semantics has not yet been formalized by an ontology. 29
  • 30.
    Contributions Non-ontological ResourceMetadata Vocabulary (NoRMV) OMV http://www.oeg-upm.net/files/normv/normv.owl 30
  • 31.
    Contributions Methodological guidelines for reusing NORs Non-ontological Resource Reuse Definition Non-ontological Resource Reuse refers to the process of choosing the most suitable non-ontological resources for the development of ontologies. Goal To choose the most suitable non-ontological resources for building ontologies. Input Output The ontology A set of non-ontological requirements resources that to some specification document extend covers the (ORSD). expected domain. Who Domain experts, software developers and ontology practitioners. When After the ontology specification activity and before the non-ontological resource re-engineering process. 31
  • 32.
    Contributions O2. The definitionof methodological aspects related to the re-engineering of non-ontological resources for building ontologies. 32
  • 33.
    Contributions Re-engineering Model for NORs Patterns for Re-engineering General Model for Software Re-engineering Non-ontological Non ontological Resources (PR-NOR) Con- Speci- Ontology Forward NOR Reverse ceptual fication Engineering Engineering Conceptua- Requirements Transformation lization Design Formalization Implementation Implementation RDF(S) Non-ontological Resource Ontology 33
  • 34.
    Contributions Template for the PR-NOR Slot Value General Information Name Name of the pattern An acronym composed of component type + abbreviated name of the Identifier component + number Component Type Pattern for Re-engineering Non-ontological Resource (PR-NOR) Use Case Description in natural language of the re-engineering problem addressed by General the pattern for re-engineering non-ontological resources. Example Description in natural language of an example of the re-engineering problem. Pattern for Re-engineering Non-ontological Resource INPUT: Resource to be Re-engineered Classification scheme Description i natural l D i ti in t l language of th non-ontological resource. f the t l i l INPUT General Example Description in natural language of an example of the non-ontological resource. Thesaurus Graphical Representation General Graphical representation of the non-ontological resource. Lexicon Example Graphical representation of the example of non-ontological resource. OUTPUT: Designed Ontology Description in natural language of the ontology created after applying the OUTPUT General pattern for re-engineering the non-ontological resource. Graphical Representation (UML) General Graphical representation, using the UML profile [BH06], of the ontology Solution Ontology created for the non-ontological resource being re-engineered. (UML) Example A graphical representation example, which uses the UML profile [BH06], of Semantics of the Solution Ontology the ontology created for the non-ontological resource being used. Relations among the PROCESS: How to Re engineer Re-engineer NOR Entities General Algorithm for the re-engineering process Algorithm for the re-engineering process. Example Time Complexity Application of the algorithm to the non-ontological resource example. The time complexity of the algorithm. PROCESS Additional Notes Additional notes of the algorithm. Formal Transformation Formal description of the transformation made with the formal definitions of General the resources. Relationships (Optional) Relations to other Description of any relation to other PR-NOR patterns or other ontology design modelling patterns. components   34
  • 35.
    Contributions Semantics of the Relations among the NOR Entities 1. 1: Take two related terms from the NOR, ti and tj TBox transformation: patterns must 2: defaultRelationsemantics of the relations discover the ← userDefinedRelation 5. 3: if contains(ti,tj) then entities. among the NOR 4: 4 relation ← ti bCl l ti ti.subClassOf.tj Of tj 5: else if contains(tj,ti) then 6. 6: relation ← tj.subClassOf.ti 7: else 8: wordnetRelation ← WordNet(ti, tj) 9: if wordnetRelation == hyponym then 10: relation ← ti.subClassOf.tj 1. 11: else if wordnetRelation == hypernym then 12: relation ← tj.subClassOf.ti 3. 13: else if wordnetRelation == meronym then 14: default relation relation ← ti.partOf.tj 15: else if wordnetRelation == holonym then y 8. 16: relation ← tj.partOf.ti 17: else 18: relation ← defaultRelation 19: end if 14. 14 20: end if 21: return relation 35
  • 36.
    Contributions Methodological guidelines for re-engineering NORs Non-Ontological Resource Re-engineering Definition Cope with the classification schemes, thesauri, and lexica, in an uniform way, Non-Ontological Resource Re-engineering refers to the process of taking a non ontological resource and non-ontological independently of how those resources have p y transforming it into an ontology. been implemented Goal Are based on re-engineering patterns Creating an ontology from a non-ontological resource. Input Output Include the three transformation approaches One or more non- (TBox, ABox and Population) ontological resources An ontology. selected by the reuse process. Make explicit the hidden semantics in the p Who relations of the NOR terms by means of Domain experts, software developers and ontology external resources in a semi-automatic way practitioners. Provide support for the transformation, When including information about who is in charge After the non-ontological resource reuse process of performing a particular activity and when and before the conceptualization activity. such an activity has to be carried out. 36
  • 37.
    Contributions Methodological guidelines forre-engineering NORs Analyzing the non-ontological resource in order to identify its underlying components 37
  • 38.
    Contributions Methodological guidelines forre-engineering NORs The goal is to generate a conceptual model from the NOR Criteria for searching for a suitable pattern: • NOR Type: classification scheme, thesauri, or lexicon • NOR Data model: C.Scheme data model, thesaurus data model, or lexicon data model • Transformation approach: TBox, ABox 38
  • 39.
    Contributions Methodological guidelines forre-engineering NORs To output a new implementation of the ontology on the basis of the new conceptual model. 39
  • 40.
    Contributions O3. The creationof a library of patterns for re-engineering non-ontological resources into ontologies. Patterns for classificatio n schemes (8) Patterns for thesauri (4) Patterns for lexica (4) PR-NOR Library 40
  • 41.
    Contributions Patterns for re-engineering classification schemes • A classification scheme1 is the descriptive information Path Enumeration Data Model N Identifier Type of NOR Adjacency List Data Model NOR Data Target for an arrangement or division of objects into Schema 1 PR-NOR-CLTX-01 Classification Model Path Ontology groups based on characteristics, which th objects h b d h t Scheme i ti hiEnumeration bj (TBox) have i h the t in common, e.g., water area classification Ontology Schema 2 PR-NOR-CLTX-02 Classification Scheme Adjacency List scheme2. (TBox) 3 PR-NOR-CLTX-03 Classification Snowflake Ontology Schema Scheme (TBox) 4 PR-NOR-CLTX-04 Classification Flattened Ontology Schema Scheme (TBox) 5 PR-NOR-CLAX-10 Classification Path Ontology Snowflake Data Model Flattened Data Model Scheme S h Enumeration (TBox+ABox) (TB +AB ) 6 PR-NOR-CLAX-11 Classification Adjacency List Ontology Scheme (TBox+ABox) 7 PR-NOR-CLAX-12 Classification Snowflake Ontology Scheme (TBox+ABox) 8 PR-NOR-CLAX-13 Classification Flattened Ontology Scheme (TBox+ABox)   1. 1 International Standard Organization (ISO) Information technology - Metadata registries – Part 1: Framework, 2004. (ISO). Framework 2004 Report ISO/IEC FDIS 11179-1. 2. http://www.fao.org/figis/servlet/RefServlet 41
  • 42.
    Contributions Pattern for re-engineeringa classification scheme following the adjacency list data model into an ontology schema Example PROCESS: How to Re-engineer Require: Identification of the parent/child by using the adjacency list model noParentT erms ← [Water parent/child by using the adjacency list model 1:Require: Identification of thearea] 2: 1:// noParentTerms ← classification scheme terms without parent noParentTerms.length=1 > 1 2: 1 ← createClass(Water area) 14: Cif noParentTerms.length > 1 then 16: children ← childrenOf(Water area) // using the adjacency list model 3: entityName ← name of; Jurisdiction area; Fishing the classification 16: children ← [Environmental area; the entity that ; containsstatistical area] [ g ] scheme t h terms 19: C 2 ← createClass(Environmental area) 4: rootClass ← createClass(entityName) 21: rel1 ← ExternalResource.getRelation(C 1,C 2) 5: ← ri ∈ noParentTerms do 19: C 3 for createClass(Jurisdiction area) 21: rel2 Ri ← createClass(ri) 6: ← ExternalResource.getRelation(C 1,C 3) 7: relation ← ExternalResource.getRelation(rootClass,Ri) 19: C 4 ← createClass(Fishing statistical area) 8: ← ExternalResource.getRelation(C 21: rel3 relate(relation,rootClass,Ri) 1,C 4) 9: end f 26: noParentTerms ← [Environmental area; Jurisdiction area; Fishing statistical area] d for 10: end if ← childrenOf(Environmental area) // using the adjacency list model. 16: children 11: repeat 16: children ← [Inland/Marine;Ocean;North/South/Equatorial] 12: for cei ∈ noParentTerms 19: C 5 ← createClass(Inland/Marine)do 13: if ExternalResource.getRelation(C 2,C 5) 21: rel4 ←not alreadyCreatedClassFor(cei) then 19: C 6 ←C i ← createClass(cei) 14: createClass(Ocean) 15: end if 21 rel5 ← ExternalResource.getRelation(C 2,C 6) 21: 16: children ← childrenOf(cei) 19: C 7 ← createClass(North/South/Equatorial) 17: for cej ∈ children do 21: rel6 ← ExternalResource.getRelation(C 2,C 7) 18: if ← ∅ ← childrenOf(Jurisdiction area) 16: childrennot alreadyCreatedClassFor(cej) then C j ← createClass(cej) 16: children ← childrenOf(Fishing statistical area) // using the adjacency list model 19: 20: end← [FAO Statistical area;Areal grid system] 16: children if 19: C 8 ←relation ← ExternalResource getRelation(cei cej) 21: ExternalResource.getRelation(cei,cej) createClass(FAO Statistical area) 21: rel7 ← ExternalResource.getRelation(C 4,C 8) 22: relate(relation,cei,cej) 19: C 9 ← createClass(Areal grid system) 23: end for 21: rel8 ← ExternalResource.getRelation(C 4,C 9) 24: add(allChildren,children) 26: noParentTerms ← [Inland/Marine;Ocean;North/South/Equ.;FAO 25: end for 26: noParentT erms ← Statistical;Areal grid system] allChildren 16: children ← ∅ ← childrenOf(Inland/Marine) 27: removeAllTerms(allChildren) ( ) ← ∅ ← childrenOf(Ocean) 16: childrenisEmpty(noParentT erms) 28: until 16: children ← ∅ ← childrenOf(North/South/Equatorial) 16: children ← ∅ ← childrenOf(FAO Statistical area)   16: children ← ∅ ← childrenOf(Areal grid system) 26: noParentTerms ← ∅ 42
  • 43.
    Contributions Patterns for re-engineering thesauri • Record-based data model • Thesauri1 Identifier N are controlled vocabularies of terms in aData Target Type of NOR NOR particular domain with hierarchical, associative and equivalence Model relations between terms. Thesauri are mainly used for indexing and retrieving of articles in lOntology Schema 9 l PR-NOR-TSTX-01 i Thesaurus t i i Record-based i large d t b i df i d d f ti l databases. A An example of thesaurus is the AGROVOC2 thesaurus. (TBox) 10 PR-NOR-TSTX-02 Thesaurus Relation-based Ontology Schema (TBox) 11 PR-NOR-TSAX-10 Thesaurus Record-based Ontology (TBox+ABox) 12 PR-NOR-TSAX-11 Thesaurus Relation-based Ontology (TBox+ABox) • Relation-based data model 1. International Standard Organization (ISO). Documentation – Guidelines for the establishment and development of monolingual thesaurus, 1986. Report ISO 2788. 2. http://www.fao.org/agrovoc/ 43
  • 44.
    Contributions Pattern for re-engineering a thesaurus following the relation-based data model into an ontology schema Example PROCESS: How to Re-engineer Require: Identification of the BT/NT/RT/UF relations by using the relation- based model Require: Identification of the BT/NT/RT/UF relations by using the relation- 1: noBTerms ← [Poaceae; Cereals] based model 5: C 1 ← createClass(Poaceae) 1: noBTerms ← terms without a broader term 2: repeat ← narrowerTermOf(Poaceae) 7: N T erms 3: Nforerms ← [Oryza] // do the relation-based model 7: T ti ∈ noBTerms using 12: C 11 ← createClass(Oryza) 4: rel1not alreadyCreatedClassFor(ti) then 11) 14: if ← ExternalResource.getRelation(C 1,C 15: C i ← createClass(ti) 5: relate(rel1,C 1,C 11) 6: RTerms ← ∅ ← relatedTermOf(Poaceae) 17: end if 27: NTerms ← ← usedForTermOf(Poaceae) 7: UFTerms ← ∅ narrowerTermOf(ti) 31: for tj ∈ NTerms do 8: restOfTerms ← [Oryza] ← createClass(Cereals) 9: C 2 if alreadyCreatedClassFor(tj) then 5: 10: NTerms ← narrowerTermOf(Cereals) 7: remove(N T erms,tj) 11: NTerms ← [Rice] // using the relation-based model 7: else 12: ← ← createClass(tj) 12 C 21 C jcreateClass(Rice) j) 12: Cl ( 14: rel2 ← ExternalResource.getRelation(C 2,C 21) 13: end if 15: 14: relate(rel2,C 2,C 21) relation ← ExternalResource.getRelation(C i,C j) 15: RTerms ← ∅ ← relatedTermOf(Cereals) 17: relate(relation,C i,C j) 27: UFTerms ← ∅ ← usedForTermOf(Cereals) 16: restOffor 31: end T erms ← [Oryza;Rice] 34: RTerms ← relatedTermOf(ti) 17: noBTerms ← restOfTerms ← [Oryza;Rice] 35: for tr ∈ RTerms do 18: removeAllTerms(restOfTerms) ( ) 19: // Oryza class, C 11, already created then 4: if alreadyCreatedClassFor(tr) 20: NTerms ← ∅ ← narrowerTermOf(Oryza) 7: remove(RTerms,tr) 21: RTerms ← relatedTermOf(Oryza) 17: else 22: RTerms ← [Rice] // using the relation-based model 17: Cr createClass(tr) 20: 23: remove(RTerms,Rice) // Rice class, C21, already created end if 24: rel3 ← ExternalResource.getRelation(C 11,C 21) i,C r) 24: relation ← ExternalResource.getRelation(C 25: 25: relate(rel3,C 11,C 21) relate(relation,Ci,Cr) ( ) 26: UFT erms ← ∅ ← usedForTermOf(Oryza) 27: 27 end for dF T Of(O ) 31: restOfTerms ← ∅ UFTerms ← usedForTermOf(ti) 27: // Rice, C 21, already created 4: for tq ∈ ∅ ← narrowerTermOf(Rice) 28: NTerms ← UFTerms do 7: 29: RTerms ← ∅ ← relatedTermOf(Rice) 17: SOE(ti,tq) 30: UFTerms ← usedForTermOf(Rice) 27: end for 31: UFTerms ← [Paddy] // using the relation-based model 27: add(restOfTerms,NTerms) 32: SOE(Rice Paddy) add(restOfTerms,RTerms) 29: SOE(Rice,Paddy) 33: restOfTerms ← ∅ 31: end for 34: noBTerms ← ←← restOfTerms 34: noBTerms ∅ restOfTerms 35: removeAllTerms(restOfTerms) 35: removeAllTerms(restOfTerms) 36: until isEmpty(noBTerms)   44
  • 45.
    Contributions Patterns for re-engineering lexica • •A lexicon1 is a list of words inmodel (a vocabulary) along with some Record-based data a language knowledge of how to use each word. A lexicon may be general or domain- N Identifier Type of NOR NOR Data Target specific; we might have, for example, a lexicon of several thousand common Model words of English or German, or a lexicon of the technical Ontology Schema 13 PR-NOR-LXTX-01 Lexicon Record-based terms of dentistry in some language. An example is WordNet2 (TBox) • Relation-based data model 14 PR-NOR-LXTX-02 Lexicon Relation-based Ontology Schema (TBox) 15 PR-NOR-LXAX-10 Lexicon Record-based Ontology (TBox+ABox) 16 PR-NOR-LXAX-11 Lexicon Relation-based Ontology (TBox+ABox)   1. G. Hirst. Ontology and the lexicon. In Handbook on Ontologies in Information Systems, pages 209–230. Springer, 2004. 2. http://www.wordnet-online.com 45
  • 46.
    Contributions Pattern for re-engineering a lexicon following the record-based data model into an ontology schema PROCESS: How to Re-engineer Require: Identification of the relations by using the record-based model 1: Synsets ← all the synsets of the lexicon 2: for si ∈ Synsets do 3: if not alreadyCreatedClassFor(si) then C i ← createClass(si) endif 4: Hyponyms ← hyponymOf(si) 5: for sj ∈ H yponyms do 6: if not alreadyCreatedClassFor(sj) then C j ← createClass(sj) endif Example 7: relate(subClassOf,C i,C j) 8: end Identification of the relations by using the record-based model Require: for 9:1: Hypernyms ← hypernymOf(si) Synsets ← [cell;cell part;animal cell] 10: for sk ∈ Hypernyms do C 1 ← createClass(cell) 3: if not alreadyCreatedClassFor(sk) th C k ← createClass(sk) endif ( ) 11: 11 t l d C t dCl F ( k) then t Cl ( k) dif 12: Hyponyms ← hyponymOf(cell) 4: relate(subClassOf,C k,C i) 4: Hyponyms ← [animal cell] // using the record-based model 13: end for 6: C 2 ← createClass(animal 14: Meronyms ← meronymOf(si)cell) 15: for sl ∈ Meronyms do 1) 7: relate(subClassOf,C 2,C 16: if not alreadyCreatedClassFor(sl) then C l ← createClass(sl) endif 9: Hypernyms ← ∅ ←hypernymOf(cell) 17: relate(partOf,C← meronymOf(cell) // using the record-based model 14: Meronyms i,C l) record based 18: end for Meronyms ← [cell part] 14:Holonyms ← holonymOf(si) 19: 16: C 3 ← Holonyms do 20: for sm ∈createClass(cell part) 17: relate(partOf,C 3,C 1) 21: if not alreadyCreatedClassFor(sm) then C m ← createClass(sm) enif 22: relate(partOf,C m,C ← holonymOf(cell) 19: Holonyms ← ∅ i) 24: Synonyms ← synonymOf(cell) // using the record-based model 23: end for 24: Synonyms ← ← o y O (s ) : Synonyms sy [CESP:C16C10 8] 24:Sy o y s synonymOf(si) [CESP:C16C10.8] 25: for sn ∈ Synonyms do 26: CorchoEtAlPattern(cell,CESP:C16C10.8) // Corcho et al. [Cor09]. 26: CorchoEtAlPattern(si,tn)∅//← relatedSynsetOf(cell) Pattern 28: RelatedSynsets ← Corcho et al. [Cor09]. Logical 27: end for 28: RelatedSynsets ← relatedSynsetOf(si)   29: for so ∈ RelatedSynsets do 30: if not alreadyCreatedClassFor(so) then C o ← createClass(so) endif 31: relation ← ExternalResource getRelation(C i Co) ExternalResource.getRelation(C i,Co) 32: relate(relation,C i,C o) 33: end for 34: end for   46
  • 47.
    Contributions PR-NOR library at the ODP Portal http://ontologydesignpatterns.org/wiki/Submissions:ReengineeringODPs 47
  • 48.
    Contributions O4. The developmentof a software library, NOR2O, that implements the suggestions given by the re- engineering patterns. 48
  • 49.
  • 50.
  • 51.
    Evaluation Controlled experiment in Master course Controlled experiment in academic setting to validate Participants create an ontology schema from the • understandability ETT thesaurus, which follows the record-based data • applicability model and is implemented in XML. • usability H1 H2 Setting  Participants from Master Course.   Build manually a conceptual model from a thesaurus.  Analysing the guidelines and patterns. Results  Conceptual model from an excerpt of a thesaurus in  razonable time, 30 min. Conclusions  The methodological guidelines seem to be useful and   understandable. Example p Require: Identification of the BT/NT/RT/UF relations by using the relation- based model 1: noBTerms ← [Poaceae; Cereals] 5: C 1 ← createClass(Poaceae) 7: N T erms ← narrowerTermOf(Poaceae) 7: N T erms ← [Oryza] // using the relation-based model 12: C 11 ← createClass(Oryza) 14: rel1 ← ExternalResource.getRelation(C 1,C 11) 15: relate(rel1,C 1,C 11) 17: RTerms ← ∅ ← relatedTermOf(Poaceae) 27: UFTerms ← ∅ ← usedForTermOf(Poaceae) H4 31: restOfTerms ← [Oryza] 5: C 2 ← createClass(Cereals) 7: NTerms ← narrowerTermOf(Cereals) 7: NTerms ← [Rice] // using the relation-based model 12: C 21 ← createClass(Rice) 14 rel2 ← ExternalResource.getRelation(C 2,C 21) 14: 15: relate(rel2,C 2,C 21) 17: RTerms ← ∅ ← relatedTermOf(Cereals) PR-NOR-TSTX-01 27: UFTerms ← ∅ ← usedForTermOf(Cereals) 31: restOf T erms ← [Oryza;Rice] 34: noBTerms ← restOfTerms ← [Oryza;Rice] 35: removeAllTerms(restOfTerms) 4: // Oryza class, C 11, already created 7: NTerms ← ∅ ← narrowerTermOf(Oryza) 17: RTerms ← relatedTermOf(Oryza) 17: RTerms ← [Rice] // using the relation-based model 20: remove(RTerms,Rice) // Rice class, C21, already created 24: rel3 ← ExternalResource.getRelation(C 11,C 21) 25: relate(rel3,C 11,C 21) 27: UFT erms ← ∅ ← usedForTermOf(Oryza) 31: restOfTerms ← ∅ 4: // Rice C 21 already created Rice, 21, 7: NTerms ← ∅ ← narrowerTermOf(Rice) 17: RTerms ← ∅ ← relatedTermOf(Rice) 27: UFTerms ← usedForTermOf(Rice) 27: UFTerms ← [Paddy] // using the relation-based model 29: SOE(Rice,Paddy) 31: restOfTerms ← ∅ 34: noBTerms ← ∅ ← restOfTerms 35: removeAllTerms(restOfTerms) 51
  • 52.
    Evaluation SEEMP Project Build a Reference Ontology by applying our method for reusing and re-engineering NORs H1 H2 Ontology Concepts Attributes Axioms Instances Efforts (man.months) SEEMP RO 1985 315 1037 1449 6 Resource Type Data Model Implementation Pattern used NACE Classification Path enumeration Database PR-NOR-CLTX-01 Scheme FOET Classification Path enumeration Database PR-NOR-CLTX-01 Scheme ISCED 97 Classification Scheme Adjacency list Database PR-NOR-CLTX-02 H4 ISO 4217 Classification Snowflake XML PR-NOR-CLAX-12 Scheme ISO 3166 Classification Snowflake XML PR-NOR-CLAX-12 Scheme ISO 639 Classification Snowflake XML PR-NOR-CLAX-12 Scheme CEFR Classification Proprietary model Proprietary for- Scheme mat EU Driving g Classification Snowflake Proprietary for- p y License Scheme mat EURES Skill Classification Path enumeration Database PR-NOR-CLTX-01 Scheme LE FOREM Proprietary Proprietary model Proprietary for- Contracts classification mat   52
  • 53.
    Evaluation GeoLinkedData Project Populate the SCOVO vocabulary from INE datasets H1 H2 H3 H5 53
  • 54.
    Evaluation Controlled experiment to validate the quality of the patterns and NOR2O Setting  Two ontology engineers.  Two ontology engineers.  Build five ontologies from available NORs. Ontology   Compare these five gold standard ontologies against  Engineer  the ontologies generated by NOR2O. Results Similarity values of every ontology generated with the  Ontology  Engineers gold standard ontology. gold standard ontology Conclusions  The ontologies generated have an acceptable level of NOR2O  quality, meaning by quality the similarity of the  ontologies to the gold standard ones. Name Type Data Model Implementation N. N of N. N of Pattern terms terms Used covered ASFA thesaurus record-based XML 9882 188 PR-NOR-TSTX-01 ETT thesaurus record-based XML 2522 337 PR-NOR-TSTX-01 ACM classification adjacency list XML 1606 223 PR-NOR-CLTX-02 scheme FOET classification path enumeration spreadsheet 127 112 PR-NOR-CLTX-01 scheme H4 BioLexicon lexicon relation-based database 53876 150 PR-NOR-LXTX-02   Similarity values between ontologies generated with the gold standard Cider StrucSubsDistAlignment H5 ASFA 0.754 0.631 ETT 0.713 0.745 similarity ACM 0.620 0.870 FOET 0.621 0.753 BioLexicon 0.515 0.793   54
  • 55.
  • 56.
    Conclusions Comparative analysis ofthe three most representative methods and ours Features Heep et al. Hyvonen et al. ¨ Soerger et al. Villazo n- ´ Terrazas Transformation Transformation TBox TBox TBox TBox, ABox, , , approach Population Transformation syntactic syntacti syntactic syntactic, aspects semantic semantic semantic semantic Semantics of subClassOf, subClassOf, subClassOf, subClassOf, the NOR ad-hoc relation partOf ad-hoc relation partOf relations Additional No DOLCE Domain expert WordNet resources/Do- main expert Automatic / Semiautomatic Semiautomatic Manual Semiautomatic Semiautomatic / Manual Technique Not mentioned Not mentioned Not mentioned Re-engineering patterns Tool support SKOS2GenTax ad-hoc tool Not mentioned NOR2 O 56
  • 57.
  • 58.
    Future work Creation ofa registry of non ontological resources non-ontological resources. g g Re-engineering NORs Richer ontologies Additional external resources e g DBpedia resources, e.g., Generation of GoodRelations-compliant ontologies Multilingual NORs Integration of different NORs Evolution of the NORs Linked Data aspects 58
  • 59.
  • 60.
    Selected Publications &Patent 1 B. Villazón-Terrazas J Ramírez, M C Suárez-Figueroa A Gómez-Pérez (2011) “A Network of Villazón Terrazas, J. Ramírez M.C. Suárez Figueroa, A. Gómez Pérez (2011). A Ontology Networks for building e-Employment Advanced Systems”. In International Journal on Expert Systems with Applications, ELSEIVER. 2 B. Villazón-Terrazas, M.C. Suárez-Figueroa, A. Gómez-Pérez (2010). “A Pattern-Based Method for Re-engineering Non-ontological Resources into Ontologies”. In International Journal on Semantic g g g g Web and Information Systems, Wright State University, USA. 3 B. Villazón-Terrazas, A. Gómez-Pérez, Jean Paul Calbimonte (2010). “NOR2O: a Library for Transforming Non-ontological Resources to Ontologies”. Poster In Extended Semantic Web Conference (ESWC2010) 4 L. M. Vilches Blázquez, B. Villazón-Terrazas, V. Saquicela, A. de León, O. Corcho, A. Gómez-Pérez (2010) . “GeoLinked data and INSPIRE through an application case”. In ACM SIGSPATIAL International Conference on Advances in Geographic Information Systems (GIS2010) 5 B. Villazón-Terrazas, M.C. Suárez-Figueroa, A. Gómez-Pérez (2009). “Pattern for Re-engineering a Term-based Thesaurus, which follows the Record-based model, to a Lightweight Ontology”. In Workshop on Ontology Patterns (WOP). In International Semantic Web Conference (ISWC 2009) 6 A. Gómez-Pérez, J. Ramírez, B. Villazón-Terrazas (2007). “An Ontology for Modelling Human Resources Management based on Standards”. In 11th International Conference on Knowledge- Based Intelligent Information & Engineering Systems (KES2007) 7 A. Gómez-Pérez, J. Ramírez, B. Villazón-Terrazas (2007) “Methodology for Reusing Human Resources Management Standards”. In: 19th International Conference on Software Engineering and Knowledge Engineering (SEKE 2007) 8 B. Villazón-Terrazas, A. Gómez-Pérez, J. Ramírez (2009) “Ontología de CV y Ofertas de Empleo”. Villazón Terrazas, Gómez Pérez, Ontología Empleo . Patent, Registro de la Propiedad Intelectual. Comunidad de Madrid. Reference M-404/2009. 60
  • 61.
  • 62.
    A Method forReusing and Re-engineering Non-ontological Resources for Building Ontologies Boris Villazón-Terrazas bvillazon@fi.upm.es 14th April, 2011