This paper describes a novel method for tracking customers using images taken from video-surveillance
cameras. This system analyzes the number of customers and their motions through the aisles of big-box
stores (supermarkets) in real-time. The originality of our approach is based on the study of the blobs
properties for managing the splitting/merging issues using a mathematical morphology operator. In the
order hand, in order to manage a high number of customers in real-time, we combine the advantage of two
tracking algorithms.
1) The document discusses methods for counting people in crowded environments using computer vision techniques. It divides the main approaches into low-level analysis, foreground segmentation models, motion models, shape models, and multi-target tracking.
2) The author's approach uses a shape model based on head and shoulder detection combined with a uniform motion model from optical flow to generate probability maps for head detections. Detections are associated across frames and validated via tracking to reduce false positives and provide a person count.
3) Experimental results on standard video sequences demonstrate the method provides person counts comparable to state-of-the-art while also enabling tracking of individuals in crowded scenes.
A STOCHASTIC STATISTICAL APPROACH FOR TRACKING HUMAN ACTIVITYZac Darcy
This document summarizes a research paper on tracking human activity using a stochastic statistical approach. The paper proposes using covariance matrices to represent image regions for feature extraction, rather than traditional histogram-based methods. An improved mathematical model is developed using covariance matrices that is capable of more accurate and faster human/object tracking compared to existing histogram and other approaches. The accuracy of the new mathematical detection model is approximately 94.3% compared to 89.1% for conventional models, based on evaluation using publicly available datasets. The approach uses integral images to quickly compute covariances over regions of interest for efficient tracking.
New Approach for Detecting and Tracking a Moving Object IJECEIAES
This article presents the implementation of a tracking system for a moving target using a fixed camera. The objective of this work is the ability to detect a moving object and locate their positions. In picture processing, tracking moving objects in a known or unknown environment is commonly studied. It is based on invariance properties of objects of interest. The invariance can affect the geometry of the scene or the objects. The proposed approach is composed of several steps; the first is the extraction of points of interest in the current image. Then, these points will be tracked in the following image by using techniques for calculating the optical flow. After this step, the static points will be removed to focus on moving objects, That is to say, there is only the characteristic points belonging to moving objects. Now, to detect moving targets using images of the video, the background is first extracted from the successive images. In our approach, a method of the average values of every pixel has been developed for modeling background. The last step which stays before switching to tracking moving object is the segmentation which allows identifying every moving object. And by using the characteristic points in the previous steps.
Tracking of Fluorescent Cells Based on the Wavelet Otsu Modelrahulmonikasharma
The mainstay of the project is to demonstrate that the proposed tracking scheme is more accurate and significantly faster than the other state-of-the-art tracking by model evolution approaches.The model is validated by comparing it to the original algorithm.The proposed tracking scheme involves two steps. First, coherence-enhancing diffusion filtering is applied on each frame to reduce the amount of noise and enhance flow-like structures. Second, the image segmentation is done by the Wavelet OTSU method in the fast level set-like and graph cut frameworks. This model evolution approach has also been extended to deal with many cells concurrently. The potential of the proposed tracking scheme and the advantages and disadvantages of both frameworks are demonstrated on 2-D and 3-D time-lapse series of mouse carcinoma cells.
A Survey On Tracking Moving Objects Using Various AlgorithmsIJMTST Journal
Sparse representation has been applied to the object tracking problem. Mining the self- similarities between particles via multitask learning can improve tracking performance. How-ever, some particles may be different from others when they are sampled from a large region. Imposing all particles share the same structure may degrade the results. To overcome this problem, we propose a tracking algorithm based on robust multitask sparse representation (RMTT) in this letter. When we learn the particle representations, we decompose the sparse coefficient matrix into two parts in our algorithm. Joint sparse regularization is imposed on one coefficient matrix while element-wise sparse regularization is imposed on another matrix. The former regularization exploits self-similarities of particles while the later one considers the differences between them.
Multiple Person Tracking with Shadow Removal Using Adaptive Gaussian Mixture ...IJSRD
Person detection in a video surveillance system is major concern in real world. Several application likes abnormal event detection, congestion analysis, human gait characterization, fall detection, person identification, gender classification and for elderly people. In this algorithm, we use GMM method in background subtraction for multi person detection because of Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM) model is one such popular method this give a real time object detection. There is still not robustly but Multi person tracking with shadow removal fill this gap, in this work, HOG-LBP hybrid approach with GMM algorithm is presented for Multi person tracking with Shadow removal.
A New Algorithm for Tracking Objects in Videos of Cluttered ScenesZac Darcy
The work presented in this paper describes a novel algorithm for automatic video object tracking based on
a process of subtraction of successive frames, where the prediction of the direction of movement of the
object being tracked is carried out by analyzing the changing areas generated as result of the object’s
motion, specifically in regions of interest defined inside the object being tracked in both the current and the
next frame. Simultaneously, it is initiated a minimization process which seeks to determine the location of
the object being tracked in the next frame using a function which measures the grade of dissimilarity
between the region of interest defined inside the object being tracked in the current frame and a moving
region in a next frame. This moving region is displaced in the direction of the object’s motion predicted on
the process of subtraction of successive frames. Finally, the location of the moving region of interest in the
next frame that minimizes the proposed function of dissimilarity corresponds to the predicted location of
the object being tracked in the next frame. On the other hand, it is also designed a testing platform which is
used to create virtual scenarios that allow us to assess the performance of the proposed algorithm. These
virtual scenarios are exposed to heavily cluttered conditions where areas which surround the object being
tracked present a high variability. The results obtained with the proposed algorithm show that the tracking
process was successfully carried out in a set of virtual scenarios under different challenging conditions.
A Dualistic Sub-Image Histogram Equalization Based Enhancement and Segmentati...inventy
This document presents a dualistic sub-image histogram equalization technique for medical image enhancement and segmentation. The technique divides an image histogram into two parts based on mean and median, then equalizes each sub-histogram independently. It enhances images effectively while constraining average luminance shift. For segmentation, canny edge detection and neural networks are used. The technique is tested on medical images and shows improved completeness and correctness over previous methods, with neural networks increasing accuracy to 98.3257%.
1) The document discusses methods for counting people in crowded environments using computer vision techniques. It divides the main approaches into low-level analysis, foreground segmentation models, motion models, shape models, and multi-target tracking.
2) The author's approach uses a shape model based on head and shoulder detection combined with a uniform motion model from optical flow to generate probability maps for head detections. Detections are associated across frames and validated via tracking to reduce false positives and provide a person count.
3) Experimental results on standard video sequences demonstrate the method provides person counts comparable to state-of-the-art while also enabling tracking of individuals in crowded scenes.
A STOCHASTIC STATISTICAL APPROACH FOR TRACKING HUMAN ACTIVITYZac Darcy
This document summarizes a research paper on tracking human activity using a stochastic statistical approach. The paper proposes using covariance matrices to represent image regions for feature extraction, rather than traditional histogram-based methods. An improved mathematical model is developed using covariance matrices that is capable of more accurate and faster human/object tracking compared to existing histogram and other approaches. The accuracy of the new mathematical detection model is approximately 94.3% compared to 89.1% for conventional models, based on evaluation using publicly available datasets. The approach uses integral images to quickly compute covariances over regions of interest for efficient tracking.
New Approach for Detecting and Tracking a Moving Object IJECEIAES
This article presents the implementation of a tracking system for a moving target using a fixed camera. The objective of this work is the ability to detect a moving object and locate their positions. In picture processing, tracking moving objects in a known or unknown environment is commonly studied. It is based on invariance properties of objects of interest. The invariance can affect the geometry of the scene or the objects. The proposed approach is composed of several steps; the first is the extraction of points of interest in the current image. Then, these points will be tracked in the following image by using techniques for calculating the optical flow. After this step, the static points will be removed to focus on moving objects, That is to say, there is only the characteristic points belonging to moving objects. Now, to detect moving targets using images of the video, the background is first extracted from the successive images. In our approach, a method of the average values of every pixel has been developed for modeling background. The last step which stays before switching to tracking moving object is the segmentation which allows identifying every moving object. And by using the characteristic points in the previous steps.
Tracking of Fluorescent Cells Based on the Wavelet Otsu Modelrahulmonikasharma
The mainstay of the project is to demonstrate that the proposed tracking scheme is more accurate and significantly faster than the other state-of-the-art tracking by model evolution approaches.The model is validated by comparing it to the original algorithm.The proposed tracking scheme involves two steps. First, coherence-enhancing diffusion filtering is applied on each frame to reduce the amount of noise and enhance flow-like structures. Second, the image segmentation is done by the Wavelet OTSU method in the fast level set-like and graph cut frameworks. This model evolution approach has also been extended to deal with many cells concurrently. The potential of the proposed tracking scheme and the advantages and disadvantages of both frameworks are demonstrated on 2-D and 3-D time-lapse series of mouse carcinoma cells.
A Survey On Tracking Moving Objects Using Various AlgorithmsIJMTST Journal
Sparse representation has been applied to the object tracking problem. Mining the self- similarities between particles via multitask learning can improve tracking performance. How-ever, some particles may be different from others when they are sampled from a large region. Imposing all particles share the same structure may degrade the results. To overcome this problem, we propose a tracking algorithm based on robust multitask sparse representation (RMTT) in this letter. When we learn the particle representations, we decompose the sparse coefficient matrix into two parts in our algorithm. Joint sparse regularization is imposed on one coefficient matrix while element-wise sparse regularization is imposed on another matrix. The former regularization exploits self-similarities of particles while the later one considers the differences between them.
Multiple Person Tracking with Shadow Removal Using Adaptive Gaussian Mixture ...IJSRD
Person detection in a video surveillance system is major concern in real world. Several application likes abnormal event detection, congestion analysis, human gait characterization, fall detection, person identification, gender classification and for elderly people. In this algorithm, we use GMM method in background subtraction for multi person detection because of Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM) model is one such popular method this give a real time object detection. There is still not robustly but Multi person tracking with shadow removal fill this gap, in this work, HOG-LBP hybrid approach with GMM algorithm is presented for Multi person tracking with Shadow removal.
A New Algorithm for Tracking Objects in Videos of Cluttered ScenesZac Darcy
The work presented in this paper describes a novel algorithm for automatic video object tracking based on
a process of subtraction of successive frames, where the prediction of the direction of movement of the
object being tracked is carried out by analyzing the changing areas generated as result of the object’s
motion, specifically in regions of interest defined inside the object being tracked in both the current and the
next frame. Simultaneously, it is initiated a minimization process which seeks to determine the location of
the object being tracked in the next frame using a function which measures the grade of dissimilarity
between the region of interest defined inside the object being tracked in the current frame and a moving
region in a next frame. This moving region is displaced in the direction of the object’s motion predicted on
the process of subtraction of successive frames. Finally, the location of the moving region of interest in the
next frame that minimizes the proposed function of dissimilarity corresponds to the predicted location of
the object being tracked in the next frame. On the other hand, it is also designed a testing platform which is
used to create virtual scenarios that allow us to assess the performance of the proposed algorithm. These
virtual scenarios are exposed to heavily cluttered conditions where areas which surround the object being
tracked present a high variability. The results obtained with the proposed algorithm show that the tracking
process was successfully carried out in a set of virtual scenarios under different challenging conditions.
A Dualistic Sub-Image Histogram Equalization Based Enhancement and Segmentati...inventy
This document presents a dualistic sub-image histogram equalization technique for medical image enhancement and segmentation. The technique divides an image histogram into two parts based on mean and median, then equalizes each sub-histogram independently. It enhances images effectively while constraining average luminance shift. For segmentation, canny edge detection and neural networks are used. The technique is tested on medical images and shows improved completeness and correctness over previous methods, with neural networks increasing accuracy to 98.3257%.
A Survey on Approaches for Object Trackingjournal ijrtem
This document summarizes various approaches for object tracking in video sequences. It discusses common object detection methods like temporal differencing, optical flow and background subtraction. For object representation, it describes shape-based, motion-based, color-based and texture-based approaches. For object tracking, it analyzes target representation and localization methods like blob tracking and mean shift, as well as filtering and data association approaches like the Kalman filter and particle filter. It provides comparisons between Kalman and particle filters, and between contour tracking and visual feature matching methods. The document concludes that further research could improve computational efficiency and decrease tracking time for diverse video content.
Exploration of Normalized Cross Correlation to Track the Object through Vario...iosrjce
Object tracking is a process devoted to locate the pathway of moving object in the succession of
frames. The tracking of the object has been emerged as a challenging facet in the fields of robot navigation,
military, traffic monitoring and video surveillance etc. In the first phase of contributions, the tracking of object
is exercised by means of matching between the template and exhaustive image through the Normalized Cross
Correlation (NCCR). In order to update the template, the moving objects are detected using frame difference
technique at regular interval of frames. Subsequently, NCCR or Principal Component Analysis (PCA) or
Histogram Regression Line (HRL) of the template and moving objects are estimated to find the best match to
update the template. The second phase discusses the tracking of object between the template and partitioned
image through the NCCR with reduced computational aspects. However, the updating schemes remain same.
Here, an exploration with varied bench mark dataset has been carried out. Further, the comparative analysis of
the proposed systems with different updating schemes such as NCCR, PCA and HRL has been succeeded. The
offered systems considerably reveal the capability to track an object indisputably under diverse illumination conditions.
Image registration is the fundamental task used to
match two or more partially overlapping images taken, for
example, at different times,from different sensors, or from
different viewpoints and stitch these images into one
panoramic image comprising the whole scene. It is
afundamental image processing technique and is very useful
in integrating information from different sensors, finding
changes in images taken at different times, inferring threedimensional
information from stereo images, and recognizing
model-based objects.
This paper overviews the theoretical aspects of an image
registration problem. The purpose of this paper is to present a
survey of image registration techniques. This technique of
image registration aligns two images geometrically. These two
images are reference image and sensed image. The ultimate
purpose of digital image filtering is to support the visual
identification of certain features expressed by characteristic
shapes and patterns. Numerous recipes, algorithms and ready
made programs exist nowadays that predominantly have in
common that users have to set certain parameters.
Particularly if processing is fast and shows results rather
immediately, the choice of parameters may be guided by
making the image ―looking nice‖. However, in practical
situations most users are not in a mood to ―play around‖
with a displayed image, particularly if they are in a stressy
situation as it may encountered in security applications. The
requirements for the application of digital image processing
under such circumstances will be discussed with an example
of automaticfiltering without manual parameter settings that
even entails the advantage of delivering unbiased results
Linearity of Feature Extraction Techniques for Medical Images by using Scale ...ijtsrd
This document summarizes a research paper that examines the linearity of feature extraction techniques like Scale Invariant Feature Transform (SIFT) and Gray Level Co-Occurrence Matrix (GLCM) for medical images. It first provides background on feature extraction and describes SIFT and GLCM techniques. For SIFT, it outlines the algorithm and applications. For GLCM, it describes how it considers pixel relationships and its algorithm. The paper concludes that SIFT provides more accurate image classification than GLCM due to its linear nature. It proposes future work using classifiers like artificial neural networks on Python.
This document proposes a method for improving medical image registration using mutual information. It aims to address limitations in standard mutual information-based registration when there are local intensity variations. The method incorporates spatial and geometric information by computing mutual information in regions identified by the Harris corner detection operator. These regions have large spatial variations that provide geometric information. The method is tested on synthetic and clinical data, showing improved registration accuracy. It is implemented on a GPU for increased parallel processing efficiency, providing a 4-46% speed improvement over standard registration methods.
REGISTRATION TECHNOLOGIES and THEIR CLASSIFICATION IN AUGMENTED REALITY THE K...IJCSEA Journal
The registration in augmented reality is process which merges virtual objects generated by computer with real world image caught by camera. This paper describes the knowledge-based registration, computer vision-based registration and tracker-based registration technology. This paper mainly focused on trackerbased
registration technology in augmented reality. Also described method in tracker- based technology, problem and solution.
MRI Brain Tumour Classification Using SURF and SIFT FeaturesIJMTST Journal
The features of an image are very important to classify different images. The classification of images is
done by feature extraction using Speeded Up Robust Features (SURF) and Scale Invariant Feature Transform
(SIFT) methods for extraction. SIFT method is used to detect the images with larger corners and extract them.
SURF, the name itself represents a speed method to extract the features when compared to SIFT. KNN
classifier is used to classify the images based on the features extracted from both techniques. So these
combined processes are applied to classify tumour and non-tumour images more accurately.
IRJET - A Survey Paper on Efficient Object Detection and Matching using F...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes an approach for efficient object detection and matching in images and videos. It proposes a classification scheme that classifies extracted features as either object or non-object features. This binary classification approach can be used for object detection and matching in a way that is more robust and faster compared to traditional methods. The classification stage also enables faster object registration. The approach is evaluated to show advantages for object matching and registration compared to other methods. It has potential applications for real-time object tracking and detection.
Object extraction using edge, motion and saliency information from videoseSAT Journals
Abstract Object detection is a process of finding the instances of object of a certain class which is useful in analysis of video or image. There are number of algorithms have been developed so far for object detection. Object detection has got significant role in variety of areas of computer vision like video surveillance, image retrieval`. In this paper presented an efficient algorithm for moving object extraction using edge, motion and saliency information from videos. Out methodology includes 4 stages: Frame generation, Pre-processing, Foreground generation and integration of cues. Foreground generation includes edge detection using sobel edge detection algorithm, motion detection using pixel-based absolute difference algorithm and motion saliency detection. Conditional Random Field (CRF) is applied for integration of cues and thus we get better spatial information of segmented object. Keywords: Object detection, Saliency information, Sobel edge detection, CRF.
In the presence of dynamic background (such as camouflage, ripples in water) detecting of moving objects
became the very toughest job. In order to subtract the background we are using three techniques in this paper i.e.
CDH, FCDH, FCH. Initially the CDH (color difference histogram) technique used in order to remove the dynamic
background so that it will help us to detect the moving objects by minimizing the false error occurred due to the
non-stationary background. This paper proposes an algorithm FCDH (fuzzy color difference histogram) which
uses the concept of fuzzy C-means clustering (FCM) and updates CDH for reducing the effects of intensity
variations because of some fake motions. This algorithm tested with number of videos available in public.
Survey on video object detection & trackingijctet
This document summarizes previous work on video object detection and tracking techniques. It discusses research papers that used techniques like active contour modeling, gradient-based attraction fields, neural fuzzy networks, and region-based contour extraction for object tracking. Background subtraction, frame differencing, optical flow, spatio-temporal features, Kalman filtering, and contour tracking are described as common video object detection techniques. The challenges of multi-object data association and state estimation for tracking multiple objects are also mentioned.
Obstacle detection for autonomous systems using stereoscopic images and bacte...IJECEIAES
This paper presents a low cost strategy for real-time estimation of the position of ob- stacles in an unknown environment for autonomous robots. The strategy was intended for use in autonomous service robots, which navigate in unknown and dynamic indoor environments. In addition to human interaction, these environments are characterized by a design created for the human being, which is why our developments seek morphological and functional similarity equivalent to the human model. We use a pair of cameras on our robot to achieve a stereoscopic vision of the environment, and we analyze this information to determine the distance to obstacles using an algorithm that mimics bacterial behavior. The algorithm was evaluated on our robotic platform demonstrating high performance in the location of obstacles and real-time operation.
CELL TRACKING QUALITY COMPARISON BETWEEN ACTIVE SHAPE MODEL (ASM) AND ACTIVE ...ijitcs
The aim of this paper is to introduce a comparison between cell tracking using active shape model (ASM)
and active appearance model (AAM) algorithms, to compare the cells tracking quality between the two
methods to track the mobility of the living cells. Where sensitive and accurate cell tracking system is
essential to cell motility studies. The active shape model (ASM) and active appearance model (AAM)
algorithms has proved to be a successful methods for matching statistical models. The experimental results
indicate the ability of (AAM) meth
ROBUST STATISTICAL APPROACH FOR EXTRACTION OF MOVING HUMAN SILHOUETTES FROM V...ijitjournal
Human pose estimation is one of the key problems in computer visionthat has been studied in the recent
years. The significance of human pose estimation is in the higher level tasks of understanding human
actions applications such as recognition of anomalous actions present in videos and many other related
applications. The human poses can be estimated by extracting silhouettes of humans as silhouettes are
robust to variations and it gives the shape information of the human body. Some common challenges
include illumination changes, variation in environments, and variation in human appearances. Thus there
is a need for a robust method for human pose estimation. This paper presents a study and analysis of
approaches existing for silhouette extraction and proposes a robust technique for extracting human
silhouettes in video sequences. Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM) A statistical approach is combined with
HSV (Hue, Saturation and Value) color space model for a robust background model that is used for
background subtraction to produce foreground blobs, called human silhouettes. Morphological operations
are then performed on foreground blobs from background subtraction. The silhouettes obtained from this
work can be used in further tasks associated with human action interpretation and activity processes like
human action classification, human pose estimation and action recognition or action interpretation.
Performance Evaluation of Basic Segmented Algorithms for Brain Tumor DetectionIOSR Journals
In the field of computers segmentation of image plays a very important role. By this method the required
portion of object is traced from the image. In medical image segmentation, clustering is very famous
method . By clustering, an image is divided into a number of various groups or can also be called as clusters.
There are various methods of clustering and thresholding which have been proposed in this paper such as otsu
, region growing , K Means , fuzzy c means and Hierarchical self organizing mapping algorithm. Fuzzy c-means
(FCM) is a method of clustering which allows one piece of data to belong to two or more clusters. This method
(developed by Dunn in 1973 and improved by Bezdek in 1981) is frequently used in pattern recognition. As
process of fuzzy c mean is too slow, this drawback is then removed. In this paper by experimental analysis and
performance parameters the segmentation of hierarchical self organizing mapping method is done in a better
way as compared to other algorithms. The various parameters used for the evaluation of the performance are as follows: segmentation accuracy (Sa) , area (A), rand index (Ri),and global consistency error (Gce)
Medical Image Analysis Through A Texture Based Computer Aided Diagnosis Frame...CSCJournals
The document presents a Texture Based Computer Aided Diagnosis (T-CAD) Framework for analyzing medical images through texture analysis. The framework allows defining mathematical models of objects in medical images and automatically generates applications to support tasks like segmentation, mass detection, and reconstruction based on each model. The framework architecture is described, including a Region Based Algorithm for building mathematical models from training images and classifying new images. Several textural image filters used in the framework are also outlined, including filters for measuring informative, texture, and pattern information. The framework is tested on MRI brain images and results are reported.
Robust Clustering of Eye Movement Recordings for QuantiGiuseppe Fineschi
Characterizing the location and extent of a viewer’s interest, in terms of eye movement recordings, informs a range of investigations in image and scene viewing. We present an automatic data-driven method for accomplishing this, which clusters visual point-of-regard (POR) measurements into gazes and regions-ofinterest using the mean shift procedure. Clusters produced using this method form a structured representation of viewer interest, and at the same time are replicable and not heavily influenced by noise or outliers. Thus, they are useful in answering fine-grained questions about where and how a viewer examined an image.
The document describes a new algorithm for long-term robust visual tracking of moving objects in video sequences. The algorithm aims to overcome challenges such as geometric deformations, partial or total occlusions, and recovery after the target leaves the field of vision. It does not rely on a probabilistic process or require prior detection data. Experimental results on difficult video sequences demonstrate advantages over recent trackers. The algorithm can be used in applications like video surveillance, active vision, and industrial visual servoing.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
A NOVEL METHOD FOR PERSON TRACKING BASED K-NN : COMPARISON WITH SIFT AND MEAN...sipij
Object tracking can be defined as the process of detecting an object of interest from a video scene and
keeping track of its motion, orientation, occlusion etc. in order to extract useful information. It is indeed a
challenging problem and it’s an important task. Many researchers are getting attracted in the field of
computer vision, specifically the field of object tracking in video surveillance. The main purpose of this
paper is to give to the reader information of the present state of the art object tracking, together with
presenting steps involved in Background Subtraction and their techniques. In related literature we found
three main methods of object tracking: the first method is the optical flow; the second is related to the
background subtraction, which is divided into two types presented in this paper, then the temporal
differencing and the SIFT method and the last one is the mean shift method. We present a novel approach
to background subtraction that compare a current frame with the background model that we have set
before, so we can classified each pixel of the image as a foreground or a background element, then comes
the tracking step to present our object of interest, which is a person, by his centroid. The tracking step is
divided into two different methods, the surface method and the K-NN method, both are explained in the
paper. Our proposed method is implemented and evaluated using CAVIAR database.
The document describes an optical character recognition (OCR) system for recognizing characters in historical records written in the Kannada language. The system uses Gabor and zonal feature extraction along with an artificial neural network for classification. It was tested on nearly 150 samples of ancient Kannada epigraphs from the Ashoka and Hoysala periods, achieving average recognition accuracies of 80.2% and 75.6% respectively. The key steps of the OCR system include preprocessing images, segmenting characters, extracting Gabor and zonal features, training an ANN classifier, and mapping recognized characters to a modern form.
MULTIPLE OBJECTS TRACKING IN SURVEILLANCE VIDEO USING COLOR AND HU MOMENTSsipij
Multiple objects tracking finds its applications in many high level vision analysis like object behaviour
interpretation and gait recognition. In this paper, a feature based method to track the multiple moving
objects in surveillance video sequence is proposed. Object tracking is done by extracting the color and Hu
moments features from the motion segmented object blob and establishing the association of objects in the
successive frames of the video sequence based on Chi-Square dissimilarity measure and nearest neighbor
classifier. The benchmark IEEE PETS and IEEE Change Detection datasets has been used to show the
robustness of the proposed method. The proposed method is assessed quantitatively using the precision and
recall accuracy metrics. Further, comparative evaluation with related works has been carried out to exhibit
the efficacy of the proposed method.
A Survey on Approaches for Object Trackingjournal ijrtem
This document summarizes various approaches for object tracking in video sequences. It discusses common object detection methods like temporal differencing, optical flow and background subtraction. For object representation, it describes shape-based, motion-based, color-based and texture-based approaches. For object tracking, it analyzes target representation and localization methods like blob tracking and mean shift, as well as filtering and data association approaches like the Kalman filter and particle filter. It provides comparisons between Kalman and particle filters, and between contour tracking and visual feature matching methods. The document concludes that further research could improve computational efficiency and decrease tracking time for diverse video content.
Exploration of Normalized Cross Correlation to Track the Object through Vario...iosrjce
Object tracking is a process devoted to locate the pathway of moving object in the succession of
frames. The tracking of the object has been emerged as a challenging facet in the fields of robot navigation,
military, traffic monitoring and video surveillance etc. In the first phase of contributions, the tracking of object
is exercised by means of matching between the template and exhaustive image through the Normalized Cross
Correlation (NCCR). In order to update the template, the moving objects are detected using frame difference
technique at regular interval of frames. Subsequently, NCCR or Principal Component Analysis (PCA) or
Histogram Regression Line (HRL) of the template and moving objects are estimated to find the best match to
update the template. The second phase discusses the tracking of object between the template and partitioned
image through the NCCR with reduced computational aspects. However, the updating schemes remain same.
Here, an exploration with varied bench mark dataset has been carried out. Further, the comparative analysis of
the proposed systems with different updating schemes such as NCCR, PCA and HRL has been succeeded. The
offered systems considerably reveal the capability to track an object indisputably under diverse illumination conditions.
Image registration is the fundamental task used to
match two or more partially overlapping images taken, for
example, at different times,from different sensors, or from
different viewpoints and stitch these images into one
panoramic image comprising the whole scene. It is
afundamental image processing technique and is very useful
in integrating information from different sensors, finding
changes in images taken at different times, inferring threedimensional
information from stereo images, and recognizing
model-based objects.
This paper overviews the theoretical aspects of an image
registration problem. The purpose of this paper is to present a
survey of image registration techniques. This technique of
image registration aligns two images geometrically. These two
images are reference image and sensed image. The ultimate
purpose of digital image filtering is to support the visual
identification of certain features expressed by characteristic
shapes and patterns. Numerous recipes, algorithms and ready
made programs exist nowadays that predominantly have in
common that users have to set certain parameters.
Particularly if processing is fast and shows results rather
immediately, the choice of parameters may be guided by
making the image ―looking nice‖. However, in practical
situations most users are not in a mood to ―play around‖
with a displayed image, particularly if they are in a stressy
situation as it may encountered in security applications. The
requirements for the application of digital image processing
under such circumstances will be discussed with an example
of automaticfiltering without manual parameter settings that
even entails the advantage of delivering unbiased results
Linearity of Feature Extraction Techniques for Medical Images by using Scale ...ijtsrd
This document summarizes a research paper that examines the linearity of feature extraction techniques like Scale Invariant Feature Transform (SIFT) and Gray Level Co-Occurrence Matrix (GLCM) for medical images. It first provides background on feature extraction and describes SIFT and GLCM techniques. For SIFT, it outlines the algorithm and applications. For GLCM, it describes how it considers pixel relationships and its algorithm. The paper concludes that SIFT provides more accurate image classification than GLCM due to its linear nature. It proposes future work using classifiers like artificial neural networks on Python.
This document proposes a method for improving medical image registration using mutual information. It aims to address limitations in standard mutual information-based registration when there are local intensity variations. The method incorporates spatial and geometric information by computing mutual information in regions identified by the Harris corner detection operator. These regions have large spatial variations that provide geometric information. The method is tested on synthetic and clinical data, showing improved registration accuracy. It is implemented on a GPU for increased parallel processing efficiency, providing a 4-46% speed improvement over standard registration methods.
REGISTRATION TECHNOLOGIES and THEIR CLASSIFICATION IN AUGMENTED REALITY THE K...IJCSEA Journal
The registration in augmented reality is process which merges virtual objects generated by computer with real world image caught by camera. This paper describes the knowledge-based registration, computer vision-based registration and tracker-based registration technology. This paper mainly focused on trackerbased
registration technology in augmented reality. Also described method in tracker- based technology, problem and solution.
MRI Brain Tumour Classification Using SURF and SIFT FeaturesIJMTST Journal
The features of an image are very important to classify different images. The classification of images is
done by feature extraction using Speeded Up Robust Features (SURF) and Scale Invariant Feature Transform
(SIFT) methods for extraction. SIFT method is used to detect the images with larger corners and extract them.
SURF, the name itself represents a speed method to extract the features when compared to SIFT. KNN
classifier is used to classify the images based on the features extracted from both techniques. So these
combined processes are applied to classify tumour and non-tumour images more accurately.
IRJET - A Survey Paper on Efficient Object Detection and Matching using F...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes an approach for efficient object detection and matching in images and videos. It proposes a classification scheme that classifies extracted features as either object or non-object features. This binary classification approach can be used for object detection and matching in a way that is more robust and faster compared to traditional methods. The classification stage also enables faster object registration. The approach is evaluated to show advantages for object matching and registration compared to other methods. It has potential applications for real-time object tracking and detection.
Object extraction using edge, motion and saliency information from videoseSAT Journals
Abstract Object detection is a process of finding the instances of object of a certain class which is useful in analysis of video or image. There are number of algorithms have been developed so far for object detection. Object detection has got significant role in variety of areas of computer vision like video surveillance, image retrieval`. In this paper presented an efficient algorithm for moving object extraction using edge, motion and saliency information from videos. Out methodology includes 4 stages: Frame generation, Pre-processing, Foreground generation and integration of cues. Foreground generation includes edge detection using sobel edge detection algorithm, motion detection using pixel-based absolute difference algorithm and motion saliency detection. Conditional Random Field (CRF) is applied for integration of cues and thus we get better spatial information of segmented object. Keywords: Object detection, Saliency information, Sobel edge detection, CRF.
In the presence of dynamic background (such as camouflage, ripples in water) detecting of moving objects
became the very toughest job. In order to subtract the background we are using three techniques in this paper i.e.
CDH, FCDH, FCH. Initially the CDH (color difference histogram) technique used in order to remove the dynamic
background so that it will help us to detect the moving objects by minimizing the false error occurred due to the
non-stationary background. This paper proposes an algorithm FCDH (fuzzy color difference histogram) which
uses the concept of fuzzy C-means clustering (FCM) and updates CDH for reducing the effects of intensity
variations because of some fake motions. This algorithm tested with number of videos available in public.
Survey on video object detection & trackingijctet
This document summarizes previous work on video object detection and tracking techniques. It discusses research papers that used techniques like active contour modeling, gradient-based attraction fields, neural fuzzy networks, and region-based contour extraction for object tracking. Background subtraction, frame differencing, optical flow, spatio-temporal features, Kalman filtering, and contour tracking are described as common video object detection techniques. The challenges of multi-object data association and state estimation for tracking multiple objects are also mentioned.
Obstacle detection for autonomous systems using stereoscopic images and bacte...IJECEIAES
This paper presents a low cost strategy for real-time estimation of the position of ob- stacles in an unknown environment for autonomous robots. The strategy was intended for use in autonomous service robots, which navigate in unknown and dynamic indoor environments. In addition to human interaction, these environments are characterized by a design created for the human being, which is why our developments seek morphological and functional similarity equivalent to the human model. We use a pair of cameras on our robot to achieve a stereoscopic vision of the environment, and we analyze this information to determine the distance to obstacles using an algorithm that mimics bacterial behavior. The algorithm was evaluated on our robotic platform demonstrating high performance in the location of obstacles and real-time operation.
CELL TRACKING QUALITY COMPARISON BETWEEN ACTIVE SHAPE MODEL (ASM) AND ACTIVE ...ijitcs
The aim of this paper is to introduce a comparison between cell tracking using active shape model (ASM)
and active appearance model (AAM) algorithms, to compare the cells tracking quality between the two
methods to track the mobility of the living cells. Where sensitive and accurate cell tracking system is
essential to cell motility studies. The active shape model (ASM) and active appearance model (AAM)
algorithms has proved to be a successful methods for matching statistical models. The experimental results
indicate the ability of (AAM) meth
ROBUST STATISTICAL APPROACH FOR EXTRACTION OF MOVING HUMAN SILHOUETTES FROM V...ijitjournal
Human pose estimation is one of the key problems in computer visionthat has been studied in the recent
years. The significance of human pose estimation is in the higher level tasks of understanding human
actions applications such as recognition of anomalous actions present in videos and many other related
applications. The human poses can be estimated by extracting silhouettes of humans as silhouettes are
robust to variations and it gives the shape information of the human body. Some common challenges
include illumination changes, variation in environments, and variation in human appearances. Thus there
is a need for a robust method for human pose estimation. This paper presents a study and analysis of
approaches existing for silhouette extraction and proposes a robust technique for extracting human
silhouettes in video sequences. Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM) A statistical approach is combined with
HSV (Hue, Saturation and Value) color space model for a robust background model that is used for
background subtraction to produce foreground blobs, called human silhouettes. Morphological operations
are then performed on foreground blobs from background subtraction. The silhouettes obtained from this
work can be used in further tasks associated with human action interpretation and activity processes like
human action classification, human pose estimation and action recognition or action interpretation.
Performance Evaluation of Basic Segmented Algorithms for Brain Tumor DetectionIOSR Journals
In the field of computers segmentation of image plays a very important role. By this method the required
portion of object is traced from the image. In medical image segmentation, clustering is very famous
method . By clustering, an image is divided into a number of various groups or can also be called as clusters.
There are various methods of clustering and thresholding which have been proposed in this paper such as otsu
, region growing , K Means , fuzzy c means and Hierarchical self organizing mapping algorithm. Fuzzy c-means
(FCM) is a method of clustering which allows one piece of data to belong to two or more clusters. This method
(developed by Dunn in 1973 and improved by Bezdek in 1981) is frequently used in pattern recognition. As
process of fuzzy c mean is too slow, this drawback is then removed. In this paper by experimental analysis and
performance parameters the segmentation of hierarchical self organizing mapping method is done in a better
way as compared to other algorithms. The various parameters used for the evaluation of the performance are as follows: segmentation accuracy (Sa) , area (A), rand index (Ri),and global consistency error (Gce)
Medical Image Analysis Through A Texture Based Computer Aided Diagnosis Frame...CSCJournals
The document presents a Texture Based Computer Aided Diagnosis (T-CAD) Framework for analyzing medical images through texture analysis. The framework allows defining mathematical models of objects in medical images and automatically generates applications to support tasks like segmentation, mass detection, and reconstruction based on each model. The framework architecture is described, including a Region Based Algorithm for building mathematical models from training images and classifying new images. Several textural image filters used in the framework are also outlined, including filters for measuring informative, texture, and pattern information. The framework is tested on MRI brain images and results are reported.
Robust Clustering of Eye Movement Recordings for QuantiGiuseppe Fineschi
Characterizing the location and extent of a viewer’s interest, in terms of eye movement recordings, informs a range of investigations in image and scene viewing. We present an automatic data-driven method for accomplishing this, which clusters visual point-of-regard (POR) measurements into gazes and regions-ofinterest using the mean shift procedure. Clusters produced using this method form a structured representation of viewer interest, and at the same time are replicable and not heavily influenced by noise or outliers. Thus, they are useful in answering fine-grained questions about where and how a viewer examined an image.
The document describes a new algorithm for long-term robust visual tracking of moving objects in video sequences. The algorithm aims to overcome challenges such as geometric deformations, partial or total occlusions, and recovery after the target leaves the field of vision. It does not rely on a probabilistic process or require prior detection data. Experimental results on difficult video sequences demonstrate advantages over recent trackers. The algorithm can be used in applications like video surveillance, active vision, and industrial visual servoing.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
A NOVEL METHOD FOR PERSON TRACKING BASED K-NN : COMPARISON WITH SIFT AND MEAN...sipij
Object tracking can be defined as the process of detecting an object of interest from a video scene and
keeping track of its motion, orientation, occlusion etc. in order to extract useful information. It is indeed a
challenging problem and it’s an important task. Many researchers are getting attracted in the field of
computer vision, specifically the field of object tracking in video surveillance. The main purpose of this
paper is to give to the reader information of the present state of the art object tracking, together with
presenting steps involved in Background Subtraction and their techniques. In related literature we found
three main methods of object tracking: the first method is the optical flow; the second is related to the
background subtraction, which is divided into two types presented in this paper, then the temporal
differencing and the SIFT method and the last one is the mean shift method. We present a novel approach
to background subtraction that compare a current frame with the background model that we have set
before, so we can classified each pixel of the image as a foreground or a background element, then comes
the tracking step to present our object of interest, which is a person, by his centroid. The tracking step is
divided into two different methods, the surface method and the K-NN method, both are explained in the
paper. Our proposed method is implemented and evaluated using CAVIAR database.
The document describes an optical character recognition (OCR) system for recognizing characters in historical records written in the Kannada language. The system uses Gabor and zonal feature extraction along with an artificial neural network for classification. It was tested on nearly 150 samples of ancient Kannada epigraphs from the Ashoka and Hoysala periods, achieving average recognition accuracies of 80.2% and 75.6% respectively. The key steps of the OCR system include preprocessing images, segmenting characters, extracting Gabor and zonal features, training an ANN classifier, and mapping recognized characters to a modern form.
MULTIPLE OBJECTS TRACKING IN SURVEILLANCE VIDEO USING COLOR AND HU MOMENTSsipij
Multiple objects tracking finds its applications in many high level vision analysis like object behaviour
interpretation and gait recognition. In this paper, a feature based method to track the multiple moving
objects in surveillance video sequence is proposed. Object tracking is done by extracting the color and Hu
moments features from the motion segmented object blob and establishing the association of objects in the
successive frames of the video sequence based on Chi-Square dissimilarity measure and nearest neighbor
classifier. The benchmark IEEE PETS and IEEE Change Detection datasets has been used to show the
robustness of the proposed method. The proposed method is assessed quantitatively using the precision and
recall accuracy metrics. Further, comparative evaluation with related works has been carried out to exhibit
the efficacy of the proposed method.
DESIGN REALIZATION AND PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF AN ACOUSTIC ECHO CANCELLATIO...sipij
Nowadays, in the field of communications, AEC (acoustic echo cancellation) is truly essential with respect
to the quality of multimedia transmission. In this paper, we designed and developed an efficient AEC based
on adaptive filters to improve quality of service in telecommunications against the phenomena of acoustic
echo, which is indeed a problem in hands-free communications.The main advantage of the proposed algorithm is its capacity of tracking non-stationary signals such as acoustic echo. In this work the acoustic echo cancellation (AEC) is modeled using a digital signal
processing technique especially Simulink Blocksets. The algorithm’s code is generated in Matlab Simulink
programming environment. At simulation level, results of simulink implementation prove that module
behavior is realistic when it comes to cancellation of echo in hands free communication using adaptive algorithm.Results obtained with our algorithm in terms of ERLE criteria are confronted to IUT-T recommendation
G.168.
AN MINIMUM RECONFIGURATION PROBABILITY ROUTING ALGORITHM FOR RWA IN ALL-OPTIC...sipij
In this paper, we present a detailed study of Minimum Reconfiguration Probability Routing (MRPR) algorithm, and its performance evaluation in comparison with Adaptive unconstrained routing (AUR) and Least Loaded routing (LLR) algorithms. We have minimized the effects of failures on link and router failure in the network under changing load conditions, we assess the probability of service and number of light path failures due to link or route failure on Wavelength Interchange(WI) network. The computation complexity is reduced by using Kalman Filter(KF) techniques. The minimum reconfiguration probability
routing (MRPR) algorithm selects most reliable routes and assign wavelengths to connections in a manner that utilizes the light path(LP) established efficiently considering all possible requests.
A BINARY TO RESIDUE CONVERSION USING NEW PROPOSED NON-COPRIME MODULI SETsipij
Residue Number System is generally supposed to use co-prime moduli set. Non-coprime moduli sets are a
field in RNS which is little studied. That's why this work was devoted to them. The resources that discuss
non-coprime in RNS are very limited. For the previous reasons, this paper analyses the RNS conversion
using suggested non-coprime moduli set.
This paper suggests a new non-coprime moduli set and investigates its performance. The suggested new
moduli set has the general representation as {2n
–2, 2n
, 2n+2}, where n ∈ {2,3,…..,∞}. The calculations
among the moduli are done with this n value. These moduli are 2 spaces apart on the numbers line from
each other. This range helps in the algorithm’s calculations as to be shown.
The proposed non-coprime moduli set is investigated. Conversion algorithm from Binary to Residue is
developed. Correctness of the algorithm was obtained through simulation program. Conversion algorithm
is implemented.
An Innovative Moving Object Detection and Tracking System by Using Modified R...sipij
The ultimate goal of this study is to afford enhanced video object detection and tracking by eliminating the
limitations which are existing nowadays. Although high performance ratio for video object detection and
tracking is achieved in the earlier work it takes more time for computation. Consequently we are in need to
propose a novel video object detection and tracking technique so as to minimize the computational
complexity. Our proposed technique covers five stages they are preprocessing, segmentation, feature
extraction, background subtraction and hole filling. Originally the video clip in the database is split into
frames. Then preprocessing is performed so as to get rid of noise, an adaptive median filter is used in this
stage to eliminate the noise. The preprocessed image then undergoes segmentation by means of modified
region growing algorithm. The segmented image is subjected to feature extraction phase so as to extract
the multi features from the segmented image and the background image, the feature value thus obtained
are compared so as to attain optimal value, consequently a foreground image is attained in this stage. The
foreground image is then subjected to morphological operations of erosion and dilation so as to fill the
holes and to get the object accurately as these foreground image contains holes and discontinuities. Thus
the moving object is tracked in this stage. This method will be employed in MATLAB platform and the
outcomes will be studied and compared with the existing techniques so as to reveal the performance of the
novel video object detection and tracking technique.
Optimized Biometric System Based on Combination of Face Images and Log Transf...sipij
The biometrics are used to identify a person effectively. In this paper, we propose optimised Face
recognition system based on log transformation and combination of face image features vectors. The face
images are preprocessed using Gaussian filter to enhance the quality of an image. The log transformation
is applied on enhanced image to generate features. The feature vectors of many images of a single person
image are converted into single vector using average arithmetic addition. The Euclidian distance(ED) is
used to compare test image feature vector with database feature vectors to identify a person. It is
experimented that, the performance of proposed algorithm is better compared to existing algorithms.
Objective Quality Assessment of Image Enhancement Methods in Digital Mammogra...sipij
Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women worldwide constituting more than 25%
of all cancer incidences occurring in the world [1]. Statistics show that US, India and China
account for more than one third of all breast cancer cases [2]. Also, there has been a steady
increase in the breast cancer incidence among young generation in the world. In India, one out of
two women die after being detected with breast cancer where as in China it is one in four and in
USA it is one in eight [2]. Therefore, the statistics show that cancer mortality is highest in India
among all other nations in the world. In US, though the number of women diagnosed with cancer
is more than that in India, their mortality
FUZZY CLUSTERING BASED GLAUCOMA DETECTION USING THE CDR sipij
This document presents a new method for glaucoma detection using cup-to-disc ratio (CDR) calculation on fundus eye images. The method uses fuzzy C-means clustering combined with thresholding to extract the optic disc and optic cup from color fundus images. It calculates the vertical CDR automatically. The method was tested on 365 fundus images from public databases and an ophthalmologist, showing promising results for clinical use in glaucoma screening.
A FLUXGATE SENSOR APPLICATION: COIN IDENTIFICATIONsipij
Today, coins are used to operate many electric devices that are open to the public service. Washing machines, play stations, computers, auto brooms, foam machines, beverage machines, telephone chargers, hair dryers and water heaters are some examples of these devices These devices include coin recognition systems. In these systems, there are coils at two different radius, which become electromagnets when the
current is passed through them. The AC current supplied to the coils creates a variable magnetic field, which induces the eddy current on the coil during the passing of money. The magnetic field generated by the Eddy current reduces the current passing through the coil. The amount of change of current in the coil gives information about the coin; the type of metal (element) and the amount of metal (element). In this
study, a new coin identification system (magnetic measurement system) is designed. In this system, the
magnetic anomaly generated by the coin as a result of applying direct current to the coils is tried to be
detected by fluxgate sensor. In this study, sensor voltages are acquired in computer environment by using
developed electronic unit and LabVIEW based software. In the paper, experimental results have been
discussed in detail.
Automatic meal inspection system using lbp hf feature for central kitchensipij
This paper proposes an intelligent and automatic meal inspection system which can be applied to the meal
inspection for the application of central kitchen automation. The diet specifically designed for the patients are required with providing personalized diet such as low sodium intake or some necessary food. Hence,
the proposed system can benefit the inspection process that is often performed manually. In the proposed
system, firstly, the meal box can be detected and located automatically with the vision-based method and
then all the food ingredients can be identified by using the color and LBP-HF texture features. Secondly,
the quantity for each of food ingredient is estimated by using the image depth information. The experimental results show that the meal inspection accuracy can approach 80%, meal inspection efficiency can reach1200ms, and the food quantity accuracy is about 90%. The proposed system is expected to increase the capacity of meal supply over 50% and be helpful to the dietician in the hospital for saving the time in the diet inspection process.
Ultrasound images and SAR i.e. synthetic aperture radar images are usually corrupted because of speckle
noise also called as granular noise. It is quite a tedious task to remove such noise and analyze those
corrupted images. Till now many researchers worked to remove speckle noise using frequency domain
methods, temporal methods, and adaptive methods. Different filters have been developed as Mean and
Median filters, Statistic Lee filter, Statistic Kuan filter, Frost filter, Srad filter. This paper reviews filters
used to remove speckle noise.
A R EVIEW P APER : N OISE M ODELS IN D IGITAL I MAGE P ROCESSINGsipij
Noise is always presents in digital images during
image acquisition, coding, transmission, and proces
sing
steps. Noise is very difficult to remove it from t
he digital images without the prior knowledge of no
ise
model. That is why, review of noise models are esse
ntial in the study of image denoising techniques. I
n this
paper, we express a brief overview of various noise
models. These noise models can be selected by anal
ysis
of their origin. In this way, we present a complete
and quantitative analysis of noise models availabl
e in
digital images.
TARGET LOCALIZATION IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS BASED ON RECEIVED SIGNAL STRE...sipij
We consider the problem of localizing a target taking the help of a set of anchor beacon nodes. A small
number of beacon nodes are deployed at known locations in the area. The target can detect a beacon
provided it happens to lie within the beacon’s transmission range. Thus, the target obtains a measurement
vector containing the readings of the beacons: ‘1’ corresponding to a beacon if it is able to detect the
target, and ‘0’ if the beacon is not able to detect the target. The goal is twofold: to determine the location
of the target based on the binary measurement vector at the target; and to study the behaviour of the
localization uncertainty as a function of the beacon transmission range (sensing radius) and the number of
beacons deployed. Beacon transmission range means signal strength of the beacon to transmit and receive
the signals which is called as Received Signal Strength (RSS). To localize the target, we propose a gridmapping
based approach, where the readings corresponding to locations on a grid overlaid on the region
of interest are used to localize the target. To study the behaviour of the localization uncertainty as a
function of the sensing radius and number of beacons, extensive simulations and numerical experiments
are carried out. The results provide insights into the importance of optimally setting the sensing radius and
the improvement obtainable with increasing number of beacons.
Efficient pu mode decision and motion estimation for h.264 avc to hevc transc...sipij
H.264/AVC has been widely applied to various applications. However, a new video compression standard,
High Efficient Video Coding (HEVC), had been finalized in 2013. In this work, a fast transcoder from
H.264/AVC to HEVC is proposed. The proposed algorithm includes the fast prediction unit (PU) decision
and the fast motion estimation. With the strong relation between H.264/AVC and HEVC, the modes,
residuals, and variance of motion vectors (MVs) extracted from H.264/AVC can be reused to predict the
current encoding PU of HEVC. Furthermore, the MVs from H.264/AVC are used to decide the search
range of PU during motion estimation. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm can save up to
53% of the encoding time and maintains the rate-distortion (R-D) performance for HEVC.
Stem calyx recognition of an apple using shape descriptorssipij
This paper presents a novel method to recognize stem - calyx of an apple using shape descriptors. The main
drawback of existing apple grading techniques is that stem - calyx part of an apple is treated as defects,
this leads to poor grading of apples. In order to overcome this drawback, we proposed an approach to
recognize stem-calyx and differentiated from true defects based on shape features. Our method comprises
of steps such as segmentation of apple using grow-cut method, candidate objects such as stem-calyx and
small defects are detected using multi-threshold segmentation. The shape features are extracted from
detected objects using Multifractal, Fourier and Radon descriptor and finally stem-calyx regions are
recognized and differentiated from true defects using SVM classifier. The proposed algorithm is evaluated
using experiments conducted on apple image dataset and results exhibit considerable improvement in
recognition of stem-calyx region compared to other techniques.
INHIBITION AND SET-SHIFTING TASKS IN CENTRAL EXECUTIVE FUNCTION OF WORKING ME...sipij
Understanding of neuro-dynamics of a complex higher cognitive process, Working Memory (WM) is
challenging. In WM, information processing occurs through four subsystems: phonological loop, visual
sketch pad, memory buffer and central executive function (CEF). CEF plays a principal role in WM. In this
study, our objective was to understand the neurospatial correlates of CEF during inhibition and set-shifting
processes. Thirty healthy educated subjects were selected. Event-Related Potential (ERP) related to visual
inhibition and set-shifting task was collected using 32 channel EEG system. Activation of those ERPs
components was analyzed using amplitudes of positive and negative peaks. Experiment was controlled
using certain parametric constraints to judge behavior, based on average responses in order to establish
relationship between ERP and local area of brain activation and represented using standardized low
resolution brain electromagnetic tomography. The average score of correct responses was higher for
inhibition task (87.5%) as compared to set-shifting task (59.5%). The peak amplitude of neuronal activity
for inhibition task was lower compared to set-shifting task in fronto-parieto-central regions. Hence this
proposed paradigm and technique can be used to measure inhibition and set-shifting neuronal processes in
understanding pathological central executive functioning in patients with neuro-psychiatric disorders.
DETERMINATION OF BURIED MAGNETIC MATERIAL’S GEOMETRIC DIMENSIONSsipij
It is important to find buried magnetic material’s geometric features that are parallel to the soil surface in
order to determine anti-tank and anti-personnel mine compatible to standards. So that it is possible to
decrease the number of false alarms by separating the samples that have got non-standard geometries. For
this purpose, in this study the anomalies occurred at horizontal component of the earth’s magnetic field by
buried samples are determined with magnetic sensor. In the study, KMZ51 AMR is used as the magnetic
sensor. The position-controlled movement of the sensor along x-y axis is provided with 2D scanning system.
Trigger values of sensor output are evaluated with respect to the scanning field. The experiments are
redone for the samples at different geometries and variables are defined for geometric analysis. The
experimental conclusions obtained from this paper will be discussed in detail.
The document describes a framework for detecting abandoned objects in crowded areas using video surveillance. It involves recognizing four sub-events: (1) an owner bringing an object into the scene, (2) the owner leaving without the object, (3) the object being left unattended, and (4) an alarm triggering if the object remains unattended for over 60 seconds. The system first detects unattended objects, then traces back through previous frames to identify potential owners and monitors to see if the owner returns before the timer ends to determine if the object was truly abandoned. It was tested on the i-LIDS dataset and aims to help security personnel by automatically detecting potential threats.
This document describes an improved particle filter tracking system that uses both color and moving edge information. It aims to address limitations of existing color-based particle filter tracking systems, such as inaccurate tracking when the target and background have similar colors, occlusion occurs, or the target is deformed. The proposed system selects an appropriate bounding box around the target using moving edge information to maintain an accurate target model during tracking. An experiment using 100 targets in 10 video clips showed the new system achieved a 94.6% accuracy rate for tracking, higher than an existing color-based particle filter system. It also had a 91.8% accuracy for occluded targets, much better than the previous system.
Proposed Multi-object Tracking Algorithm Using Sobel Edge Detection operatorQUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT:Tracking of moving objects that is called video tracking is used for measuring motion parameters and obtaining a visual record of the moving objects, it is an important area of application in image processing. In general there are two different approaches to obtain object tracking: the first is Recognition-based Tracking, and the second is the Motion-based Tracking. Video tracking system raises a wide possibility in today’s society. This system is used in various applications such as military, security, monitoring, robotic, and nowadays in dayto-day applications. However the video tracking systems still have many open problems and various research activities in a video tracking system are explores. This paper presents an algorithm for video tracking of any moving targets with the uses of contour based detection technique that depends on the sobel operator. The proposed system is suitable for indoor and outdoor applications. Our approach has the advantage of extending the applicability of tracking system and also, as presented here improves the performance of the tracker making feasible high frame rate video tracking. The goal of the tracking system is to analyze the video frames and estimate the position of a part of the input video frame (usually a moving object), our approach can detect, tracked any object more than one object and calculate the position of the moving objects. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to construct a motion tracking system for moving objects. Where, at the end of this paper, the detail outcome and result are discussed using experiments results of the proposed technique
This document presents a method for tracking moving objects in video sequences using affine flow parameters combined with illumination insensitive template matching. The method extracts affine flow parameters from frames to model local object motion using affine transformations. It then applies template matching with illumination compensation to track objects across frames while being robust to illumination changes. The method is evaluated on various indoor and outdoor database videos and is shown to effectively track objects without false detections, handling issues like illumination variations, camera motion and dynamic backgrounds better than other methods.
Recently, the demand for surveillance system is increasing in real time application to enhance the security system. These surveillance systems are mainly used in crowded places such as shopping malls, sports stadium etc. In order to support enhance the security system, crowd behavior analysis has been proven a significant technique which is used for crowd monitoring, visual surveillance etc. For crowd behavior analysis, motion analysis is a crucial task which can be achieved with the help of trajectories and tracking of objects. Various approaches have been proposed for crowd behavior analysis which has limitation for densely crowded scenarios, a new object entering the scene etc. In this work, we propose a new approach for abnormal crowd behavior detection. Proposed approach is a motion based spatio-temporal feature analysis technique which is capable of obtaining trajectories of each detected object. We also present a technique to carry out the evaluation of individual object and group of objects by considering relational descriptors based on their environmental context. Finally, a classification is carried out for detection of abnormal or normal crowd behavior by following patch based process. In the results, we have reported that proposed model is able to achieve better performance when compared to existing techniques in terms of classification accuracy, true positive rate, and false positive rate.
Schematic model for analyzing mobility and detection of multipleIAEME Publication
The document discusses a schematic model for analyzing mobility and detecting multiple objects in traffic scenes. It aims to not only detect and count moving objects, but also understand crowd behavior and reduce issues with objects occluding each other. Previous work on object detection is reviewed, noting that most approaches do not integrate detecting multiple objects simultaneously or address problems of object occlusion. The proposed model uses background subtraction and unscented Kalman filtering to increase detection accuracy and reduce false positives when analyzing image sequences of traffic scenes to detect multiple moving objects. It was tested in MATLAB and results showed highly accurate detection rates.
This document discusses crowd density estimation using baseline filtering. It begins with an abstract describing the challenges of detecting and tracking objects in crowded scenes due to occlusions. It then reviews related works on component-based people detection, Bayesian tracking using shape models, and neural network-based people counting. The implementation section describes extracting foreground from background, computing crowd density as a function of foreground pixels, and estimating head counts to determine the total number of people. Screenshots show results of segmentation, preprocessing, tracking, and counting frames. It concludes that the proposed method estimates crowd density using movement, size, and height features with particle filtering and clustering.
Leave a Trace - A People Tracking System Meets Anomaly Detectionijma
Video surveillance always had a negative connotation, among others because of the loss of privacy and because it may not automatically increase public safety. If it was able to detect atypical (i.e. dangerous) situations in real time, autonomously and anonymously, this could change. A prerequisite for this is an automatic detection of possibly dangerous situations from video data. From the derived trajectories we then want to determine dangerous situations by detecting atypical trajectories. However, it is better to develop such a system without people being threatened or even harmed, plus with having them know that there is such a tracking system installed. In the artistic project leave a trace the tracked people become
actor and thus part of the installation. Visualization in real-time allows interaction by these actors, which in turn creates many atypical interaction situations on which we could develop our situation detection.
The document summarizes several papers related to crime detection using computer vision techniques. It discusses approaches for detecting fights in videos using features like STIP and MoSIFT descriptors. It also reviews methods for detecting emotions from body movements and recognizing crowd behaviors in video sequences. Several algorithms are presented, including FSCB for real-time crowd behavior detection and a three-pronged approach using texture, color, and motion history for moving object detection. The document analyzes trajectory-based and pixel-based techniques for unsupervised abnormal event detection.
Crowd Recognition System Based on Optical Flow Along with SVM classifierIJECEIAES
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A Hybrid Architecture for Tracking People in Real-Time Using a Video Surveillance Camera : Application for Behavioural Marketing
1. Signal & Image Processing : An International Journal (SIPIJ) Vol.6, No.6, December 2015
DOI : 10.5121/sipij.2015.6601 1
A HYBRID ARCHITECTURE FOR TRACKING
PEOPLE IN REAL-TIME USING A VIDEO
SURVEILLANCE CAMERA: APPLICATION FOR
BEHAVIOURAL MARKETING
Kheireddine AZIZ1
, Djamal MERAD2
, Jean-Luc DAMOISEAUX3
and
Pierre DRAP2
1
SeaTech Toulon, Toulon University, La Gardes, France
2
LSIS Lab, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
3
IUT R&T, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
ABSTRACT
This paper describes a novel method for tracking customers using images taken from video-surveillance
cameras. This system analyzes the number of customers and their motions through the aisles of big-box
stores (supermarkets) in real-time. The originality of our approach is based on the study of the blobs
properties for managing the splitting/merging issues using a mathematical morphology operator. In the
order hand, in order to manage a high number of customers in real-time, we combine the advantage of two
tracking algorithms.
KEYWORDS
Deterministic tracking, splitting/merging blobs, behavioural marketing.
1. INTRODUCTION
The economic climate since 2008, as well as increasing competitive pressure has forced major
retailers to diversify their sale offers (drive-thru, e-commerce, etc.) and also to improve the
performance of their commercial outlets.
The work presented here falls within the scope of behavioural marketing analysis by video, and
aims to better understand the purchasing behaviour of customers by analyzing their motions in a
densely-populated sales area covered by a single camera. Our industrial partner required us to use
the camera network that was already in place and that was initially designed for video-
surveillance. Using overhead cameras, we should determine the trajectory of customers in the
retail space and manage the occlusions and/or interaction issues between people.
In the retail space, understand and analyze the evolution of the trajectory and the consumption of
a customer has several goals. First, these data provide a concrete vision on surfaces to sell a
brand to a particular location in the store. They also provide a number of operations as a tool of
direct marketing such as the presentation of samples of new products or the development of end
displays.
2. Signal & Image Processing : An International Journal (SIPIJ) Vol.6, No.6, December 2015
2
Analyze the trajectory of the customer has the advantage of better manage and allocate human
resources, according to the measures of the frequentation at the rays at specific times and waiting
times for customers at checkout. These analyse further review and reorganize the plan of the store
and the areas allocated by department promoting impulse purchases.
These methods provide an effective way to calibrate the surface of a point of sale depending on
the extent of his attendance and sales. Finally, it will improve the personalization of offers. This is
possible due to the extraction and analysis of gaze orientation clients and analyzing their
trajectories.
Figure 1. Notion of the blob.
Generally, in a sales area, a stream of customers is frequently seen on camera as a connected blob
(Figure 1). This pixel-based entity can be further broken down inside analysis area and then
generate other ones. Moreover, the interest objects that are initially separated may merge during
motion and form then a new connected blob grouping them together. If a blob splits up inside the
analysis zone, it would be necessary to save the information coming from these new blobs. In this
case, it is essential to be able to predict the splitting of the blob at time t+1. In our method,
applying a mathematical morphology operator (erosion) on the blob at time t allows to make this
prediction. In the event that the blob splits up, the set of new blobs will share the same spatio-
temporal information from the original blob (path segment before separation, time and access
point of the analysis zone, etc.). As for their merging, this is detected by calculating the
overlapping of neighbouring blobs.
In the following sections, we discuss the latest developments in tracking field and present the
architecture of our proposed solution with a description of each component. We conclude this
study by analysis our results.
2. STATE-OF-THE-ART
The tracking of people is fundamental in all video-based behaviour analysis systems. In literature,
we find several research studies that summarize the various methods for tracking objects. We can
class them into two categories: deterministic and probabilistic approaches. With deterministic
approaches, objects are tracked either by the association of observations, or by resolving an
optimization problem. Gheissari [7]et al. split the silhouette into a set of homogenous regions
characterized by points of interest. These points are then compared to determine if there are any
matches between the two sets, the detection of a person is deduced based on their numbers.
Thome et al.[11] propose a method more robust against occlusions that use a template to identify
shapes, then by determining the maximum of the correlation function between the template of the
person at time t and the person to locate in the image at time t+1. In the same category, we can
mention the work of Aziz et al.[3]. Using a graphical model of the human body, they are able to
identify people’s heads and track them. Using this method, they are able to remedy the issue of
3. Signal & Image Processing : An International Journal (SIPIJ) Vol.6, No.6, December 2015
3
occlusions. Urtasun and Fua[12] conducted a 3D tracking of the human body by shape
recognition using volumetric primitives obtained from the principal component analysis (PCA).
Using these primitives, the authors were able to describe the movements as being a linear
combination of “distinctive motion vectors”, and to estimate the posture of a person by
minimizing a cost function of their 3D model and data provided by stereo cameras.
Approaches based on probabilistic methods have been used to compensate for problems with
deterministic methods which there are confusion of subject and occlusions (partial, complete)
issues for multiple objects tracking. Elgammal et al.[5] proposed a method for tracking people by
modelling as random variables the values and location of feature element composing the interest
region. The predicted location of the object is obtained by finding the geometric transformation
between two consecutive images able to maximize a similarity function using the mean shift
algorithm.
Perez et al.[6] and Stanley et al.[4] used a particle filter for tracking people. The accepted
observation model was a histogram defined as the concatenation of the 2D – Hue-Saturation
histogram and the brightness component V added when the chrominance component are too
weak; while the latter used a spatiogram that included for each bin the average value and
covariance of the pixel location contributing to each bin.
Ryoo et al.[8] put forward an approach for tracking people and objects in highly-occluded areas.
They introduced a new paradigm for tracking of multiple hypotheses “observe and explain” as
opposed to the old paradigm of “suppose and test”. During tracking and at each multiple
hypothesis, the system switches into “Observation” mode and waits until collecting enough data.
This approach offers many possibilities for tracking by generating several probable
“explanations” after having gathered a sufficient quantity of observations.
Works combining both tracking methods have also been proposed. Wang et al.[13] make this
using the mean shift algorithm combined with a particle filter; the former is used to optimize the
scale and position of each particle, while the latter due to its multi-hypothetical nature enables the
mean shift to manage the redundancy of the particles. Andriluka et al.[2], for their part, used an
articulated people detection model for tracking by combining a deterministic approach (tracking
by detection) with a limb-detection method. This allowed them to build a robust and dynamic
human model that can be extended for people detection in a more reliable way. The approximate
posture of each person is detected according the local features that model the appearance of
different human body parts. A previous knowledge of possible articulations and the temporal
consistency within the walk cycle are modelled using a hierarchical Gaussian process with a
latent variable model.
The methods for tracking people described above are designed to track a limited number of
people, and moreover their effectiveness depends on the field of application. In real-life
scenarios, difficulties may arise when a single object splits into two or more regions (or "blobs").
Likewise, the same applies when two moving objects merge into a single blob. The tracking
algorithm must then be able to recognize this type of situation and react accordingly, with the
ability to match a given number of objects with a given number of blobs. To address these issues,
the probabilistic methods model this lack of precision as a noise. Unlike of the merging case, the
various approaches used to track people can’t predict a split-up situation. This case can be dealt
by using a non-linear filter with a joint state space, but the temporal and computational
complexity of these methods makes them less effective for real-time tracking applications.
In the scope of our project, we will develop a tracking application able to track objects from their
entry up until their exit from a given analysis zone. In our case, the interest object is a blob that
may include at least one people and the main limitation is to manage a variable number of these
4. Signal & Image Processing : An International Journal (SIPIJ) Vol.6, No.6, December 2015
4
interest objects. Moreover, the algorithm must be able to store in memory the entry/exit points of
each object notably when these blobs merge and/or split up (appearance and disappearance of
objects of interest in the analysis zone).
3. MULTIPLE-TARGET TRACKING ARCHITECTURE
A large number of methods for tracking multiple targets have been proposed by the scientific
community. Nonetheless, the problem of tracking a large number of people in heavily-populated
environments remains difficult and has not been sufficiently addressed.
In order to resolve this problem, we have perfected an application for tracking trajectories that
combines several algorithms. The main components are shown in Figure 2.
Figure 2. Multiple-target tracking architecture.
The aim of the background extraction module is detecting moving regions. These regions present
the input into the multi-target tracking module that is the main module of our architecture. It
consists for managing the merging/splitting of interest objects obtained from the background
extraction component, and provides a hybrid tracking mode that combines two tracking methods.
The first tracking method consists to make matching between detected blobs in the simple cases
(single-to-single) which is a quick and very efficient method. The second tracking method is
based on the colour distribution to remedy the merging issue (single-to-multiple). In fact, once
blobs have been merged, making just a simple matching of distributions is no longer conceivable.
5. Signal & Image Processing : An International Journal (SIPIJ) Vol.6, No.6, December 2015
5
3.1. Background extraction module
The background extraction module (Adaptive Background Mixture Model) identifies the moving
regions in each image of the sequence. It computes a map of the distances between each of the
pixels in the current image and a reference image that models the static parts of the image stream
to be analyzed.
More specifically, we use the background subtraction technique proposed by Stauffer and
Grimson[10] and modified by Shimada and Arita[9] where each pixel is modelled using a mixture
of Gaussian distributions whose the number may vary throughout time.
3.2. Multi-target tracking methods
The used tracking method rests on the continuous updating of blob attributes during the tracking.
It consists on the association of detected blobs until the latter be merged or splitted. In the case of
splitting blob and in order to save a continuous trajectory for each new one, we simply have to
identify the objects resulting from the splitted blob. When blobs are merged, we must also detect
this occurs. This step is described in the next Section.
To be able to track objects in real-time, we combined two tracking algorithms. The first one is a
histogram matching algorithm which is used for the isolated interest objects. It based on the
measure of matching pairs. For this step, we use a Bhattacharya metric for comparing the HSV
colour histograms calculated on N bins (see Eq.1)
N-1
i i
obj1 obj2 obj1 obj2
i=0
d(H ,H ) = 1- H .H∑ 1
The second method tracks colour distributions that used for interest objects after their merging.
Concretely, we apply the mean shift method. Then, the search for the target at the current time is
based on colour distributions (histograms) in a simple geometric area. More specifically, starting
from the image of the object at time t, we try to identify the area having the same colour as the
initial object using a rectangular area that selected from an image at time t+1. The estimation of
the new distribution having the same size and position of the target in the image at time t, consists
to use an analysis model. This model moved around the research area until we find the area that
matches’ the best. We perform each time the following steps:
1. Calculate the barycentre of each pixel (x,y) in the window, as well as their sum (zero-
order moment).
10 01
00 10 01,
, , 00 00
( , ), ( , ), ( , ) ,c cx y
x y x y
M M
M I x y M xI x y M yI x y x y
M M
= = = ⇒ = =∑ ∑ ∑
2. Adjust the rectangle encompassing the target on the barycentre coordinates (xc , yc).
3.3. Trajectory database
The trajectory database contains the trajectories calculated during the tracking process. Each
trajectory is defined by 4 data items: entry points, exit points, time of entry, and time of exit.
Based on this data, the some measurements can be extracted such as how often customers move
in each direction, density of people, people waiting time, etc.
6. Signal & Image Processing : An International Journal (SIPIJ) Vol.6, No.6, December 2015
6
4. MANAGEMENT OF CHANGING OBJECTS
In order to resolve the splitting/merging issues, we use two different methods.
4.1. Splitting objects
The separation of an object (or blob) at time t into a set of related objects (or blobs) at time t+1
can be predicted by applying an erosion function to the object at time t. Figure 3 illustrates the
utility of erosion for separating touching objects. Figures 3-a and 3-b and illustrates how erosion
could predict separation into blob. The iteration number of the erosion operator is depending on
the rate frame the image stream acquisition. In our case, we set the number of iterations to 2 with
a rate frame equal to 25fps. In this way, the eroded blob enables to distinguish the following
cases:
1. If the set of child blobs, resulting from the application of the erosion operator on the
parent blob, is included in the set of candidate blobs that detected in the image at time
t+1, then each blob in this set will inherit the same information from the parent blob at
time t (access point, time of entry, path segment), and then the parent blob will be
deleted. The matching between the predicted blobs and detected blobs is made by the
histogram comparison algorithm.
2. Otherwise, the set of child blobs resulting from the erosion of the parent blob will be
temporarily saved in the list of interest objects.
Figure 3. Illustration for separating touching objects in binary image using erosion operator.
Figure 4. Prediction of the separation of objects at time t+1 using the “erosion” operator.
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4.2. Merging objects
The merging situation is produced when there are junctions or overlapping the paths of the
interest objects. Consequently, these last situations results a new connected blob covering those
objects. Tracking these objects using just a simple histogram matching method is practically
impossible. In this case, the objects are tracked using a colour distribution estimation method that
applies a mean shift algorithm to resolve the merging issue. However, merging objects must first
be detected before applying this type of tracking method. The merging of two interest objects is
detected by calculating the overlap using the following formula:
( )
1,
( , ) min( ( ), ( ))
0,
t t
i j
rt t t t
i j i j
surface Obj Obj
S
Overlap Obj Obj surface Obj surface Obj
sinon
∩
>
=
where Sr is the threshold of the overlap.
5. RESULTS
Our method is based on two solutions: the first, by choosing an appropriate tracking algorithm
able to reduce the computing time as much as possible. The second lets us efficiently process the
tracking of blobs when they merge or split up especially in what concerns the storage of their
trajectory histories.
The tracking process (Figure 5) is started as soon as the rectangle covering the detected blob
intersects with the analysis area (yellow rectangle). In Figure 5-a, the detected blob (blue
rectangle) at the entrance of the analysis zone is composed of two people. Then, these people are
going into two different directions which will lead to their separation and creating of two new
blobs containing each one a single people. After having predicted their separation, the two new
targets will still keep the same colour before their separation. Figure 5-b illustrates how people
can be tracked when they merge and how it is easy to track them in this type of situation with the
mean shift algorithm. We note that the targets outside the purple square will be discarded by the
system.
(a) Illustration of two people separating.
(b) Illustration of three people merging.
Figure. 5: Example of multi-target tracking with overhead camera.
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After having compared our algorithm with non-linear methods, we can confirm that these
methods are inefficient because they assume that a blob corresponds to only one state space
( Figure 6).
Figure. 6: Limitation of the non-linear tracker.
A blob is considered as a single object, thus the instability of the tracking in the event that it splits
up. Another weakness of using these methods is that the presence of large number of objects in
the analysis area may considerably slow down the algorithm’s computation time. In fact, the
function of the cost of object matching with another depends on the number of hypotheses, the
geometry of the bounding boxes, their size and the number of the bins used for calculating their
colour histograms.
In terms of performance, we compared our tracking method with many particle filters tracking
launched together. Objects were tracked with the particle filter with histograms coded on 110 bins
and using 100 particles.
(a) Graph of the CPU time spent by the particle filter and our proposed method, to track multiple targets.
This time is proportional to the number of targets to track and their size.
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(b) Graph of CPU resources used when tracking multiple-targets using the particle filter and our
proposed method.
Figure 7. CPU resources used by various tracking methods.
Figures 7-a and 7-b compare the cost of using parallel particle filters with our method. For
tracking using the mean shift algorithm and the comparison of histograms, we used 3D
histograms coded on 10 bins. Tracking by particle filter slows down when the size of the objects
to track is relatively large (blue peak). Increasing the number of objects also slows down the
tracking process. This increases the CPU resources consumption due to the calculation of the
comparisons of the histograms corresponding to the observations (particles).
Our method presents some limitations when using side-view cameras. In this configuration, the
problem with tracking people becomes particularly difficult due to complete occlusions. As a
whole, the objects are correctly tracked; although sometimes the model drops a target only to pick
it up again later in the following sequences.
Table 1. People counting results from commercial deployments.
People counting results from commercial deployments.
Camera ID Ground truth count Nb People Accuracy
1 30 29 96.6
2 73 69 94.5
3 147 136 92.5
4 91 85 93.4
5 78 73 93.6
6 206 188 91.3
7 324 308 95.1
8 145 127 87.6
9 709 665 93.8
Table 1 shows people counting results from a number of customer. The camera views are
illustrated in Figure 6. Our ground truth contents 24 hours of video from these scenarios and
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measured counting accuracy by comparing the manual ground truth count with that reported by
our system. In most deployments the counting accuracy of the system was around 93%. The
primary reason for undercounting was occlusions due to large crowds. Over-counting was caused
mostly by non-human targets like chariot detected as humans.
5. CONCLUSION
This system proposed for people tracking in a shopping centre provides an original solution to the
problem thanks to its hybrid method that is able to correctly manage the merging and splitting up
of targets. We tested our algorithm in real-life situations and the results that we obtained allowed
us to evaluate the ability of our system to track a large number of targets in a small area.
However, we also observed that when a target is partially hidden, our algorithm quickly diverges
and can't insure a continues tracking.
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AUTHORS
Kheireddine AZIZ is a research engineer at SeaTech Toulon since 2014. He
received his research master degree image processing from Caen Basse Normandie
University in 2006. He received his professional master degree in database and
image processing from Caen Basse Normandie University in 2007. After Ph.D
degree in computer science from Aix-Marseille University and Cliris group
company at 2012 on Multiperson tracking in constrained environment, he worked
at IMRAEUROPE specialized in intelligent automotive application and Rn3d Lab.
Djamal MERAD After an initial training of engineer, supplemented by a DEA in
Image and vision at the University of Nice, Djamal Merad concluded its academic
formation by a doctorate in Robotics at the university from Evry. In September
2008, it integrates the team Images and Models of LSIS lab. as a university
lecturer. Since, his research activity is focused on the pattern recognition field and
he has participated in several research projects.
Jean-Luc Damoiseaux is associate professor Aix-Marseille University After a
DEA in Artifical Intelligence at the University of the Mediterranean of Marseille,
Jean-Luc Damoiseaux concluded its academic formation by a doctorate in pattern
recognition at the University of Avignon and Pays de Vaucluse. Since 2002, he's
working at the department of Networks and Telecommunications of the Aix-
Marseille University Institute of Technology; currently is the director of this
department.
Pierre Drap is researcher in CNRS, France, since 1997. In 2008 he joins the
Image and Model team in the Since 2004, he was involved as partner or leader in
more than 10 national or international projects dealing with these topics.