a) How are X-linked genes inherited in humans Be able to use this i.pdf
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a) How are X-linked genes inherited in humans? Be able to use this information to perform monohybrid and dihybrid crosses and to interpret pedigrees. (SHOW WORK & EXPLAIN) b) Describe dosage compensation/X-inactivation and its consequences. (SHOW WORK & EXPLAIN) c) Describe Y-linked inheritance and be able to use this information in monohybrid and dihybrid crosses and pedigrees. (SHOW WORK & EXPLAIN) d) Explain complete dominance, incomplete dominance, codominance, penetrance, expressivity, lethal alleles and multiple alleles and give examples of each. (SHOW WORK & EXPLAIN) Solution If cross is made between XY MALE and Xx carrier female then offspring will as shown below 50% hemophilic Xx ( carrier) female and hemophilic boy Yx 50% normal XX and XY. 2.In many animals male have one and female have two X chromosome . The difference in X chromosome dosage between the two sexes is compensated by mechanism that regulate X chromosome transcription. Mainteneance of chromosome dosage is necessary in normal development. X chromosome contain many gene that are important in both sexes male contain single X and female contain two X chromosome. .To compensate for X chromosome dosage difference between sexes different mechanism have evolved to equalize x linked transcript level in male and female.. polypoidy refers to increase in dosage in all chromosome while aneuploidy refers to change in dosage of one chromosome with respect to rest of the genome. Consequence of X gene inactivation is visibly mosaic phenotypes exhibited by mammalian female heterozygous for X linked genes affecting hair and skin . Answer 3: Y linked inheritance can be seen in male members as only male has Y chromosome. Y-linked inheritance is appearance of traits in an organism due to the presence of an alelle on the Y-chromosome e.g hypertrichosis and pattern baldness are due to Y linked inheritance. Answer 4; Complete dominance is form of dominance in hetrozygous allele that is dominant completely mask the effect of allele that is recessive flower on mendel\'s pea plant is example of complete dominance Blue flower has dominant allele B whle b is recessive cross will be dominant are BB, Bb,Bb with blue flowers Incomplete dominance is a form of inheritance in which one allele for a specific trait is not completely expressed over its paired allele .As a result third phenotype appear which is the combination of both allele e. g snapdragon flower is pink when cross between red flower and white flower here neither white is dominant nor red Codominance is form of dominance where in allele of a gene pair in a heterozygote are fully expressedXYXXXXYxXxxY.
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Tetrad AnalysisYou should be able to explain and you should know e.pdf
Tetrad Analysis
You should be able to explain and you should know examples of these:
1) Incomplete dominance
2) dominant negative
3) co-dominance,
4) pleotropic effect
5) epistasis
6) suppressors
7) developmental noise
8) norm of reaction (phenotypic plasticity).
9) You should be able to explain the biochemistry of ABO blood type and epistasis between h
and I genes.
Solution
1) incompletes dominance is a form of intermediate inheritance in which one allele for a specific
trait is not completely exprssed over its paired allele. It leads to the formation of a third
phenotype in which the expressed physical trait is a combination of phenotypes of noth
alleles.Example is a flower that is pink in colour due to cross pollination between a red and a
white flower,when neither the white or red alleles are dominant.
2. dominant negative is used to describe a gene that has a dominant effect similar to that
described genetically,one copy of the gene gives a mutant phenotype effect and a negative copy
and the negative effect in that it prevents.For example a protein that functional as a dimer.A
mutation that removes the functional domain but reatins the dimerization domain would cause a
dominant negatice phenotype because some part of the dimer would be missing functional
domains.
3. Co dominance is a type of dominance in which both the alleles in a gene pair in a heterozygote
are fully expressed. The human ABO blood groups provide an example of co dominance.
4. Pleiotropric effect is to have multiple effects from the same gene.Example , marfan gene is
pleiotropic .it had many effects such as long fingers and toes,disslocation of the lens of the eye.
5.epistasis is a phenomena in which the effect of one gene is dependant on the prsesnce of one or
more modifier genes.In case of dominant epistasis there is complete dominance at both gene
pairs however when one gene is dominant it hides the phenotype of the other gene.
in recessive epistasis recessive genes at one locus mask the phenotypic expression of other gene
locus.
example, the gene for male pattern baldness is epistatic to the gene for red hair..
sex linked inheritance, Sex Influence inheritance and sex limited characters
sex linked inheritance, Sex Influence inheritance and sex limited characters
Recommended
Tetrad AnalysisYou should be able to explain and you should know e.pdf
Tetrad Analysis
You should be able to explain and you should know examples of these:
1) Incomplete dominance
2) dominant negative
3) co-dominance,
4) pleotropic effect
5) epistasis
6) suppressors
7) developmental noise
8) norm of reaction (phenotypic plasticity).
9) You should be able to explain the biochemistry of ABO blood type and epistasis between h
and I genes.
Solution
1) incompletes dominance is a form of intermediate inheritance in which one allele for a specific
trait is not completely exprssed over its paired allele. It leads to the formation of a third
phenotype in which the expressed physical trait is a combination of phenotypes of noth
alleles.Example is a flower that is pink in colour due to cross pollination between a red and a
white flower,when neither the white or red alleles are dominant.
2. dominant negative is used to describe a gene that has a dominant effect similar to that
described genetically,one copy of the gene gives a mutant phenotype effect and a negative copy
and the negative effect in that it prevents.For example a protein that functional as a dimer.A
mutation that removes the functional domain but reatins the dimerization domain would cause a
dominant negatice phenotype because some part of the dimer would be missing functional
domains.
3. Co dominance is a type of dominance in which both the alleles in a gene pair in a heterozygote
are fully expressed. The human ABO blood groups provide an example of co dominance.
4. Pleiotropric effect is to have multiple effects from the same gene.Example , marfan gene is
pleiotropic .it had many effects such as long fingers and toes,disslocation of the lens of the eye.
5.epistasis is a phenomena in which the effect of one gene is dependant on the prsesnce of one or
more modifier genes.In case of dominant epistasis there is complete dominance at both gene
pairs however when one gene is dominant it hides the phenotype of the other gene.
in recessive epistasis recessive genes at one locus mask the phenotypic expression of other gene
locus.
example, the gene for male pattern baldness is epistatic to the gene for red hair..
sex linked inheritance, Sex Influence inheritance and sex limited characters
sex linked inheritance, Sex Influence inheritance and sex limited characters
Coupling and repulsion human genetics
B.Sc. Cell biology and genetics Paper, Notes for B.Sc Biotechnology students, Coupling and repulsion human genetics, includes examples
Please answer all questionsDefine1. Wild type –2. Epistasis –.pdf
Please answer all questions
Define
1. Wild type –
2. Epistasis –
Fill in the Blank
3. Two genes may interact effecting one trait and resulting in novel phenotypes with an F2
phenotypic ________________ ratio.
4. Under ________________ conditions, conditionally lethal mutants will die.
True or False
5. Penetrance is the degree or intensity with which a particular genotype is expressed in a
phenotype.
6. Continuous traits are usually controlled by multiple genes and may be influenced by the
environment.
Short Answer
7. Describe the inheritance pattern(s) of blood types.
8. When studying a newly discovered flowering plant in Costa Rica, you collect data on its petal
color in an effort to determine how this trait may be inherited. You find that 852 flowers are red,
331 are white and 389 are yellow. What are the possible inheritance patterns, and how could you
definitely conclude which of these possibilities is the true mode of inheritance?
Solution
Wild type- wild type phenotype refers to characteristics that occurs naturally in a breeding
population.
Epistasis - it refers to a phenomena when one gene’s expression is dependent on the presence of
another gene(s), called the modifier gene.
9:16
Let\'s take an example of comb varieties in chicken
We have two pure breeds : wyandotte whose phenotype is a rose comb and brahmas having the
phenotype of a pea comb, when crossed with each other, they create a completely new phenotype
of a walnut comb. Let\'s look at the ratio:
Parental cross: rose comb x pea comb
F1 : all walnut combs
F2 : 9 walnut : 3 rose: 3peas : 1 single
Hence the ratio is 9:16
Under the restrictive or nonpermissive condition conditions, conditionally lethal mutants will
die.
Conditionally lethal mutants are those which have an allele that will make the survival of the
species difficult only in a specific condition.
True. for example if a mutation in a gene gives the species a particular characterisitc which has
97%penetrance, only 97% of those with the mutation will develop that characteristic and 3 %
will not.
True. multiple genes affect continuous traits. For such complex gene interactions, the traits are
influenced by environmental factors too. For example, height and skin color.
There are four basic blood types which are A, B, AB and O and together with the Rh factor,
these can be +ve or -ve.
A and B are dominant, while O is recessive.
Blood type
A
B
O
A
A
AB
A
B
AB
B
B
O
A
B
O
For Rh factor, Rh (+)ve is dominant.
So if the any one or both parents have Rh (+)ve factor, the progeny will be Rh(+)ve.
If both parents are Rh(-)ve, the progeny will be Rh (-)ve
Father
Mother
D
D
d
Dd
Dd
d
Dd
Dd
100% Rh (+)ve children
Father
Mother
D
d
d
Dd
dd
d
Dd
dd
50% Rh(+)ve children
Red: 852
White: 331
Yellow:389
According to the given data, red is dominant and white is recessive and yellow is a result of
incomplete dominance of both white and red phenotype.
It can\'t be codominance, because codominance involves both phenotypes being expressed in
di.
Linked inheritance
Breaking down Biology into simpler bits is the most effective way to learn hence this presentation aims to simplify the concept of 'Linked Inheritance' which makes understanding Inheritance better.
Sex Linkage-Unique Heritage
This presentation intends to explore the sex-linked characters along with some fatal diseases of human beings, their cause, consequences and other issues.
Problem 5.7 Part A How do mammals, including humans, solve the dosa.pdf
Problem 5.7 Part A How do mammals, including humans, solve the \"dosage problem\" caused
by the presence of an X and Y chromosome in one sex and two X chromosomes in the other sex?
Male RNA transcripts from the X chromosome have leaders that cause them to be translated at
twice the rate as those in females. O Females produce twice the RNA transcripts as males do, but
in females half of them are destroyed before being translated. O n males, the X chromosome is
up-regulated so that its genes are transcribed and translated twice as much as the X chromosomes
in females O They don\'t, but the X chromosome contains genes whose expression is not
quantitatively sensitive, so the differences are not important. O They don\'t; the fact that females
have twice as much X chromosome protein products as males is critical for sex determination in
mammals. o n females, one of the X chromosomes is condensed and largely inactive so that each
sex has one active X chromosome Submit My Answers Give Up Provide Feedback Continue
Solution
1. Dosage compensation is the process by which the expression levels of sex-linked genes are
altered in one sex to offset a difference in sex chromosome number between females and males
of a heterogametic species. In case of humans, females have two copies of X chromosome(XX)
and males have one(XY). Therefore, the females can produce twice as much gene product than
the males,but it is due to Dosage Compensation that one of the X chromosomeis condensed and
inactivated and hence the activity of X-linked genes is made equal in both the sexes.
In case of placental mammals, i.e, marsupials Dosage Compensation is initiated by inactivation
of one X chromosome in somatic cells of the females.
2. Down syndrome, one of the most familiar type of human trisomy in which affected individuals
have an extra copy of chromosome 21 which is caused by nondisjunction of chromosome 21
during oogenesis. This incidence is related to maternal age, wherein with growing age of mothers
there is a possibility that the chromosome tetrad during prophase I of meiosis will not remain
together. Before birth, all oocytes are arrested in Diplotene stage in females. Once the beginning
of menstrual period, meiosis resumes which indicates that the chromosomes in the tetrad must
remain properly associated till menopause. Now, with maternal age there is a probability of these
associations to break down which may lead to nondisjunction at Anaphase I..
Chapter 3 chromosomal basis of inheritance
lesson 3
bio botany ,botany ,12th ,12th biobotany ppt ,12th botany ppt ,tn text book ,study materials ,12th study materials, Chapter 3 chromosomal basis of inheritance
Genetics From Genes to Genomes 6th Edition hartwell Solutions Manual
Full download : https://alibabadownload.com/product/genetics-from-genes-to-genomes-6th-edition-hartwell-solutions-manual/
Genetics From Genes to Genomes 6th Edition hartwell Solutions Manual
Which statements are the possible null hypothesis of an ANOVA te.pdf
Which statements are the possible null hypothesis of an ANOVA test? Select ALL answers that
apply.
Which statements are the possible null hypothesis of an ANOVA test? Select ALL answers that
apply.
Which statements are the possible null hypothesis of an ANOVA test? Select ALL answers that
apply.
Solution
The null hypothesis for an ANOVA test is always that there is no difference in means. In other
words the means for all the factor are equal..
What is the zone of proximal development What does this concept say.pdf
What is the zone of proximal development? What does this concept say about the character of
human development and its relation to teaching and learning? Discuss Vygotsky’s and Piaget’s
differing views on the relation between learning and development.
Solution
Hi,
2.it says about character of human development that the role of education is to give children
experience which is within their zone of proximal development.
3.according to soviet psycologist vyzotsky ZPD is the difference between what a learner can do
without help and with help.
On the other hand according to swiss psychologist jean Piaget there are four stages of cognitive
development
This theory was known as theory of cognitive development.
I hope my answer is satisfactory.
Thanks!!.
More Related Content
Similar to a) How are X-linked genes inherited in humans Be able to use this i.pdf
Coupling and repulsion human genetics
B.Sc. Cell biology and genetics Paper, Notes for B.Sc Biotechnology students, Coupling and repulsion human genetics, includes examples
Please answer all questionsDefine1. Wild type –2. Epistasis –.pdf
Please answer all questions
Define
1. Wild type –
2. Epistasis –
Fill in the Blank
3. Two genes may interact effecting one trait and resulting in novel phenotypes with an F2
phenotypic ________________ ratio.
4. Under ________________ conditions, conditionally lethal mutants will die.
True or False
5. Penetrance is the degree or intensity with which a particular genotype is expressed in a
phenotype.
6. Continuous traits are usually controlled by multiple genes and may be influenced by the
environment.
Short Answer
7. Describe the inheritance pattern(s) of blood types.
8. When studying a newly discovered flowering plant in Costa Rica, you collect data on its petal
color in an effort to determine how this trait may be inherited. You find that 852 flowers are red,
331 are white and 389 are yellow. What are the possible inheritance patterns, and how could you
definitely conclude which of these possibilities is the true mode of inheritance?
Solution
Wild type- wild type phenotype refers to characteristics that occurs naturally in a breeding
population.
Epistasis - it refers to a phenomena when one gene’s expression is dependent on the presence of
another gene(s), called the modifier gene.
9:16
Let\'s take an example of comb varieties in chicken
We have two pure breeds : wyandotte whose phenotype is a rose comb and brahmas having the
phenotype of a pea comb, when crossed with each other, they create a completely new phenotype
of a walnut comb. Let\'s look at the ratio:
Parental cross: rose comb x pea comb
F1 : all walnut combs
F2 : 9 walnut : 3 rose: 3peas : 1 single
Hence the ratio is 9:16
Under the restrictive or nonpermissive condition conditions, conditionally lethal mutants will
die.
Conditionally lethal mutants are those which have an allele that will make the survival of the
species difficult only in a specific condition.
True. for example if a mutation in a gene gives the species a particular characterisitc which has
97%penetrance, only 97% of those with the mutation will develop that characteristic and 3 %
will not.
True. multiple genes affect continuous traits. For such complex gene interactions, the traits are
influenced by environmental factors too. For example, height and skin color.
There are four basic blood types which are A, B, AB and O and together with the Rh factor,
these can be +ve or -ve.
A and B are dominant, while O is recessive.
Blood type
A
B
O
A
A
AB
A
B
AB
B
B
O
A
B
O
For Rh factor, Rh (+)ve is dominant.
So if the any one or both parents have Rh (+)ve factor, the progeny will be Rh(+)ve.
If both parents are Rh(-)ve, the progeny will be Rh (-)ve
Father
Mother
D
D
d
Dd
Dd
d
Dd
Dd
100% Rh (+)ve children
Father
Mother
D
d
d
Dd
dd
d
Dd
dd
50% Rh(+)ve children
Red: 852
White: 331
Yellow:389
According to the given data, red is dominant and white is recessive and yellow is a result of
incomplete dominance of both white and red phenotype.
It can\'t be codominance, because codominance involves both phenotypes being expressed in
di.
Linked inheritance
Breaking down Biology into simpler bits is the most effective way to learn hence this presentation aims to simplify the concept of 'Linked Inheritance' which makes understanding Inheritance better.
Sex Linkage-Unique Heritage
This presentation intends to explore the sex-linked characters along with some fatal diseases of human beings, their cause, consequences and other issues.
Problem 5.7 Part A How do mammals, including humans, solve the dosa.pdf
Problem 5.7 Part A How do mammals, including humans, solve the \"dosage problem\" caused
by the presence of an X and Y chromosome in one sex and two X chromosomes in the other sex?
Male RNA transcripts from the X chromosome have leaders that cause them to be translated at
twice the rate as those in females. O Females produce twice the RNA transcripts as males do, but
in females half of them are destroyed before being translated. O n males, the X chromosome is
up-regulated so that its genes are transcribed and translated twice as much as the X chromosomes
in females O They don\'t, but the X chromosome contains genes whose expression is not
quantitatively sensitive, so the differences are not important. O They don\'t; the fact that females
have twice as much X chromosome protein products as males is critical for sex determination in
mammals. o n females, one of the X chromosomes is condensed and largely inactive so that each
sex has one active X chromosome Submit My Answers Give Up Provide Feedback Continue
Solution
1. Dosage compensation is the process by which the expression levels of sex-linked genes are
altered in one sex to offset a difference in sex chromosome number between females and males
of a heterogametic species. In case of humans, females have two copies of X chromosome(XX)
and males have one(XY). Therefore, the females can produce twice as much gene product than
the males,but it is due to Dosage Compensation that one of the X chromosomeis condensed and
inactivated and hence the activity of X-linked genes is made equal in both the sexes.
In case of placental mammals, i.e, marsupials Dosage Compensation is initiated by inactivation
of one X chromosome in somatic cells of the females.
2. Down syndrome, one of the most familiar type of human trisomy in which affected individuals
have an extra copy of chromosome 21 which is caused by nondisjunction of chromosome 21
during oogenesis. This incidence is related to maternal age, wherein with growing age of mothers
there is a possibility that the chromosome tetrad during prophase I of meiosis will not remain
together. Before birth, all oocytes are arrested in Diplotene stage in females. Once the beginning
of menstrual period, meiosis resumes which indicates that the chromosomes in the tetrad must
remain properly associated till menopause. Now, with maternal age there is a probability of these
associations to break down which may lead to nondisjunction at Anaphase I..
Chapter 3 chromosomal basis of inheritance
lesson 3
bio botany ,botany ,12th ,12th biobotany ppt ,12th botany ppt ,tn text book ,study materials ,12th study materials, Chapter 3 chromosomal basis of inheritance
Genetics From Genes to Genomes 6th Edition hartwell Solutions Manual
Full download : https://alibabadownload.com/product/genetics-from-genes-to-genomes-6th-edition-hartwell-solutions-manual/
Genetics From Genes to Genomes 6th Edition hartwell Solutions Manual
Similar to a) How are X-linked genes inherited in humans Be able to use this i.pdf (20)
Please answer all questionsDefine1. Wild type –2. Epistasis –.pdf
Please answer all questionsDefine1. Wild type –2. Epistasis –.pdf
Problem 5.7 Part A How do mammals, including humans, solve the dosa.pdf
Problem 5.7 Part A How do mammals, including humans, solve the dosa.pdf
Genetics From Genes to Genomes 6th Edition hartwell Solutions Manual
Genetics From Genes to Genomes 6th Edition hartwell Solutions Manual
More from mampbellzumberge517
Which statements are the possible null hypothesis of an ANOVA te.pdf
Which statements are the possible null hypothesis of an ANOVA test? Select ALL answers that
apply.
Which statements are the possible null hypothesis of an ANOVA test? Select ALL answers that
apply.
Which statements are the possible null hypothesis of an ANOVA test? Select ALL answers that
apply.
Solution
The null hypothesis for an ANOVA test is always that there is no difference in means. In other
words the means for all the factor are equal..
What is the zone of proximal development What does this concept say.pdf
What is the zone of proximal development? What does this concept say about the character of
human development and its relation to teaching and learning? Discuss Vygotsky’s and Piaget’s
differing views on the relation between learning and development.
Solution
Hi,
2.it says about character of human development that the role of education is to give children
experience which is within their zone of proximal development.
3.according to soviet psycologist vyzotsky ZPD is the difference between what a learner can do
without help and with help.
On the other hand according to swiss psychologist jean Piaget there are four stages of cognitive
development
This theory was known as theory of cognitive development.
I hope my answer is satisfactory.
Thanks!!.
Which is not one of the four basic types of tissue connective dige.pdf
Which is not one of the four basic types of tissue? connective digestive muscle epithelial
Adipose is a type of tissue that consists mainly of: collagen fibers. muscle cells. osteocytes. fat
cells Lizards belong to which class? Amphibia. Aves. Agnatha. Reptilia. One or more layers
of cells lining the body\'s outer and inner surf and lining the inner surfaces of tubular organs are
called _____ tissue. muscle. nervous. connective. epithelial. To which subtype of muscle
tissue does a fiber with transverse striations, many peripherally located nuclei, and typically
under voluntary control belong? skeletal. cardiac. smooth. none of the above. An organ
system that provides an outer covering for the body an protects the body from injury,
dehydration, and some pathogens: integumentary. excretory. circulatory. D. digestive. An
epithelial tissue formed by more than one layer of cells an column like cells at the surface would
be called: simple squamous. stratified squamous. simple columnar stratified columnar. An
organ system in man that supports and protects the body produces blood cells: integumentary.
skeletal. muscular. nervous.
Solution
16. B. Digestive.
Four basic types of tissues are epithelial tissue, muscular tissue, nervous tissue and connective
tissue.
17. D. Fat cells.
Adipose tissue is rich in fat and occurs in the regions of the body where vital organs are located
to give these organs like kidneys, eye balls etc protection.
18. D. Reptilia.
Lizards are creeping vertebrates having dry and cornified skin. They belong to class reptilia.
19. D. Epithelial.
20. A. Skeleton muscles.
These muscles are also called striated muscles as tbey bear cross striations and are under
voluntary control..
What are some examples of type IV hypersensitivities seen in humans .pdf
What are some examples of type IV hypersensitivities seen in humans? poison ivy/oak multiple
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To what group in the periodic table would an element with atomic numb.pdf
To what group in the periodic table would an element with atomic number 114 belong?
Solution
The element with atomic number 114 is Flerovium, which is a super heavy artificial chemical
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Flerovium belongs to group 14 in the periodic table. It is belowCarbon,Silicon, Germanium, Tin
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The table below contains some data for two countries, Italy and the U.pdf
The table below contains some data for two countries, Italy and the United Kingdom. The 1998
study \"Law and Finance\" by La Porta, Lopes-de-Silanes, Shleifer, and Vishny has an
explanation for why we observe differences across these two countries in the three measures
below (labeled 1, 2, 3). Describe the basic idea behind the \"Law and Finance\" view and the
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UK English common Legal Origin Shareholder rights index 1) Average ownership of the 3 law 5
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market/GDP 3) Number of listed stocks (1) Ave. ownership of the 3 largest shareholders -
ownership concentration measure (2) Market Cap/GDP - a valuation measure.
Solution
1.
greater shareholder right index more rights and more protection to the shareholder rights.
based on above info UK shareholders have stronger rights than Italy.
2. GDP is market value of all consumed goods and services. if GDP is more that country is
growing. based on above
when GDP is in denominator more the GDP lesser the value of marketcapitalisation /GDP.
hence Italy is Growing more when compared to UK.
3. but in above market capitalisation of UK is more due to huge number of companies and its
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stockexchanges in UK compared to italy..
Review Southwest Airline’s plan for customer service in Figure 8.4. .pdf
Review Southwest Airline’s plan for customer service in Figure 8.4. Create a chart to link a
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Solution
To meet the expectations of customers every time they fly, it is important to nvest in business
and always strive to provide customers with an exceptional level of service.
Below mentioned are the set of commitment towards customers:
Although the airline industry is a complex and changing industry, the responsibility to employees
is to:
Making positive contribution to the many communities we serve around the world by:
Code of Ethics:
Airlines can increase sales by increasing CSR investments— assuming increases in CSR
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I am having trouble with parsing chars into seperate tokens. My code.pdf
I am having trouble with parsing chars into seperate tokens. My code can only execute some
commands which doesn\'t have space. For example, ps, ls, or date can be executed. However, it
cannot execute ps -ael. Because there is a space in between. Here is my code,
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#define MAX_LINE 80
using namespace std;
int main()
{
int should_run = 1;
string s,s1,a;
string arg[10];
char *arr[10];
while (should_run)
{
cout<< (\"ubos>\") ;
cin>> s1;
{
istringstream f(s1);
while (getline(f,s, \' \'))
for(int i=0; i<10; i++)
{
arg[i] = s;
arr[i] = (char*)arg[i].c_str(); //converting string to char
arr[1] = NULL;
}
pid_t pid =fork();
int i;
if(pid<0)
{
cout<<\"fork\"< 0 )
{
wait(NULL);
cout<<\"parent \" << pid<
Solution
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#define MAX_LINE 80
using namespace std;
int main()
{
int should_run = 1;
string s,s1,a;
string arg[10];
char *arr[10];
while (should_run)
{
cout<< (\"ubos>\") ;
cin>> s1;
{
istringstream f(s1);
while (getline(f,s, \' \'))
for(int i=0; i<10; i++)
{
arg[i] = s;
arr[i] = (char*)arg[i].c_str(); //converting string to char
arr[1] = NULL;
}
pid_t pid =fork();
int i;
if(pid<0)
{
cout<<\"fork\"< 0 )
{
wait(NULL);
cout<<\"parent \" << pid<.
identify the dimensioning errors for the following objects. i.pdf
identify the dimensioning errors for the following objects. iden hi 4) 5) 15 10 30 10
Solution
Error in drawing 1
1. Missing height dimension in RIGHT VIEW because overall size details should be given in the
drawing.
2. Extend the leader of dimension of 10 (boss height) towards left right because dimension
should not fall inside the object.
3. In TOP VIEW, dimension 10 is given in hidden line. It is wrong because dimensions should
not given on the hidden lines as per drawing standard.
4. Give the y dimension of circular boss on TOP VIEW instead of LEFT VIEW. Because X
dimension is already available in TOP VIEW.
5. In LEFT VIEW, change the leader type for dimension of 10 as same as FRONT VIEW
dimension of 10.
6. Diameter leader type is wrong.
Error in drawing 2:
1. Missing height dimension in TOP VIEW because overall size details should be given in the
drawing.
2. X and Y dimension is not given for thru\' hole in FRONT VIEW
3. Change leader type of all dimensions of .25 in FRONT VIEW & TOP VIEW.
4. Diameter leader type is wrong.
5. Change leader type of dimensions of .50 in RIGHT VIEW.
6. Dimension leader spacing is not uniform..
Question 1 Why was it important to start with true-breeding plants.pdf
Question 1: Why was it important to start with true-breeding plants?
Question 2: What phenotypic ratios did Mendel observe in the F2 generation of a
dihybrid cross?
Question 4: Would Mendel predict that you would get the same or different results from the
cross of white males x scarlet females compared to its reciprocal?
Solution
Gregor Mendel wanted to know how parental traits are passed to the offspring. To get a clear
concluding result without any mixed unexpected outcome or unexplained phenomenon Mendel
wisely decided to start with pure breed i.e. known true breeding homozygous (pure
dominant/recessive) pea plants (when selfed it produces same trait every time).
In 1865 Mendel crossed two equal type of heterozygous pea plants with two characteristics to
see outcome of dihybrid cross and discovered law of independent assortment. First he took pea
plant of homozygous and dominant round (RR) yellow (YY) seeds and crossed with
homozygous and recessive for wrinkled (rr) and green (yy) seeds and produced RrYy genotype
heterozygous plants expressing dominant trait i.e. round and yellow seeds (F1 generation). Then
he crossed two F1 plants (dihybrid cross: RrYy x RrYy).
Phenotypic ratios did Mendel observed in his F2 generation of the dihybrid cross was
9:3:3:1::round & yellow: round & green: wrinkled & yellow: wrinkled & green. This is how he
discovered parental trails sorted independently to next generation (linkage was not found).
Mendel had not predicted that we would get the different results from the cross of white males x
scarlet (Red eyed: Scarlet is a brilliant red colour with a tinge of orange) females compared to its
reciprocal. Because the dominant scarlet colour of drosophila is a sex linked inheritance (present
in sex chromosome) and the phenotypical output of a cross will arise differently as mended
predicted. There is one X and one Y-chromosome in males while females have two X-
chromosomes. In female only the dominant gene will produce red eye even if the individual is
heterozygous for white allele..
Presentation Layer is concerned with which of the following a. How b.pdf
Presentation Layer is concerned with which of the following a. How bits are represented by
electrical signals b. How characters and numbers are represented by bits How data looks to the
user How applications are represented by icons
Solution
Presentation layer is concerned with How data looks to the user.
Answer : c) How data looks to the user.
This Presentation layer is concerned with the syntax and semantics of the data exchanged
between two systems.It is also responsible for translation,compression and encryption.
Please provide a summary of the current economic crises existing in .pdf
Please provide a summary of the current economic crises existing in Greece.
Include:
A Background of causal factors for the problems
B. Programs initiated by Greek Government to correct the problems
C. Reaction of Greek citizens
D. What effect Greece\'s problems are having on the rest of the EU?
Solution
Greece Debt Crisis:
The crisis in Greece started decades ago when when government increased the size of country\'s
payroll. As a result every one in five Greek person ended up having a government job.
At one point of time, politicians stopped offering new job opportunities to citizens, rather started
raising pay for the people already working for the government. This cupled with a poor tax
collection regime, had greece scrambling to keep money flowing.
As a result, greece started borrowing from the foriegn countries, which was easier for it being a
Europian union member. But at the same time, being a EU member, it was to require to adhere to
strict financial restrictions which did not allow it to have a national budget deficit of more than
3% of the GDP.
Greece\'s debt increased but no one care because it continued to show a deficit of 3.4% for a long
time. The final blow stuct with a formation of new government in the country which discovered
that the budget deficit of 3.4% was a lie , but the debt has soared beyond 15% of the GDP. The
relevation led the Greece\'s lenders to apply stricter rules of payback. the Greece\'s debt
skyrocketed post it and it became impossible got it repay its loans without taking furthur loads.
IMF and EU came up to its support with the ailout program od 110 billion euro. The money was
given with strict condtions of Greece takng austerity measues of lowering wages and proper tax
collection. The second bailout was of 130 billion dollars, but experts say that greece will not be
able to recover out of its debt before 2020.
Greece crisis might have an spillover effect on other Greece countries, which might punge the
Euro down compared to other countries. Greece\'s exit from EU was was also at one point of
time the point of discussion..
Part 1 Implement a superclass Employee that has the following field.pdf
Part 1: Implement a superclass Employee that has the following fields and methods. Fields:
String firstName String lastName int employeeID double salary Methods: Constructor():
initialize balance field to null and zero. Setters and getters for firstName, lastName, and
employeeID EmployeeSummary() – prints all account attributes Part 2: Implement a Manager
class that inherits from the Employee class. Has a department attribute Methods:
EmployeeSummary() – prints all superclass and subclass attributes Ensure that your program has
the two required classes and a test class. Submit screenshots of your program’s execution and
output. Include all appropriate source code in a zip file.
Solution
import java.util.*;
import java.lang.*;
import java.io.*;
class Employee
{
//attributes of Employee class
private String firstName;
private String lastName;
private int employeeID;
private double salary;
public Employee() //default constructor
{
firstName=null;
lastName=null;
employeeID=0;
salary=0.0;
}
public void setFirstName(String fname) //set and get methods for all attributes
{
firstName = fname;
}
public String getFirstname()
{
return firstName;
}
public void setLastName(String lname)
{
lastName = lname;
}
public String getLastName()
{
return lastName;
}
public void setEmployeeID(int empId)
{
employeeID = empId;
}
public double getEmployeeID()
{
return employeeID;
}
public void setSalary(double s)
{
salary=s;
}
public double getSalary()
{
return salary;
}
public void EmployeeSummary() //display all attributes of Employee class
{
System.out.println(\"Employee Name: \"+ firstName +\" \" +lastName+\" Employee Id :
\"+employeeID + \" salary: \"+salary);
}
}
class Manager extends Employee
{
private String department;
public Manager() //default constructor
{
super(); //calling superor base class default constructor
department = null;
}
public void setDepartment(String dept) //set and get methods for department
{
department=dept;
}
public String getDepartment()
{
return department;
}
public void EmployeeSummary()
{
super.EmployeeSummary(); //calling super class method with same name
System.out.println(\"Department : \"+department);
}
}
class TestEmployee
{
public static void main (String[] args)
{
Manager mgr=new Manager();
mgr.setFirstName(\"Charles\"); //all set methods of super class are available to derived
class
mgr.setLastName(\"Dickens\");
mgr.setEmployeeID(34599);
mgr.setSalary(6500);
mgr.setDepartment(\"Accounts\");
mgr.EmployeeSummary();
}
}
Output:
Success time: 0.04 memory: 711168 signal:0.
List the two types of sources of funds; list first the type having t.pdf
List the two types of sources of funds; list first the type having the stronger claim on an entity\'s
assets:
Stronger claim
Lesser claim
Solution
Sources of funds refer to all the mediums by which an organisation raises its long term capital
and working capital. An entity will decide the source of funds depending upon the need. Now the
sources of funds will be broadly categorized into 2 types based on their claim on its entity’s
assets. It mean the fund provider will have right to claim from the assets of the company in case
of any default done by the company at the time of redemption.
The following are 2 types of sources of funds listed based on above:
Stronger Claim:
Basically the capital borrowed from outside sources will come into this category. In
this type of capital, the fund provider has a charge on assets of the business which means the
company will pay to the fund provider by selling the assets in case of liquidation. Some of the
sources of funds under this category are:
1.Issue of Debentures: In this case, debenture holders will be having a claim on entity’s assets in
case of default/liquidation by the company.
2.Working Capital Loan from Banks/Financial Institutions: Banks and Financial Institutions will
have charge on current assets like receivables and inventory of the company. Usually Cash
Credit and Term loans will be granted by considering the current assets as security. So in case of
default by the company, banks/financial institutions will have claim on the current assets of the
company.
3.Long Term loans from Banks/Financial Institutions: Banks and financial institutions will have
claim on assets of the company in case of default done by the company.
Lesser Claim:
Internal sources of funds and some other external sources will come under this
category. After settling all the claims of the above fund providers, the remaining net assets of the
company will be realised and paid. So they will be having lesser claim when compared to above
fund providers. The following will come under this category:
1.Issue of Equity Shares: Equity Financing is done by selling part of their ownership interest in
the business. They will come under the category of not having claim on assets of the company.
2.Preference Shares: Preference Shareholders will be having right to receive fixed dividend to be
paid. If not it will be accumulated and will be paid later. However preference shares cannot be
secured on company’s assets. They will be paid prior to equity shareholders at the time
liquidation.
3.Retained Earnings: Unused profits of the business. It will act as one of the source of funding to
company. Since they are internally generated funds, no one will be having claim entity’s assets
except where company might be having restrictions in its use since it is having an obligation to
pay dividends with them..
Lewis Carroll (actual name Charles Dodgson, 1832 - 1898) was one far.pdf
Lewis Carroll (actual name Charles Dodgson, 1832 - 1898) was one far-out fellow. In addition to
writing the famous tale of \"Alice in Wonderland,\" he was an accomplished mathematician and
logician. As a prank, he invented an elliptical pool table with a mark at one focus and a hole at
the other focus and challenged expert pool players to sink more balls in the holes than he. What
advantage did he have over those who didn\'t know about reflecting properties of ellipses?
Solution
Lewis Charoll magic table has the advantage that if the balls pass through one focus i.e.
assuming it as black dot. if it goes through the other focus then the ball whereever you hit then
the ball will finally go in the pool dug. This is the reflection property of ellipse which is used by
Lewis caroll in order to win against its opponent.
John and his friend Robert are going to start college next year and a.pdf
John and his friend Robert are going to start college next year and are planning to choose the
same major. Let the random variable X denote the percentage of financial aid that John receives
as scholarship, and let the random variable Y denote the percentage of financial aid that Robert
receives from the same school. The joint probability mass function of X and Y is given in the
following table. What is the covariance between John and Robert for getting scholarship? -0.02
0.23 -0.23 0.02
Solution.
Kingdom fungi Rhizopus produces 1n spores in two different ways fro.pdf
Kingdom fungi Rhizopus produces 1n spores in two different ways: fromsporangia and from
\"germ sporangia\" that grow from zygospores (zygosporangia). What is the fundamental
difference between them? (Describe the \"strategy\" exhibited by each method of spore
production.) Yeast reproduce asexually by budding. How does this form cell division differ from
what we consider to be typical mitoic cell division?
Solution
Answer 1:
Asexual Reproduction of Rhizopus:
1. It takes place with the aid of spores formed within the sporangium.
2. Single sporangium develops on the tip of lengthy, erect sporangiophore.
3. A dome-shaped columella is found in every sporangium. The protoplast of columella is in
continuation with that of sporangiophore.
4. The area between columella and wall of sporangium is known as spore sac. It stays Filled
with sporangiospores or aplanospores.
5. Each sporangiospore is ovoid, non-motile, unicellular and multinucleate shape. There is no
flagella at the spores.
6. Spores pop out on dehiscence of sporangium and germinate immediately by means of forming
new mycelium.
7. Another way of asexual reproduction is the formation of chlamydospores.
Sexual Reproduction of Rhizopus:
1. It takes place with the aid of the fusion of multinucleate gametangia. Species are dioecious.
2. Two fusing gametangia (male and famale)are morphologically similar but physiologically one
of a kind.
3. Developing gametangia are known as progametangia. These are full of cytoplasm and nuclei
in their swollen tip.
4. At the time in their fusion each gametangium is separated from the ‘suspensor’ with the help
of a septum.
5. The multinucleate protoplasm of each gametangium is referred to as coenogamete
6. Fusion of gametangia takes place. The nuclei of male gametangium fuse with the ones of
female, and as a result many diploid nuclei are formed. Around this fusion product, a thick, spiny
wall develops, and now it\'s miles known as zygospore.
7. Zygospore germinates meiotically by means of producing a long sporangiophore bearing a
sporangium on the tip.
Answer2:
Difference between budding and mitosis:
1. Cytokinesis starts before than the nucleus divides. The bud begins forming even earlier than
DNA replication. The DNA replicates, then the mitotic spindle forms with one end in the
\"parent\" yeast cell and the opposite inside the bud.
2. Division of cytoplasm is uneven. The parent cell retains most of the cytoplasm. The bud is
smaller than the parent cell.
3.The main difference between budding in yeast and mitosis is that a bud will develop into a
complete new organism that is an exact copy of the original, while in mitosis is a complete
different process that happens for the purpose growing a new organism rather than producing a
new organism..
In what ways arc planarians more advanced than a jellyfish How are t.pdf
In what ways arc planarians more advanced than a jellyfish? How are they more primitive than a
clam?
Solution
Planarians are the advanced organisms than jellyfishes:
Planarians also known as Platyhelminthes or Flatforms. Many characteristic features of
planarians are considered to be more advanced than Jellyfishes. The features include: Presence of
Bilateral symmetry, Distinct brain, Specialized digestive & excretory system etc. Planarians
contain chemoreceptors that are used to find food which is again a most advanced feature than
Jellywish. Presence of specialised nervous system which contains inter connected nerve cords
not nerve cells (present incase of Jellyfishes).
Planarians are the primitive organisms than clams:
Absence of Body cavity containing internal organs & Specialized circulatory and respiratory
organs shows that these flatworms are more primitive than clam.The lack of circulatory and
respiratory organs limits platyhelminths to sizes and shapes that enable oxygen to reach and
carbon dioxide to leave all parts of their bodies by simple diffusion. Well organised nervous
system with 3 pairs of ganglia is the most advanced feature of clams when compared to
planarians..
In general, explain the connection between a Happiness or Utility fu.pdf
In general, explain the connection between a Happiness or Utility function that exhibits
Diminishing Marginal Utility or Happiness, on the one hand, and risk-aversion, on the other.
Solution
Utility function tells the satisfaction level of a consumer from consuming a particular quantity.
Utility is a reflection of people’s choices; happiness is a reflection of people’s feelings.
Risk aversion is the attitude to avoid taking risk or avoid uncertainty..
Imagine life on Earth without fungi. How would it be different Your.pdf
Imagine life on Earth without fungi. How would it be different? Your answer should provide
examples of the important roles fungi play in biological diversity.
Solution
Fungi play an important role in the ecosystem . Largely fungi are saprophytes that act on dead
and decaying things to derive nutrients.This in turn helps breakdown complex organic substances
and giving back soil its nutrients. Fungi remains in a symbiotic state with algae to form lichen.
Fungi provide water and nutrients to algae in lichen which in turns provides food to fungi by
photosynthesis. Lichens can grow on barren rocks and finally leach the rocks to form soil. In a
world without fungi decomposition of dead organic matter would take time. Due to lack of
lichens soil formation process would be delayed..
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Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
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The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
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The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
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- 1. a) How are X-linked genes inherited in humans? Be able to use this information to perform monohybrid and dihybrid crosses and to interpret pedigrees. (SHOW WORK & EXPLAIN) b) Describe dosage compensation/X-inactivation and its consequences. (SHOW WORK & EXPLAIN) c) Describe Y-linked inheritance and be able to use this information in monohybrid and dihybrid crosses and pedigrees. (SHOW WORK & EXPLAIN) d) Explain complete dominance, incomplete dominance, codominance, penetrance, expressivity, lethal alleles and multiple alleles and give examples of each. (SHOW WORK & EXPLAIN) Solution If cross is made between XY MALE and Xx carrier female then offspring will as shown below 50% hemophilic Xx ( carrier) female and hemophilic boy Yx 50% normal XX and XY. 2.In many animals male have one and female have two X chromosome . The difference in X chromosome dosage between the two sexes is compensated by mechanism that regulate X chromosome transcription. Mainteneance of chromosome dosage is necessary in normal development. X chromosome contain many gene that are important in both sexes male contain single X and female contain two X chromosome. .To compensate for X chromosome dosage difference between sexes different mechanism have evolved to equalize x linked transcript level in male and female.. polypoidy refers to increase in dosage in all chromosome while aneuploidy refers to change in dosage of one chromosome with respect to rest of the genome. Consequence of X gene inactivation is visibly mosaic phenotypes exhibited by mammalian female heterozygous for X linked genes affecting hair and skin . Answer 3: Y linked inheritance can be seen in male members as only male has Y chromosome. Y-linked inheritance is appearance of traits in an organism due to the presence of an alelle on the Y-chromosome e.g hypertrichosis and pattern baldness are due to Y linked inheritance. Answer 4; Complete dominance is form of dominance in hetrozygous allele that is dominant completely mask the effect of allele that is recessive flower on mendel's pea plant is example of complete dominance Blue flower has dominant allele B whle b is recessive cross will be dominant are BB, Bb,Bb with blue flowers Incomplete dominance is a form of inheritance in which one allele for a specific trait is not completely expressed over its paired allele .As a result third phenotype appear which is the combination of both allele e. g snapdragon flower is pink when cross between red flower and
- 2. white flower here neither white is dominant nor red Codominance is form of dominance where in allele of a gene pair in a heterozygote are fully expressedXYXXXXYxXxxY