A Hot Take is a claim that you know other.pdf
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A Hot Take is a claim that people will disagree with but can be supported with evidence. To make a Hot Take claim, write one sentence stating the claim, then 100-200 words providing at least two verifiable pieces of evidence from research to support the claim. Hot Takes should be inclusive, avoid hate speech, be original ideas backed by evidence rather than personal attacks or feelings.
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Introduction to the Case Study
This last chapter is different from the others. Instead of introducing a new area of critical thinking, it is a capstone activity in which you will apply the skills you've learned to one contemporary, controversial issue.
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REVIEW NOTES
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To say that something is true is to make a claim. But to give reasons to believe that it is true is to make an argument. Thus all arguments consist of at least two parts:
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2. Appeal to popularity: fallacy where the arguer attempts to bolster his or her argument by mentioning that "everybody" (or a large group of people) shares the same belief, preference, or habit.
3. Post hoc ergo propter hoc: fallacy where the arguer assumes that because there is a correlation between two events (i.e., one preceded the other), then the first must have caused the second. The phrase is Latin for "after this, therefore because of this."
4. Appeal to ignorance: fallacy where the arguer claims that because something cannot be proven false, it must be true unless the opponent can disprove the conclusion.
5. Appeal to emotion: fallacy where the arguer tries to persuade the audience by arousing feelings such as pity, fear, patriotism, flattery, etc. in lieu of presenting rational arguments.
6. Unqualified authority: fallacy where the arguer tries to get people to agree by appealing to the reputation of someone who is not an expert in the field or otherwise qualified to prove that something is true.
7. Ad hominem: fallacy where the arguer attacks his or her opponent's personal characteristics, qualifications, or circumstances instead of the argument presented. The phrase is Latin for "to the man."
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This last chapter is different from the others. Instead of introducing a new area of critical thinking, it is a capstone activity in which you will apply the skills you've learned to one contemporary, controversial issue.
The topic for this case study is global climate change. Because it is beyond the scope of this course to thoroughly evaluate a complex scientific topic, you will not be expected to form a position or offer your opinion on this topic. Rather, the material in this chapter is presented for you to practice evaluating arguments, identifying fallacies, and questioning sources—with the hope that you will continue to apply these skills whenever you encounter material aimed to persuade.
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REVIEW NOTES
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1. premise – one or more reasons to support the claim
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Fallacy:a type of flawed reasoning
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2. Appeal to popularity: fallacy where the arguer attempts to bolster his or her argument by mentioning that "everybody" (or a large group of people) shares the same belief, preference, or habit.
3. Post hoc ergo propter hoc: fallacy where the arguer assumes that because there is a correlation between two events (i.e., one preceded the other), then the first must have caused the second. The phrase is Latin for "after this, therefore because of this."
4. Appeal to ignorance: fallacy where the arguer claims that because something cannot be proven false, it must be true unless the opponent can disprove the conclusion.
5. Appeal to emotion: fallacy where the arguer tries to persuade the audience by arousing feelings such as pity, fear, patriotism, flattery, etc. in lieu of presenting rational arguments.
6. Unqualified authority: fallacy where the arguer tries to get people to agree by appealing to the reputation of someone who is not an expert in the field or otherwise qualified to prove that something is true.
7. Ad hominem: fallacy where the arguer attacks his or her opponent's personal characteristics, qualifications, or circumstances instead of the argument presented. The phrase is Latin for "to the man."
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The document discusses the importance of evidence in supporting arguments and speeches. It defines evidence as specific instances, testimony, and proof that help establish credibility and sway an audience. There are three main types of evidence: statistical evidence which communicates facts without citing each instance; testimony evidence from professionals supporting a claim; and legal precedent evidence using past court rulings to aid a similar case. For evidence to be strong, it cannot be falsified, must come from reliable sources, and should answer all audience questions without leaving doubts.
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The document discusses the importance of evidence in supporting arguments and speeches. It defines evidence as specific instances, testimony, and proof that help establish credibility and sway an audience. There are three main types of evidence: statistical evidence which communicates facts without citing each instance; testimony evidence from professionals supporting a claim; and legal precedent evidence from past court rulings that may aid a similar case. For evidence to be strong, it cannot be falsified, must come from reliable sources, and should answer all audience questions without leaving doubts.
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The document discusses the importance of evidence in supporting arguments and speeches. It defines evidence as specific instances, testimony, and proof that help establish credibility and sway an audience. There are three main types of evidence: statistical evidence which communicates facts without citing each instance; testimony evidence from professionals supporting a claim; and legal precedent evidence from past court rulings that may aid a similar case. For evidence to be strong, it cannot be falsified, must come from reliable sources, and should answer all audience questions without leaving doubts.
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For most people, the true test of their critical thinking skills comes when they write an argumentative essay, one that takes a stand on an issue and uses logic and evidence to convince readers. When you write an argument, you follow the same process you use when you write any essay. However, because the purpose of an argument is to change the way readers think, you need to use some additional strategies to present your ideas to your audience.
A)
Planning an Argumentative Essay
1) Choosing a Debatable Topic
Because an argumentative essay attempts to change the way people think, it must focus on a
debatable topic
, one about which reasonable people may disagree. Factual statements—verifiable assertions about which reasonable people do not disagree—are, therefore, not suitable as topics for argument.
Fact:
First-year students are not required to purchase a meal plan from the university.
Debatable Topic:
First-year students should be required to purchase a meal plan from the university.
Your topic should be narrow enough so that you can write about it within your page limit. Remember, in your argumentative essay, you will have to develop your own ideas and present convincing support while also pointing out the strengths and weaknesses of opposing arguments. If your topic is too broad, you will not be able to treat it in enough detail.
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After you have chosen a topic, your next step is to state your position in an
argumentative thesis
, one that takes a strong stand. Properly worded, this thesis statement lays the foundation for the rest of your argument. One way to make sure that your thesis statement actually does take a stand is to formulate an
antithesis
, a statement that takes the opposite position. If you can state an antithesis, your thesis statement takes a stand.
Thesis Statement:
Term limits would improve government by bringing people with fresh ideas into office every few years.
Antithesis:
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To make sure your argumentative thesis is effective, ask the following questions:
Is your thesis one with which reasonable people would disagree?
Can you formulate an antithesis?
Can your thesis be supported by evidence?
Does your thesis make clear to readers what position you are taking?
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Writing-a-position-paper-and-defending-a-stance-on-an-issue.pptx
The document provides guidance on writing a position paper by outlining the key components and structure. It states that a position paper aims to convince the audience of a claim by supporting it with evidence. A strong position paper includes factual knowledge, statistical inferences, informed opinions, and personal testimony to back the main arguments. It also addresses counterarguments against the position. The outline suggests an introduction stating the issue and thesis, body with 3 arguments and evidence for each, consideration of counterarguments, and a conclusion restating the position and a call to action.
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The document discusses the importance of evidence in supporting arguments and speeches. It defines evidence as specific instances, testimony, and proof that help establish credibility and sway an audience. There are three main types of evidence: statistical evidence which communicates facts without citing each instance; testimony evidence from professionals supporting a claim; and legal precedent evidence from past court rulings that may aid a similar case. For evidence to be strong, it cannot be falsified, must come from reliable sources, and should answer all audience questions without leaving doubts.
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The document discusses the importance of evidence in supporting arguments and speeches. It defines evidence as specific instances, testimony, and proof that help establish credibility and sway an audience. There are three main types of evidence: statistical evidence which communicates facts without citing each instance; testimony evidence from professionals supporting a claim; and legal precedent evidence from past court rulings that may aid a similar case. For evidence to be strong, it cannot be falsified, must come from reliable sources, and should answer all audience questions without leaving doubts.
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For most people, the true test of their critical thinking skills comes when they write an argumentative essay, one that takes a stand on an issue and uses logic and evidence to convince readers. When you write an argument, you follow the same process you use when you write any essay. However, because the purpose of an argument is to change the way readers think, you need to use some additional strategies to present your ideas to your audience.
A)
Planning an Argumentative Essay
1) Choosing a Debatable Topic
Because an argumentative essay attempts to change the way people think, it must focus on a
debatable topic
, one about which reasonable people may disagree. Factual statements—verifiable assertions about which reasonable people do not disagree—are, therefore, not suitable as topics for argument.
Fact:
First-year students are not required to purchase a meal plan from the university.
Debatable Topic:
First-year students should be required to purchase a meal plan from the university.
Your topic should be narrow enough so that you can write about it within your page limit. Remember, in your argumentative essay, you will have to develop your own ideas and present convincing support while also pointing out the strengths and weaknesses of opposing arguments. If your topic is too broad, you will not be able to treat it in enough detail.
In addition, your topic should be interesting to you and to your readers. Keep in mind that some topics—such as “The Need for Gun Control” or “The Fairness of the Death Penalty”—have been discussed and written about so often that you may not be able to say anything new or interesting about them. Instead of relying on an overused topic, choose one that enables you to contribute something to the debate.
2) Developing an Argumentative Thesis
After you have chosen a topic, your next step is to state your position in an
argumentative thesis
, one that takes a strong stand. Properly worded, this thesis statement lays the foundation for the rest of your argument. One way to make sure that your thesis statement actually does take a stand is to formulate an
antithesis
, a statement that takes the opposite position. If you can state an antithesis, your thesis statement takes a stand.
Thesis Statement:
Term limits would improve government by bringing people with fresh ideas into office every few years.
Antithesis:
Term limits would harm government because elected officials would always be inexperienced.
To make sure your argumentative thesis is effective, ask the following questions:
Is your thesis one with which reasonable people would disagree?
Can you formulate an antithesis?
Can your thesis be supported by evidence?
Does your thesis make clear to readers what position you are taking?
3) Defining Your Terms
You should always define the key terms you use in your argument— especially those you use in your thesis statement. After all, the soundness of an ...
Ppt For Ct Ec Ask
There are three types of audiences that require differing amounts of evidence to support an argument: friendly, neutral, and hostile. A friendly audience requires the least evidence as they already support your position. A hostile audience requires the most evidence as they oppose your viewpoint. A neutral audience is undecided and requires quality evidence to convince them. There are five basic types of evidence to support an argument: common knowledge, hearsay, precedent, statistical, and testimonial. The type of evidence used depends on the audience and claim being made.
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The slides aim to train members of Ateneo Debate Union to detect fallacies in argumentation. It is the hope that this would enhance their case construction skills. The principles used borrows heavily from logic.
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This document provides instructions on how to write an argumentative essay. It explains that an argumentative essay aims to persuade the reader of the author's opinion on a controversial issue. It should include a thesis, reasons supporting the thesis with evidence, a counterclaim presenting an opposing viewpoint, and a rebuttal refuting the counterclaim. The document also provides guidance on considering the audience, developing the thesis and reasons, incorporating a counterclaim and rebuttal, and determining essay structure.
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The document outlines Stephen Toulmin's model of persuasive argument, which includes a claim, grounds, and warrant. The claim is the statement being argued, grounds provide data and facts to support the claim, and the warrant links the grounds to the claim to validate why the data supports it. Successful arguments also include backing, qualifiers, rebuttals, and reservations to strengthen the core claim, grounds, and warrant components of the argument.
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This document provides information and guidance for students on their upcoming Essay #5 assignment. It outlines important due dates for drafts and the final essay. Students will write a 4-6 page essay examining an intersection between philosophies discussed in class and themes from Game of Thrones, choosing from provided prompts or their own topic. The document offers writing strategies for developing an argument, using evidence to support a thesis, and addressing multiple perspectives respectfully. It encourages outlining and prewriting activities to prepare for the essay.
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This document provides an overview of the key components of a Lincoln-Douglas debate case, including the introduction, definitions, value, points, and conclusion. It explains that the introduction should catch the judge's attention and lead into the resolution. Definitions of key terms should be provided and aim to make the most sense. The value is the most important principle by which the resolution is evaluated. Points, also called contentions, should specifically relate to the topic and value and be structured for maximum impact. The conclusion should emphasize the main point and value.
Evidence
This document defines evidence and discusses its importance in persuasion. It notes that evidence gives arguments an objective foundation beyond personal opinions. The document outlines different types of evidence including precedent, statistical, testimonial, hearsay, and common knowledge evidence. It discusses how the amount of evidence needed depends on the audience and claim. Overall, the document provides guidance on selecting and using different types of evidence to strengthen arguments and claims.
Writing an argument
The document provides guidance on writing effective arguments. It emphasizes that arguments should be logical, fair-minded, and aim to convince the audience through balanced consideration of evidence rather than emotional appeals alone. It outlines key elements of a strong argument, including establishing a clear thesis; using credible evidence and addressing alternative positions; and projecting a trustworthy persona. Readers are advised to thoughtfully analyze an argument's purpose, thesis, evidence, treatment of opposing views, and the author's credibility and bias.
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Arguing and Evidence: Writing Academic Essays
This document provides guidance on developing a strong argument with a clear thesis statement, claims, evidence, and reasoning. It explains that a good thesis is arguable but not just an opinion or fact. It should represent a qualified argument that acknowledges multiple perspectives. Claims used to support the thesis must be arguable and backed by different types of evidence like facts, statistics, examples, and authorities. The argument should be developed logically by connecting reasons to evidence in a way that builds trust with the audience.
Writing an argument
The document provides an overview of writing an argument. It defines an argument and explains that an argument seeks to convince a reader by appealing to reason, emotions, or ethics. It also discusses coming up with a claim, considering your audience and purpose, templates for arguing, organizing an argument by stating your claim and supporting it with evidence, and establishing your own credibility.
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The document provides guidance on writing a position paper by outlining the key components and structure. It states that a position paper aims to convince the audience of a claim by supporting it with evidence. A strong position paper includes factual knowledge, statistical inferences, informed opinions, and personal testimony to back the main arguments. It also addresses counterarguments against the position. The outline suggests an introduction stating the issue and thesis, body with 3 arguments and evidence for each, consideration of counterarguments, and a conclusion restating the position and a call to action.
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WRITING ARGUMENTATIVE ESSAYSFor most people, the true test
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