The increased use of rectifiers in critical loads employed by the information technologies,and medical and military equipment mandate the design of uninterruptible power supplies (UPS) with high- quality outputs. The highly nonlinear currents drawn especially by high-power single-phase rectifier loads greatly distort the uninterruptible power supplies (UPS) outputs. The distorted uninterruptible power supplies (UPS) voltages cause generation of low dc voltage at the output of the rectifier loads,which causes high current flow,increased power losses,and possibly the malfunction of the critical load or the uninterruptible power supplies (UPS). As a result,different harmonics mitigating techniques have gained a lot of attention. The main objective of this project is to develop simulation of a high-performance Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) technique based AC-DC converter system operating under highly nonlinear loads using MATLAB/SIMULINK. Here,controlled Insulated-gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) based AC-DC converter is used to supply the load instead of Diode or Thyristor Bridge. The pulse width modulation method is quite effective in controlling the root mean square (RMS) magnitude of the AC-DC converter output voltages and shape of input current. This enables automatic harmonic compensation by Rectifier itself.
Introduction
Power Quality Problems
Power Quality Measurement Devices
Power Quality Terminology
Power Quality Standards
Unbundled Power Quality Services
Power Quality Monitoring
Benefits of Power Quality
Conclusion
References
Power Quality is a combination of Voltage profile, Frequency profile, Harmonics contain and reliability of power supply.
The Power Quality is defined as the degree to which the power supply approaches the ideal case of stable, uninterrupted, zero distortion and disturbance free supply.
A power quality presentation includes definitions of power quality, most common power quality problems and the solutions, standard carves, and practical example of an active filter. Presented by - Eng. Shemy Elhady
Introduction
Power Quality Problems
Power Quality Measurement Devices
Power Quality Terminology
Power Quality Standards
Unbundled Power Quality Services
Power Quality Monitoring
Benefits of Power Quality
Conclusion
References
Power Quality is a combination of Voltage profile, Frequency profile, Harmonics contain and reliability of power supply.
The Power Quality is defined as the degree to which the power supply approaches the ideal case of stable, uninterrupted, zero distortion and disturbance free supply.
A power quality presentation includes definitions of power quality, most common power quality problems and the solutions, standard carves, and practical example of an active filter. Presented by - Eng. Shemy Elhady
Introduction to Power Quality: Terms and definitions of transients,
Long Duration Voltage Variations: under Voltage, Under Voltage and Sustained Interruptions
; Short Duration Voltage Variations: interruption, Sag, Swell; Voltage Imbalance; Notching D C offset,; waveform distortion; voltage fluctuation; power frequency variations
Come join the area's leading power quality experts as we demonstrate and replicate common power quality issues, problems and solutions in today's industrial and commercial electrical environments.
with the help of web based power quality monitoring system we can control and manage the data flow of electrical quantity and control the improve the quality of the power system in grid
HIOKI POWER QUALITY ANALYZER PQ3198, PQ3100
IEC61000-4-30 Ed.2 Class A Power Quality Analyzer
• Advanced monitoring and recording
POWER QUALITY ANALYZER PQ3198
Hioki portable power meters and analyzers are best in class power measuring instruments for measuring single to three-phase lines with a high degree of precision and accuracy. The new and improved PQ3198 is a power quality analyzer for monitoring and recording power supply anomalies, allowing their causes to be quickly investigated, and also for assessing power supply problems such as voltage drops, flicker, harmonics, and other electrical issues. New features include the ability to drive current sensors straight from the PQA and enhanced recording capabilities.
https://www.n-denkei.com/singapore/inquiry/
INSTANTANEOUS POWER AND CURRENT STRATEGIES FOR CURRENT HARMONICS CANCELLATION...ijiert bestjournal
In our day-to-day life, every load creates harmonics. The prevalent difficulties with harmonics are voltage
and current waveform distortions. In addition, electronic equipment like computers, battery chargers,
electronic ballasts, variable frequency drives and switched mode power supply generate large amount of
harmonics. Issues related to harmonics are of a greater concern because they can overheat the building
wiring, cause nuisance tripping, overheat transformer units, and cause random end-user equipment failures.
Thus power quality is becoming more and more serious with each passing day. As a result, active power
filters (APFs) have gained a lot of attention due to their excellent harmonic compensation.
The main objective of this paper is to analyse shunt active filters with fuzzy logic and PI controllers.
To carry out this analysis active and reactive power(P-Q) and instantaneous active and reactive current (IdIq)control
strategies are considered. Extensive simulations will be carried out with PI and fuzzy controller
for both active and reactive power (P-Q) and instantaneous active and reactive current(Id-Iq)control
strategies under different voltage conditions such as balanced, unbalanced and non-sinusoidal conditions.
Using instantaneous active and reactive current (Id-Iq) control method with fuzzy logic controllers gives an
outstanding performance under any voltage conditions.
According to Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) standard IEEE 1100, power quality is defined as “the concept of powering and grounding sensitive electronic equipment in a manner suitable for the equipment”.
WHY POWER QUALITY MATTERS
Power quality and supply reliability are extremely important. Our world is increasingly dependent on electronic equipment and controls, and high sensitivity devices and processes are heavily dependent on a clearly defined power quality. Some facilities operate 7 days a week, 24 hours a day, so incur a high cost of downtime.
Harmonic mitigation for power quality improvementeSAT Journals
Abstract In every industries non-linear load such as single-phase diode rectifier, converters, inverters, low voltage power supplies, SMPS, personal computers etc are exists. In every three-phase system the lowest and significant order of harmonic will be 5th harmonic after the fundamental. This harmonics incurs losses in the form of heat dissipation and also contribute to eddy currents and core losses. This extra heat have significant impact in reducing the operating life of electrical instrument especially transformer insulation. This paper provides information on harmonic mitigation techniques for power quality improvement. Keywords: Harmonics, power quality, harmonic mitigation, De-tuned filter
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER)ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology.
Introduction to Power Quality: Terms and definitions of transients,
Long Duration Voltage Variations: under Voltage, Under Voltage and Sustained Interruptions
; Short Duration Voltage Variations: interruption, Sag, Swell; Voltage Imbalance; Notching D C offset,; waveform distortion; voltage fluctuation; power frequency variations
Come join the area's leading power quality experts as we demonstrate and replicate common power quality issues, problems and solutions in today's industrial and commercial electrical environments.
with the help of web based power quality monitoring system we can control and manage the data flow of electrical quantity and control the improve the quality of the power system in grid
HIOKI POWER QUALITY ANALYZER PQ3198, PQ3100
IEC61000-4-30 Ed.2 Class A Power Quality Analyzer
• Advanced monitoring and recording
POWER QUALITY ANALYZER PQ3198
Hioki portable power meters and analyzers are best in class power measuring instruments for measuring single to three-phase lines with a high degree of precision and accuracy. The new and improved PQ3198 is a power quality analyzer for monitoring and recording power supply anomalies, allowing their causes to be quickly investigated, and also for assessing power supply problems such as voltage drops, flicker, harmonics, and other electrical issues. New features include the ability to drive current sensors straight from the PQA and enhanced recording capabilities.
https://www.n-denkei.com/singapore/inquiry/
INSTANTANEOUS POWER AND CURRENT STRATEGIES FOR CURRENT HARMONICS CANCELLATION...ijiert bestjournal
In our day-to-day life, every load creates harmonics. The prevalent difficulties with harmonics are voltage
and current waveform distortions. In addition, electronic equipment like computers, battery chargers,
electronic ballasts, variable frequency drives and switched mode power supply generate large amount of
harmonics. Issues related to harmonics are of a greater concern because they can overheat the building
wiring, cause nuisance tripping, overheat transformer units, and cause random end-user equipment failures.
Thus power quality is becoming more and more serious with each passing day. As a result, active power
filters (APFs) have gained a lot of attention due to their excellent harmonic compensation.
The main objective of this paper is to analyse shunt active filters with fuzzy logic and PI controllers.
To carry out this analysis active and reactive power(P-Q) and instantaneous active and reactive current (IdIq)control
strategies are considered. Extensive simulations will be carried out with PI and fuzzy controller
for both active and reactive power (P-Q) and instantaneous active and reactive current(Id-Iq)control
strategies under different voltage conditions such as balanced, unbalanced and non-sinusoidal conditions.
Using instantaneous active and reactive current (Id-Iq) control method with fuzzy logic controllers gives an
outstanding performance under any voltage conditions.
According to Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) standard IEEE 1100, power quality is defined as “the concept of powering and grounding sensitive electronic equipment in a manner suitable for the equipment”.
WHY POWER QUALITY MATTERS
Power quality and supply reliability are extremely important. Our world is increasingly dependent on electronic equipment and controls, and high sensitivity devices and processes are heavily dependent on a clearly defined power quality. Some facilities operate 7 days a week, 24 hours a day, so incur a high cost of downtime.
Harmonic mitigation for power quality improvementeSAT Journals
Abstract In every industries non-linear load such as single-phase diode rectifier, converters, inverters, low voltage power supplies, SMPS, personal computers etc are exists. In every three-phase system the lowest and significant order of harmonic will be 5th harmonic after the fundamental. This harmonics incurs losses in the form of heat dissipation and also contribute to eddy currents and core losses. This extra heat have significant impact in reducing the operating life of electrical instrument especially transformer insulation. This paper provides information on harmonic mitigation techniques for power quality improvement. Keywords: Harmonics, power quality, harmonic mitigation, De-tuned filter
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER)ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology.
Power Quality Improvement by UPQC based on Voltage Source ConvertersIJRST Journal
In modern power system consists of wide range of electrical, electronic and power electronic equipment in commercial and industrial applications. Since most of the electronic equipment’s are nonlinear in nature these will induce harmonics in the system, which affect the sensitive loads to be fed from the system. These problems are partially solved with the help of LC passive filters. However, this kind of filter cannot solve random variation in the load current wave form and voltage wave form. Active filters can resolve this problem. However, the cost of active filters is high. They are difficult to implement in large scale. Additionally, they also present lower efficiency than shunt passive filters. One of the many solutions is the use of a combined system of shunt and active series filters like Unified Power Quality Conditioner (UPQC) which aims at achieving a low cost under highly effective control. The UPQC device combines a shunt active filter together with a series active filter in a back-to-back configuration, to simultaneously compensate the supply voltage and the load current or to mitigate any type of voltage and current fluctuations and power factor correction in a power distribution network, such that improved power quality can be made available at the point of common coupling. The control strategies are modeled using MATLAB/SIMULINK. The performance is also observed under influence of utility side disturbances such as harmonics and voltage sags. The simulation results are compared without and with UPQC for the verification of results.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The peer-reviewed International Journal of Engineering Inventions (IJEI) is started with a mission to encourage contribution to research in Science and Technology. Encourage and motivate researchers in challenging areas of Sciences and Technology.
Matlab Simulink in Three-Phase Fault Analysis on Transmission linepamu17
When different types of fault occurs in power system then in the process of transmission line fault analysis, determination of bus
voltage and the rms line current are possible. While consulting with the power system the terms bus voltage and rms current of line are very important. In case of three phase power system mainly two faults occurs, three phase balance fault and unbalance fault on transmission line of power system, such as line to ground fault, double line to ground fault and double line fault. The transmission line fault analysis helps to select and develop a better for protection purpose[1]. For the protection of transmission line we place the circuit breakers and its rating is depends on triple line fault. The reason behind is that the triple line fault current is very high as compare to other fault current.
simulation in computer, the analysis of transmission line fault can be easily carried out. The main purpose of this paper is to study the general fault type which is Unbalance faults of transmission line in the power system. Also to perform the analysis and obtain the Result of various parameters (voltage, current, power etc.) from simulation on those types of fault Using MATLAB. A new
modeling framework for analysis and simulation of unbalance fault
in power system on IEEE 14 bus system is Procedure includes the frequency information in dynamical models and produces approximate nonlinear Models that are well adopted for analysis and simulation. The transformer model includes Saturation. The parameters have been obtained from practical or experimental measurement.
Conclusion:-
The aforementioned benefits are typically seen to increase transmission lines capacity. Benefits of TCSC are not subject only to newly built TCSC installation but they can also be achieved by upgrading existing series compensation on the thyristors controlled series compensation or only its part, thus considerably extended its influence and usefulness.
Voltage Flicker Analysis and its Mitigation by STATCOM for Power Quality Impr...IJMTST Journal
Voltage flicker is considered as one of the most severe power quality problems (especially in loads like electrical arc furnaces) and much attention has been paid to it lately. The reason for this disturbance is mainly due to the large nonlinear loads such as electric arc furnaces. Due to the latest achievements in the semiconductors industry and consequently the emergence of the compensators based on voltage source converters, FACTS devices have been gradually noticed to be used for voltage flicker compensation. This paper covers the contrasting approaches; dealing with the voltage flicker mitigation in three stages and assessing the related results in details. Initially, the voltage flicker mitigation, using FCTCR (Fixed Capacitor Thyristor Controlled Reactor), was simulated. Secondly, the compensation for the Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM) has been performed. The voltage flicker compensation by 8– pulse as well as 12 – pulse static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) has been performed. This paper deals with the voltage flicker mitigation and reduction in total harmonic distortion (THD) and compared the results in detail. The obtained results show that STATCOM is very efficient and effective for the compensation and mitigation of voltage flicker and harmonics all the simulation results have been performed on the MATLAB Software.
IRJET-Review on Power Quality Enhancement in weak Power Grids by Integration ...IRJET Journal
Prathmesh Mayekar, Mahesh Wagh, Nilkanth Shinde "Review on Power Quality Enhancement in weak Power Grids by Integration of Renewable Energy Technologies", International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET), Volume2,issue-01 April 2015.e-ISSN:2395-0056, p-ISSN:2395-0072. www.irjet.net
Abstract
During Last decade power quality problems has become more complex at all level of power system. With the increased use of sophisticated electronics, high efficiency variable speed drive, power electronic controllers and also more & more non-linear loads, Power Quality has become an increasing concern to utilities and customers. The modern sensitive, Non-linear and sophisticated load affects the power quality. This paper deals with the issues of low power quality in weak power grids. Initially the various power quality issues are discussed with their definition or occurrence and then finally the solution to mitigate this power quality issues are discussed. The innovative solutions like integration of renewable energy systems along with energy storage to enhance power quality by interfacing with custom power devices are explained in detail. Nearly all sorts of solution for mitigating power quality issue require some sort of DC source for providing active power, which can be supplied by renewable energy source. Also the various energy storage systems are studied.
Modeling Analysis& Solution of Power Quality Problems Using DVR & DSTATCOMijsrd.com
A Power quality problem is an occurrence manifested as a nonstandard voltage, current or frequency that results in a failure or a disoperation of end use equipment. Utility distribution networks, sensitive industrial loads, and critical commercial operations all suffer from various types of outages and service interruptions which can cost significant financial loss per incident based on process down-time, lost production, idle work forces, and other factors. With the restructuring of Power Systems and with shifting trend towards Distributed and Dispersed Generation, the issue of Power Quality is going to take newer dimensions. The aim therefore, in this work, is to identify the prominent concerns in the area and thereby to recommend measures that can enhance the quality of the power, keeping in mind their economic viability and technical repercussions. In this paper electromagnetic transient studies are presented for the following two custom power controllers: the distribution static compensator (DSTATCOM), and the dynamic voltage restorer (DVR). Comprehensive results are presented to assess the performance of each device as a potential custom power solution.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
Applications of Smart Grid through Harmonic Current & Reactive Power Compensa...IJMTST Journal
Power factor correction (PFC) is a mandatory functionality of electronic products in the industrial and commercial market in order to mitigate grid harmonics and operate a power system economically. Since the load characteristics of most PFC applications such as home appliances, battery chargers, switched mode power supplies and other digital products support unidirectional power flow, the general ac-dc boost converter with step-up chopper is considered a popular topology. This is because they are low cost, simple, and their performance is well-proven. Its main task inside the system is to maintain dc-link voltage constantly in order to feed loads at different power ratings. In addition, it is necessary to control input current with a pure sinusoidal waveform in phase with input voltage. Active power filters (APF) are another approach capable of improving grid power quality. Many research endeavors have included APFs in their circuit topologies and control strategies. Unlike PFC circuits, the APF is a system in itself which provides compensation of harmonics and reactive power in order to reduce undesirable effects from non-linear loads and uncontrolled passive loads in power systems.
Similar to A High-Performance SPWM Controller for Three-Phase UPS Systems Operating Under Highly Nonlinear Loads (20)
Since so many years a problem occurs in KSB Pump Va mbori for casting process i.e. cracks occurs in the castings & it is repeated one. Therefore the compan y has given opportunity to me to solve this problem . In case of steel casting there are mainly cracks & also blo w holes induced due to the casting procedure. There are many factors for the casting defects .The factor is unev en material feeding in casting & also due to the mo uld material & also the core material. These cracks finally brea k directly the component of the casting i.e. in cas e of pump the casting component is like Impeller,Volute casing & casing cover. At the time of feeding of steel material in to the casting the material is in liquid us form i.e. it i s hot material & this material is feeding into casting at the time o f feeding it develop different region of heat. At o ne side the temp is high &at other side the temp is low this also pr oduce cracks. To simulate that casting we use the M AGMA SOFTWARE for simulation & validate it using NDT.
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF DESIGN OF SIMPLE SPUR GEAR TRAIN AND HELICAL GEAR TRAI...ijiert bestjournal
In recent times,the gear design has become a highl y complicated and comprehensive subject. A designer of modern gear drive system must have to r emember that the main objective of gear drive is to transmit higher power with comparatively smaller overall dim ensions of the driving system which can be construc ted with minimum possible manufacturing cost,runs reas onably free of noise and vibration and which requir es little maintenance. In this paper single stage spur gear t rain and helical gear train with a idler gear are d esigned by American Gear Manufacturing Association (AGMA) stan dard. A idler gear is placed between two gearwheel to obtained the same direction of rotation. AGMA stres s equation is used to determined the tooth bending strength and surface contact strength. As a result,dimensio ns of gears are find out and comparative study is c arried out to select the optimum design of gear train for a give n input parameter
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A leaf spring is a simple form of spring,commonly used for the suspension in wheeled vehicles. It is also one of the oldest forms of spring. Sometimes referred to as a semielliptical l eaf spring (SELS) it takes the form of a slender ar c-shaped length of spring steel of rectangular cross section. The centre of the arc p rovides location for the axle,while tie holes are provided at either end for attaching to the vehicle body. In the present work,a seven-leaf steel spring use d in passenger cars is replaced with a composite mu lti leaf spring made of glass/epoxy composites. The dimensions sand the num ber of leaves for both steel leaf spring and compos ite leaf springs are considered to be the same. The primary objective is to compare their load carrying capacity,stiffness and weight savings of composite leaf spring. Finally,fatigue life of steel and com posite leaf spring is also predicted using life dat a
Brimmed diffuser is collection�acceleration device which shrouds a wind turbine.For a given turbine di ameter,the power augmentation can be achieved by brimmed diffuser,p opularly known as wind lens. The present numerical investigation deals with the effect of low pressure region created by wind l ens and hence to analyze the strong vortices formed by a brim attached to the shroud diffuser at exit. Also in this analysis,a c omparative numerical prediction of mass flow rates through the wind turbine has been carried out with various types of wind lens wh ich in turn helps to optimize the torque augmentati on. It has been numerically proved that there is significant increase in the wa ke formation & vortex strength when brimming effect is added to a diffuser
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The automobile engine connecting rod is a high volume production,critical component. It co nnects reciprocating piston to rotating crankshaft,transmitting the thrust of the piston to the crankshaft. Every vehicle that uses an internal combustion engine requires at least one connecting rod depending upon the number of cylinders in the engine. As the purp ose of the connecting rod is to transfer the reciprocating motion of the piston into rotary motion of the crankshaft. Connecting ro ds for automotive applications are typically manufactured by forging from either w rought steel or powdered metal. the material used f or this process is Mg-Alloy and also finite element analysis of connecting rod
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The IC engine has seen numerous revolutionary and e volutionary modifications in technology and design over the past few decades. The sole motto behind the modifications wa s to increase the overall efficiency of the IC Engi ne including volumetric and thermal efficiency. Recently few benchmarking techn ologies like the CRDI,MPFI,HCCI,etc. in the Otto cycle and Diesel cycle engines have created an enormous revolution in the automobile industry. In spite of these technologica l and design advances,the efficiencies are not being more than a particular l imit. However,the concept of split cycle engines has dra stically increased the overall performance in all respect. The split cycle concept basically separates the fou r strokes of the conventional cycle. The Scuderi engine one of the best-in-class engine desi gns based on the split cycle concept. The Scuderi engine works on the split cycle and gives higher efficiency than the previous split cycle engines resulting overall high perform ance. It also eliminates the problems faced by previous engines based on the spl it cycle in terms of breathing (volumetric efficien cy) and thermal efficiency. This paper throws light on the greater volumetric,thermal and overall efficiency key points related t o the Scuderi Engines.
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Energy is one of the building blocks of the country . The growth of the country has been fueled by chea p,abundant energy resources. Solar energy is a form of renewable ener gy which is available abundantly and collected unre servedly. The parabolic concentrator reflects the direct incident solar rad iation onto a receiver mounted above the dish at it s focal point. The conversion of concentrated solar radiation to heat takes place in receiver. The heat transfer characteristics of the receiver changes during the rotation of the receiver which affects thermal performance. The working temperature may also influence the ther mal performance and overall efficiency of the system. Thermal as well as optica l losses affect the performance of a solar paraboli c dish-cavity receiver system. The thermal losses of a solar cavity receiver include c onvective and radiative losses to the air in the ca vity and conductive heat loss through the insulation used behind the helical tube surface. Convective and radiative heat losses form the major constituents of the thermal losses. The convection heat loss from cavit y receiver in parabolic dish solar thermal power sy stem can significantly reduce the efficiency and consequently the cost effectiveness of the system. It is important to assess this heat loss and subsequently improve the thermal performance of the receiver.
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Robotic welding requires specialized fixtures to ac curately hold the work piece during the welding operation. Despite the large variety of welding fix tures available today the focus has shifted in maki ng the welding arms more versatile,not the fixture. T he new fixture design reduces cycle time and operat or labor while increasing functionality;and allows co mplex welding operations to be completed on simple two axis welding arms
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Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
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The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
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About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
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Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
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A High-Performance SPWM Controller for Three-Phase UPS Systems Operating Under Highly Nonlinear Loads
1. NOVATEUR PUBLICATIONS
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIONS IN ENGINEERING RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY [IJIERT]
ISSN: 2394-3696
VOLUME 2, ISSUE 5, MAY-2015
1 | P a g e
A High-Performance SPWM Controller for Three-Phase UPS Systems
Operating Under Highly Nonlinear Loads
Mr. Sharad B. Bhosale
Prof. Shravankumar Akireddy
Mr. Jivan B. Patil
Prof. Chinala Mallareddy
Electrical Engineering Department
Fabtech Technical Campus Sangola, Solapur, India
Abstract— The increased use of rectifiers in critical loads employed by the information technologies,
and medical and military equipment mandate the design of uninterruptible power supplies (UPS) with high-
quality outputs. The highly nonlinear currents drawn especially by high-power single-phase rectifier loads
greatly distort the uninterruptible power supplies (UPS) outputs. The distorted uninterruptible power
supplies (UPS) voltages cause generation of low dc voltage at the output of the rectifier loads, which causes
high current flow, increased power losses, and possibly the malfunction of the critical load or the
uninterruptible power supplies (UPS). As a result, different harmonics mitigating techniques have gained a
lot of attention. The main objective of this project is to develop simulation of a high-performance Pulse
Width Modulation (PWM) technique based AC-DC converter system operating under highly nonlinear
loads using MATLAB/SIMULINK. Here, controlled Insulated-gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) based AC-DC
converter is used to supply the load instead of Diode or Thyristor Bridge. The pulse width modulation
method is quite effective in controlling the root mean square (RMS) magnitude of the AC-DC converter
output voltages and shape of input current. This enables automatic harmonic compensation by Rectifier
itself. Therefore, the device is controlling Power Flow as well as does Power Conditioning. In this project
the performance of proposed system will be analysed for different pulse width modulation techniques like
sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM), using MATLAB/SIMULINK.
Keywords— Harmonic Compensation, sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) technique based AC-
DC Converter, different Non-linear loads, current harmonics mitigation techniques
Introduction
In recent years power quality has become an important and growing problem due to the proliferation
of nonlinear loads such as power electronic converters in typical power distribution systems. Particularly,
voltage harmonics and power distribution equipment problems are the result of current harmonics produced
by nonlinear loads. Eminent issues always arise in three-phase four-wire systems. It is well-known that zero
line may be overheated or causes a fire as a result of excessive harmonic current going through the zero line
three times or times that of three. Thus a perfect compensator is necessary to avoid the negative
consequences of harmonics. Though several control techniques and strategies have been developed they still
have contradictions with the performance of filters.
The distortion is resulted mainly by the voltage drop across the inductive element of the LC filter
due to the non-sinusoidal current at the output of the inverter. In a uninterruptible power supplies (UPS)
system, the inverter is responsible for synthesizing sinusoidal voltages from a dc source through the pulse
width modulation (PWM) of the dc voltage. The inductive element here is needed to remove the switching
frequency harmonics from the current waveform that are generated by the pulse width modulation (PWM)
operation of the inverter. The inductance value can be reduced if the switching frequency is increased .But,
in practice; it has an upper limit at high power inverters due to the efficiency concerns and the switching
device limitations. So, for the selected switching frequency and the power level, an optimum filter with a
2. NOVATEUR PUBLICATIONS
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIONS IN ENGINEERING RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY [IJIERT]
ISSN: 2394-3696
VOLUME 2, ISSUE 5, MAY-2015
2 | P a g e
smallest inductance can be designed, but the distortion cannot be completely avoided, and the regulations
and the customer specifications may not be satisfied. The solution to this problem is to design a proper
inverter controller such that it generates a control signal with multiple functionalities. This signal must carry
information to produce sinusoidal voltages with small steady-state RMS error, to provide fast transient
response and corrective actions to reduce distortion even under highly nonlinear loads. Therefore, a major
research has been conducted to design such controllers for the high-performance uninterruptible power
supplies uninterruptible power supplies (UPS) Systems. The high performance controllers in general
employed multi-loop state feedback control strategies to achieve the regulation specifications Moreover, the
dead-beat control method and the predictive and repetitive control methods have been widely investigated
and proposed among researchers. In addition, the iterative and adaptive learning control methods, the H-
infinity control method the feedback linearization method, and recently the multi sampled control approach
to improve the control performance have been studied and evaluated. High-quality output voltages with
substantially low total harmonic distortion (THD) and fast dynamic response have been demonstrated with
these methods. However, the disadvantages such as implementation complexity and the problems caused by
highly unbalanced loading may limit some of the benefits of these methods.
POWER QUALITY PROBLEMS & ISSUES
A recent survey of Power Quality experts indicates that 50% of all Power Quality problems are related to
grounding, ground bonds, and neutral to ground voltages, ground loops, ground current or other ground
associated issues. Electrically operated or connected equipment is affected by Power Quality and
determining the exact problems requires sophisticated electronic test equipment. The following symptoms
are indicators of Power Quality problems:
• Piece of equipment misoperates at the same time of day.
• Circuit breakers trip without being overloaded.
• Equipment fails during a thunderstorm.
• Automated systems stop for no apparent reason.
• Electronic systems fail or fail to operate on a frequent basis.
• Electronic systems work in one location but not in another location.
The commonly used terms those describe the parameters of electrical power that describe or measure
power quality are Voltage sags, Voltage variations, Interruptions Swells, Brownouts, Blackouts, Voltage
imbalance, Distortion, , Harmonic resonance, Inter harmonics, Notching, Noise, Impulse, Spikes (Voltage),
Ground noise, Common mode noise, Critical load, Crest factor, Electromagnetic compatibility, Dropout,
Fault, Flicker, Ground, Raw power, Clean ground, Ground loops, Voltage fluctuations, Transient, Dirty
power, Momentary interruption, Over voltage, Under voltage, Nonlinear load, THD, Triples, Voltage dip,
Voltage regulation, Blink, Oscillatory transient etc.
The issue of electric power quality is gaining importance because of several reasons:
• The society is becoming increasingly dependent on the electrical supply. A small power outage has a great
economical impact on the industrial consumers. A longer interruption harms practically all operations of a
modern society.
• New equipments are more sensitive to power quality variations.
• The advent of new power electronic equipment, such as variable speed drives and switched mode power
supplies, has brought new disturbances into the supply system.
Maintaining the Integrity of the Specifications
The template is used to format your paper and style the text. All margins, column widths, line spaces, and
text fonts are prescribed; please do not alter them. You may note peculiarities. For example, the head margin
in this template measures proportionately more than is customary. This measurement and others are
deliberate, using specifications that anticipate your paper as one part of the entire proceedings, and not as an
independent document. Please do not revise any of the current designations.
3. NOVATEUR PUBLICATIONS
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIONS IN ENGINEERING RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY [IJIERT]
ISSN: 2394-3696
VOLUME 2, ISSUE 5, MAY-2015
3 | P a g e
POWER QUALITY STANDARDS
Power quality is a worldwide issue, and keeping related standards current is a never-ending task. It typically
takes years to push changes through the process. Most of the ongoing work by the IEEE in harmonic
standards development has shifted to modifying Standard 519-1992.
IEEE 519
IEEE 519-1992, Recommended Practices and Requirements for Harmonic Control in Electric Power
Systems, established limits on harmonic currents and voltages at the point of common coupling (PCC), or
point of metering .
The limits of IEEE 519 are intended to:
1) Assure that the electric utility can deliver relatively clean power to all of its customers;
2) Assure that the electric utility can protect its electrical equipment from overheating, loss of life from
excessive harmonic currents, and excessive voltage stress due to excessive harmonic voltage. Each point
from IEEE 519 lists the limits for harmonic distortion at the point of common coupling (PCC) or metering
point with the utility. The voltage distortion limits are 3% for individual harmonics and 5% THD. All of the
harmonic limits in IEEE 519 are based on a customer load mix and location on the power system. The limits
are not applied to particular equipment, although, with a high amount of nonlinear loads, it is likely that
some harmonic suppression may be necessary.
IEEE 519 Standards for Current Harmonics
• General Distribution Systems [120V- 69 kV]
Below current distortion limits are for odd harmonics. Even harmonics are limited to 25% of the odd
harmonic limits. For all power generation equipment, distortion limits are those with ISC/IL<20. ISC is the
maximum short circuit current at the point of coupling “PCC”.IL is the maximum fundamental frequency
15-or 30- minutes load current at PCC. TDD is the Total Demand Distortion (=THD normalized by IL)
General Sub-transmission Systems [69 kV-161 kV]. The current harmonic distortion limits apply to limits
of harmonics that loads should draw from the utility at the PCC. Note that the harmonic limits differ based
on the Isc /IL rating, where ISC is the maximum short circuit current at the PCC, and I is the maximum
demand load current at the PCC.
Sinusoidal PWM (SPWM)
The stationary or synchronous-frame space-vector PWM (SVPWM)-based controllers are the primary
choice of many Researchers and the applications currently used in industry, today However, the classical
sinusoidal PWM (SPWM) method is still preferred by many manufacturers because of its implementation
simplicity, easy tuning even under load, flexibility, and most importantly the advantages of controlling each
phase independently. The independent regulation of each phase provides easy balancing of three-phase
voltages which makes heavily unbalanced loading possible. Also, it avoids problems such as transformer
saturation. Although the classical SPWM method is quite effective in controlling the RMS magnitude of the
UPS output voltages, it is not good enough in compensating the harmonics and the distortion caused
specifically by the nonlinear loads. For example, the total harmonic distortion (THD) is greater than 5%
limit even with good filtering. It becomes more severe at high-power UPSs where the switching frequency
has to be reduced due to the efficiency and heating problems. This study proposes a multiloop high-
performance SPWM control strategy and a design that overcome the limitations of the classical RMS
control. It adds inner loops to the closed loop feedback control system effectively that enables successful
reduction of harmonics and compensation of distortion at the voltages. The experimental setup using the
proposed controller achieves 3.8% THD under the nonlinear load having a crest factor of 3 and absorbing
power equal to the rated power of the UPS.
4. NOVATEUR PUBLICATIONS
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIONS IN ENGINEERING RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY [IJIERT]
ISSN: 2394-3696
VOLUME 2, ISSUE 5, MAY-2015
4 | P a g e
The Influence and Design Consideration of UPS Output Virtual Resistance on Parallel-Connected
UPS System
The important characteristics of parallel-connected uninterruptible power supply (UPS) systems are excellent
power-sharing quality and stability. In this paper we use the output active and reactive power to adjust the output
voltage amplitude and phase to achieve the load sharing. Because of the difference of output filter inductor’s
resistance and distance of connection wire of each machine in the paralleled UPS system, the equivalent output
impedance of each UPS inverter is different. These output impedance difference can cause circulation current and
decrease the load-sharing quality. In order to solve this problem, virtual resistance is introduced to each inverter. In
this paper the influence of the virtual resistance on paralleled UPS system and how to choose the virtual resistance
is analyzed. Experimental studies using DSP controlled parallel-connected three-phase four-wire UPS system are
presented to show the effectiveness of the proposed design.
To the paralleled UPS systems, an appropriate load-sharing or current-sharing control scheme is needed. Many
existing current-sharing control strategies can be used, e.g., instant current control method, output droop scheme,
active and reactive power control etc.
The instant current sharing control method using instantaneous current sharing command to correct the UPS
inverter output current was studied. The voltage regulation as well as the current sharing precision is proved to be
very well. However, the noise immunity and signal delay of current command due to layout of the paralleled UPS’s
must be dealt carefully.
Study on Dual-DSP-Controlled Three-phase Series-Parallel Compensated Line-Interactive UPS
System (Delta-Conversion UPS)
A three-phase series parallel compensated line interactive UPS system consisting of two voltage-source
inverters controlled separately by two digital signal processors studied in this paper. According to
international IEEE standards, a UPS system can be classified into three of a kind, i.e. Passive-standby, line
interactive and double-conversion. Why this kind of UPS system is often called "delta conversion", which is
a member of the line-interactive UPS family in nature, may lie in a little power handled by both inverters in
standby mode and the quasi-feedback PWM technique it adopted. “delta-inverter" can be controlled either
as a fundamental sinusoidal current source or as non-sinusoidal voltage source to compensate reactive and
harmonic currents deriving from inductive and non-linear loads Compared to double-conversion
counterpart, "delta-inverter" is a small kilo volt ampere in any modes, while a little reactive and harmonic
current now through “main inverter” in standby by mode
Direct current control of an active power filter for harmonic elimination, power factor correction and
load unbalancing compensation
An active power filter is designed, simulated, implemented, and tested. It can work in different modes:
active power filtering, power factor correction, and load unbalance compensation. It is based on a current
controlled voltage-source inverter with fixed carrier PWM. The control algorithm generates the source
reference currents based on the controlled DC link voltage. The dimensioning criteria of the inductive and
capacitive power components are discussed. The implementation is validated with simulated and
experimental results obtained in a 5 kVA prototype.
A High-Performance SPWM Controller for Three-Phase UPS Systems Operating Under Highly
Nonlinear Loads Discussion and Conclusion
This paper presents the design of a high-performance sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) controller
for three phase uninterruptible power supply (UPS) systems that are operating under highly nonlinear loads.
The classical SPWM method is quite effective in controlling the RMS magnitude of the UPS output
voltages. However, it is not good enough in compensating the harmonics and the distortion caused
specifically by the nonlinear currents drawn by the rectifier loads. The distortion becomes more severe at