A dual mechanism of the drag reduction by rigid polymers and cationic surfactant complex and nanofluids of xanthan gum and hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium chloride copy
Abstract
Several approaches have been employed to reduce the high cost of energy associated with the way liquids are transported in pipelines. Polymers have been widely explored to replace the pumping stations and other high energy cost mechanisms, but degrade over a period of time due to the accompanying turbulent mode of such transportation. Surfactants which are better alternatives with the ability to reenact their lost efficiency, are less effective, there is therefore the need for an alternative mechanism for drag reduction. In this present work, drag reduction efficacy of dispersed silica nanoparticle additives with polar additives as complexes and nanofluid have been investigated as a new method to reduce drag. Thus the present work was carried out with Xanthan gum which is able to withstand degradation compared to the flexible polymers, hexadecyltrimethyl ammonium chloride as the surfactant and sodium salicylate as the counterion. In the study both complexes and nanofluid were able to reduce drag as well as withstand shear stresses, although at different concentration which could be as a result of the different approaches of working, about 60% drag reduction was observed. It could thus be concluded that, these materials are able to reduce drag both as complex or nanofluid, only that, they could do that at different concentrations.
Keywords: Nanofluid, Polymers, Surfactants, Drag reduction, rotating disk apparatus, degradation
Episode 5 : Liquid-Solid
Separation
There are many solid/liquid separation techniques which have established general application within the process industries
The selection of appropriate equipment is thus a challenge to the design engineer and it is often difficult to identify the most appropriate separator without extensive previous knowledge of a similar separation problem
Optimizing the Reverse Osmosis Process Parameters by Maximizing Recovery by T...QUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: In this study, the effects of Operating Pressure, Potential Hydrogen, Oxidation Reduction Potential and Anti Scaling Agent on multi responses like Permeate, COD, Total Solids, Conductivity and Hardness in the Reverse Osmosis Process were experimentally investigated on RO 8100 ST8 PT44 400Wl machine. The settings of RO parameters were determined by using Taguchi’s experimental design method. Orthogonal arrays of Taguchi, the signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio, the analysis of variance (ANOVA) are employed to find the optimal levels and to analyze the effect of the RO parameters. Results show that potential of hydrogen, operating pressure, oxidation reduction potential and anti scaling agent are the four Parameters that influence the Permit more effectively and COD, Total Solids, Conductivity and Hardness respectively. Improvement in recovery of RO process is achieved with optimize setting. Finally, the ranges for best RO conditions are proposed for ZLD process.
Non-regulated Accelerator (DCBS/DBBS) Incorporated Natural Rubber Formulation...RSIS International
The vulcanizates prepared using non-regulated
nitrosamine generating accelerators are reported as noncarcinogenic.
Efficient vulcanization system containing nonregulated
single accelerator (either N, N-dicyclohexyl-2-
benzothiazolesulfenamide (DCBS) or N,N-dibenzyl-2-
benzothiazolesulfenamide (DBBS)) was used for the preparation
of safe natural rubber vulcanizates. Safe vulcanizates were also
prepared using the sulfenamide accelerator (DCBS or DBBS) in
binary combination with safe tetrabenzyl thiuramdisulfide
(TBzTD). Comparative study based on cure characteristics and
mechanical property evaluation proved that binary accelerator
based vulcanizates are the best choice. Fluid resistance in oil and
cytotoxicity of the binary accelerator based vulcanizates were
assessed.
Abstract:
This assignment was used to design a mud and preparing mud for a well having a depth of 10000ft and each depth consist of different pore pressure gradient and fracture gradient. It was important to take in consider the safety margins and the kick margins by adding to the pore pressure gradient 0.5ppg and subtracting from fracture pressure 0.5ppg as shown in table (1). Then it has been drew the mud window to create a proper mud to solve the issue in this assignment and become safer. Since there are two muds needed to be prepared for a well having a depth of 10000ft and each with different density, it is important to measure the amount of barite required in order to increase the density to the target wanted. has been created the mud with 10.9 ppg, after creating the mud for this density will be testing all the classification for this test and if it is goof or no. The temperature for this mud was 28.7C and the density has been measured as well which was 10.95 and the ph was 8. In addition, has been measured the viscosity at different speed by using viscometers the speed was at 5,6,100,200,300, and 600 rpm the results shows in table 3. Then it has been measured the gel strength at 10s and 10 mins which was 30, and 31ib.100ft2 respectively, then it has been calculated the plastic viscosity, apparent viscosity, and yield point by the equation given above, and the results mentioned in table 3. Lastly has been measure the filtrate volume for 5,10, 15,20,15 and 30mins the total volume which was at 30 mins with result about 16.5cc. then it has been measured the mud cake thickness for this type of mud which was 3.23mm. it was given some of the errors that faced while drilling a well, those problems were loss circulation, high and innovation and the stuck pipe. in the first step it has been designed the sample mud that required to use at the surface, while the pressure of the well increase it should increase the density of the mud to balance between the hydrostatic pressure with the formation pressure, so it has been increased the density of the mud by using the barite, the mud was 10, and 14ppg.
Buckingham PI Dimensional Analysis of Cake Yield from Sludge Filtration ProcessAJSERJournal
Buckingham Pi dimensional analysis was used to derive an equation expressing filterability in terms of Filter
cake yield. The model shows that the cake yield from a pressure filter is directly proportional to the filter area of the
vessel, applied pressure and initial solids content of the sludge while being inversely proportional to specific resistance,
viscosity of filtrate, compressibility coefficient of the slurry and pressing time. The new model which incorporated the
compressibility attribute of the slurry hitherto unaccounted for in previous models enables performance of a pressure
filter (Filter Press) to be predicted from a simple laboratory determination of cake yields. It was observed that
increasing ferric chloride dosage from 11.87% to 22.61% increased filter cake yield from 3.785 x 10-4g/cm2
s to 4.4118 x
10-4g/cm2
s while reducing specific resistance from 1.7372 x 1010cm/g to 1.5940 x 1010cm/g. Moreover, the optimum
dosage from the graph to attain acceptable filtrate quality was 19.63% for an operating pressure of 6628.18g/cm2
. It
was also observed that increasing compressibility from 0.7076 cm s2
/g to 0.7314 cm s2
/g led to decreased solids
capture from 3.7682 g/cm2
s to 3.5763 g/cm2
s for the tested 0.0194 g/cm3
sludge sample. Considering the differences in
the parameters tested, the comparative analytical results showed that there was closer agreement between the actual
cake yield and predicted values while values predicted from other models were out of range. Experimental verification
of the new model showed that the predicted performance agrees with the actual experimental values with a correlation
coefficient of 0.993.
Mo ch 5_filtration_complete_10.12.2020Dhaval Yadav
Mechanical Operations
Filtration
Basics of filtration
Principle, construction and working of filter press, leaf
filter, rotary vacuum filter
Filter media and its characteristics
Basics of Filter aids, Method of application
Constant rate filtration and constant pressure filtration
Classification of centrifugal equipments
Principle, construction and working of batch centrifuge
Abstract
The aim of this experiment is to study the properties of loss control additives and its effect towards mud properties and to test what different additives do to the behaviour of drilling mud in terms of mud cake formation and filtrate loss. Guar gum has been used extensively in the oil industry as a viscosity for different applications due to its unique rheological properties. In this paper, we explore how the rheological behaviour of guar-based fluids can be used to control fluid loss. a range of instruments were used such Mud mixer, Mud balance, Thermometer, Remoter, Filter press, Graduated cylinder, pH meter / pH paper, Aging cell, Rotating oven and litter cup, Viscometer and Venire calliper. All these materials were used in order to understand the reasons why the mud varies and to know with precision the different properties that the fluids have. overall, at this experiment was conducted by using Bentonite of 15g, soda ash of 0.2g and guar gum of 0.3g mixed with water of 350ml to control the fluid loss of the mud. After that compare the results of experiment 1 with experiment 4.
These slides use concepts (e.g., scaling) from my (Jeff Funk) course entitled analyzing hi-tech opportunities to analyze how membranes have and are becoming more economically feasible for one application, pervaporation. The economic feasibility of pervaporation is improved as temperatures and pressures of the systems are increased, which are facilitated by larger scale, and as the membranes are improved. Membranes become cheaper as they are made thinner (example of scaling) and they become better as the pore size is made both smaller and is designed for allowing specific molecules to pass through the pores.
Preparation and characterization of microfiltration ceramic membrane for oily...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Episode 5 : Liquid-Solid
Separation
There are many solid/liquid separation techniques which have established general application within the process industries
The selection of appropriate equipment is thus a challenge to the design engineer and it is often difficult to identify the most appropriate separator without extensive previous knowledge of a similar separation problem
Optimizing the Reverse Osmosis Process Parameters by Maximizing Recovery by T...QUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: In this study, the effects of Operating Pressure, Potential Hydrogen, Oxidation Reduction Potential and Anti Scaling Agent on multi responses like Permeate, COD, Total Solids, Conductivity and Hardness in the Reverse Osmosis Process were experimentally investigated on RO 8100 ST8 PT44 400Wl machine. The settings of RO parameters were determined by using Taguchi’s experimental design method. Orthogonal arrays of Taguchi, the signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio, the analysis of variance (ANOVA) are employed to find the optimal levels and to analyze the effect of the RO parameters. Results show that potential of hydrogen, operating pressure, oxidation reduction potential and anti scaling agent are the four Parameters that influence the Permit more effectively and COD, Total Solids, Conductivity and Hardness respectively. Improvement in recovery of RO process is achieved with optimize setting. Finally, the ranges for best RO conditions are proposed for ZLD process.
Non-regulated Accelerator (DCBS/DBBS) Incorporated Natural Rubber Formulation...RSIS International
The vulcanizates prepared using non-regulated
nitrosamine generating accelerators are reported as noncarcinogenic.
Efficient vulcanization system containing nonregulated
single accelerator (either N, N-dicyclohexyl-2-
benzothiazolesulfenamide (DCBS) or N,N-dibenzyl-2-
benzothiazolesulfenamide (DBBS)) was used for the preparation
of safe natural rubber vulcanizates. Safe vulcanizates were also
prepared using the sulfenamide accelerator (DCBS or DBBS) in
binary combination with safe tetrabenzyl thiuramdisulfide
(TBzTD). Comparative study based on cure characteristics and
mechanical property evaluation proved that binary accelerator
based vulcanizates are the best choice. Fluid resistance in oil and
cytotoxicity of the binary accelerator based vulcanizates were
assessed.
Abstract:
This assignment was used to design a mud and preparing mud for a well having a depth of 10000ft and each depth consist of different pore pressure gradient and fracture gradient. It was important to take in consider the safety margins and the kick margins by adding to the pore pressure gradient 0.5ppg and subtracting from fracture pressure 0.5ppg as shown in table (1). Then it has been drew the mud window to create a proper mud to solve the issue in this assignment and become safer. Since there are two muds needed to be prepared for a well having a depth of 10000ft and each with different density, it is important to measure the amount of barite required in order to increase the density to the target wanted. has been created the mud with 10.9 ppg, after creating the mud for this density will be testing all the classification for this test and if it is goof or no. The temperature for this mud was 28.7C and the density has been measured as well which was 10.95 and the ph was 8. In addition, has been measured the viscosity at different speed by using viscometers the speed was at 5,6,100,200,300, and 600 rpm the results shows in table 3. Then it has been measured the gel strength at 10s and 10 mins which was 30, and 31ib.100ft2 respectively, then it has been calculated the plastic viscosity, apparent viscosity, and yield point by the equation given above, and the results mentioned in table 3. Lastly has been measure the filtrate volume for 5,10, 15,20,15 and 30mins the total volume which was at 30 mins with result about 16.5cc. then it has been measured the mud cake thickness for this type of mud which was 3.23mm. it was given some of the errors that faced while drilling a well, those problems were loss circulation, high and innovation and the stuck pipe. in the first step it has been designed the sample mud that required to use at the surface, while the pressure of the well increase it should increase the density of the mud to balance between the hydrostatic pressure with the formation pressure, so it has been increased the density of the mud by using the barite, the mud was 10, and 14ppg.
Buckingham PI Dimensional Analysis of Cake Yield from Sludge Filtration ProcessAJSERJournal
Buckingham Pi dimensional analysis was used to derive an equation expressing filterability in terms of Filter
cake yield. The model shows that the cake yield from a pressure filter is directly proportional to the filter area of the
vessel, applied pressure and initial solids content of the sludge while being inversely proportional to specific resistance,
viscosity of filtrate, compressibility coefficient of the slurry and pressing time. The new model which incorporated the
compressibility attribute of the slurry hitherto unaccounted for in previous models enables performance of a pressure
filter (Filter Press) to be predicted from a simple laboratory determination of cake yields. It was observed that
increasing ferric chloride dosage from 11.87% to 22.61% increased filter cake yield from 3.785 x 10-4g/cm2
s to 4.4118 x
10-4g/cm2
s while reducing specific resistance from 1.7372 x 1010cm/g to 1.5940 x 1010cm/g. Moreover, the optimum
dosage from the graph to attain acceptable filtrate quality was 19.63% for an operating pressure of 6628.18g/cm2
. It
was also observed that increasing compressibility from 0.7076 cm s2
/g to 0.7314 cm s2
/g led to decreased solids
capture from 3.7682 g/cm2
s to 3.5763 g/cm2
s for the tested 0.0194 g/cm3
sludge sample. Considering the differences in
the parameters tested, the comparative analytical results showed that there was closer agreement between the actual
cake yield and predicted values while values predicted from other models were out of range. Experimental verification
of the new model showed that the predicted performance agrees with the actual experimental values with a correlation
coefficient of 0.993.
Mo ch 5_filtration_complete_10.12.2020Dhaval Yadav
Mechanical Operations
Filtration
Basics of filtration
Principle, construction and working of filter press, leaf
filter, rotary vacuum filter
Filter media and its characteristics
Basics of Filter aids, Method of application
Constant rate filtration and constant pressure filtration
Classification of centrifugal equipments
Principle, construction and working of batch centrifuge
Abstract
The aim of this experiment is to study the properties of loss control additives and its effect towards mud properties and to test what different additives do to the behaviour of drilling mud in terms of mud cake formation and filtrate loss. Guar gum has been used extensively in the oil industry as a viscosity for different applications due to its unique rheological properties. In this paper, we explore how the rheological behaviour of guar-based fluids can be used to control fluid loss. a range of instruments were used such Mud mixer, Mud balance, Thermometer, Remoter, Filter press, Graduated cylinder, pH meter / pH paper, Aging cell, Rotating oven and litter cup, Viscometer and Venire calliper. All these materials were used in order to understand the reasons why the mud varies and to know with precision the different properties that the fluids have. overall, at this experiment was conducted by using Bentonite of 15g, soda ash of 0.2g and guar gum of 0.3g mixed with water of 350ml to control the fluid loss of the mud. After that compare the results of experiment 1 with experiment 4.
These slides use concepts (e.g., scaling) from my (Jeff Funk) course entitled analyzing hi-tech opportunities to analyze how membranes have and are becoming more economically feasible for one application, pervaporation. The economic feasibility of pervaporation is improved as temperatures and pressures of the systems are increased, which are facilitated by larger scale, and as the membranes are improved. Membranes become cheaper as they are made thinner (example of scaling) and they become better as the pore size is made both smaller and is designed for allowing specific molecules to pass through the pores.
Formulation and characterization of lafutidine floating matrix tablets employ...
Similar to A dual mechanism of the drag reduction by rigid polymers and cationic surfactant complex and nanofluids of xanthan gum and hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium chloride copy
Preparation and characterization of microfiltration ceramic membrane for oily...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Design parameters to obtain al2 o3 nanofluid to enhance heat transfereSAT Journals
Abstract The study of nanostructures gained more and more ground in the past years due to the acceptable electrical conductivity, mechanical flexibility and low cost manufacturing potential (mixing, mechanical stirring, ultrasonication, vacuum chambers).The process of obtaining nanofluids with 0.1%, 0.5% and 1% concentration of aluminium oxide (Al2O3) was studied by mechanical stirring (in the reactor station - static process equipment fitted with a stirring device in order to obtain solutions, emulsions, to make or to activate chemical reactions and physic-chemical operations and to increase the heat exchange), vibrations and magnetic stirring. The selected nanoparticles have an average size of 10 nm and were dispersed in base fluids consisting of distilled water and low concentration of glycerin (5.4%, respectively 13%). The samples extracted during the process were analyzed with the quartz crystal microbalance (QCM – modern alternative to analyze the complex liquids from water and copolymers to blood and DNA and the dynamic viscoelasticity of fluids can be determined), in terms of homogenization and stability (behavior in time). Also, a heat transfer study with the reactor station and a comparison between the heat transfer of the carrier fluid (consisting of water and 5.4% glycerin) and the heat transfer of the antifreeze used in solar panels installations was conducted. This study showed a decrease of the time consumed with heating the nanofluids and an improvement of the heat transfer due to the nanoparticles of Al2O3. Index Terms: nanopowder, mechanical stirring, cluster, QCM, stability, sedimentation
Optimization of ZLD in Distillery Industry by Reverse Osmosis Process for Pre...ijceronline
In this study, the effects of Operating Pressure, Potential Hydrogen, Oxidation Reduction Potential and Anti Scaling Agent on multi responses like Permeate, COD, Total Solids, Conductivity and Hardness in the Reverse Osmosis Process were experimentally investigated on RO 8100 ST8 PT44 400Wl machine. The settings of RO parameters were determined by using Taguchi’s experimental design method. Orthogonal arrays of Taguchi, the signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio, the analysis of variance (ANOVA) are employed to find the optimal levels and to analyze the effect of the RO parameters. Results show that potential of hydrogen, operating pressure, oxidation reduction potential and anti scaling agent are the four Parameters that influence the Permit more effectively and COD, Total Solids, Conductivity and Hardness respectively. Finally, the ranges for best RO conditions are proposed for ZLD process.
Effect of vinsuperplast on the hydration study of rice husk ash blended cementeSAT Journals
Abstract
For civil engineering the basic need is to produce high quality and high strength concrete. superplasticizers are used as high range water reducer and they improve the workability of concrete and mortar. In the present work several experimental programmes have been carried out in order to study the effect of Vinsuperplast on RHA blended cement. 2% Vinsuperplast with RHA blended cement and ordinary Portland cement increases the hydration and strength of cement which was measured by consistency measurement, setting time, non-evaporable water content, and free lime determination. 20% RHA blended cement gives better results in comparison to 10% RHA blended cement. The hydration mechanism of RHA blended cement with Vinsuperplast were tried to understand by using XRD, DSC and SEM techniques.
Keywords: OPC (Ordinary Portland cement); Vinsuperplast (superplasticizer); RHA (Rice husk ash) Blended cement; XRD; SEM; DSC.
The Coupled Effect of Nano Silica and Superplasticizer on Concrete Fresh and ...IJMER
The The effect of individual and combined additions of both nano silica (NS) and
polycarboxylate-ether superplasticizer (SP) admixtures on concrete mixes were studied. Twenty concrete
mixes were prepared, keeping the water/cement ratio constant at w/c = 0.40, with different amounts of
SP admixture, and NS. the superplasticizer was studied in the range of (0 – 0.88)% (over cement weight),
nano silica additions were tested at (0 – 3.00)% range (over cement weight). Early, and late
compressive strengths, as well as results of fresh concrete (slump) test of formulations were evaluated by
means of design of experiments, in order to identify the primary factors and their interactions on the
measured properties. The most desirable NS and SP % were determined. The results showed that
regardless of the used NS percentage, the higher compressive strength results were reached at, or
around SP observed saturation dosage (0.66% by weight cement). The statistical approach applied here
enabled to develop relations, which could adequately describe the dependency of both the compressive
strength, and slump on the composition of NS, and SP concretes. These relations were presented as
contour plots, which from a practical point of view could serve as a basis for mix design
Investigation on the behaviour of alfa composite in pre and post heat treated...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Of the many types of particulate reinforcements fly ash is one type that is being used from the recent past to develop the composites. In the current research fly ash is reinforced in the aluminium alloy AA2024 to develop ALFA (ALuminium Fly Ash) composites. The stir casting technique is employed in the development of the said composite as this technique is economical and would produce a composite with fairly uniform distribution of the fly ash reinforcement in the alloy matrix. The fly ash was added in 2.5 and 5% by weight to the molten metal. Increase in the percentage weight of fly ash reinforcement resulted improvement in the mechanical properties. The composite is tested for hardness, tensile strength and wear performance under pre-heat treatment, as quenched and in peak hardened conditions. The peak hardened composite showed a superior hardness, tensile strength and wear resistance than the others.
Keywords: stir casting, fly ash composites, heat treatment, and characterization
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Similar to A dual mechanism of the drag reduction by rigid polymers and cationic surfactant complex and nanofluids of xanthan gum and hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium chloride copy (20)
Mechanical properties of hybrid fiber reinforced concrete for pavementseSAT Journals
Abstract
The effect of addition of mono fibers and hybrid fibers on the mechanical properties of concrete mixture is studied in the present
investigation. Steel fibers of 1% and polypropylene fibers 0.036% were added individually to the concrete mixture as mono fibers and
then they were added together to form a hybrid fiber reinforced concrete. Mechanical properties such as compressive, split tensile and
flexural strength were determined. The results show that hybrid fibers improve the compressive strength marginally as compared to
mono fibers. Whereas, hybridization improves split tensile strength and flexural strength noticeably.
Keywords:-Hybridization, mono fibers, steel fiber, polypropylene fiber, Improvement in mechanical properties.
Material management in construction – a case studyeSAT Journals
Abstract
The objective of the present study is to understand about all the problems occurring in the company because of improper application
of material management. In construction project operation, often there is a project cost variance in terms of the material, equipments,
manpower, subcontractor, overhead cost, and general condition. Material is the main component in construction projects. Therefore,
if the material management is not properly managed it will create a project cost variance. Project cost can be controlled by taking
corrective actions towards the cost variance. Therefore a methodology is used to diagnose and evaluate the procurement process
involved in material management and launch a continuous improvement was developed and applied. A thorough study was carried
out along with study of cases, surveys and interviews to professionals involved in this area. As a result, a methodology for diagnosis
and improvement was proposed and tested in selected projects. The results obtained show that the main problem of procurement is
related to schedule delays and lack of specified quality for the project. To prevent this situation it is often necessary to dedicate
important resources like money, personnel, time, etc. To monitor and control the process. A great potential for improvement was
detected if state of the art technologies such as, electronic mail, electronic data interchange (EDI), and analysis were applied to the
procurement process. These helped to eliminate the root causes for many types of problems that were detected.
Managing drought short term strategies in semi arid regions a case studyeSAT Journals
Abstract
Drought management needs multidisciplinary action. Interdisciplinary efforts among the experts in various fields of the droughts
prone areas are helpful to achieve tangible and permanent solution for this recurring problem. The Gulbarga district having the total
area around 16, 240 sq.km, and accounts 8.45 per cent of the Karnataka state area. The district has been situated with latitude 17º 19'
60" North and longitude of 76 º 49' 60" east. The district is situated entirely on the Deccan plateau positioned at a height of 300 to
750 m above MSL. Sub-tropical, semi-arid type is one among the drought prone districts of Karnataka State. The drought
management is very important for a district like Gulbarga. In this paper various short term strategies are discussed to mitigate the
drought condition in the district.
Keywords: Drought, South-West monsoon, Semi-Arid, Rainfall, Strategies etc.
Life cycle cost analysis of overlay for an urban road in bangaloreeSAT Journals
Abstract
Pavements are subjected to severe condition of stresses and weathering effects from the day they are constructed and opened to traffic
mainly due to its fatigue behavior and environmental effects. Therefore, pavement rehabilitation is one of the most important
components of entire road systems. This paper highlights the design of concrete pavement with added mono fibers like polypropylene,
steel and hybrid fibres for a widened portion of existing concrete pavement and various overlay alternatives for an existing
bituminous pavement in an urban road in Bangalore. Along with this, Life cycle cost analyses at these sections are done by Net
Present Value (NPV) method to identify the most feasible option. The results show that though the initial cost of construction of
concrete overlay is high, over a period of time it prove to be better than the bituminous overlay considering the whole life cycle cost.
The economic analysis also indicates that, out of the three fibre options, hybrid reinforced concrete would be economical without
compromising the performance of the pavement.
Keywords: - Fatigue, Life cycle cost analysis, Net Present Value method, Overlay, Rehabilitation
Laboratory studies of dense bituminous mixes ii with reclaimed asphalt materialseSAT Journals
Abstract
The issue of growing demand on our nation’s roadways over that past couple of decades, decreasing budgetary funds, and the need to
provide a safe, efficient, and cost effective roadway system has led to a dramatic increase in the need to rehabilitate our existing
pavements and the issue of building sustainable road infrastructure in India. With these emergency of the mentioned needs and this
are today’s burning issue and has become the purpose of the study.
In the present study, the samples of existing bituminous layer materials were collected from NH-48(Devahalli to Hassan) site.The
mixtures were designed by Marshall Method as per Asphalt institute (MS-II) at 20% and 30% Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP).
RAP material was blended with virgin aggregate such that all specimens tested for the, Dense Bituminous Macadam-II (DBM-II)
gradation as per Ministry of Roads, Transport, and Highways (MoRT&H) and cost analysis were carried out to know the economics.
Laboratory results and analysis showed the use of recycled materials showed significant variability in Marshall Stability, and the
variability increased with the increase in RAP content. The saving can be realized from utilization of recycled materials as per the
methodology, the reduction in the total cost is 19%, 30%, comparing with the virgin mixes.
Keywords: Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement, Marshall Stability, MS-II, Dense Bituminous Macadam-II
Laboratory investigation of expansive soil stabilized with natural inorganic ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Soil stabilization has proven to be one of the oldest techniques to improve the soil properties. Literature review conducted revealed
that uses of natural inorganic stabilizers are found to be one of the best options for soil stabilization. In this regard an attempt has
been made to evaluate the influence of RBI-81 stabilizer on properties of black cotton soil through laboratory investigations. Black
cotton soil with varying percentages of RBI-81 viz., 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, and 2.5 percent were studied for moisture density relationships
and strength behaviour of soils. Also the effect of curing period was evaluated as literature review clearly emphasized the strength
gain of soils stabilized with RBI-81 over a period of time. The results obtained shows that the unconfined compressive strength of
specimens treated with RBI-81 increased approximately by 250% for a curing period of 28 days as compared to virgin soil. Further
the CBR value improved approximately by 400%. The studies indicated an increasing trend for soil strength behaviour with
increasing percentage of RBI-81 suggesting its potential applications in soil stabilization.
Influence of reinforcement on the behavior of hollow concrete block masonry p...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Reinforced masonry was developed to exploit the strength potential of masonry and to solve its lack of tensile strength. Experimental
and analytical studies have been carried out to investigate the effect of reinforcement on the behavior of hollow concrete block
masonry prisms under compression and to predict ultimate failure compressive strength. In the numerical program, three dimensional
non-linear finite elements (FE) model based on the micro-modeling approach is developed for both unreinforced and reinforced
masonry prisms using ANSYS (14.5). The proposed FE model uses multi-linear stress-strain relationships to model the non-linear
behavior of hollow concrete block, mortar, and grout. Willam-Warnke’s five parameter failure theory has been adopted to model the
failure of masonry materials. The comparison of the numerical and experimental results indicates that the FE models can successfully
capture the highly nonlinear behavior of the physical specimens and accurately predict their strength and failure mechanisms.
Keywords: Structural masonry, Hollow concrete block prism, grout, Compression failure, Finite element method,
Numerical modeling.
Influence of compaction energy on soil stabilized with chemical stabilizereSAT Journals
Abstract
Increase in traffic along with heavier magnitude of wheel loads cause rapid deterioration in pavements. There is a need to improve
density, strength of soil subgrade and other pavement layers. In this study an attempt is made to improve the properties of locally
available loamy soil using twin approaches viz., i) increasing the compaction of soil and ii) treating the soil with chemical stabilizer.
Laboratory studies are carried out on both untreated and treated soil samples compacted by different compaction efforts. Studies
show that increase in compaction effort results in increase in density of soil. However in soil treated with chemical stabilizer, rate of
increase in density is not significant. The soil treated with chemical stabilizer exhibits improvement in both strength and performance
properties.
Keywords: compaction, density, subgradestabilization, resilient modulus
Geographical information system (gis) for water resources managementeSAT Journals
Abstract
Water resources projects are inherited with overlapping and at times conflicting objectives. These projects are often of varied sizes
ranging from major projects with command areas of millions of hectares to very small projects implemented at the local level. Thus,
in all these projects there is seldom proper coordination which is essential for ensuring collective sustainability.
Integrated watershed development and management is the accepted answer but in turn requires a comprehensive framework that can
enable planning process involving all the stakeholders at different levels and scales is compulsory. Such a unified hydrological
framework is essential to evaluate the cause and effect of all the proposed actions within the drainage basins.
The present paper describes a hydrological framework developed in the form of a Hydrologic Information System (HIS) which is
intended to meet the specific information needs of the various line departments of a typical State connected with water related aspects.
The HIS consist of a hydrologic information database coupled with tools for collating primary and secondary data and tools for
analyzing and visualizing the data and information. The HIS also incorporates hydrological model base for indirect assessment of
various entities of water balance in space and time. The framework would be maintained and updated to reflect fully the most
accurate ground truth data and the infrastructure requirements for planning and management.
Keywords: Hydrological Information System (HIS); WebGIS; Data Model; Web Mapping Services
Forest type mapping of bidar forest division, karnataka using geoinformatics ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The study demonstrate the potentiality of satellite remote sensing technique for the generation of baseline information on forest types
including tree plantation details in Bidar forest division, Karnataka covering an area of 5814.60Sq.Kms. The Total Area of Bidar
forest division is 5814Sq.Kms analysis of the satellite data in the study area reveals that about 84% of the total area is Covered by
crop land, 1.778% of the area is covered by dry deciduous forest, 1.38 % of mixed plantation, which is very threatening to the
environmental stability of the forest, future plantation site has been mapped. With the use of latest Geo-informatics technology proper
and exact condition of the trees can be observed and necessary precautions can be taken for future plantation works in an appropriate
manner
Keywords:-RS, GIS, GPS, Forest Type, Tree Plantation
Factors influencing compressive strength of geopolymer concreteeSAT Journals
Abstract
To study effects of several factors on the properties of fly ash based geopolymer concrete on the compressive strength and also the
cost comparison with the normal concrete. The test variables were molarities of sodium hydroxide(NaOH) 8M,14M and 16M, ratio of
NaOH to sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) 1, 1.5, 2 and 2.5, alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio 0.35 and 0.40 and replacement of water in
Na2SiO3 solution by 10%, 20% and 30% were used in the present study. The test results indicated that the highest compressive
strength 54 MPa was observed for 16M of NaOH, ratio of NaOH to Na2SiO3 2.5 and alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of 0.35. Lowest
compressive strength of 27 MPa was observed for 8M of NaOH, ratio of NaOH to Na2SiO3 is 1 and alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of
0.40. Alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of 0.35, water replacement of 10% and 30% for 8 and 16 molarity of NaOH and has resulted in
compressive strength of 36 MPa and 20 MPa respectively. Superplasticiser dosage of 2 % by weight of fly ash has given higher
strength in all cases.
Keywords: compressive strength, alkaline liquid, fly ash
Experimental investigation on circular hollow steel columns in filled with li...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Composite Circular hollow Steel tubes with and without GFRP infill for three different grades of Light weight concrete are tested for
ultimate load capacity and axial shortening , under Cyclic loading. Steel tubes are compared for different lengths, cross sections and
thickness. Specimens were tested separately after adopting Taguchi’s L9 (Latin Squares) Orthogonal array in order to save the initial
experimental cost on number of specimens and experimental duration. Analysis was carried out using ANN (Artificial Neural
Network) technique with the assistance of Mini Tab- a statistical soft tool. Comparison for predicted, experimental & ANN output is
obtained from linear regression plots. From this research study, it can be concluded that *Cross sectional area of steel tube has most
significant effect on ultimate load carrying capacity, *as length of steel tube increased- load carrying capacity decreased & *ANN
modeling predicted acceptable results. Thus ANN tool can be utilized for predicting ultimate load carrying capacity for composite
columns.
Keywords: Light weight concrete, GFRP, Artificial Neural Network, Linear Regression, Back propagation, orthogonal
Array, Latin Squares
Experimental behavior of circular hsscfrc filled steel tubular columns under ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
This paper presents an outlook on experimental behavior and a comparison with predicted formula on the behaviour of circular
concentrically loaded self-consolidating fibre reinforced concrete filled steel tube columns (HSSCFRC). Forty-five specimens were
tested. The main parameters varied in the tests are: (1) percentage of fiber (2) tube diameter or width to wall thickness ratio (D/t
from 15 to 25) (3) L/d ratio from 2.97 to 7.04 the results from these predictions were compared with the experimental data. The
experimental results) were also validated in this study.
Keywords: Self-compacting concrete; Concrete-filled steel tube; axial load behavior; Ultimate capacity.
Evaluation of punching shear in flat slabseSAT Journals
Abstract
Flat-slab construction has been widely used in construction today because of many advantages that it offers. The basic philosophy in
the design of flat slab is to consider only gravity forces; this method ignores the effect of punching shear due to unbalanced moments
at the slab column junction which is critical. An attempt has been made to generate generalized design sheets which accounts both
punching shear due to gravity loads and unbalanced moments for cases (a) interior column; (b) edge column (bending perpendicular
to shorter edge); (c) edge column (bending parallel to shorter edge); (d) corner column. These design sheets are prepared as per
codal provisions of IS 456-2000. These design sheets will be helpful in calculating the shear reinforcement to be provided at the
critical section which is ignored in many design offices. Apart from its usefulness in evaluating punching shear and the necessary
shear reinforcement, the design sheets developed will enable the designer to fix the depth of flat slab during the initial phase of the
design.
Keywords: Flat slabs, punching shear, unbalanced moment.
Evaluation of performance of intake tower dam for recent earthquake in indiaeSAT Journals
Abstract
Intake towers are typically tall, hollow, reinforced concrete structures and form entrance to reservoir outlet works. A parametric
study on dynamic behavior of circular cylindrical towers can be carried out to study the effect of depth of submergence, wall thickness
and slenderness ratio, and also effect on tower considering dynamic analysis for time history function of different soil condition and
by Goyal and Chopra accounting interaction effects of added hydrodynamic mass of surrounding and inside water in intake tower of
dam
Key words: Hydrodynamic mass, Depth of submergence, Reservoir, Time history analysis,
Evaluation of operational efficiency of urban road network using travel time ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Efficiency of the road network system is analyzed by travel time reliability measures. The study overlooks on an important measure of
travel time reliability and prioritizing Tiruchirappalli road network. Traffic volume and travel time were collected using license plate
matching method. Travel time measures were estimated from average travel time and 95th travel time. Effect of non-motorized vehicle
on efficiency of road system was evaluated. Relation between buffer time index and traffic volume was created. Travel time model has
been developed and travel time measure was validated. Then service quality of road sections in network were graded based on
travel time reliability measures.
Keywords: Buffer Time Index (BTI); Average Travel Time (ATT); Travel Time Reliability (TTR); Buffer Time (BT).
Estimation of surface runoff in nallur amanikere watershed using scs cn methodeSAT Journals
Abstract
The development of watershed aims at productive utilization of all the available natural resources in the entire area extending from
ridge line to stream outlet. The per capita availability of land for cultivation has been decreasing over the years. Therefore, water and
the related land resources must be developed, utilized and managed in an integrated and comprehensive manner. Remote sensing and
GIS techniques are being increasingly used for planning, management and development of natural resources. The study area, Nallur
Amanikere watershed geographically lies between 110 38’ and 110 52’ N latitude and 760 30’ and 760 50’ E longitude with an area of
415.68 Sq. km. The thematic layers such as land use/land cover and soil maps were derived from remotely sensed data and overlayed
through ArcGIS software to assign the curve number on polygon wise. The daily rainfall data of six rain gauge stations in and around
the watershed (2001-2011) was used to estimate the daily runoff from the watershed using Soil Conservation Service - Curve Number
(SCS-CN) method. The runoff estimated from the SCS-CN model was then used to know the variation of runoff potential with different
land use/land cover and with different soil conditions.
Keywords: Watershed, Nallur watershed, Surface runoff, Rainfall-Runoff, SCS-CN, Remote Sensing, GIS.
Estimation of morphometric parameters and runoff using rs & gis techniqueseSAT Journals
Abstract
Land and water are the two vital natural resources, the optimal management of these resources with minimum adverse environmental
impact are essential not only for sustainable development but also for human survival. Satellite remote sensing with geographic
information system has a pragmatic approach to map and generate spatial input layers of predicting response behavior and yield of
watershed. Hence, in the present study an attempt has been made to understand the hydrological process of the catchment at the
watershed level by drawing the inferences from moprhometric analysis and runoff. The study area chosen for the present study is
Yagachi catchment situated in Chickamaglur and Hassan district lies geographically at a longitude 75⁰52’08.77”E and
13⁰10’50.77”N latitude. It covers an area of 559.493 Sq.km. Morphometric analysis is carried out to estimate morphometric
parameters at Micro-watershed to understand the hydrological response of the catchment at the Micro-watershed level. Daily runoff
is estimated using USDA SCS curve number model for a period of 10 years from 2001 to 2010. The rainfall runoff relationship of the
study shows there is a positive correlation.
Keywords: morphometric analysis, runoff, remote sensing and GIS, SCS - method
-
Effect of variation of plastic hinge length on the results of non linear anal...eSAT Journals
Abstract The nonlinear Static procedure also well known as pushover analysis is method where in monotonically increasing loads are applied to the structure till the structure is unable to resist any further load. It is a popular tool for seismic performance evaluation of existing and new structures. In literature lot of research has been carried out on conventional pushover analysis and after knowing deficiency efforts have been made to improve it. But actual test results to verify the analytically obtained pushover results are rarely available. It has been found that some amount of variation is always expected to exist in seismic demand prediction of pushover analysis. Initial study is carried out by considering user defined hinge properties and default hinge length. Attempt is being made to assess the variation of pushover analysis results by considering user defined hinge properties and various hinge length formulations available in literature and results compared with experimentally obtained results based on test carried out on a G+2 storied RCC framed structure. For the present study two geometric models viz bare frame and rigid frame model is considered and it is found that the results of pushover analysis are very sensitive to geometric model and hinge length adopted. Keywords: Pushover analysis, Base shear, Displacement, hinge length, moment curvature analysis
Effect of use of recycled materials on indirect tensile strength of asphalt c...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Depletion of natural resources and aggregate quarries for the road construction is a serious problem to procure materials. Hence
recycling or reuse of material is beneficial. On emphasizing development in sustainable construction in the present era, recycling of
asphalt pavements is one of the effective and proven rehabilitation processes. For the laboratory investigations reclaimed asphalt
pavement (RAP) from NH-4 and crumb rubber modified binder (CRMB-55) was used. Foundry waste was used as a replacement to
conventional filler. Laboratory tests were conducted on asphalt concrete mixes with 30, 40, 50, and 60 percent replacement with RAP.
These test results were compared with conventional mixes and asphalt concrete mixes with complete binder extracted RAP
aggregates. Mix design was carried out by Marshall Method. The Marshall Tests indicated highest stability values for asphalt
concrete (AC) mixes with 60% RAP. The optimum binder content (OBC) decreased with increased in RAP in AC mixes. The Indirect
Tensile Strength (ITS) for AC mixes with RAP also was found to be higher when compared to conventional AC mixes at 300C.
Keywords: Reclaimed asphalt pavement, Foundry waste, Recycling, Marshall Stability, Indirect tensile strength.
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
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Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
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Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Water billing management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project entitled “Water Billing Management System” aims is to generate Water bill with all the charges and penalty. Manual system that is employed is extremely laborious and quite inadequate. It only makes the process more difficult and hard.
The aim of our project is to develop a system that is meant to partially computerize the work performed in the Water Board like generating monthly Water bill, record of consuming unit of water, store record of the customer and previous unpaid record.
We used HTML/PHP as front end and MYSQL as back end for developing our project. HTML is primarily a visual design environment. We can create a android application by designing the form and that make up the user interface. Adding android application code to the form and the objects such as buttons and text boxes on them and adding any required support code in additional modular.
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Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
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A dual mechanism of the drag reduction by rigid polymers and cationic surfactant complex and nanofluids of xanthan gum and hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium chloride copy
1. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 04 Issue: 02 | Feb-2015, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 84
A DUAL MECHANISM OF THE DRAG REDUCTION BY RIGID
POLYMERS AND CATIONIC SURFACTANT: COMPLEX AND
NANOFLUIDS OF XANTHAN GUM AND HEXADECYL TRIMETHYL
AMMONIUM CHLORIDE
Edward Oluwasoga Akindoyo1
, Hayder A Abdulbari2
, Zainab Yousif3
1
PhD Scholar, Faculty of Chemical and Natural Resources Engineering, University Malaysia Pahang, Lebuhraya Tun
Razak 26300, Gambang, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia.
2
Associate Professor and Director, Center of Excellence for Advanced Research in Fluid Flow (CARIFF), University
Malaysia Pahang, Lebuhraya Tun Razak 26300, Gambang, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
3
PhD Scholar, Faculty of Chemical and Natural Resources Engineering, University Malaysia Pahang, Lebuhraya Tun
Razak 26300, Gambang, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
Abstract
Several approaches have been employed to reduce the high cost of energy associated with the way liquids are transported in
pipelines. Polymers have been widely explored to replace the pumping stations and other high energy cost mechanisms, but
degrade over a period of time due to the accompanying turbulent mode of such transportation. Surfactants which are better
alternatives with the ability to reenact their lost efficiency, are less effective, there is therefore the need for an alternative
mechanism for drag reduction. In this present work, drag reduction efficacy of dispersed silica nanoparticle additives with polar
additives as complexes and nanofluid have been investigated as a new method to reduce drag. Thus the present work was carried
out with Xanthan gum which is able to withstand degradation compared to the flexible polymers, hexadecyltrimethyl ammonium
chloride as the surfactant and sodium salicylate as the counterion. In the study both complexes and nanofluid were able to reduce
drag as well as withstand shear stresses, although at different concentration which could be as a result of the different
approaches of working, about 60% drag reduction was observed. It could thus be concluded that, these materials are able to
reduce drag both as complex or nanofluid, only that, they could do that at different concentrations.
Keywords: Nanofluid, Polymers, Surfactants, Drag reduction, rotating disk apparatus, degradation
--------------------------------------------------------------------***----------------------------------------------------------------------
1. INTRODUCTION
The concept of frictional drag is not a new one, as it is a part
of our daily activities. In air craft, liquid transportation or in
the petroleum industries. Right from the earliest discovery in
1948 [1], numerous efforts have been made to explain the
real mechanism associated with it as well as the best way to
reduce such. The concept, otherwise referred to as drag
reduction. As a result of this, many authors have contributed
significantly to the study of drag reduction [2-6].
In the course of these investigations, many materials
otherwise called “drag reduction agents” have as well been
employed. Among these DRAs, Polymers, as discovered by
Toms [1] have been the greatest explored and investigated.
Nevertheless, they are prone to the challenge of mechanical
degradation, especially under the influence of shear stress or
temperature increase, which invariably reduce their
efficiency [7]. Another set of material are the surfactants
which have been investigated by many authors [8-11.], they
offer an advantage of self-repair through micelles formation
after degradation [12-14], but are less effective when
compared to the polymers. Few other materials which have
been investigated as drag reduction agents are fibers [15]
bubbles [16] solid particles etc. which have been proven less
effective as well as of different physical working
mechanism and more prone to degradation compared to the
polymers [17]. Thus, there is yet to be a universal acceptable
material on this subject matter. This has initiated continuous
efforts to research other materials.
In a study [15], suggests a combination of polymers and
fibers as significant drag reduction with better stability
against degradation compared to polymers alone. In view of
this, Carbon nanotube nanofluid have been investigated to
reduce drag and are mechanically stable as a result of their
outstanding physical and chemical features [18]. In a recent
study [19], carbon nanotube were as well used to form
nanofluid which enhanced the drag reduction ability of
polymeric additives. Nevertheless, CNT are very expensive
and if cost it to be considered, then, alternative cheaper and
cost effective materials should be explored.
As a result of this, a close substitute for CNT are the silica
nanoparticles which have been confirmed of good stability
in organic solvents, good dispersivity as well as lubrication
additives [20-22]
2. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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This has been confirmed with the study by [23]. However,
most of these studies were carried out in pipe flow system
and with flexible polymer additives. Thus, there is need to
investigate the role of these materials with rigid polymers
which is the major motivation for this work.
In this present work, cost effective and efficient SiO2
nanoparticles were used for the first time, to modify rigid
polar additives and to produce nanofluids which are
investigated at various operating conditions in a rotating
disk apparatus. Different operating parameters were as well
experimented to verify their drag reduction efficacy.
1.1 Experimental Materials
Materials employed in this study were all supplied by Sigma
Aldrich, Malaysia and used without further treatment. They
are glycerine, Xanthan gum; 2.4 g/ cm3
density, 20–30 nm
length and 180–600 m2/g specific surface area (SSA) silica
nanoparticle; hexadecyltrimethyl ammonium chloride
(CTAC) of molecular weight 364 kg kmol−1
and Sodium
salicylate (NaSal) of molecular weight 160 kg kmol−1
as
counterion and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) as dispersant
1.2 Experimental Procedure
The surfactant-counterion was prepared by accurately
measuring both materials and dissolved in double deionzed
water of about 5.07 kg, after which their mixture was
mechanically agitated for a period of 15 min, this was
carried out for a homogenous sample.
Polymers and Complexes were prepared by measuring the
required concentrations of both polymers and surfactants,
these were as well dissolved in double deionzed water of
about 5.07 kg as stock concentration until the final
concentration were prepared as the case may be for the
experiment.
The Nanofluid was however prepared by dissolving the
surfactant in the base liquid at 0.5 wt % and thereafter
mixed with the silica nanoparticle in an ultrasonic bath for
12 h for the well dispersed homogenous suspension for this
study. Detailed explanation is reported in Section 1.3.
1.3 Nano Fluid Preparation
In this present work, the first mixture to be prepared was a
baseline which is a combination of glycerine and double
deionized water in the ratio of 60wt% to 40wt%
respectively, this was able to achieve our desired viscosity
of approximately 8.10*10-3
Pa.s. This was followed by
preparing a conventional polymer drag reducing fluid
mixture by mechanically mixing the Xanthan gum of Mv =
2.0*106
g/mol with water–glycerin solution baseline, we
then prepared another mixture, comprising of the baseline
and 20–30 nm silica nanoparticle of 2.4 g/ cm3
density and
specific surface area (SSA), 180–600 m2
/g, this was done to
compare between these mixtures. Lastly Nano fluid was
prepared by dissolving 70ppm of 20–30 nm silica
nanoparticle of 2.4 g/ cm3
density and specific surface area
(SSA), 180–600 m2
/g and 100ppm of Xanthan gum of Mv =
2.0*106
g/mol which were all mixed and magnetically
stirred. But it is of interest to note that, these materials are
prone to agglomeration, thus, we dispersed them before
further investigations. In most of the literatures, Nano fluids
have been well dispersed by (a) sonication in ultrasonic bath
for a period of time, (b) Dispersed in distilled water
containing other dispersant at known adjusted PH, (c) High
shear homogenizer treatment for some time, all of these
have been reported and according to [24], Nano fluids
produced in this manner are stable for months without any
form of sedimentations. But in this present work, a
surfactant, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) was used as the
dispersant where it was initially dissolved in the base fluid,
at 0.5 wt.% with magnetic stirrer followed by the
introduction of other materials as initially explained in this
section and further sonicated with 9 W of 30 kHz ultrasonic
processor for a period of 12h. Nano fluids were then
produced within the range of 0.4-1.0 wt. % nanoparticle
concentrations
1.4 Rotating Disk Apparatus (RDA)
The schematic representation of the Rotating Disk
Apparatus (RDA) used in this present study is denoted by
Figure 1. It is used to stimulate external flow of the sample
thereby recoding the influence of Torque against their
respective rotational speed. The equipment consists of a
stainless steel solution container and a lid of about 165
diameter and 88mm height and 60 mm thickness for the
container and lid dimensions respectively, maximum
solution capacity of about 1200mL, an accompanying disk
of about 3mm thickness and 148mm in diameter. For data
collection and recording, the RDA has a computer display
system where the torque is taken supported by the inbuilt
motor assembly which enable the disk to be operated, it
consists of a servo driver DS2-20P7-AS of motor capacity
0.75 kW by Xin Jie Electronic Co. Ltd, Malaysia. The
equipment is operated at a maximum operated rotational
disk speed of 3000 rpm with excellent rotational
acceleration.
There is direct connection between the servo motor and an
interface which captures the torque values at every
rotational speed of the motor thereby converting to readable
form in the computer display system with a SCADA
software.
3. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 04 Issue: 02 | Feb-2015, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 86
Fig 1: Graphical image of a rotating disk apparatus for the drag reduction measurement: (1) speed controller, (2) thermocouple,
(3) motor, (4) solution container, (5) water bath, (6) water-circulating system, (7) thermometer, and (8) PC.
1.5 Calculations
For data acquisition, materials tested were fed into the
chamber of approximately 1200Ml, as the disk were rotated
from 50-3000rpm, data were taken and recorded while
maintaining the temperature at 25⁰C ±0.05⁰C. Thus, the
percentage drag reduction was calculated as:
Ti and Ta denote torques reading before and after adding the
polymeric additive respectively. Flow parameters are
depicted by rotational Reynolds number NRe obtained as:
From the equation above ω, μ, ρ, R represent disk rotational
speed, fluid viscosity, fluid density and disk radius
respectively.
2. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
2.1 Effects of Additive Concentration
Figures 2, 3 and 4 depict the impact of additive
concentration on Torque as the rotational speed increased,
despite the effects of the torque which invariably exerts high
shear forces on the additive molecules, increase in the
concentration were able to withstand degradation in all these
additives, from this observation, the concentration played
important role in all. It could thus be opined that all these
materials are effective drag reducers. In addition, their
mechanism of working could be based on the increase in
percentage drag reduction molecules which is favored by the
increase in their respective concentrations. Therefore, any
further increase in the additive concentrations has a direct
drastic increase in the solution viscosity which decreases
the turbulent strenght, other wise referred to as the reduction
of Reynolds number, Nre. As the process continued, the
frictional drag increases. It could be clearly seen in these
Figures that the energy dissipated due to friction by the
rotation of the disk could be taken which indicate the rate of
additives stability against degradation, owing to the fact
that, rotational flow is a drag induced flow. From the
Figures 1,2 and 3 there are no much difference in the
Torque reading at lower Nre, which are the initial readings
from 50-400rpm, but as they move further, there are
noticeable impact of the torque, yet, as a result of the
concentration increase, they were observed to be stable.
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Fig 2: Torque effects on different concentrations of XG
Fig 3: Torque effects on different concentrations of HTAC
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Fig 4: Torque effects on different concentrations of SP
Fig 5: Torque effects on additives and 2D complex
2.2 Drag Reduction of all Samples
The Drag reduction ability of all samples is reported in Figures 2-8. This was achieved from the Torque reading, the data obtained
from this investigation are the only prerequisite measurement required for fluid drag reduction calculations with repect to the pure
solvent as explained in section 1.5. In all the additives, they all showed drag reduction capability, only that, their concentration,
mechanism are not the same.
6. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 04 Issue: 02 | Feb-2015, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 89
Fig 6: Torque effects on additives and 3D complex
2.3 Drag Reduction of the Polar Additives
Drag reduction efficacy of the polymer and the surfactant
are clearly shown in figures 2 and 3 respectively, from the
Figures, it could be seen that the two additives were able to
reduce drag. Neverthless, the drag reduction by the polymer
is more pronounced than in the surfactant, this could be as a
result of the viscoelastic nature of the polymer which is less
with the surfactant. However, the surfactant has ability to
form micelles which is why they were able to withstand the
degradation under the influence of shear stress, this could be
seen in Figure 3 at 1750 rotaional speed, this is the major
attribute which initiated their combination with polymer as
complex mixture. Although it has been argued that, the
mechanism of their drag reduction is different from that of
the polymer as well as less effective to the polymer [17],
nevertheless, the two materials were able to reduce drag to
an extent.
2.4 Drag Reduction Effects of Nano Silica
Figure 4 shows the drag reduction investigation of the silica
nanoparticle, it is also observed that these materials were
able to reduce drag as well as influence the drag reduction
capability of the other materials, although they exhibit a
slight behavior than the water alone, the slightest drag
reduction behavior noticed with them could have been as a
result of the present of the baseline in the sample. These
materials were tested on preparing different concentrations
and investigated in the rotating disk apparatus. In addition,
combining these materials with other drag reduction
additives yielded better impact on their drag reducing
efficacy, moreover they greatly influence the drag reduction
ability in the Nano fluid. All these could have been made
possible due to the role of the baseline, polymer and the
surfactants. From this, it could be opined that silica
nanoparticles could augment the drag reducing ability of
xanthan gum and Nano fluids.
2.5 Drag Reduction Effects of Complex and Nano
Fluid
Figures 5 and 6 show drag reduction capability of the
complex mixtures produced from the individual additives
without and with the introduction of nanosilica particles
respectively. It is of interest that both complexes were able
to reduce drag as well as great stability, this is as a result of
the data from the Torque reading with respect to the
rotational speed of the disk in each case. However, the
introduction of the silica nanoparticle in Figure 6 enhanced
greater stability than in the two dimensional complex of
Figure 5, this could be as a result of the great attributes of
the materials as enumerated by [20-22]. On the other hand,
Figures 7 and 8 depict the results of the Nano fluids
prepared from the baseline, polymer and the silica
nanoparticles where the Torque percent is related to the
respective rotational speed, overall, the materials were able
to reduce drag, despite the fact that there are different types
prepared, from these Figures, at very low concentration of
the silica nanoparticle, there was no much impact on the
drag reduction as all the material exhibit almost same
characteristic like the water, from this behavior, one could
opine that the inability of the disk wall to be well by the
presence of the nano-SiO2 could have resulted into such, in
contrast, an entirely different observation was noticed when
there was increase in the concentration as there was
effective drag reduction. This observation suggests the
availability of reasonable quantity of nano-SiO2 available to
smoothen the disk surface, a similar study was reported by
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[23], which was investigated in pipe while this is the first
time such will be investigated in a rotating disk apparatus.
From this behavior, it could be said that surface
modification is one of the most important mechanism
through which these materials reduce drag with Nano fluid
of nano-SiO2, initiated by their rigid nature. In addition to
this, presence of well dispersed nano-SiO2 in the complex
mixture could have initiated their ability to influence these
materials whereas their rigidity might have prevented them
from reducing drag when solely applied but were able to
interact with other DRAs to give structures which could
influence them and also enhance their mechanical
degradation while maintaining some flexibility, in a similar
study by [19] with CNT and PEO in pipes, same was
reported, but for the first time, similar study is undertaken in
a RDA.
Fig 7: Torque effects on the nanofluid without counterion
Fig 8: Torque effects on the nanofluid with counterion
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2.6 Degradation Effects of Complex and Nano Fluid
Xanthan gum are able to reduce drag as well as withstand
mechanical degradation than the flexible polymers,
nevertheless, when a complex mixture was prepared with
the surfactant, they improve greatly the drag reduction
capability and they tend to perform better than the individual
drag reducing agents, this could have been made possible
due to the presence of the surfactants owing to the fact that
they are able to realign after degradation, thus, introducing
them into the polymer, they exhibit such characteristics
whereby they withstand degradation over a period of time.
Apart from this, introducing the silica nanoparticle has
greatly improved such drag reducing ability. Moreover,
Nano fluids produced from these combination were able to
reduce drag, while comparing the complex and the Nano
fluid, it is interesting to observe that the duo were able to
reduce drag accordingly, one important observation to note
here is that the micelles formed in the complex and Nano
fluids with noticeable volume increase in larger assemblies
of wormlike micelles observed in these mixtures could have
been as a result of the counterion used with this surfactant, it
could be opined that the counterion modified the packing
parameter which reduce distances between surfactant
molecules head groups and the effective surface area of the
head group at micelle interface. Similar observation have
been observed in the study by [10, 25, 26]
2.7 Comparing the Complex with Nano Fluids
The ability of nano-sio2 to influence the drag reduction
capability of both polymer and complex mixture could be
confirmed while comparing their complex mixtures and the
nano fluid, the ability of these materials enhance such
mixtures in the dual nature has proven beyond reasonable
doubts that they play a role in their host fluids, nevertheless,
they were able to perform at different concentration and
efficacy. Direct comparison of the influence of counterion
on the drag reduction effectiveness in these mixtures shows
a diminish drag reduction effectiveness in the absence of
counterion in the complex mixture while it was the opposite
when counterion was introduced, in similar study, the nano
fluid behavior was opposite to the behavior with the
complex, this is because there was improved drag reduction
when counterion was absent in the nano fluid and opposite
without.
2.8 Drag Reduction With Respect To Reynolds
Number
Figures 9 and 10 show the roles of Reynolds number on the
drag reduction percent of the naofluid prepared without and
with counterion respectively, in both, drag reduction were
observed, but their mechanical stability were different. It is a
well known that there is a critical point and maximum point
where drag reduction is observed with additives. From the
Figures, the maximum drag reduction were observed at
Nre=5*106
. From the two Figures, increase in the nanofluid
concentration affected their respect stability. Since the best
stability was noticed with the nanofluid prepared without
counterions, thus, it could be realized that the counterion has
little or no effects on the nanofluid, especially when they are
preapared from rigid polymers. Virk [27] has been able to
classify gross flow of polymeric additives solution in pipe as
laminar, transitional, turbulent flow with or without drag
reduction, decrease in the DR% behaviour of these
nanofluids could be as a response to these flow behaviour
until the final collapse. Thus, such classification couldd be
applicable with rotating disk flow systems.
Fig 9: %DR at various Reynolds number of nanofluids
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Fig 10: %DR at various Reynolds number of nanofluids with counterion
3. CONCLUSION
Several work as reported in this study, were undertakenin a
rotating disk apparatus using rigid polymers and surfactants
as complex mixtures and nanofluid. There was good
agreement between the dual nature of the mixtures produced
from these additives, although with different concentrations
and materials substitutions. Major observation was the
availability of reasonable quantity of nano-SiO2 available to
smoothen the disk surface in either of the cases. Moreover,
the increase in drag reduction is enhanced with additive
concentration.
Drag reduction and mechanical stability was more with the
three dimensional complex which is augmented with silica
nanoparticles and less with the two dimensional without
nanoparticles.
Moreover, the impact of counterion in each case also has a
role to play where it favored the complex mixtures and the
opposite with the nanofluid.
Lastly, the silica nanoparticle has a major role in the
stability of these materials as they augment them, thereby
preventing their degradation over a period of time.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors of this paper wish to express their profound
gratitude to the Universiti Malaysia Pahang for funding this
research work with RDU 1403169.
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BIOGRAPHIES
Edward Oluwasoga Akindoyo is a PhD
student under Assoc. Prof. Dr. Hayder
Abdulbari, Faculty of Chemical and Natural
Resources Engineering, Universiti Malaysia
Pahang, Malaysia
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Hayder Abdulbari is the
Director, Centre of Excellence for Advanced
Research in Fluid flow (CARIFF), and a
Lecturer, Universiti Malaysia Pahang,
Malaysia, He specializes in Fluid Flow.
Zainab Yousif is a PhD student under
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Hayder Abdulbari, Faculty
of Chemical and Natural Resources
Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Pahang,
Malaysia