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The document discusses diabetes mellitus (DM), including its classification, epidemiology, pathophysiology, symptoms, screening, treatment goals, and management. DM is a group of metabolic disorders characterized by hyperglycemia and defects in insulin secretion and action. It is classified into type 1, type 2, gestational, and other specific types. Treatment aims to achieve glycemic control through lifestyle modifications like diet, exercise, and medication including insulin therapy for type 1 DM.
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Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic disorders characterized by high blood glucose levels resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. There are three main types of diabetes: type 1 diabetes caused by lack of insulin production; type 2 diabetes involving insulin resistance and relative lack of insulin; and gestational diabetes which occurs during pregnancy. Left uncontrolled, diabetes can lead to serious complications but it can be managed through lifestyle changes, medication including insulin therapy, and medical supervision.
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What is diabetes mellitus, Epidemiology of diabetes, Diabetes diagnosis, Features of diabetes, WHO classification of Diabetes Mellitus, Complications of diabetes, Metabolic alterations of diabetes, Oral glucose tolerance test, WHO criteria of OGTT interpretation, Classification of diabetes mellitus, Gestational diabetes, Pre-diabetes, Insulin, Biosynthesis of insulin, Insulin actions, Hypoglycemia, Impaired fasting glucose, Insulin structure
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Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by high blood glucose levels. There are four main types: type 1 caused by lack of insulin; type 2 caused by insulin resistance and lack of insulin; gestational occurring during pregnancy; and other types associated with other conditions. Symptoms include increased urination, thirst, hunger, and weight loss. Complications include heart disease, stroke, eye problems, kidney disease, and nerve damage. Treatment involves diet, exercise, blood glucose monitoring, medication including insulin injections, and health education.
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This document provides an overview of diabetes mellitus, including its classification, pathophysiology, clinical features, investigations, diagnostic criteria, and management. It discusses the different types of diabetes, risk factors, characteristics, and laboratory findings. Type 1 diabetes results from beta cell destruction leading to insulin deficiency, while type 2 involves insulin resistance with relative insulin deficiency. Gestational diabetes occurs during pregnancy.
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The document provides an overview of the pancreas and its role in producing hormones that regulate blood glucose levels. It discusses types of diabetes, including type 1 caused by lack of insulin and type 2 caused by insulin resistance. It describes classes of anti-diabetic medications, including insulin secretagogues like sulfonylureas and meglitinides that stimulate insulin release, and insulin sensitizers like biguanides and thiazolidinediones that improve insulin response without affecting secretion. Common adverse effects and considerations for use are outlined for each drug class.
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This document provides an overview of diabetes mellitus (DM), including its pathogenesis, signs and symptoms, diagnostic criteria, complications, and management. It discusses the two main types of DM (type 1 and type 2), their distinguishing characteristics, and the role of insulin in the body. The document outlines microvascular and macrovascular complications of long-term hyperglycemia, such as retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy, and cardiovascular disease. It also covers diabetic ketoacidosis, risk factors for type 2 DM, and the increased risk of coronary heart disease in diabetic patients.
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The document discusses the pathophysiology and treatment of diabetes mellitus, outlining the different types of diabetes, prevalence rates, diagnostic criteria, treatment goals, and classes of antidiabetic medications. Management involves both nonpharmacologic approaches like diet and exercise as well as pharmacologic therapies including insulin, metformin, sulfonylureas, meglitinides, thiazolidinediones, DPP-4 inhibitors, GLP-1 agonists, and SGLT2 inhibitors. The goal of treatment is to control blood glucose levels, lower HbA1c, prevent acute and chronic complications, and maintain
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This document discusses diabetes mellitus (DM), including the main types of DM (type 1, type 2, gestational, monogenic), pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, complications, diagnosis, prediabetes, and metabolic syndrome. It defines the diagnostic criteria and thresholds for DM and prediabetes using fasting plasma glucose, oral glucose tolerance test, and A1C levels. Key recommendations are provided for diagnosing DM and prediabetes.
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This document discusses the classification, diagnosis, and prevalence of diabetes mellitus. It begins by classifying diabetes into type 1, type 2, and other specific types. The criteria for diagnosing diabetes include an A1C of 6.5% or higher, a fasting plasma glucose of 126 mg/dL or higher, or a 2-hour plasma glucose of 200 mg/dL or higher during an oral glucose tolerance test. The document also discusses gestational diabetes, noting it affects 4-5% of pregnancies. Risk factors for testing asymptomatic individuals are outlined.
Diabetes melitus by dr aftab ahmed
This document provides an overview of diabetes mellitus, including its classification, pathophysiology, clinical features, investigations, diagnostic criteria, and management. It discusses the different types of diabetes, focusing on type 1 and type 2. Key points include that diabetes results from defects in insulin secretion or action leading to hyperglycemia, its classification is now based on etiology rather than treatment, and management involves lifestyle modifications, oral medications, and possibly insulin therapy.
Diabetes
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease characterized by high blood glucose levels resulting from defects in insulin production or insulin action. There are two main types - type 1 is caused by lack of insulin and type 2 is caused by insulin resistance. Gestational diabetes occurs during pregnancy and usually resolves after delivery. Diagnosis involves fasting plasma glucose tests or oral glucose tolerance tests. Emergencies can include diabetic ketoacidosis, hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state, or hypoglycemia.
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This document provides an overview of diabetes mellitus (DM). It defines DM as a group of metabolic disorders characterized by hyperglycemia. There are distinct types of DM caused by genetic and environmental interactions. The key hormones that regulate glucose homeostasis are insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin which are produced by cells in the pancreas. Screening for DM is recommended for those over age 45 or those with additional risk factors. Treatment involves patient education, lifestyle modifications, and medications like metformin, sulfonylureas, and thiazolidinediones.
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The document discusses management of type 2 diabetes patients in primary care. It notes that the majority of diabetic patients receive care from primary care physicians rather than specialists. A large study found little advantage for patients under the care of endocrinologists compared to family practitioners, except for improved foot care and lower infection risk. Overall health status and mortality were similar between the two groups. Effective management of type 2 diabetes requires addressing multiple factors including glycemic control, blood pressure, lipids, weight, and lifestyle changes.
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This document discusses diabetes mellitus (DM), including defining DM, classifying its different types, explaining their pathogenesis and clinical presentation, listing common complications, and outlining management approaches. DM results from defects in insulin production/action leading to high blood glucose. The main types are type 1 (autoimmune beta cell destruction), type 2 (insulin resistance/deficiency), and gestational diabetes (during pregnancy). Complications can be acute or chronic, affecting eyes, kidneys, nerves, heart, etc. Treatment involves lifestyle changes, medications like insulin and oral drugs, glucose monitoring, and managing complications.
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- 17. Symptoms of diabetes and a casual plasma glucose ≥ 200 mg/dl The symptoms of diabetes include polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, ketoacidosis, and unexplained weight loss. OR FPG ≥ 126 mg/dl OR 2-h plasma glucose ≥200 mg/dl after an OGTT (using a glucose load containing the equivalent of 75-g anhydrous glucose dissolved in water). Criteria for the diagnosis of diabetes These criteria should be confirmed by repeat testing on a different day
- 19. Acanthosis Nigricans A skin disorder characterized by velvety, light-brown-to-black, markings usually on the neck, under the arms or in the groin. Acanthosis nigricans is most often associated with hyperinsulimea http://www.aocd.org/skin/dermatologic_diseases/acanthosis_nigrica.html http://dermatology.cdlib.org/DOJvol6num1/original/acanthosis/katz.html
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