Diabetes mellitus is a serious metabolic disorder that has become increasingly prevalent. The number of people with diabetes is expected to increase from 285 million to 435 million people worldwide by 2030.
T2DM manifests as a result of insulin resistance, increased hepatic glucose production, and b-cell failure. This lecture will explain the association between vitamin D3 & T2DM
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease characterized by the body's inability to produce or respond to the hormone insulin, resulting in impaired metabolism of glucose and high blood glucose levels. There are four main types of diabetes: prediabetes, type 1 diabetes caused by an absolute insulin deficiency, type 2 diabetes caused by defects in insulin secretion and effectiveness accounting for 90% of cases, and gestational diabetes during pregnancy. Treatment depends on the type and includes insulin therapy, oral hypoglycemic drugs, diet, exercise and managing complications which can include cardiovascular, kidney and nerve damage if not controlled.
This document provides an overview of diabetes mellitus (DM), including the main types, signs and symptoms, complications, risk factors, and treatments. It discusses type 1 DM, type 2 DM, and gestational DM. Type 1 is characterized by a lack of insulin production and usually develops in childhood. Type 2 is caused by insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency, accounting for 90% of DM cases. Gestational DM occurs during pregnancy. The document also reviews insulin mechanisms, oral hypoglycemic drugs used to treat DM, and potential impacts of gestational DM on children.
This document provides an overview of diabetes mellitus, including its classification, pathophysiology, clinical features, investigations, diagnostic criteria, and management. It discusses the different types of diabetes, risk factors, characteristics, and laboratory findings. Type 1 diabetes results from beta cell destruction leading to insulin deficiency, while type 2 involves insulin resistance with relative insulin deficiency. Gestational diabetes occurs during pregnancy.
The document discusses diabetes mellitus and its implications for prosthodontic treatment. It covers the classification, pathophysiology, diagnosis and complications of diabetes. It notes that diabetes is a metabolic disorder characterized by insulin deficiency or resistance that can lead to various complications affecting the eyes, kidneys, nerves and cardiovascular system if not properly managed. The document outlines prosthodontic considerations for patients with diabetes, such as reducing stress, maintaining proper oral hygiene and controlling blood sugar levels during dental procedures to prevent hypoglycemic emergencies. Special design techniques are described for prostheses in diabetic patients.
This document discusses diabetes mellitus and its various types. It defines diabetes as a metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia due to lack of insulin or cellular resistance to insulin. There are four main types of diabetes: type 1 usually diagnosed in childhood and requiring daily insulin injections; type 2 which is most common and often associated with obesity; gestational diabetes occurring during pregnancy; and pre-diabetes involving above average blood glucose. Symptoms, diagnostic tests, treatment options involving medications and insulin, and management are described for the different types of diabetes.
Type 2 dm gdm new updates & guidelinesSachin Verma
Type 2 diabetes is a multifactorial disorder characterised by progressive pancreatic beta-cell dysfunction and insulin- resistance, leading to relative insulin deficiency, chronic hyperglycaemia, and various complications.
The treatment options for this disorder, which aim at correcting one or other of the two major pathophysiological mechanisms, have been hamstrung by unacceptable side-effects, lack of patient acceptability, and loss of efficacy over time.
This document provides an overview of the pathophysiology of diabetes mellitus. It defines diabetes as a group of metabolic disorders resulting in hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia due to defects in insulin secretion or action. The document discusses the classification, symptoms, diagnosis and complications of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. It also covers the physiology of insulin synthesis, secretion and action, as well as the risk factors and pathophysiology underlying different types of diabetes.
Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterized by chronic hyperglycemia. The main types are type 1 diabetes, which accounts for 10% of cases and results from autoimmune destruction of beta cells, and type 2 diabetes, which accounts for 80% of cases and involves insulin resistance and impaired insulin secretion. Diagnosis is confirmed by random plasma glucose over 200 mg/dL or an oral glucose tolerance test. Complications include acute issues like ketoacidosis and hypoglycemia, and chronic complications involving the cardiovascular, renal, neurological, and ophthalmic systems.
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease characterized by the body's inability to produce or respond to the hormone insulin, resulting in impaired metabolism of glucose and high blood glucose levels. There are four main types of diabetes: prediabetes, type 1 diabetes caused by an absolute insulin deficiency, type 2 diabetes caused by defects in insulin secretion and effectiveness accounting for 90% of cases, and gestational diabetes during pregnancy. Treatment depends on the type and includes insulin therapy, oral hypoglycemic drugs, diet, exercise and managing complications which can include cardiovascular, kidney and nerve damage if not controlled.
This document provides an overview of diabetes mellitus (DM), including the main types, signs and symptoms, complications, risk factors, and treatments. It discusses type 1 DM, type 2 DM, and gestational DM. Type 1 is characterized by a lack of insulin production and usually develops in childhood. Type 2 is caused by insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency, accounting for 90% of DM cases. Gestational DM occurs during pregnancy. The document also reviews insulin mechanisms, oral hypoglycemic drugs used to treat DM, and potential impacts of gestational DM on children.
This document provides an overview of diabetes mellitus, including its classification, pathophysiology, clinical features, investigations, diagnostic criteria, and management. It discusses the different types of diabetes, risk factors, characteristics, and laboratory findings. Type 1 diabetes results from beta cell destruction leading to insulin deficiency, while type 2 involves insulin resistance with relative insulin deficiency. Gestational diabetes occurs during pregnancy.
The document discusses diabetes mellitus and its implications for prosthodontic treatment. It covers the classification, pathophysiology, diagnosis and complications of diabetes. It notes that diabetes is a metabolic disorder characterized by insulin deficiency or resistance that can lead to various complications affecting the eyes, kidneys, nerves and cardiovascular system if not properly managed. The document outlines prosthodontic considerations for patients with diabetes, such as reducing stress, maintaining proper oral hygiene and controlling blood sugar levels during dental procedures to prevent hypoglycemic emergencies. Special design techniques are described for prostheses in diabetic patients.
This document discusses diabetes mellitus and its various types. It defines diabetes as a metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia due to lack of insulin or cellular resistance to insulin. There are four main types of diabetes: type 1 usually diagnosed in childhood and requiring daily insulin injections; type 2 which is most common and often associated with obesity; gestational diabetes occurring during pregnancy; and pre-diabetes involving above average blood glucose. Symptoms, diagnostic tests, treatment options involving medications and insulin, and management are described for the different types of diabetes.
Type 2 dm gdm new updates & guidelinesSachin Verma
Type 2 diabetes is a multifactorial disorder characterised by progressive pancreatic beta-cell dysfunction and insulin- resistance, leading to relative insulin deficiency, chronic hyperglycaemia, and various complications.
The treatment options for this disorder, which aim at correcting one or other of the two major pathophysiological mechanisms, have been hamstrung by unacceptable side-effects, lack of patient acceptability, and loss of efficacy over time.
This document provides an overview of the pathophysiology of diabetes mellitus. It defines diabetes as a group of metabolic disorders resulting in hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia due to defects in insulin secretion or action. The document discusses the classification, symptoms, diagnosis and complications of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. It also covers the physiology of insulin synthesis, secretion and action, as well as the risk factors and pathophysiology underlying different types of diabetes.
Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterized by chronic hyperglycemia. The main types are type 1 diabetes, which accounts for 10% of cases and results from autoimmune destruction of beta cells, and type 2 diabetes, which accounts for 80% of cases and involves insulin resistance and impaired insulin secretion. Diagnosis is confirmed by random plasma glucose over 200 mg/dL or an oral glucose tolerance test. Complications include acute issues like ketoacidosis and hypoglycemia, and chronic complications involving the cardiovascular, renal, neurological, and ophthalmic systems.
This document summarizes the classification, diagnosis, and pharmacological treatment of diabetes mellitus. It discusses the following key points in 3 sentences:
Type 1 diabetes results from autoimmune destruction of beta cells leading to insulin deficiency. Type 2 diabetes involves progressive loss of insulin secretion against a background of insulin resistance. Gestational diabetes involves any degree of glucose intolerance with onset or first recognition during pregnancy. The document also discusses glycemic targets, criteria for diagnosing diabetes and prediabetes, screening for gestational diabetes, and the pharmacological approaches including metformin, sulfonylureas, GLP-1 receptor agonists, and DPP-4 inhibitors.
Diabetes Mellitus is one of the leading causes of death through its effects on cardiovascular disease. It is also a leading cause of blindness, renal failure and lower limb amputation, with type 2 diabetes accounting for 85-95% of cases. The global prevalence of type 2 diabetes is projected to increase significantly by 2025, including in India where it is expected to grow to 80 million cases by 2030. Screening guidelines recommend screening those over age 30, overweight individuals, those with family history or other risk factors. Treatment targets glycemic control through monitoring HbA1c, lipids, blood pressure, weight, and screening for complications.
Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels resulting from defects in insulin secretion or insulin action. The document discusses the types of diabetes, clinical features, complications, diagnosis, management through diet, exercise, oral medications and insulin therapy, and prevention. Treatment aims to control blood glucose and prevent complications through lifestyle modifications, medications, education and monitoring of self-care activities.
Diabetes mellitus is a disease characterized by high blood glucose levels resulting from defects in insulin production or insulin action. There are two main types of diabetes - type 1 diabetes is caused by an inability to produce insulin, while type 2 diabetes involves insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency. Left untreated, diabetes can lead to serious complications affecting the eyes, kidneys, nerves, heart, and blood vessels. Treatment involves managing blood sugar levels through lifestyle changes, oral medications, and/or insulin therapy.
This document provides an overview of diabetes mellitus including its definition, classification, clinical features, investigations, treatment, and complications. It begins with defining the objectives of the lecture which are to define DM, classify its types, list predisposing factors and clinical features, and discuss drugs used in treatment. It then covers epidemiology, the main types of DM including type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes. Key aspects of diagnosis and management are summarized such as diagnostic criteria, goals of treatment, and approaches including non-pharmacologic, pharmacologic, and surgical options.
1. The document classifies and describes the main types of diabetes mellitus including Type 1, Type 2, LADA, gestational diabetes, and genetic subtypes like MODY.
2. It provides details on the pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnostic criteria and management of each type of diabetes.
3. The document also presents 5 clinical cases of patients with diabetes and asks the reader to determine the type of diabetes based on the history and investigations provided.
THE NUTRITION THERAPY IN DIABETIC PATIENTS: A REVIEWPARUL UNIVERSITY
Diabetes Mellitus is one of the leading metabolic disorders in the world with many complications. The
management of Diabetes Mellitus can prevent many chronic diseases like stroke, myocardial infarction, diabetic
nephropathy, neuropathy and obesity. An appropriate dietary changes and lifestyle changes have proven to be
effective in the preventing and management of this disorder.Medical nutrition therapy (MNT) is an essential
component of diabetes management that comprises counseling and recommendations for dietary intake and nutrition
goals by a registered dietician (RD) or a nutrition expert to optimize metabolic control and maximize treatment
outcomes. The designing of the diet according to the nutrional needs of an individual and regular monitoring by a
dietician can provide effective results in the management. The counseling with the patient provides the detailed
information about the diet and the modifications in the diet can be made according to the age, weight, glucose level
and physical activity. The desired goal of the blood pressure, blood glucose, triglycerides can be achieved by
following the diet plan.
Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by high blood glucose levels. There are four main types: type 1 caused by lack of insulin; type 2 caused by insulin resistance and lack of insulin; gestational occurring during pregnancy; and other types associated with other conditions. Symptoms include increased urination, thirst, hunger, and weight loss. Complications include heart disease, stroke, eye problems, kidney disease, and nerve damage. Treatment involves diet, exercise, blood glucose monitoring, medication including insulin injections, and health education.
Dr. Zeenat Hussain Foundation is working to create awareness against diseases like diabetes among the common people of Pakistan. This lecture is part of their campaign. The lecture discusses diabetes, including the different types of diabetes, symptoms, complications, diagnosis, management through lifestyle changes and medications, and prevention. Feedback from attendees is appreciated to help improve awareness efforts.
This document defines and describes various types of diabetes. It begins by defining diabetes mellitus as a chronic disease related to abnormal insulin production or utilization. The two most common types are type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Type 1 diabetes results from autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing beta cells and requires lifelong insulin treatment. Type 2 diabetes is caused by insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency and accounts for over 90% of diabetes cases. Other types discussed include gestational diabetes and secondary/prediabetes. The document provides detailed information on the pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnosis and management of the different diabetes types.
Diabetes is a group of metabolic disorders caused by defects in insulin production or insulin action, resulting in hyperglycemia. The total number of people with diabetes worldwide is projected to rise from 171 million in 2000 to 366 million by 2030. Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease characterized by the destruction of insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. Genetic susceptibility, autoimmune factors, and environmental triggers like viral infections contribute to the pathogenesis. Multiple genes influence the risk of developing type 1 diabetes, with the HLA locus conferring the greatest risk. Islet cell autoantibodies against insulin, GAD, and IA-2 are markers for disease progression.
This document discusses diabetes mellitus type 1 (DM1) in children. It begins by outlining the types of diabetes and focuses on DM1. DM1 results from loss of pancreatic function and insulinopenia. It then discusses the presentation of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) in a 7-year-old patient from Saudi Arabia. The document reviews risk factors, genetic predispositions, diagnostic criteria and management of DM1 and DKA. Management involves rehydration, treating electrolyte imbalances, acidosis, hyperglycemia and monitoring for complications such as cerebral edema.
This document discusses diabetes mellitus, including its classification, clinical features, complications, diagnosis, and management. It covers the two primary types of diabetes - type 1 characterized by lack of insulin production and type 2 related to insulin resistance. The acute complications include ketoacidosis, hypoglycemia, and hyperosmolar coma. Chronic complications affect the microvasculature like retinopathy, neuropathy, and nephropathy as well as the macrovasculature with atherosclerosis and hypertension. Good management can help prevent or delay the serious complications of diabetes.
Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic disorders characterized by high blood glucose levels resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. There are three main types of diabetes: type 1 diabetes caused by lack of insulin production; type 2 diabetes involving insulin resistance and relative lack of insulin; and gestational diabetes which occurs during pregnancy. Left uncontrolled, diabetes can lead to serious complications but it can be managed through lifestyle changes, medication including insulin therapy, and medical supervision.
This document defines diabetes mellitus and provides details on the classification, signs and symptoms, epidemiology, etiology, diagnosis, and treatment of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Key points include:
- Diabetes is defined by hyperglycemia and can be diagnosed based on fasting plasma glucose levels, random plasma glucose levels, or oral glucose tolerance tests.
- Type 1 diabetes is characterized by an autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells leading to insulin deficiency, while type 2 diabetes involves insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency.
- Common signs and symptoms include polyuria, polydipsia, weight loss, blurred vision, and fatigue. Long-term complications affect the eyes, kidneys, nerves, and
Type 2 diabetes is a chronic metabolic disease characterized by high blood glucose levels resulting from defects in insulin secretion and insulin action. The document provides an overview of type 2 diabetes, including its causes, risk factors, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, management through diet, exercise and oral hypoglycemic agents. It also discusses the classification, epidemiology and complications of diabetes as well as the role of insulin and pancreatic function in glucose homeostasis.
- The document discusses the diagnosis and management of type 2 diabetes mellitus. It describes the pathophysiology, risk factors, diagnostic criteria and complications seen at diagnosis. Early and intensive management is needed given the loss of beta cell function at diagnosis. Goals of management include achieving blood glucose, blood pressure and lipid targets to prevent complications. The ADA/EASD consensus statement recommends initial treatment with lifestyle modification and metformin, adding basal insulin or intensive insulin if targets are not met.
This document provides an overview of diabetes mellitus, including its classification into type 1 and type 2 diabetes. It defines each type, describing their pathophysiology, causes, signs and symptoms. Type 1 diabetes results from the body's immune system attacking insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. Type 2 involves insulin resistance and reduced insulin secretion. Diagnostic tests and treatment options are also reviewed, along with pancreatic anatomy and the role of insulin in regulating blood sugar levels. Complications of diabetes and collaborative care approaches are briefly mentioned.
This document summarizes diabetes, including its definition, types, diagnosis, treatment, and complications. It defines diabetes as a metabolic disorder resulting from defects in insulin production or action, leading to hyperglycemia. The two main types are type 1, where the body does not produce insulin, and type 2, where the body does not produce enough insulin or is resistant to insulin. Diagnosis involves blood glucose testing. Treatment depends on diabetes type but may include diet, exercise, medication, and insulin. Complications can impact small blood vessels like in the eyes and kidneys, and large blood vessels leading to heart, foot and brain issues if not managed.
Vitamin D3, methods of measurement and it's correlation with diabetes mellitusShaymaaMAlshareefi
Diabetes mellitus is a serious metabolic disorder that has become increasingly prevalent. The number of people with diabetes is expected to increase from 285 million to 435 million people worldwide by 2030.
T2DM manifests as a result of insulin resistance, increased hepatic glucose production, and b-cell failure. This lecture will explain the association of vitamin D3 & T2DM
This document discusses the relationship between vitamin D, calcium levels, and type 2 diabetes (T2DM). It suggests that low vitamin D and calcium levels may play a role in the development of T2DM by impacting insulin secretion and resistance. The document reviews studies showing associations between low vitamin D levels and impaired glucose tolerance/diabetes. While vitamin D's main role is maintaining calcium levels and bone health, emerging evidence indicates it may also influence T2DM risk and glycemic control through effects on insulin and immune function.
This document summarizes the classification, diagnosis, and pharmacological treatment of diabetes mellitus. It discusses the following key points in 3 sentences:
Type 1 diabetes results from autoimmune destruction of beta cells leading to insulin deficiency. Type 2 diabetes involves progressive loss of insulin secretion against a background of insulin resistance. Gestational diabetes involves any degree of glucose intolerance with onset or first recognition during pregnancy. The document also discusses glycemic targets, criteria for diagnosing diabetes and prediabetes, screening for gestational diabetes, and the pharmacological approaches including metformin, sulfonylureas, GLP-1 receptor agonists, and DPP-4 inhibitors.
Diabetes Mellitus is one of the leading causes of death through its effects on cardiovascular disease. It is also a leading cause of blindness, renal failure and lower limb amputation, with type 2 diabetes accounting for 85-95% of cases. The global prevalence of type 2 diabetes is projected to increase significantly by 2025, including in India where it is expected to grow to 80 million cases by 2030. Screening guidelines recommend screening those over age 30, overweight individuals, those with family history or other risk factors. Treatment targets glycemic control through monitoring HbA1c, lipids, blood pressure, weight, and screening for complications.
Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels resulting from defects in insulin secretion or insulin action. The document discusses the types of diabetes, clinical features, complications, diagnosis, management through diet, exercise, oral medications and insulin therapy, and prevention. Treatment aims to control blood glucose and prevent complications through lifestyle modifications, medications, education and monitoring of self-care activities.
Diabetes mellitus is a disease characterized by high blood glucose levels resulting from defects in insulin production or insulin action. There are two main types of diabetes - type 1 diabetes is caused by an inability to produce insulin, while type 2 diabetes involves insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency. Left untreated, diabetes can lead to serious complications affecting the eyes, kidneys, nerves, heart, and blood vessels. Treatment involves managing blood sugar levels through lifestyle changes, oral medications, and/or insulin therapy.
This document provides an overview of diabetes mellitus including its definition, classification, clinical features, investigations, treatment, and complications. It begins with defining the objectives of the lecture which are to define DM, classify its types, list predisposing factors and clinical features, and discuss drugs used in treatment. It then covers epidemiology, the main types of DM including type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes. Key aspects of diagnosis and management are summarized such as diagnostic criteria, goals of treatment, and approaches including non-pharmacologic, pharmacologic, and surgical options.
1. The document classifies and describes the main types of diabetes mellitus including Type 1, Type 2, LADA, gestational diabetes, and genetic subtypes like MODY.
2. It provides details on the pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnostic criteria and management of each type of diabetes.
3. The document also presents 5 clinical cases of patients with diabetes and asks the reader to determine the type of diabetes based on the history and investigations provided.
THE NUTRITION THERAPY IN DIABETIC PATIENTS: A REVIEWPARUL UNIVERSITY
Diabetes Mellitus is one of the leading metabolic disorders in the world with many complications. The
management of Diabetes Mellitus can prevent many chronic diseases like stroke, myocardial infarction, diabetic
nephropathy, neuropathy and obesity. An appropriate dietary changes and lifestyle changes have proven to be
effective in the preventing and management of this disorder.Medical nutrition therapy (MNT) is an essential
component of diabetes management that comprises counseling and recommendations for dietary intake and nutrition
goals by a registered dietician (RD) or a nutrition expert to optimize metabolic control and maximize treatment
outcomes. The designing of the diet according to the nutrional needs of an individual and regular monitoring by a
dietician can provide effective results in the management. The counseling with the patient provides the detailed
information about the diet and the modifications in the diet can be made according to the age, weight, glucose level
and physical activity. The desired goal of the blood pressure, blood glucose, triglycerides can be achieved by
following the diet plan.
Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by high blood glucose levels. There are four main types: type 1 caused by lack of insulin; type 2 caused by insulin resistance and lack of insulin; gestational occurring during pregnancy; and other types associated with other conditions. Symptoms include increased urination, thirst, hunger, and weight loss. Complications include heart disease, stroke, eye problems, kidney disease, and nerve damage. Treatment involves diet, exercise, blood glucose monitoring, medication including insulin injections, and health education.
Dr. Zeenat Hussain Foundation is working to create awareness against diseases like diabetes among the common people of Pakistan. This lecture is part of their campaign. The lecture discusses diabetes, including the different types of diabetes, symptoms, complications, diagnosis, management through lifestyle changes and medications, and prevention. Feedback from attendees is appreciated to help improve awareness efforts.
This document defines and describes various types of diabetes. It begins by defining diabetes mellitus as a chronic disease related to abnormal insulin production or utilization. The two most common types are type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Type 1 diabetes results from autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing beta cells and requires lifelong insulin treatment. Type 2 diabetes is caused by insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency and accounts for over 90% of diabetes cases. Other types discussed include gestational diabetes and secondary/prediabetes. The document provides detailed information on the pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnosis and management of the different diabetes types.
Diabetes is a group of metabolic disorders caused by defects in insulin production or insulin action, resulting in hyperglycemia. The total number of people with diabetes worldwide is projected to rise from 171 million in 2000 to 366 million by 2030. Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease characterized by the destruction of insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. Genetic susceptibility, autoimmune factors, and environmental triggers like viral infections contribute to the pathogenesis. Multiple genes influence the risk of developing type 1 diabetes, with the HLA locus conferring the greatest risk. Islet cell autoantibodies against insulin, GAD, and IA-2 are markers for disease progression.
This document discusses diabetes mellitus type 1 (DM1) in children. It begins by outlining the types of diabetes and focuses on DM1. DM1 results from loss of pancreatic function and insulinopenia. It then discusses the presentation of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) in a 7-year-old patient from Saudi Arabia. The document reviews risk factors, genetic predispositions, diagnostic criteria and management of DM1 and DKA. Management involves rehydration, treating electrolyte imbalances, acidosis, hyperglycemia and monitoring for complications such as cerebral edema.
This document discusses diabetes mellitus, including its classification, clinical features, complications, diagnosis, and management. It covers the two primary types of diabetes - type 1 characterized by lack of insulin production and type 2 related to insulin resistance. The acute complications include ketoacidosis, hypoglycemia, and hyperosmolar coma. Chronic complications affect the microvasculature like retinopathy, neuropathy, and nephropathy as well as the macrovasculature with atherosclerosis and hypertension. Good management can help prevent or delay the serious complications of diabetes.
Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic disorders characterized by high blood glucose levels resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. There are three main types of diabetes: type 1 diabetes caused by lack of insulin production; type 2 diabetes involving insulin resistance and relative lack of insulin; and gestational diabetes which occurs during pregnancy. Left uncontrolled, diabetes can lead to serious complications but it can be managed through lifestyle changes, medication including insulin therapy, and medical supervision.
This document defines diabetes mellitus and provides details on the classification, signs and symptoms, epidemiology, etiology, diagnosis, and treatment of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Key points include:
- Diabetes is defined by hyperglycemia and can be diagnosed based on fasting plasma glucose levels, random plasma glucose levels, or oral glucose tolerance tests.
- Type 1 diabetes is characterized by an autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells leading to insulin deficiency, while type 2 diabetes involves insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency.
- Common signs and symptoms include polyuria, polydipsia, weight loss, blurred vision, and fatigue. Long-term complications affect the eyes, kidneys, nerves, and
Type 2 diabetes is a chronic metabolic disease characterized by high blood glucose levels resulting from defects in insulin secretion and insulin action. The document provides an overview of type 2 diabetes, including its causes, risk factors, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, management through diet, exercise and oral hypoglycemic agents. It also discusses the classification, epidemiology and complications of diabetes as well as the role of insulin and pancreatic function in glucose homeostasis.
- The document discusses the diagnosis and management of type 2 diabetes mellitus. It describes the pathophysiology, risk factors, diagnostic criteria and complications seen at diagnosis. Early and intensive management is needed given the loss of beta cell function at diagnosis. Goals of management include achieving blood glucose, blood pressure and lipid targets to prevent complications. The ADA/EASD consensus statement recommends initial treatment with lifestyle modification and metformin, adding basal insulin or intensive insulin if targets are not met.
This document provides an overview of diabetes mellitus, including its classification into type 1 and type 2 diabetes. It defines each type, describing their pathophysiology, causes, signs and symptoms. Type 1 diabetes results from the body's immune system attacking insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. Type 2 involves insulin resistance and reduced insulin secretion. Diagnostic tests and treatment options are also reviewed, along with pancreatic anatomy and the role of insulin in regulating blood sugar levels. Complications of diabetes and collaborative care approaches are briefly mentioned.
This document summarizes diabetes, including its definition, types, diagnosis, treatment, and complications. It defines diabetes as a metabolic disorder resulting from defects in insulin production or action, leading to hyperglycemia. The two main types are type 1, where the body does not produce insulin, and type 2, where the body does not produce enough insulin or is resistant to insulin. Diagnosis involves blood glucose testing. Treatment depends on diabetes type but may include diet, exercise, medication, and insulin. Complications can impact small blood vessels like in the eyes and kidneys, and large blood vessels leading to heart, foot and brain issues if not managed.
Vitamin D3, methods of measurement and it's correlation with diabetes mellitusShaymaaMAlshareefi
Diabetes mellitus is a serious metabolic disorder that has become increasingly prevalent. The number of people with diabetes is expected to increase from 285 million to 435 million people worldwide by 2030.
T2DM manifests as a result of insulin resistance, increased hepatic glucose production, and b-cell failure. This lecture will explain the association of vitamin D3 & T2DM
This document discusses the relationship between vitamin D, calcium levels, and type 2 diabetes (T2DM). It suggests that low vitamin D and calcium levels may play a role in the development of T2DM by impacting insulin secretion and resistance. The document reviews studies showing associations between low vitamin D levels and impaired glucose tolerance/diabetes. While vitamin D's main role is maintaining calcium levels and bone health, emerging evidence indicates it may also influence T2DM risk and glycemic control through effects on insulin and immune function.
Vitamin D has increasingly been recognized for its importance beyond bone health. It may help prevent over 100 disorders ranging from cancer to diabetes to depression. Many people have deficient or insufficient vitamin D levels. While sunlight is the best source, factors like sunscreen use, age, and skin pigmentation can reduce natural vitamin D production. Supplementation is often recommended. Vitamin D is involved in processes throughout the body like immune function, cell growth, neuromuscular and immune functioning. Low levels are linked to higher risk of diseases like cancer, heart disease, diabetes, and autoimmune conditions like multiple sclerosis. Testing levels and supplementing to reach optimal levels may provide significant health benefits.
Vitamin D is a hormone produced in the skin upon exposure to sunlight or obtained through diet and supplements. It is hydroxylated in the liver to form 25-hydroxyvitamin D and then in the kidneys to form the active hormone calcitriol. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels reflect overall vitamin D status from all sources. Levels below 30 ng/mL are considered insufficient for health. Vitamin D deficiency is common and associated with increased risk of various diseases. Supplementation of at least 1000 IU daily is generally safe and necessary to achieve optimal vitamin D status for most adults.
Vitamin D plays an important role in regulating calcium levels and bone health. It is also involved in insulin regulation and may protect against cancer, cardiovascular disease, and infections. Vitamin D deficiency can lead to rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults as well as increased risk of falls in older adults. Supplementation is recommended for those with inadequate sunlight exposure or dietary intake, with dosage depending on age.
Vitamin d in health and disease august 2020Khaled Saad
Vitamin D plays an important role in skeletal health and the immune system. The document discusses vitamin D deficiency as an underrecognized problem, and summarizes evidence that vitamin D supplementation can reduce infections in children and may help prevent autoimmune disorders and childhood asthma. Vitamin D is involved in calcium regulation, bone growth, cell growth, and immune function. Deficiency has been linked to increased risk of various diseases while supplementation may decrease risk of some chronic conditions.
This market for vitamin D supplements is projected to reach $2.5 billion by 2020, growing at 11% annually. Currently, many vitamin D supplements have poor absorption in the body. A new product called SMART-D3 contains solubilized vitamin D3 in a highly bioavailable formulation as a dry powder capsule. It is the first product of its kind to provide fully bioavailable vitamin D3 in a convenient, once-daily capsule. Vitamin D plays an important role in bone and heart health, immunity, and reducing the risk of various diseases.
Vitamin D deficiency is common in critically ill neonates. A study found serum 25-OH vitamin D levels were significantly lower in critically ill neonates compared to healthy newborns, with no correlation to disease severity except in pneumonia cases. The study recommended measuring 25-OH vitamin D levels in critically ill neonates and ensuring adequate maternal vitamin D intake during pregnancy and lactation, as well as vitamin D supplementation for breastfed infants. Guidelines for treating vitamin D deficiency in children include daily or weekly high dose vitamin D supplementation for 4-8 weeks, followed by maintenance doses, while insufficiency is managed with biweekly or monthly lower dose supplementation.
This document discusses vitamin D deficiency in children. It covers vitamin D metabolism, sources, benefits, and deficiency. Regarding deficiency, it defines it as a 25-hydroxyvitamin D level below 20 ng/mL. Common causes include lack of sun exposure and low dietary intake. Signs and symptoms can include bone pain, muscle weakness, fatigue, and bone deformities like rickets. Laboratory findings show low vitamin D levels while radiological findings reveal issues with bone mineralization. Prevention focuses on supplementation and treatment involves higher dose vitamin D, like 50,000 IU weekly for 8-12 weeks.
This document discusses vitamin D deficiency in children. It covers vitamin D metabolism, sources, benefits, and deficiency. Regarding deficiency, it defines it as a 25-hydroxyvitamin D level below 20 ng/mL. Common causes include lack of sun exposure and low dietary intake. Signs and symptoms can include bone pain, muscle weakness, fatigue, and bone deformities like rickets. Laboratory findings show low vitamin D levels while radiological findings reveal issues with bone mineralization. Prevention focuses on supplementation and treatment involves higher dose vitamin D, like 50,000 IU weekly for 8-12 weeks.
All About Vitamin D
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This document discusses vitamin D deficiency in children. Some key points:
- Vitamin D deficiency is very common in India, affecting 50-90% of the population, due to factors like low dietary calcium and changing lifestyles.
- Deficiency can cause hypocalcemia and rickets in children. Treatment involves vitamin D supplementation, with options for daily, weekly, or single high dose ("Stoss") therapy.
- Guidelines define deficiency as 25(OH)D levels <20 ng/mL. Treatment is recommended for levels <15 ng/mL or if clinical symptoms are present.
- Treatment regimens aim to correct deficiency and replenish stores, while monitoring calcium, phosphorus
Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin derived from cholesterol that functions as a steroid hormone. It is present in the skin in an inactive form, 7-dehydrocholesterol, and is converted to the active form calciferol when the skin is exposed to sunlight. The active form of vitamin D binds to vitamin D receptors in target cells and acts as a transcription factor that modulates gene expression involved in calcium absorption and bone health. Risk factors for vitamin D deficiency include inadequate sun exposure, skin pigmentation, obesity, and certain medical conditions or medications. Vitamin D deficiency can lead to rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults, and has also been associated with increased risk of diabetes, preecl
The global epidemic and the d lightful vitaminRISHIKESAN K V
Vitamin D deficiency is a global epidemic affecting over 1 billion people worldwide. The document discusses how despite plentiful sunlight, 78% of UAE residents have vitamin D deficiency due to indoor lifestyles and clothing habits. It also summarizes that three quarters of US teens and adults are deficient in vitamin D and this is linked to diseases like rickets, osteomalacia, heart disease, cancers, diabetes and more. The document advocates for vitamin D supplementation and sensible sun exposure to help regulate over 2000 genes and 160 metabolic pathways influenced by vitamin D.
Vitamin D deficiency is common worldwide. It is important to measure 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels to assess vitamin D status, with levels below 30 ng/mL considered deficient. For children and adults who are deficient, treatment with high dose vitamin D is recommended for 8 weeks, followed by maintenance therapy. Supplementation of at least 400 IU of vitamin D daily is recommended for pregnant women to prevent deficiency. While sunlight exposure produces vitamin D, excess sun exposure should be avoided due to skin cancer risks.
Vitamin D is essential for neurological health. It is synthesized in the skin upon sun exposure and supports calcium absorption and bone health. Low vitamin D levels are common and associated with increased risk of multiple sclerosis (MS), where each 10 nmol/L increase in vitamin D is associated with lower odds of MS lesions and relapses. For other conditions like Parkinson's and Alzheimer's, low vitamin D is linked to higher risk, though the mechanisms are still being explored. Screening and supplementation can help maintain sufficient vitamin D levels to support neurological and overall health.
This document discusses vitamin D, including its sources, functions, deficiency, recommended intake levels, associated health conditions, investigations, and management. Key points:
- Vitamin D is important for calcium absorption and bone health but many people are deficient due to lack of sun exposure and inadequate dietary intake.
- Deficiency can lead to bone diseases like rickets and osteomalacia as well as increased risk of cancers, cardiovascular disease, autoimmune disorders, and falls in older adults.
- At risk groups include breastfed infants, older adults, those with limited sun exposure or darker skin, obese individuals, and pregnant/postmenopausal women.
- Testing vitamin D levels helps diagnose deficiency as insufficient levels below
Vitamin D plays an important role in maintaining bone and immune system health. The document discusses that vitamin D deficiency is common in Western countries due to limited sun exposure and may increase risk of conditions like diabetes. Maintaining adequate vitamin D levels through sun exposure, supplementation, or diet can help regulate blood sugar levels and support overall health.
My personal response to the DiabetesUK slideshow from YouTube.
I set out the reasons why I think current DiabetesUK policy is promoting diabetes incidence and maintaining diabetics dependency on drugs.
I believe DiabetesUK should be making greater efforts to educate people to lower the risk of diabetes and should also be aiming to reduce diabetics reliance on drug use.
Vitamin D deficiency is common in obesity and is both a consequence of and risk factor for several metabolic conditions. Lower vitamin D levels are seen in obese individuals due to sequestration in fat tissue and lack of sun exposure. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with metabolic syndrome, hypertension, diabetes, high cholesterol, and increased cardiovascular risk. Supplementation may help treat vitamin D deficiency, but obesity also needs to be addressed to fully resolve the underlying causes.
Similar to Vitamin D3, methods of measurement and it's correlation with diabetes mellitus. (20)
One health condition that is becoming more common day by day is diabetes.
According to research conducted by the National Family Health Survey of India, diabetic cases show a projection which might increase to 10.4% by 2030.
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptxTina Purnat
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These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
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We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.
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2. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM)
Diabetes mellitus is a serious metabolic disorder that has become
increasingly prevalent. The number of people with diabetes is
expected to increase from 285 million to 435 million people
worldwide by 2030.
T2DM manifests as a result of insulin resistance, increased
hepatic glucose production and b-cell failure.
3. Vitamin D3
Vitamin D, although traditionally classified as a vitamin, actually
performs functions that are analogous to those of a hormone. It
plays an integral role in maintaining the health of your bone,
teeth and joints and assisting the immune system to function
properly.
4. Vitamin D synthesis pathway
Exposure to UVB sunlight activates 7-dehydrocholesterol (7-
DHC), a pre-cursor structure made from cholesterol and found
predominantly within the epidermis, to form pre-vitamin D3. Pre-
vitamin D3 then isomerizes to vitamin D3 which is then carried to
the liver where it is hydroxylated by 25-hydroxylase and then the
kidney by 25(OH)D3-1α-hydroxylase to form the biologically active
1,25-dihydroxyvitamin-D3 (1,25(OH)2D3). 1,25(OH)2D3 is now
free to exert its effects by binding to vitamin D receptor (VDR) in
the target tissues.
6. 1,25 OH Vitamin D Effects
* Increase calcium absorption by the intestinal mucosa.
* Decreased renal calcium and phosphorus excretion.
•
* increasing bone calcification.
*it plays a role in immune function and more recently is thought to
play a role in T2DM.
7. Non-classical Actions of Vitamin D
Suppress cell growth/proliferation and Regulate apoptosis.
Modulate immune responses
Susceptibility to infections
Susceptibility to autoimmune disorders for example T1DM
Suppress renin-angiotensin system
Stimulate insulin secretion so it has a role in T2DM
8.
9. Vitamin D deficiency
The signs of Vitamin D deficiency can range from bone pain and
muscle weakness to depression and weakened immune system,
while long-term deficiency can result in obesity, Hypertention,
osteoporosis, Alzheimer’s disease, type 2 diabetes and many other
diseases.
11. Causes of Vitamin D Deficiency
Vitamin D deficiency can occur for a number of reasons:
Don't consuming adequate amount of the vitamin D over time: eg: Strict
vegan diet.
Limited exposure to sunlight : if you are homebounded, wear long robes or head
coverings for religious reasons, or have a job that prevents sun exposure, you will
be at risk for vitamin D deficiency.
12. Renal failure
Cause inability to convert vitamin D to its active form.
Malabsorption
Cause intestinal tract cannot adequately absorb vitamin D.
Obesity: Vitamin D is extracted from the blood by fat cells, altering its release
into the blood circulation. People with a BMI ≥ 30 often have low blood levels of
vitamin D.
Dark skin. The pigment of melanin reduces the skin's ability to make vitamin D
in response to sunlight exposure.
Reduction of skin synthesis
-Sunscreen use (SPF 15 reduces vitamin D3 synthesis by 99%)
- Aging (reduction of vitamin D3 synthesis by 75% in elderly since 7-
dehydrocholesterol is reduced in a people of 70 year old)
13. Vitamin D deficiency…
In brief:
If you don’t expose to the sunlight adequately, follow a vegetarian diet or suffer
from milk allergies, you may be at risk for vitamin D deficiency.
14. Tests for Vitamin D Deficiency
The most effective way of measuring vitamin D status is to
measure serum concentration of 25(OH)D3, not 1,25(OH)2D3; this
is due to the rapid clearance rate of the Latter.
A level of 20-50 ng/mL is considered adequate for healthy
people, with anything below 20 ng/ml considered deficient.
However, it is now known that raising the amount of vitamin D in
your body to around 60-80 ng/ml can help keep blood glucose levels
under control, which is vital for people with diabetes.
15. Who Should Be Screened for Vitamin D
Deficiency
Elderly and Obese people.
Home bounded or institutionalized patients
Patients with malabsorption problems.
Patients with osteoporosis or osteopenia, Chronic kidney or chronic
liver disease
Patients with nonspecific musculoskeletal pain
Patients who take medications that induce cytochrome P-450
enzymatic activity.
16. Vitamin D Deficiency….
Solutions
Exposing to the sunlight for 15-20 minutes each day
Alternatively, you can get the daily requirement of vitamin D
through dietary supplements and foods for example: nuts, oily fish,
eggs, powdered milk and some fortified cereals.
17.
18.
19. Treatment for Vitamin D Deficiency
-concentration of less than 20 ng/ml is generally considered
inadequate, requiring treatment.
-Treatment involves getting more vitamin D through diet and
supplements.
- Guidelines from the Institute of Medicine increased the RDA of
vitamin D to 600 IU for everyone ages 1-70, and raised it to 800 IU
for adults older than age 70 to optimize bone health. The safe upper
limit was also raised to 4,000 IU.
20.
21. Vitamin D and Diabetes
Vitamin D deficiency and diabetes have one major trait in
common: both are pandemic. The International Diabetes Federation
estimates the number of people with diabetes worldwide to be nearly
285 million, or 7% of the world's population. This number is
expected to exceed 435 million by 2030. In the United States, an
estimated 79 million people have pre-diabetes
22. Mechanisms of action
There is an Accumulating evidence indicates that insufficient
concentrations of circulating 1,25(OH)2D3 are associated with
glucose intolerance, insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome and
increased risk for development of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes.
First, the β-cell of the pancreas that secretes insulin has been shown
to contain VDRs as well as the 1 alpha hydroxylase enzyme
Second evidence indicates that vitamin D treatment improves
glucose tolerance and insulin resistance ( stimulate insulin receptor
expression).
23. Mechanisms of action
In addition, many animal studies showed that 1,25 –dihydroxyvitamin D3
(1,25(OH)2D3) stimulates the pancreatic β-cell to secrete insulin by Vitamin D3
has an indirect effect on insulin secretion through the Calcium where vitamin D
contributes to normalization of extracellular calcium, ensuring normal calcium
flux through cell membranes since Ca stimulate insulin release to the blood;
therefore, low vitamin D may diminish calcium's ability to increase insulin
secretion.
The relationship between vitamin D deficiency and insulin resistance could
develop through inflammation, as vitamin D deficiency is associated with
increased inflammatory markers. In addition, genetic polymorphisms of vitamin D
–related genes may predispose to impaired glycemic control and type 2 diabetes
25. Aid weight loss
good vitamin D status → reduce (PTH) levels which in the long-term → weight loss and
reduce risk of obesity, which is a major risk factor for type 2 diabetes.
Regulate appetite
vitamin D ↑hormone leptin, which controls body fat storage and triggers the sensation of
satiety and lowering hunger levels.
Reduce belly fat
↑ vitamin D → ↓cortisol, higher and more prolonged levels of this hormone in the blood
can lead to ↑ abdominal (or visceral) fat, which is linked to various health problems
including T2DM.
26. Take Home Points
Vitamin D deficiency is common
-At least 800 IU of vitamin D3 /day is needed to maintain vitamin D sufficiency
-Sensible sun exposure
27. Summary and Conclusion
Although the role of vitamin D in helping to regulate blood glucose remains
poorly understood, vitamin D status appears to play a role in the development and
treatment of diabetes.
According to Danescu et al. “both animal and human studies support the notion
that adequate vitamin D supplementation may decrease the incidence of type 1 and
possibly type 2 diabetes mellitus and may improve the metabolic control in the
diabetes state. However, the exact mechanisms are not clear and need further
investigation.”
29. Clinical significance of Vitamin D
measurement
Historically, vitamin D has been known for its role in the mineralization of teeth
and bones through regulation of calcium and phosphorus homeostasis. More
recently, there is emerging evidence of the role of vitamin D in protection against
risk for malignant neoplasms, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes, along with
osteoporosis and other bone disorders.
Redefining what is considered to be a sufficient plasma level of 25-hydroxy
vitamin D would potentially reclassify more people as vitamin D insufficient and
trigger the need for treatment and monitoring of vitamin D levels
30. Clinical significance of Vitamin D
measurement
The relationship of blood vitamin D levels to these disorders is not entirely clear,
so standardization of laboratory methods for vitamin D analysis and redefining
the reference range that indicate health and disease are of most importance.
In 2010, new guidelines from The Institute of Medicine (IOM) defined sufficient
levels of total vitamin D as 20 to 50 ng/mL and toxicity as greater than 50
ng/mL. Evidence shows that total 25-hydroxy vitamin D is the most clinically
significant form. The methods used in routine laboratory testing should be able
to measure total 25-hydroxy vitamin D and to convey that information clearly to
clinicians.
31. Analytical Methods for Quantification of
Vitamin D
Historically, vitamin D was measured by competitive binding methods, high-
performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and radioimmunoassay (RIA).This
method has been used to establish reference ranges during the past decade.
The DiaSorin 25-hydroxyl vitamin D assay is a 2-step procedure that involves a
rapid extraction of 25-hydroxy vitamin D and other hydroxylated metabolites
from serum or plasma, followed by a competitive RIA procedure using an
antibody with specificity for 25-hydroxy vitamin D
32. Analytical Methods for Quantification
of Vitamin D
Newer chromatographic methods have been developed to improve sensitivity,
to simplify steps, and to measure all forms of vitamin D.
One example is a liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method
that was developed to analyze all forms and metabolites of vitamin D
simultaneously, including D2, D3, and 25-hydroxy vitamin D in serum. The process
uses an ionization detector technique known as atmosphericpressure photo
ionization (APPI) to provide additional sensitivity for analysis. The method is less
difficult compared with other LC methods because it doesn’t require pre-
concentration steps.
33. Analytical Methods for Quantification
of Vitamin D
High-performance liquid chromatography methods quantitate 25-hydroxy vitamin
D2 and D3. HPLC methods are available in kit form (Hitachi High-Technologies
Corporation Tokyo, Japan, and Thermo Fisher Scientific, Sunnyvale, CA) in an
effort to standardize test quality and to make the assays more cost effective and
less labor intensive. The Hitachi method uses a reverse phase column and diode
array detection, which allow for highly sensitive simultaneous analysis at optimal
wavelengths.
34. Immunoassay Methods
Several United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA)–approved immunoassay
methods are available, including:
1- quantitative chemiluminescent immunoassay (CLIA) methods.
The method measures total 25-hydroxy vitamin D and other hydroxylase vitamin
D metabolites in human serum.
During the first step, 25-hydroxy vitamin D is dissociated from its binding protein
and binds to the specific solid phase antibody, followed by the addition of
vitamin D-isoluminol tracer; unbound material is removed with a wash cycle. In
the next step, the reagents are added to initiate the chemiluminescent reaction.
The light signal is detected by a photomultiplier as relative light units; this
measurement is inversely proportional to the concentration of 25-hydroxy
vitamin D.
35. Immunoassay Methods
2-Enzyme Linked immunosorbent Assay (ELISA):
Serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D3 (25(OH)D3) is determined quantitatively in human
serum or plasma sample by using ELISA technique.
This assay is based on the sandwich ELISA principle where each well of the
supplied microliter plate has been pre-coated with a target specific capture
antibody. Standards or samples are added to the wells and the target antigen
binds to the capture antibody. A Horseradish Peroxidase (HRP)-conjugated
detection antibody is then added which binds to the captured antigen. Unbound
antigen and detection antibody is washed away. A tetra methyl benzidine (TMB)
substrate is then added which reacts with the HRP enzyme resulting in color
development. A sulfuric acid stop solution is added to terminate color
development reaction and then the optical density (OD) of the well is measured
at a wavelength of 450 nm.