This document defines and provides examples of different types of irony, literary genres, poetry forms, figurative language devices, narrative writing techniques, and grammar skills. It discusses dramatic, situational, and verbal irony. It also outlines fiction and nonfiction genres such as novels, short stories, biographies, essays, and more. Additionally, it covers narrative, persuasive, expository, and human interest writing styles.

2. IRONY

3. TYPES OF IRONY:
Dramatic Irony – the reader or the audience understands more about
the events of a story than the character
Situational Irony – this is when what actually happens is the opposite
of what is expected
Verbal Irony – (aka sarcasm) – a character says one thing, but really
means the opposite.

4. • EXAMPLES OF DRAMATIC IRONY:

5. • EXAMPLES OF SITUATIONAL IRONY:

6. • EXAMPLES OF VERBAL IRONY:

7. •LITERARY GENRES – aka types of writing
• NONFICTION:
• Biography/Autobiography - Narrative of a person's life. A true story about a
real person.
• Essay - A short literary composition that reflects the author's outlook or
point.
• Narrative nonfiction/Personal narrative - Factual information about a
significant event presented in a format which tells a story.
• Reference - Dictionary, thesaurus, encyclopedia, almanac, atlas, etc.

8. Fiction Subgenres
• Drama – stories composed in verse or prose, usually for theatrical performance, where conflicts and emotion are
expressed through dialogue and action
• Fable – narration demonstrating a useful truth, especially in which animals speak as humans; legendary,
supernatural tale
• Fairy tale – story about fairies or other magical creatures, usually for children
• Fantasy – fiction with strange or otherworldly settings or characters; fiction which invites suspension of reality
• Folklore – the songs, stories, myths, and proverbs of a people or "folk" as handed down by word of mouth
• Historical fiction – story with fictional characters and events in a historical setting
• Horror – fiction in which events evoke a feeling of dread and sometimes fear in both the characters and the reader
• Legend – story, sometimes of a national or folk hero, that has a basis in fact but also includes imaginative material
• Mystery – this is fiction dealing with the solution of a crime or the unraveling of secrets
• Mythology – legend or traditional narrative, often based in part on historical events, that reveals human behavior
and natural phenomena by its symbolism; often pertaining to the actions of the gods
• Realistic fiction – story that is true to life
• Science fiction – story based on impact of actual, imagined, or potential science, usually set in the future or on
other planets
• Short story – fiction of such brevity that it supports no subplots
• Suspense/Thriller – fiction about harm about to befall a person or group and the attempts made to evade the
harm

9. • NARRATIVE WRITING relates a clear sequence of events that occurs over
time. Both what happens and the order in which the events occur are
communicated to the reader. Effective narration requires a writer to give a
clear sequence of events (fictional or non-fictional) and to provide
elaboration
• PERSUASIVE WRITING is defined as presenting reasons and examples to
influence action or thought. Effective persuasive writing requires
a writer to state clearly an opinion and to supply reasons and specific
examples that support the opinion.

10. • EXPOSITORY WRITING is defined as presenting reasons, explanations, or
steps in a process. Logical order should be used with appropriate
sequencing of ideas or steps in a process. Effective expository
writing should contain a main idea, supporting details, and a conclusion.
(How-to, Directions, etc)
• “Human Interest” -
a quality of a story or report, as in a newspaper or on a newscast,
that engages attention and sympathy by enabling one to identify with the
people, problems, and situations described.
- Human interest stories often include interviews with people
involved in a story

11. TYPES OF POETRY:
Narrative poetry is a form of poetry that tells a story, often making use of the
voices of a narrator and characters as well; the entire story is usually written in
metred verse. (Ex: Ballad)
Lyric poems have a musical rhythm, and their topics often explore feelings or
strong emotions. You can usually identify a lyric poem by its musical qualities. An
emotional, rhyming poem is a lyrical poem.
Free verse is poetry that is free from limitations of regular meter or rhythm and
does not rhyme with fixed forms. Such poems are without rhythms and rhyme
schemes. They do not follow regular rhyme scheme rules and still provide artistic
expression.

12. Sequence vs. Chronology
• Something that is sequential follows a fixed order and
thus forms a pattern. ex. The pages are numbered
sequentially.
* Chronological - If things are described or shown in
chronological order, they are described or shown in the
order in which they happened. It relates to the timings
of the happenings.

13. SEQUENCE:
CHRONOLOGY:

14. • FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE:
• Simile - a figure of speech involving the comparison of one thing with
another thing of a different kind, used to make a description more
emphatic or vivid (e.g., as brave as a lion, crazy like a fox ).

15. • Metaphor -
a figure of speech containing an implied comparison, in which a word or
phrase ordinarily and primarily used of one thing is applied to another
(Ex.: the curtain of night, “all the world's a stage”)

16. • Personification - the attribution of a personal nature or human characteristics
to something nonhuman, or the representation of an abstract quality in
human form.

17. • Hyperbole - exaggerated statements or claims not meant to be
taken literally.

19. • Onomatopoeia - the formation of a word from a sound associated with
what is named (e.g., buzz, sizzle ).

20. SOME TERMS TO KNOW:
- Analysis - detailed examination of the elements or structure of a piece of
writing, typically as a basis for discussion or interpretation.
- Theme - The theme in a story is its underlying message, or 'big idea.' In other
words, what “life lesson” is the author trying to convey in the writing of a
novel, play, short story or poem? It is what the story means. Often, a piece of
writing will have more than one theme.
- Symbolism - Symbolism exists whenever something is meant to represent
something else. Symbolism is a figure of speech that is used when an author
wants to create a certain mood or emotion in a work of literature. It is the use
of an object, person, situation or word to represent something else, like an
idea, in literature. (examples include similes and metaphors)

21. • Characterization - Characterization in literature is the process authors use to
develop characters and create images of the characters for the audience.
• Research - the systematic investigation into and study of materials and
sources in order to establish facts and reach new conclusions.
- Effective research includes an introductory paragraph, which contains a
thesis statement and an overview
Thesis statement = a short statement that gives the main point or claim
of an essay or research paper, and is developed, supported, and explained in
the text by means of examples and evidence.
Overview = a summary of a subject

22. • Bibliography - a list of the books referred to in a scholarly work, usually printed
as an appendix.
- a list of the books of a specific author or publisher, or on a specific subject.
• First Person - First person narrative is a point of view where the story is
narrated by one character at a time. This character may be speaking about him
or herself or sharing events that he or she is experiencing.
• Third Person Objective - The third-person objective employs a narrator who
tells a story without describing any character's thoughts, opinions, or feelings;
instead, it gives an objective, unbiased point of view.
• Third Person Omniscient - Third person omniscient is a point of view where
the narrator knows all the thoughts, actions, and feelings of all characters. The
author may move from character to character to show how each one
contributes to the plot.

23. POINT OF VIEW
• First Person - First person narrative is a point of view where the story is narrated by
one character at a time. This character may be speaking about him or herself or sharing
events that he or she is experiencing.
• Third Person Objective - The third-person objective employs a narrator who tells a
story without describing any character's thoughts, opinions, or feelings; instead, it
gives an objective, unbiased point of view.
• Third Person Limited - In third person limited the narrator only knows the thoughts
and feelings of one character. All characters are described using pronouns, such as
'they', 'he', and 'she'. But, one character is closely followed throughout the story, and it
is typically a main character.
• Third Person Omniscient - Third person omniscient is a point of view where the
narrator knows all the thoughts, actions, and feelings of all characters. The author may
move from character to character to show how each one contributes to the plot.

24. GRAMMAR SKILLS

26. - VERBS – Transitive, intransitive
- Active voice, passive voice
- Noun clauses
- Possessive nouns
- Using commas with subordinate clauses
- Adjective and adverb phrases
- Adjective and adverb clauses
- Appositives
- Coordinate conjunctions and subordinate conjunctions
- Relative pronouns

27. - VERBALS – Gerunds, participles, infinitives
- Fixing dangling participles (misplaced modifiers)
- Fixing split infinitives
- Proofreading
- Understanding syntax:
- subject
- predicate
- predicate noun (after a being verb)
- direct object (after an action verb)
- indirect object
- object of a preposition

28. • * SYNTAX is the arrangement of words and phrases to create well-formed
sentences in a language. The correct position that words are used in a sentence
The syntax of “Tom” is subject, because Tom is the subject of the sentence