SEMINAR BASICS OF IMMUNOLOGY- Antigens antibodies immunoglobulins and comple...DrShinyKajal
The basics of Immunology consisting of -
1. BASIC DEFINITIONS
2. HISTORY OF IMMUNOLOGY
3. ANATOMY, PHYSIOLOGY & PATHOLOGY OF IMMUNOLOGY
4- TYPES OF IMMUNITY (including COMPLEMENT SYSTEM)
5- CELLS AND TISSUES OF IMMUNE SYSTEM
6-ANTIGENS AND ANTIBODIES
7- IMMUNOGLOBULINS
8- MHC AND CYTOKINES
SEMINAR BASICS OF IMMUNOLOGY- Antigens antibodies immunoglobulins and comple...DrShinyKajal
The basics of Immunology consisting of -
1. BASIC DEFINITIONS
2. HISTORY OF IMMUNOLOGY
3. ANATOMY, PHYSIOLOGY & PATHOLOGY OF IMMUNOLOGY
4- TYPES OF IMMUNITY (including COMPLEMENT SYSTEM)
5- CELLS AND TISSUES OF IMMUNE SYSTEM
6-ANTIGENS AND ANTIBODIES
7- IMMUNOGLOBULINS
8- MHC AND CYTOKINES
Evaluation and importance of innate & adaptive immunity Dr. ihsan edan ab...dr.Ihsan alsaimary
Dr. ihsan edan abdulkareem alsaimary
PROFESSOR IN MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR IMMUNOLOGY
ihsanalsaimary@gmail.com
mobile : 009647801410838
university of basrah - college of medicine - basrah -IRAQ
i am ready for any question. I have a lot of illustration in
microbiology
immunity
hematology
if want any , kindly contact me on gamal.mariam2856@gmail.com
Evaluation and importance of innate & adaptive immunity Dr. ihsan edan ab...dr.Ihsan alsaimary
Dr. ihsan edan abdulkareem alsaimary
PROFESSOR IN MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR IMMUNOLOGY
ihsanalsaimary@gmail.com
mobile : 009647801410838
university of basrah - college of medicine - basrah -IRAQ
i am ready for any question. I have a lot of illustration in
microbiology
immunity
hematology
if want any , kindly contact me on gamal.mariam2856@gmail.com
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
1. Imunology 1
Self and not self
Antigens and receptors
Terminology
MUDr. Elena Nováková, PhD.,
Ústav mikrobiológie a imunológie, JLF UK, Sklabinská 26,MT.
novakova@jfmed.uniba.sk
2. Immunity
complex, regulated, efficient
system
• Defense against foreign structures (antigens)
- anti infectious immunity
• Recognition and discrimination between self and
not self structures
– tumors, autoimmunity, transplantation
• Regulation of immune reactions, appropriate force
(samoregulation)
– anergy, alergy, hypersensitivity
3. Defense mechanisms
• Immuniy system
• Nervous system
• Endocrinous system
Comunication systems –
interaction, management,
supervision
4. Immunity
• Innate - equal in all members, species specific, prepared
• Adaptive – gained with the help of own immune reaction
after stimulation by antigen
• Specific - antigen dependent
• Nonspecific – functionally antigen non-dependent
• Cell – effectors are immunocompetent cells
• Humoral – effectors are soluble substances present in
serum or body fluids
• Systemic – applicable for the whole body
• Looal – applicable in a define place, (mucous membrane)
5. Know yourself
• I vs. they
• I and some others = we
• We vs. they
• Cells – my, not my, my but changed
• Microorganisms – foreign, pathogenic (threat)
- foreign, not pathogenic (no threat)
- physiological flora
9. Differences in
innate and adaptive mechanisms
innate-nonspecific adaptive-specific
- prepared after exposition
- start without delay - after time delay
- antigen not dependent - antigen dependent
- same intensity - different intensity if first,
or any other
1.5
11. Immune memory
• Innate mechanisms – always as for the first time
• Adaptive mechanisms – in any next exposition:
- more intensive, rapid (microbial threats)
- not reacting to common microorganisms, not
threating molecules (physiological bacteria,
moleczkes on skin, food, water)
Different reactions to safe and not safe molecules
12. Recognition of not self -
receptors
• Recognition of self – cell recognise environmental cells.,
important for appropriate functions
• Identification of lack of self – can start reaction (Ca
decrease amount of MHC I molecules, that enable Natural
Killers – NK cells – to destroy self cells)
• Recognition of foreign – via 2 types of receptors: - PRR
– on cell surface membrane of as soluble molecules (cell
or humoral nonspecific immunity)
- recognise structures other than self but broad-spread in
microbes
- SGR – present on T a B lymfocytes,
- recognise only 1 specificity (a.m.a 1010i in 1 individual)
1.3
13. Recognition of not self - receptors
PRR SGR
pattern somatically
recognition generated
receptors receptors
1.3
14. Elimination of threats by
immunity system
- Isolation
- Disruption
- Engulfment and killing
Microorganisms
- prevents spreading and growing, killing
Mechanical, biological, chemical bariéres, formation
of granulomes, phagocytosis, appoptosis,
complement, antibodies, natural killers, specific
lymphocytes, cytokins production
and combination
1.6
16. Antigens and receptors
Immune system is stimulated by rpreceptor and ligand
binding
Shape and charge of receptor and ligand influence effectivity and
strenght of binding - affinity
Collectiv affinity – avidity – strenght of several bindings
Sum of ligands recognise by cells of immune system on the - antigens
17. Antigens and receptors
Presence of other bindings on the same cell can
influence its activity.
Cell must correlate information from several
receptors – sometimes antagonistic signals
2.2
18. Antigens and receptors
Receptors are
- on surfaces of cells (surface receptors)
- or soluble molecules (produkts of leukocytes)
Ligands are
- (antigens) on surfaces of cells (surface
molecules of microbes)
- or soluble molecules (products of cells)
19. Antigens
• molecuels, organisms or parts of molecules
recognised by immune system
• simple, complex, proteins, carbohydrates,
synthetic
Epitope, Immunogen, Hapten, Tolerogen
2.4
20. Immunogenicity
size- 10kDa
complexity - more different
epitopes, polysacharid (is
many same molecules –
faible immunogen)
conformation – epitopes
reachable by receptors
chemical structure –
proteins>
carbohydrates>
steroids>
lipids>
NK - faible
(ex. D-aminoacids >
L-aminoacids)
21. Epitop – basic unit of
immunogenicity
• area of antigenic molecule, that is recognisable and
can be bound by receptors (on B a T lymfocyts)
• different types
- part of soluble surgace molecules, surface
molecule, degradated (proteolysis) fragments of
antigens (B cells)
- small fragments on surfaces of specialise host
molecules (MHC) – (T cells)
Acc. to characteristics of immune reaction they
stimulate:: immunogens, haptens, tolerogens
2.3
22. Antigens and receptors
Epitop – the smallest identifikable part of antigen that can
be bound to the receptor– antigenic determinant
2.3
23. Immunogen
• contain epitopes, thats induce immune
reaction and are the target immune reaction
• not every antigen is immunogenic
• Antigen is a molecule recognised by
immune system
• non-immunogenic molecules (haptens) can
be bound on immunogen (called carrier)
24. Hapten
• small, not immunogenic molecules,
commongy not of biological ethiology
(synthetic epitopes)
• are antigens able to bind on immunity
receptors and not able to induce immunity
reaction, not immunogenic
• Hapten + immunogen (carrier) = immunity
reaction against both
25. Tolerogen
• During evolution of immunity repertoire
(sum of all epitopes, to which immunity
receptors were generated) first the tolerance
against self molecules is generated (innate
tolerance)
No immunity reactions against selves
• Adaptive, gained tolerance – during the life
Depend on different conditions (ex. p.o.)
26. injection structure answer
to epitop
answer to
hapten
comments
imunogen
(carrier)
+ protein stimulating
production of im.
reaction is immunogen
hapten
synthetic
epitop
+ molecule not able to
stimulate production of
im.reaction – is hapten
hapten-
carrier
conjugate
+ + hapten chem. bound to
carrier stimulates im.
reaction to both
hapten,
carrier not
conjugated
+ - hapten and carrier not
bound will not start
im.reaction
27. Receptors
• Engagement of receptors is the event, that leads to
different activities, acc. to the type of ligand,
molecule or cell, that the receptor will bind
• bind molecules and induce generation of signals
by which cells communicate
• recognise particules from envirenment and detect
invaders
• watch environment (neighbours), to be sure that
they are part of self and do not represent the threat
28. Preformed receptors
• present as part of innate immunity
• enable rapid reaction
PRR – on soluble molecules and host cells
TLR – present on host cells
KAR – on NK cells
KIR – on NK cells
CR – on soluble molecules, phagocytes, on B cells
FcR – on phagocyting cells
29. PRR – pattern recognition
receptors
• present on host cells or in soluble forme (proteins
of complement
• recognise different motives (patterns) present on
microbes and not on self cells PAMP – pathogen
associated molecular patterns
• this bound starts different forms of inflamation
with the aime to kill the pathogen
2.5
31. TLR – toll like receptors
• present on host cells
• bind PAMP of microbes
• start transcription, synthesis and secretion
of cytokins stimulating inflamatin and
attraction of macrophages, NK cells,
neutrofils and dendritic cells to the site of
infection
32. CR – receptor for
complement
• Complement – comples
of soluble proteins
activated with the aime to
kill pathogen.
• Parts of complement bind
microbes
• CR – Receptors for
complement on the
surface of phagocyting
and B cells bind
fragments of C´and
enable phagocytosis of
microbes bound on C´
33. KIR, KAR on NK- natural killers
• NK cells – part of lymphocytic line
• Receptors recognising changes on self cells
molecules (after viral infection, or changed by Ca
- gennic processes)
• KAR – killer activation receptors – recognise
MICA, MICB (stress molecules) on self cells that
activates NK cells to kill self cell.
• KIR – killer inhibition receptors – monitors
MHC I molecules. Tumor and virus infected cells
decrease number of MHC I, that decrease the
possibility of binding to MHC I molecules and
decrease the inhibítion of killers
2.6
35. FcR – receptors for Fc fragment
of immunoglobulins
• Imunoglobulins IgG, IgA, IgM – are able to bind antigens
( by their Fab fragments) and then are bound by their Fc
fragment on FcR receptors on the surface of fagocyting
cells.
• IgE can bind to FcR on mastocyts by its Fc fragment even
when the antigen is not yet bound on its Fab
2.8
36. Generated receptors
• specialised reeptors on B an T lymphocytes
of adaptive immunity
• generated by chromosomal rearrangement
and mutations in each individual = big
ammount of specificities that the
individuum can ever meet – individual
variability
BCR – B cell receptor
TCR – T cell receptor
37. TCR
• structurally like
immunoglobulin
• heterodimer consisting
of or pair of
chains. Bound on
cell membrane and
kombining with other
receptors (CD3)
and recognising epitops
in MHC molecules
(cooperation with CD4
or CD8, that works like
coreceptors)
2.10
38. BCR – B cell
receptor
• monomer of immunoglobulin
• bound to transmembran
heterodimer Ig a Ig
• after binding of epitop to
BCR cytoplasmatic part of
Ig a Ig will start cascade of
i.c. signals leading to
activation of B cell and its
transformation to plasmatic
cell, that will synthesise Ig of
the same specificity as that of
BCR
2.9