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ILMIAH ALERGI IMUNOLOGI
INNATE IMMUNITY
Oleh:
Anita Kusuma Wati
Pembimbing:
dr. Deshinta, Sp.PD-K.AI
Immunity
A Defense against diseases, especially
infectious diseases
Immune
System
Collection of cells, tissues and
molecules that play a role in that
defense
Immune
Response
Their Collective and coordinated
response to the introduction of foreign
substances
Innate Immunity
• Innate immunity (natural/naive immunity): early line of defense
against microbes.
• It consists of cellular and biochemical defense mechanisms that are
in place even before infection and are poised to respond rapidly to
infections.
• These mechanisms react only to microbes (and to the products of
injured cells), and they respond in essentially the same way to
repeated infections.
Adaptive Immunity
• Adaptive/acquired/specific immunity: stimulated by exposure to
infectious agents and increase in magnitude and defensive
capabilities with each successive exposure to a particular microbe
• It is able to recognize and react to a large number of microbial and
nonmicrobial substances.
• It has an extraordinary capacity to distinguish between different,
even closely related, microbes and molecules
Comparative Features of
Innate and Adaptive
Immunity
Functions and Reactions of Innate
Immune Responses
• Physical and chemical defenses at epithelial barriers (the skin, lining of the
gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts)  block microbial entry
• Initial reactions to microbes that serve to prevent, control, or eliminate infection
of the host by many pathogens.
• Eliminates damaged cells and initiates the process of tissue repair.
• Stimulate adaptive immune responses and can influence the nature of the
adaptive responses to make them optimally effective against different types of
microbes.
• Two major types of protective reactions of the innate immune system :
inflammation and antiviral defense.
RECOGNITION OF MICROBES AND
DAMAGED SELF BY THE INNATE
IMMUNE SYSTEM
• recognizes molecular structures that are produced by
microbial pathogens pathogen-associated molecular
patterns (PAMPs).
• recognizes microbial products that are often essential
for survival of the microbes (dsRNA, LPS, lipoteichoic
acid)
• recognizes endogenous molecules that are produced
by or released from damaged and dying cells :
damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs)
• uses several types of cellular receptors
1. CELL-ASSOCIATED PATTERN
RECOGNITION RECEPTORS
AND SENSORS OF INNATE
IMMUNITY
• Most cell types express pattern recognition
receptors and therefore are capable of
participating in innate immune responses.
• Phagocytes (especially macrophages) and
DCs :express the widest variety and greatest
number of these receptors.
• Pattern recognition receptors are linked to
intracellular signal transduction pathways
 activate various cellular responses
(includeing the production of molecules
that promote inflammation and molecules
that destroy microbes)
• several distinct classes of cellular
pattern recognition receptors :
• Toll-Like Receptors
• Cytosolic Receptors for Pathogen-
Associated Molecular Patterns and
Damage-Associated Molecular
Patterns
• NOD-Like Receptors
• Cytosolic DNA Sensors and the STING
Pathway
• RIG-Like Receptors
• Inflammasomes
• Other Cell-Associated Pattern
Recognition Receptors
• C-Type Lectin Receptors (mannose
receptor, Dectins, Langerin, DC-SIGN)
• Scavenger Receptors
Rereceptors and sensor
When these cell-associated
pattern recognition receptors
bind to PAMPs and DAMPs,
they activate signal transduction
pathways that promote the
antimicrobial and proinflam-
matory functions of the cells in
which they are expressed
Toll-Like Receptors
• There are nine different functional TLRs in
humans, named TLR1 through TLR9
• TLRs 1, 2, 4, 5, and 6 are expressed on the
plasma membrane  they recognize
various PAMPs in the extracellular envi
ronment.
• TLRs 3, 7, 8, and 9 are mainly expressed
inside cells on endoplasmic reticulum and
endosomal membranes, where they
detect several different microbial nucleic
acids.
• TLR recognition of microbial ligands
results in the activation of several
signaling pathways and ultimately
transcription factors, which induce the
expression of genes whose products are
important for inflammatory and antiviral
responses
Cytosolic Receptors for Pathogen-Associated
Molecular Patterns and Damage-Associated
Molecular Patterns
• pattern recognition receptors
that detect infection or cell
damage in the cytosol :
• NOD–like receptors,
• RIG (retinoic acid-inducible gene)-like
receptors,
• and cytosolic DNA sensors
Other Cell-Associated Pattern
Recognition Receptors
• C-Type Lectin Receptors for Microbial
Carbohydrates (CLR)
• Some of these C-type lectin receptors
function in the phagocytosis of microbes,
and others have signaling functions that
induce protective responses of host cells to
microbes.
• Scavenger Receptors
• SR-A and CD36 (macrophages) mediate the
phagocytosis of microorganisms
• Formyl-Peptide Receptors
• Expressed on leukocytes, recognizes
bacterial peptides containing N-
formylmethionyl residues and stimulates
directed movement of the cells.
2. CELLULAR COMPONENTS OF
THE INNATE IMMUNE SYSTEM
• serve as barriers against infections and as
sentinels to detect microbes and
damaged cells in tissues
• Several cells types express the various
pattern recognition receptors 
recognizing PAMPs and DAMPs, 
producing inflammatory cytokines and
antiviral proteins
• other cells kill microbes or infected cells
• some of the cells are critical for
stimulating subsequent adaptive immune
responses
• Epithelial Barriers
• Phagocytes
• Dendritic Cells
• Cytokine-Producing Innate
Lymphoid Cells
• Natural Killer Cells
• T and B Lymphocytes With
Limited Antigen Receptor
Diversity
• Mast Cells
A. Epithelial Barriers
• Intact epithelial surfaces form physical barriers between
microbes in the external environment and host tissue
• form tight junctions  blocking passage of microbes
between the cells
• Skin : keratinocytes on the surface die, serves  block
microbial penetration
• respiratory, gastrointestinal, and urogenital epithelial cells
: Mucus, ciliary action, peristalsis  physically impairs
microbial invasion.
• Produce peptides that have antimicrobial properties.
• Defensins : direct toxicity to microbes, including bacteria,
fungi, and enveloped viruses, and the activation of cells
involved in the inflammatory response to microbes.
• Cathelicidin : direct toxicity to a broad range of
microorganisms and the activation of various responses in
leukocytes and other cell types that promote eradication
of microbe
• contain certain types of lymphocytes, including
intraepithelial T lymphocytes, which recognize and
respond to commonly encountered microbes.
• secreting cytokines, activating phagocytes, and killing infected
cells
• Macrophages and neutrophils, are the first line of
defense against microbes that breach epithelial barriers.
B. Phagocytes
NEUTROPHYILS
• Production is stimulated by G-CSF and GM-CSF.
• Circulates in the blood for a few hours or days
• migrate to sites of infection rapidly after the
entry of microbes.  neutrophils function only
for 1 to 2 days  die.
• major function of neutrophils :
• to phagocytose microbes, (opsonized
microbes, and products of necrotic cells and
destroy these in phagolysosomes)
• produce granule contents and antimicrobial
substances that kill extracellular microbes
B. Phagocytes
MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTES
• includes circulating cells called monocytes, which
become macrophages when they migrate into
tissues, and tissue resident macrophages
• Functions of Macrophages
• ingest microbes (phagocytosis) and then to kill the
ingested microbes.
• Ingest necrotic host cells and engulf apoptotic cells
• secrete several different cytokines that act on
endothelial cells lining blood vessels to enhance the
recruitment of more monocytes and other leukocytes
from the blood into sites of infections.
• serve as antigen-presenting cells (APCs) that display
fragments of protein antigens to and activate T
lymphocytes.
• stimulating new blood vessel growth (angiogenesis)
and synthesis of collagen-rich extracellular matrix
(fibrosis)
• Subset of macrophages:
• M1 : killing microbes (classical activation)
• M2 : promote tissue remodeling and repair
c. Dendritic Cells
• Monosit yang terdiferensiasi oleh stimulasi GM-
CSF dan IL-4
• Dendritic cells (DCs) rapidly and efficiently detect invading
microbes:
• their location in tissues
• their expression of numerous pattern recognition receptors for
PAMPs and DAMPs.
• Response to invading microbes  they secrete inflammatory
cytokines that promote recruitment of additional leukocytes
from the blood.
• plasmacytoid
• subset of DCs is a major source of the antiviral cytokines, type I
interferons
• DCs activate T cells in the subsequent adaptive immune
response (as APC).
D. Cytokine-Producing Innate
Lymphoid Cells
• Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs)
• different subsets of ILCs :
• ILC1, ILC2, and ILC3,
• produce different cytokines and
express different transcription factors,
analogous to the Th1, Th2, and Th17
• participate in host defense against
distinct pathogens and also may be
involved in inflammatory disorders
E. Natural Killer Cells
• play important roles in innate immune responses,
mainly against viruses and intracellular bacteria
• In the blood appear as large lymphocytes
cytoplasmic granules
• expression of CD56
• Functions :
• effector functions : kill infected cells (eliminate
reservoirs of infection) and to produce IFN-γ, which
activates macrophages to destroy phagocytosed
microbes
• they kill infected cells before antigen-specific CTLs can
become fully active,(usually take 5 to 7 days)
Deficiency of NK cells, seen in rare individuals, leads to
increased susceptibility to infection by some viruses and
intracellular bacteria.
E. Mast Cells
• Mast cells are sentinel cells present in the skin, mucosal
epithelium, and connective tissues that rapidly secrete
proinflammatory cytokines and lipid mediators in
response to infections and other stimuli.
• defend against parasite infections, controlling bacterial
infections, or cause symptoms of allergic diseases.
• contains numerous membrane-bound granules, filled
with preformed inflammatory mediators, such as
(histamine, and acidic proteoglycans)
• vasoactive amines (histamine) cause vasodilation and increased
capillary permeability
• proteolytic enzymes : kill bacteria or inactivate microbial toxins
• The released histamine and other mediators promote
changes in the blood vessels that cause inflammation.
• express high-affinity plasma membrane receptors for a
type of antibody called IgE,
a. The Complement System
• consists of several plasma proteins that work together to
opsonize microbes
• to promote the recruitment of phagocytes to the site of
infection, and in some cases, to directly kill the microbes
• Activation :
• classical pathway : uses C1q to detect antibodies bound to the
surface of a microbe or other structure
• alternative pathway : complement protein called C3 directly
recognizes certain microbial surface structures, such as bacterial
LPS
• lectin pathway : mannose-binding lectin (MBL), which recognizes
terminal mannose residues on microbial glycoproteins and
glycolipids
• Recognition of microbes results in sequential recruitment and
assembly of additional complement proteins into protease
complexes
• C3  C3a & C3b, C5  C5a & C5b
• C3b serves as an opsonin to promote phagocytosis of the microbes
• C3a, is released and stimulates inflammation by acting as a
chemoattractant for neutrophils,
• C5a exerts the same proinflammatory effects as C3a
• C5b initiates the formation of a complex of the complement
proteins C6, C7, C8, and C9, which are assembled into a membrane
pore called the membrane attack complex(MAC) that causes lysis of
the cells
B. Pentraxins
• pentraxin family are plasma proteins that recognize microbial
structures and participate in innate immunity
• Short pentraxins, C-reactive protein (CRP) and serum amyloid P (SAP)
• long pentraxin PTX3
• CRP and SAP : bind to several different species of bacteria and fungi.
• CRP
, SAP
, and PTX3 all activate complement by binding C1q and
initiating the classical pathway.
• Infection/inflammation : CRP increase up to 1000-fold, SAP
, other
proteins (induced by the cytokines IL-6 and IL-1)  acute phase
reactants
c. Collectins and ficolins
• Three members of collectins
• mannose-binding lectin (MBL)
• Lectin pathway of complement activation
• as an opsonin by binding to and enhancing
phagocytosis of microbes.
• pulmonary surfactant proteins SP-A and SP-
D
• found in the alveoli of the lungs
• bind to various microorganisms and act as
opsonins, facilitating ingestion by alveolar
macrophages.
• Ficolins
• bind several species of bacteria, opsonizing
them and activating complement
4. THE INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE
• The principal way by which the innate immune system deals with infections
and tissue injury : stimulate acute inflammation,
• the accumulation of leukocytes, plasma proteins, and fluid derived from the blood
at an extravascular tissue site of infection or injury.
• leukocytes : neutrophil (recruited first), Blood monocytes (become
macrophages)
• important plasma proteins : complement proteins, antibodies, and acute-
phase reactants.
• The delivery of cells and proteins  dependent on reversible changes in
blood vessels
•  blood flow into the tissue (vascular dilation)
•  adhesiveness of circulating leukocytes
•  permeability of the capillaries
• these changes are induced by cytokines initially derived from resident sentinel
cells (mast cells, macrophages, DCs, and endothelial cells)
1. The Major Proinflammatory Cytokines of
Innate Immunity
• The cytokines of innate
immunity serve several roles:
• inducing inflammation,
• inhibiting viral replication,
• promoting T cell responses,
• Three of the most important :
TNF, IL-1, IL-6.
2. Recruitment of Leukocytes
to Sites of Infection
• TNF and IL-1 stimulate various cells to
secrete chemokines, (CXCL8 and CCL2),
which bind to receptors on neutrophils
and monocytes, respectively
• The affinity of leukocyte integrins for their
ligands and stimulate directional movement of
leukocytes   in neutrophil and monocyte
adhesion to endothelial cells and
transmigration through the vessel wall.
• The leukocytes accumulate in the tissues  an
inflammatory infiltrate
• TNF, IL-1, and IL-6  bone marrow
•  production of neutrophils from bone
marrow progenitors
4. THE ANTIVIRAL RESPONSE
• The major way: induce the expression of type I
interferons, whose most important action is to
inhibit viral replication
• TLRs, NLRs, RLRs, and CDSs, generate signals that
stimulate IFN-α and IFN-β
• Type I interferons, signaling through the type I
interferon receptor, activate transcription of several
genes that confer on the cells a resistance to viral
infection called an antiviral state
• Type I interferons increase the cytotoxicity of NK cells
and CD8+ CTLs  killing of virus-infected cells and
eradication of viral infections.
• Type I interferons promote the differentiation of naive T
cells to helper T cell (Th1)
5. STIMULATION OF ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY
• The innate immune response provides signals that function in
concert with antigen to stimulate the proliferation and
differentiation of antigen-specific T and B lymphocytes.
• two-signal hypothesis for lymphocyte activation : requires two distinct
signals  1. antigen; 2. molecules that are produced during innate
immune responses [include costimulators (for T cells), cytokines (for both
T and B cells), and complement breakdown products (for B cells)]
• IL-12 stimulates the differentiation of naive CD4+ T cells to the Th1 subset
of effector cells
• IL-1, IL-6, and IL-23 stimulate the differentiation of naive CD4+ T cells to
the Th17
• IL-25, IL-33, and TSLP stimulate the differentiation of naive CD4+ T cells
to the Th2
• IL-15 promotes the survival of memory CD8+ T cells.
• IL-6 promotes the production of antibodies by acti- vated B cells
• The second signals also influence the nature of the adaptive
respon
SUMMARY
• The innate immune system provides the first line
of host defense against microbes, before
adaptive immune responses have had sufficient
time to develop.
• The cellular components of the innate immune
system include epithelial barriers and leukocytes
(neutrophils, macrophages, NK cells, lymphocytes
with invariant antigen receptors, and mast cells).
• The innate immune system uses cell-associated
pattern recognition receptors, present on plasma
and endosomal membranes and in the cytosol,
to recognize structures called PAMPs, which are
shared by microbes (TLRs, NLRs, and RLRs).
• Soluble pattern recognition and effector
molecules are found in the plasma, including The
complement system, pentraxins(e.g., CRP),
collectins (e.g., MBL), and ficolins.
• The two major effector functions of
innate immunity : to induce inflammation
and to block viral infection of cells by the
antiviral actions of type 1 interferons.
• Molecules produced during innate
immune responses stimulate adaptive
immunity and influence the nature of
adaptive immune responses.
TERIMA KASIH
Systemic and Pathologic Consequences
of Inflammation
• TNF and IL-1 act on the hypothalamus to
induce an increase in body temperature
(fever) (endogenous pyrogens)
• The role of fever in host defense is not well
understood but may relate : to enhanced
metabolic functions of immune cells, impaired
metabolic functions of microbes, and changes
in the behavior of the febrile host that reduces
risk of worsening infections and injury.
• In severe infections, TNF may be produced
in large amounts and causes systemic
clinical and pathologic abnormalities.
• Inhibit myocardial contractility and vascular
smooth muscle tone   in blood pressure, or
shock
• impairment of the normal anticoagulant
properties of the endothelium  intravascular
thrombosis
• In the most severe form of sepsis, called septic
shock, there is vascular collapse and
disseminated intravascular coagulation, caused
by the effects of high doses of TNF.
• Prolonged production of TNF causes wasting of
muscle and fat cells (cachexia) (TNF-induced
appetite suppression, educed synthesis of
lipoprotein lipase)
• Acute inflammation may cause tissue injury
because the effector mechanisms that phagocytes
use to kill microbes are also toxic to host tissues.
• Proteolytic enzymes and reactive oxygen species :
can injure host cells and degrade extracellular
matrix

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INNATE IMMUNITY.pptx

  • 1. ILMIAH ALERGI IMUNOLOGI INNATE IMMUNITY Oleh: Anita Kusuma Wati Pembimbing: dr. Deshinta, Sp.PD-K.AI
  • 2. Immunity A Defense against diseases, especially infectious diseases Immune System Collection of cells, tissues and molecules that play a role in that defense Immune Response Their Collective and coordinated response to the introduction of foreign substances
  • 3.
  • 4. Innate Immunity • Innate immunity (natural/naive immunity): early line of defense against microbes. • It consists of cellular and biochemical defense mechanisms that are in place even before infection and are poised to respond rapidly to infections. • These mechanisms react only to microbes (and to the products of injured cells), and they respond in essentially the same way to repeated infections.
  • 5. Adaptive Immunity • Adaptive/acquired/specific immunity: stimulated by exposure to infectious agents and increase in magnitude and defensive capabilities with each successive exposure to a particular microbe • It is able to recognize and react to a large number of microbial and nonmicrobial substances. • It has an extraordinary capacity to distinguish between different, even closely related, microbes and molecules
  • 6.
  • 7. Comparative Features of Innate and Adaptive Immunity
  • 8. Functions and Reactions of Innate Immune Responses • Physical and chemical defenses at epithelial barriers (the skin, lining of the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts)  block microbial entry • Initial reactions to microbes that serve to prevent, control, or eliminate infection of the host by many pathogens. • Eliminates damaged cells and initiates the process of tissue repair. • Stimulate adaptive immune responses and can influence the nature of the adaptive responses to make them optimally effective against different types of microbes. • Two major types of protective reactions of the innate immune system : inflammation and antiviral defense.
  • 9. RECOGNITION OF MICROBES AND DAMAGED SELF BY THE INNATE IMMUNE SYSTEM • recognizes molecular structures that are produced by microbial pathogens pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). • recognizes microbial products that are often essential for survival of the microbes (dsRNA, LPS, lipoteichoic acid) • recognizes endogenous molecules that are produced by or released from damaged and dying cells : damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) • uses several types of cellular receptors
  • 10. 1. CELL-ASSOCIATED PATTERN RECOGNITION RECEPTORS AND SENSORS OF INNATE IMMUNITY • Most cell types express pattern recognition receptors and therefore are capable of participating in innate immune responses. • Phagocytes (especially macrophages) and DCs :express the widest variety and greatest number of these receptors. • Pattern recognition receptors are linked to intracellular signal transduction pathways  activate various cellular responses (includeing the production of molecules that promote inflammation and molecules that destroy microbes) • several distinct classes of cellular pattern recognition receptors : • Toll-Like Receptors • Cytosolic Receptors for Pathogen- Associated Molecular Patterns and Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns • NOD-Like Receptors • Cytosolic DNA Sensors and the STING Pathway • RIG-Like Receptors • Inflammasomes • Other Cell-Associated Pattern Recognition Receptors • C-Type Lectin Receptors (mannose receptor, Dectins, Langerin, DC-SIGN) • Scavenger Receptors
  • 12.
  • 13. When these cell-associated pattern recognition receptors bind to PAMPs and DAMPs, they activate signal transduction pathways that promote the antimicrobial and proinflam- matory functions of the cells in which they are expressed
  • 14. Toll-Like Receptors • There are nine different functional TLRs in humans, named TLR1 through TLR9 • TLRs 1, 2, 4, 5, and 6 are expressed on the plasma membrane  they recognize various PAMPs in the extracellular envi ronment. • TLRs 3, 7, 8, and 9 are mainly expressed inside cells on endoplasmic reticulum and endosomal membranes, where they detect several different microbial nucleic acids. • TLR recognition of microbial ligands results in the activation of several signaling pathways and ultimately transcription factors, which induce the expression of genes whose products are important for inflammatory and antiviral responses
  • 15. Cytosolic Receptors for Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns and Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns • pattern recognition receptors that detect infection or cell damage in the cytosol : • NOD–like receptors, • RIG (retinoic acid-inducible gene)-like receptors, • and cytosolic DNA sensors
  • 16. Other Cell-Associated Pattern Recognition Receptors • C-Type Lectin Receptors for Microbial Carbohydrates (CLR) • Some of these C-type lectin receptors function in the phagocytosis of microbes, and others have signaling functions that induce protective responses of host cells to microbes. • Scavenger Receptors • SR-A and CD36 (macrophages) mediate the phagocytosis of microorganisms • Formyl-Peptide Receptors • Expressed on leukocytes, recognizes bacterial peptides containing N- formylmethionyl residues and stimulates directed movement of the cells.
  • 17. 2. CELLULAR COMPONENTS OF THE INNATE IMMUNE SYSTEM • serve as barriers against infections and as sentinels to detect microbes and damaged cells in tissues • Several cells types express the various pattern recognition receptors  recognizing PAMPs and DAMPs,  producing inflammatory cytokines and antiviral proteins • other cells kill microbes or infected cells • some of the cells are critical for stimulating subsequent adaptive immune responses • Epithelial Barriers • Phagocytes • Dendritic Cells • Cytokine-Producing Innate Lymphoid Cells • Natural Killer Cells • T and B Lymphocytes With Limited Antigen Receptor Diversity • Mast Cells
  • 18. A. Epithelial Barriers • Intact epithelial surfaces form physical barriers between microbes in the external environment and host tissue • form tight junctions  blocking passage of microbes between the cells • Skin : keratinocytes on the surface die, serves  block microbial penetration • respiratory, gastrointestinal, and urogenital epithelial cells : Mucus, ciliary action, peristalsis  physically impairs microbial invasion. • Produce peptides that have antimicrobial properties. • Defensins : direct toxicity to microbes, including bacteria, fungi, and enveloped viruses, and the activation of cells involved in the inflammatory response to microbes. • Cathelicidin : direct toxicity to a broad range of microorganisms and the activation of various responses in leukocytes and other cell types that promote eradication of microbe • contain certain types of lymphocytes, including intraepithelial T lymphocytes, which recognize and respond to commonly encountered microbes. • secreting cytokines, activating phagocytes, and killing infected cells
  • 19. • Macrophages and neutrophils, are the first line of defense against microbes that breach epithelial barriers. B. Phagocytes NEUTROPHYILS • Production is stimulated by G-CSF and GM-CSF. • Circulates in the blood for a few hours or days • migrate to sites of infection rapidly after the entry of microbes.  neutrophils function only for 1 to 2 days  die. • major function of neutrophils : • to phagocytose microbes, (opsonized microbes, and products of necrotic cells and destroy these in phagolysosomes) • produce granule contents and antimicrobial substances that kill extracellular microbes
  • 20. B. Phagocytes MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTES • includes circulating cells called monocytes, which become macrophages when they migrate into tissues, and tissue resident macrophages • Functions of Macrophages • ingest microbes (phagocytosis) and then to kill the ingested microbes. • Ingest necrotic host cells and engulf apoptotic cells • secrete several different cytokines that act on endothelial cells lining blood vessels to enhance the recruitment of more monocytes and other leukocytes from the blood into sites of infections. • serve as antigen-presenting cells (APCs) that display fragments of protein antigens to and activate T lymphocytes. • stimulating new blood vessel growth (angiogenesis) and synthesis of collagen-rich extracellular matrix (fibrosis) • Subset of macrophages: • M1 : killing microbes (classical activation) • M2 : promote tissue remodeling and repair
  • 21. c. Dendritic Cells • Monosit yang terdiferensiasi oleh stimulasi GM- CSF dan IL-4 • Dendritic cells (DCs) rapidly and efficiently detect invading microbes: • their location in tissues • their expression of numerous pattern recognition receptors for PAMPs and DAMPs. • Response to invading microbes  they secrete inflammatory cytokines that promote recruitment of additional leukocytes from the blood. • plasmacytoid • subset of DCs is a major source of the antiviral cytokines, type I interferons • DCs activate T cells in the subsequent adaptive immune response (as APC).
  • 22. D. Cytokine-Producing Innate Lymphoid Cells • Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) • different subsets of ILCs : • ILC1, ILC2, and ILC3, • produce different cytokines and express different transcription factors, analogous to the Th1, Th2, and Th17 • participate in host defense against distinct pathogens and also may be involved in inflammatory disorders
  • 23. E. Natural Killer Cells • play important roles in innate immune responses, mainly against viruses and intracellular bacteria • In the blood appear as large lymphocytes cytoplasmic granules • expression of CD56 • Functions : • effector functions : kill infected cells (eliminate reservoirs of infection) and to produce IFN-γ, which activates macrophages to destroy phagocytosed microbes • they kill infected cells before antigen-specific CTLs can become fully active,(usually take 5 to 7 days) Deficiency of NK cells, seen in rare individuals, leads to increased susceptibility to infection by some viruses and intracellular bacteria.
  • 24. E. Mast Cells • Mast cells are sentinel cells present in the skin, mucosal epithelium, and connective tissues that rapidly secrete proinflammatory cytokines and lipid mediators in response to infections and other stimuli. • defend against parasite infections, controlling bacterial infections, or cause symptoms of allergic diseases. • contains numerous membrane-bound granules, filled with preformed inflammatory mediators, such as (histamine, and acidic proteoglycans) • vasoactive amines (histamine) cause vasodilation and increased capillary permeability • proteolytic enzymes : kill bacteria or inactivate microbial toxins • The released histamine and other mediators promote changes in the blood vessels that cause inflammation. • express high-affinity plasma membrane receptors for a type of antibody called IgE,
  • 25. a. The Complement System • consists of several plasma proteins that work together to opsonize microbes • to promote the recruitment of phagocytes to the site of infection, and in some cases, to directly kill the microbes • Activation : • classical pathway : uses C1q to detect antibodies bound to the surface of a microbe or other structure • alternative pathway : complement protein called C3 directly recognizes certain microbial surface structures, such as bacterial LPS • lectin pathway : mannose-binding lectin (MBL), which recognizes terminal mannose residues on microbial glycoproteins and glycolipids • Recognition of microbes results in sequential recruitment and assembly of additional complement proteins into protease complexes • C3  C3a & C3b, C5  C5a & C5b • C3b serves as an opsonin to promote phagocytosis of the microbes • C3a, is released and stimulates inflammation by acting as a chemoattractant for neutrophils, • C5a exerts the same proinflammatory effects as C3a • C5b initiates the formation of a complex of the complement proteins C6, C7, C8, and C9, which are assembled into a membrane pore called the membrane attack complex(MAC) that causes lysis of the cells
  • 26. B. Pentraxins • pentraxin family are plasma proteins that recognize microbial structures and participate in innate immunity • Short pentraxins, C-reactive protein (CRP) and serum amyloid P (SAP) • long pentraxin PTX3 • CRP and SAP : bind to several different species of bacteria and fungi. • CRP , SAP , and PTX3 all activate complement by binding C1q and initiating the classical pathway. • Infection/inflammation : CRP increase up to 1000-fold, SAP , other proteins (induced by the cytokines IL-6 and IL-1)  acute phase reactants
  • 27. c. Collectins and ficolins • Three members of collectins • mannose-binding lectin (MBL) • Lectin pathway of complement activation • as an opsonin by binding to and enhancing phagocytosis of microbes. • pulmonary surfactant proteins SP-A and SP- D • found in the alveoli of the lungs • bind to various microorganisms and act as opsonins, facilitating ingestion by alveolar macrophages. • Ficolins • bind several species of bacteria, opsonizing them and activating complement
  • 28. 4. THE INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE • The principal way by which the innate immune system deals with infections and tissue injury : stimulate acute inflammation, • the accumulation of leukocytes, plasma proteins, and fluid derived from the blood at an extravascular tissue site of infection or injury. • leukocytes : neutrophil (recruited first), Blood monocytes (become macrophages) • important plasma proteins : complement proteins, antibodies, and acute- phase reactants. • The delivery of cells and proteins  dependent on reversible changes in blood vessels •  blood flow into the tissue (vascular dilation) •  adhesiveness of circulating leukocytes •  permeability of the capillaries • these changes are induced by cytokines initially derived from resident sentinel cells (mast cells, macrophages, DCs, and endothelial cells)
  • 29. 1. The Major Proinflammatory Cytokines of Innate Immunity • The cytokines of innate immunity serve several roles: • inducing inflammation, • inhibiting viral replication, • promoting T cell responses, • Three of the most important : TNF, IL-1, IL-6.
  • 30. 2. Recruitment of Leukocytes to Sites of Infection • TNF and IL-1 stimulate various cells to secrete chemokines, (CXCL8 and CCL2), which bind to receptors on neutrophils and monocytes, respectively • The affinity of leukocyte integrins for their ligands and stimulate directional movement of leukocytes   in neutrophil and monocyte adhesion to endothelial cells and transmigration through the vessel wall. • The leukocytes accumulate in the tissues  an inflammatory infiltrate • TNF, IL-1, and IL-6  bone marrow •  production of neutrophils from bone marrow progenitors
  • 31. 4. THE ANTIVIRAL RESPONSE • The major way: induce the expression of type I interferons, whose most important action is to inhibit viral replication • TLRs, NLRs, RLRs, and CDSs, generate signals that stimulate IFN-α and IFN-β • Type I interferons, signaling through the type I interferon receptor, activate transcription of several genes that confer on the cells a resistance to viral infection called an antiviral state • Type I interferons increase the cytotoxicity of NK cells and CD8+ CTLs  killing of virus-infected cells and eradication of viral infections. • Type I interferons promote the differentiation of naive T cells to helper T cell (Th1)
  • 32. 5. STIMULATION OF ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY • The innate immune response provides signals that function in concert with antigen to stimulate the proliferation and differentiation of antigen-specific T and B lymphocytes. • two-signal hypothesis for lymphocyte activation : requires two distinct signals  1. antigen; 2. molecules that are produced during innate immune responses [include costimulators (for T cells), cytokines (for both T and B cells), and complement breakdown products (for B cells)] • IL-12 stimulates the differentiation of naive CD4+ T cells to the Th1 subset of effector cells • IL-1, IL-6, and IL-23 stimulate the differentiation of naive CD4+ T cells to the Th17 • IL-25, IL-33, and TSLP stimulate the differentiation of naive CD4+ T cells to the Th2 • IL-15 promotes the survival of memory CD8+ T cells. • IL-6 promotes the production of antibodies by acti- vated B cells • The second signals also influence the nature of the adaptive respon
  • 33. SUMMARY • The innate immune system provides the first line of host defense against microbes, before adaptive immune responses have had sufficient time to develop. • The cellular components of the innate immune system include epithelial barriers and leukocytes (neutrophils, macrophages, NK cells, lymphocytes with invariant antigen receptors, and mast cells). • The innate immune system uses cell-associated pattern recognition receptors, present on plasma and endosomal membranes and in the cytosol, to recognize structures called PAMPs, which are shared by microbes (TLRs, NLRs, and RLRs). • Soluble pattern recognition and effector molecules are found in the plasma, including The complement system, pentraxins(e.g., CRP), collectins (e.g., MBL), and ficolins. • The two major effector functions of innate immunity : to induce inflammation and to block viral infection of cells by the antiviral actions of type 1 interferons. • Molecules produced during innate immune responses stimulate adaptive immunity and influence the nature of adaptive immune responses.
  • 34.
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  • 38.
  • 39. Systemic and Pathologic Consequences of Inflammation • TNF and IL-1 act on the hypothalamus to induce an increase in body temperature (fever) (endogenous pyrogens) • The role of fever in host defense is not well understood but may relate : to enhanced metabolic functions of immune cells, impaired metabolic functions of microbes, and changes in the behavior of the febrile host that reduces risk of worsening infections and injury. • In severe infections, TNF may be produced in large amounts and causes systemic clinical and pathologic abnormalities. • Inhibit myocardial contractility and vascular smooth muscle tone   in blood pressure, or shock • impairment of the normal anticoagulant properties of the endothelium  intravascular thrombosis • In the most severe form of sepsis, called septic shock, there is vascular collapse and disseminated intravascular coagulation, caused by the effects of high doses of TNF. • Prolonged production of TNF causes wasting of muscle and fat cells (cachexia) (TNF-induced appetite suppression, educed synthesis of lipoprotein lipase) • Acute inflammation may cause tissue injury because the effector mechanisms that phagocytes use to kill microbes are also toxic to host tissues. • Proteolytic enzymes and reactive oxygen species : can injure host cells and degrade extracellular matrix

Editor's Notes

  1. Imunitas : Pertahanan terhadap penyakit, terutama penyakit infeksius Sistem imun : Kumpulan sel, jaringan dan molekul yang berperan dalam pertahanan itu Respon imun : secara Kolektif dan terkoordinasi respon terhadap masuknya zat asing
  2. Sistem imun kita itu dibagi 2 Innate immunity / imunitas alamiah / imunitas tidak spesifik memberikan perlindungan segera terhadap infeksi Terdiri dari : del dendritic, sel mast, makrofage, NK cell, eosinophil, neutrophil, granulosit 2. Adaptive immunity / imunitas didapat / spesifik berkembang lebih lambat namun memberikan perlindungan yang lebih spesialistik terhadap infeksi B cell, T cell, antibody, CD4 Tcell. CD8 Tcell Sel T gamma-delta dan sel Natural Killer (NK) Tcell yang merupakan limfosit tanpa spesifisitas antigen, dan karena itu dianggap sebagai sel bawaan dengan beberapa kemiripan dengan limfosit efektor
  3. Innate immunity / imunitas alamiah / imunitas tidak spesifik - garis pertahanan awal melawan mikroba. terdiri dari mekanisme pertahanan seluler dan biokimia yang sudah ada sebelum infeksi dan siap untuk merespons infeksi dengan cepat. Mekanisme ini hanya bereaksi terhadap mikroba (dan terhadap produk2 dari sel injury) dan pada dasarnya mereka merespons dengan cara yang sama terhadap infeksi berulang.
  4. Adaptive immunity / imunitas didapat / spesifik - distimulasi oleh adanya suatu pajanan terhadap agen infeksius dan adanya peningkatan besarnya dan kemampuan defensif dengan setiap pajanan berturut-turut terhadap mikroba tertentu - mampu mengenali dan bereaksi terhadap sejumlah besar zat mikroba dan nonmikroba. memiliki kapasitas besar untuk membedakan antara mikroba dan molekul yang berbeda Adaptive immunity sebagai pertahanan tubuh lapis kedua bila innate immunity tidak mampu mengeliminasi agen penyakit
  5. Innate immunity disebut juga imunitas alamiah  selalu ada pada invidu-individu sehat, dan disiapkan untuk menghambat masuknya mikroba dan untuk mengeliminasi mikroba yang berhasil memasuki (host) secara cepat. Sehingga terdiri dari : epitel barrier dulu, fagosit, komplemen, Nk cell) Berlangsung segera dan cepat sampai 12 jam Imunitas adaptif (disebut juga imunitas spesifik atau imunitas didapat) Harus di stimulasi oleh antigen shg imunitas terjadi lebih lambat Terdiri dari Limfosit B (sistem imun humoral spesifik)  berkembang menjadi : antibodi IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, IgE. sel B memori sehingga bisa segera mengenali jika ada kontak ulang Terdiri dari limfosit T (sistem imun seluler spesifik)  menjadi efektor sel T yaitu : Thelper1 (mengaktifkan makrofage) Thelper 2 (membantu sel B menghasilkan antibodi) T killer Lebih efisien terhadap pertemuan mikroba kembali, karena terbentuk sel memori Berlangsung lama hari hari pertama sampai 7 hari lebih
  6. Pertahanan fisik dan kimia oleh epitel barrier  menghalangi masuknya mikroba Kulit : menempel di keringat dan terlempar oleh udara lapisan saluran GI : saliva  lambung (asam lambung)  duodenum (antibakteri) lapisan sal pernapasan : bulu hidung  dikeluarkan oleh silia  masuk lagi ada makrofage Mata : air mata anti bakteri Reaksi awal terhadap mikroba  mencegah, mengendalikan, atau menghilangkan infeksi Mengeliminasi sel-sel mati  terjadi penyembuhan jaringan Merangsang timbulnya respon imun adaptif dan mempengaruhi imun adaptif lebih efektif secara optimal terhadap berbagai jenis mikroba. Dua jenis utama dari reaksi protektif dari sistem kekebalan tubuh bawaan : INFLAMASI dan EFEK antivirus INFLAMASI : mengerahkan leukosit dan protein plasma dari darah ke jaringan ANTI VIRUS : mengerahkan NK cell untuk membunuh sel yg terinfeksi virus
  7. IDENTIFIKASI PATOGEN PADA INNATE : Pada pathogen ada penanda dalam bentuk molekul yang akan dikenali oleh INNATE IMMUNE : PAMPs : Penanda hanya milik pathogen, tidak ada pada manusia Produk mikroba (dsRNA, LPS, lipoteicholic acid) : sangat vital untuk kehidupan pathogen DAMPs : penanda pada molekul endogen yang diproduksi oleh sel yang rusak / mati
  8. Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs) - Sebagian besar tipe sel mengekspresikan reseptor Fagosit (makrofage, sel dendritic) : reseptor terbanyak PRRs  mengaktifkan berbagai respons seluler (termasuk produksi molekul yang mendorong peradangan dan molekul yang menghancurkan mikroba) Reseptor PRRs : Baca slide ======== - Sel epitel yang membatasi tubuh dari dunia luar Diekspresikan pada membrane plasma, membrane endosomal dan dalam sitoplasma (sitosolik) Patogen yang berbeda dapat memiliki PAMPs yang sama Mikroba berbeda tapi PAMPs sama, dapat dikenali reseptor yang sama
  9. Reseptor yang digunakan sistem innate untuk bereaksi terhadap mikroba dan sel yang rusak >> di ekspresikan pada fagosit,sel dendritic dan banyak tipe sel lainnya TLR Lokasi pada permukaan sel, lainnya ada pada endosome Reseptor untuk asam nukleat virus, peptide bakteri dan produk sel yang rusak ada di sitoplasma NOD dan RIG - Kelompok pembentuk reseptor sitosolik yang homolog strukturnya untuk berturut-turut produk bakteri dan virus
  10. C-type lectin receptors (CLRs)
  11. Ketika PRRs ini berikatan dengan PAMPs dan DAMPs  mengaktifkan jalur transduksi sinyal yang mempromosikan antimikroba dan proinflammatory yang diekspresikan
  12. Ada 9 TLR fungsional yang berbeda pada manusia  TLR1 hingga TLR9 TLR 1, 2, 4, 5, dan 6 diekspresikan pada membran plasma  mereka akan mengenali berbagai PAMPs di lingkungan ekstraseluler. TLRs 3, 7, 8, dan 9 terutama diekspresikan di dalam sel pada retikulum endoplasma dan membran endosom, di mana mereka mendeteksi beberapa asam nukleat mikroba yang berbeda. Pengenalan TLR dari ligan mikroba menghasilkan aktivasi jalur pathway dan faktor transkripsi  menginduksi ekspresi gen yang produknya penting untuk respons inflamasi dan antivirus. ========= Nuclear Factor Kappa B (NFkB) à transcription factor yang memproduksi sitokin proinflamasi  Interferon regulatory factors (IRFs) 
  13. Reseptor sitosolik untuk PAMP dan DAMPs PRR yang mendeteksi infeksi / kerusakan sel di sitosol : NOD like receptor Baca slide
  14. =============== NOD-like receptor (NLRs) Reseptor sitosolik yang mengenali DAMPs dan PAMPs di sitoplasma 3 NLR yang penting : NOD1, NOD2 dan NLRP3 RIG-Like Receptors (RLR) sensor sitosolik dari virus RNA yang merespons dengan menginduksi produksi IFN tipe 1 RLR dapat mengenali double-stranded RNA dan RNA-DNA heteroduplex virus. tidak hanya menginduksi produksi IFN tipe I tetapi juga secara langsung menghambat replikasi virus dengan menghambat interaksi RNA-protein virus
  15. Inflammasom adalah kompleks multiprotein yang terbentuk di sitosol sebagai respons terhadap sitosolik PAMPs dan DAMPs, yang fungsinya menghasilkan bentuk aktif sitokin inflamasi IL-1β dan IL-18
  16. RESEPTOR LAIN - C-Type Lectin Receptors for Microbial Carbohydrates (CLR) Beberapa reseptor lektin tipe-C ini berfungsi dalam fagositosis mikroba, dan yang lainnya memiliki fungsi pensinyalan yang menginduksi respons protektif sel inang terhadap mikroba. - Scavenger Receptors SR-A dan CD36 (makrofag) memediasi fagositosis mikroorganisme - Formyl-Peptide Receptors Diekspresikan pada leukosit, mengenali peptida bakteri yang mengandung residu N-formylmethionyl dan merangsang Gerakan sel.
  17. KOMPONEN SELULER INNATE IMMUNE Berfungsi sebagai barrier terhadap infeksi dan sebagai sentinel untuk mendeteksi mikroba dan sel yang rusak dalam jaringan Beberapa jenis sel mengekspresikan berbagai PRR  mengenali PAMPs dan DAMPs  memproduksi sitokin inflamasi dan protein antivirus sel lain membunuh mikroba atau sel yang terinfeksi beberapa sel sangat penting untuk merangsang respons imun adaptif selanjutnya KOMPONEN TERDIRI DARI : Baca slide
  18. A. EPITEL BARIER - Permukaan epitel yang utuh  membentuk physical barier antara mikroba di lingkungan eksternal dan host tissue Form tight junction  menghalangi perjalanan mikroba antar sel Kulit : keratinosit  menghambat penetrasi mikroba Respiratory, gastrointestinal, dan sel epitel urogenital : mucus, silia, peristaltik  menghalangi invasi mikroba. - Memproduksi peptida yang memiliki sifat antimikroba. Defensin : toksisitas langsung terhadap mikroba, termasuk bakteri, jamur, dan virus, dan aktivasi sel yang terlibat dalam respons inflamasi terhadap mikroba. Cathelicidin : toksisitas langsung ke berbagai mikroorganisme dan aktivasi berbagai respons dalam leukosit dan jenis sel lain yang mendorong pemberantasan mikroba - Mengandung jenis limfosit tertentu, termasuk limfosit T intraepitel, yang mengenali dan merespons mikroba yang biasa ditemui. mensekresi sitokin, mengaktifkan fagosit, dan membunuh sel yang terinfeksi
  19. B. FAGOSIT Makrofag dan neutrofil, adalah garis pertahanan pertama melawan mikroba yang menembus penghalang epitel. NEUTROFIL - Produksi dirangsang oleh G-CSF dan GM-CSF. - Beredar dalam darah selama beberapa jam atau hari - bermigrasi ke tempat infeksi dengan cepat setelah masuknya mikroba  neutrofil hanya berfungsi selama 1 sampai 2 hari  mati. - Fungsi utama neutrofil : untuk memfagositosis mikroba, (mikroba opsonisasi, dan produk sel nekrotik dan menghancurkannya dalam fagolisosom) menghasilkan isi granula dan zat antimikroba yang membunuh mikroba ekstraseluler
  20. B. FAGOSIT MONONUKLEAR - termasuk sel-sel yang bersirkulasi yang disebut monosit  makrofag ketika mereka bermigrasi ke jaringan, dan makrofag penghuni jaringan - Fungsi Makrofag mencerna mikroba (fagositosis) dan kemudian membunuh mikroba yang tertelan. Menelan sel inang yang nekrotik dan menelan sel apoptosis mengeluarkan beberapa sitokin berbeda yang bekerja pada sel endotel yang melapisi pembuluh darah untuk meningkatkan perekrutan lebih banyak monosit dan leukosit lain dari darah ke tempat infeksi. Berfungsi sebagai (APC) yang menampilkan fragmen dari antigen protein dan mengaktifkan limfosit T. merangsang pertumbuhan pembuluh darah baru (angiogenesis) dan sintesis matriks ekstraseluler yang kaya kolagen (fibrosis) - Subset dari makrofag: M1 : membunuh mikroba (aktivasi klasik) M2: mempromosikan remodeling dan perbaikan jaringan ============= MAKROFAG (FAGOSIT MONONUKLEAR) Berada dalam jaringan Prekursornya adalah monosit Pada jaringan tertentu : Hati (sel kuffer), SSP (sel mikroglia), tulang (osteoklas), paru (makrofag alveolar) Mikroba dihancurkan dengan enzim lisozim, ROS dan nitrit oxide
  21. C. SEL DENDRITIK - Monosit yang terdiferensiasi oleh stimulasi GM-CSF dan IL-4 - Sel dendritik (DC) dengan cepat dan efisien menyerang dengan cara : Mendeteksi lokasi mereka di jaringan Mendeteksi ekspresi mereka dari berbagai PRR untuk PAMP dan DAMP. - Respon terhadap invasi mikroba  mereka mengeluarkan sitokin inflamasi yang mendorong perekrutan leukosit tambahan dari darah. - plasmacytoid subset DC adalah sumber utama sitokin antivirus, interferon tipe I DC mengaktifkan sel T dalam respon imun adaptif berikutnya (sebagai APC) =========== SEL DENDRITIK Terdapat di jaringan epitel yang berhubungan dengan dunia luar Mempresentasikan antigen ke sel T naïve (di limfonodi)  APC (Antigen Precenting Cell) Adanya presentasi antigen bertujuan mengaktifkan sel T naïve  sel T efektor Presentasi antigen menggunakan MHC
  22. D. SITOKIN YANG MEMPRODUKSI SEL LIMFOID INNATE ILCs - subset ILC yang berbeda: ILC1, ILC2, dan ILC3 Menghasilkan sitokin yang berbeda dan mengekspresikan faktor transkripsi yang berbeda, analog dengan Th1, Th2, dan Th17 berpartisipasi dalam pertahanan host terhadap patogen yang berbeda dan juga mungkin terlibat dalam gangguan inflamasi
  23. E. NK CELLS - Memainkan peran penting dalam respon innate immune, terutama terhadap virus dan bakteri intraseluler - Dalam darah muncul sebagai butiran sitoplasma limfosit besar ekspresi CD56 - Fungsi : fungsi efektor : membunuh sel yang terinfeksi (menghilangkan reservoir infeksi) dan menghasilkan IFN-γ, yang mengaktifkan makrofag untuk menghancurkan mikroba yang difagositosis mereka membunuh sel yang terinfeksi sebelum CTL spesifik antigen dapat menjadi aktif sepenuhnya, (biasanya memakan waktu 5 hingga 7 hari) Defisiensi sel NK terlihat jarang pada individu  menyebabkan peningkatan kerentanan terhadap infeksi oleh beberapa virus dan bakteri intraseluler. =============== NK CELL Terdapat dalam darah, limfa dan hati Mengatasi mikroba intraseluler, pada saat imunitas adaptif belum siap Membunuh sel yang diserang virus dan sel yang mengalami stress (hipoksia, injury), sel kanker KET GAMBAR : Sel NK mengenali ligan pada sel sel yang terinfeksi atau sel yang mengalami jenis stres dan membunuh sel inang. Dengan cara ini, sel NK menghilangkan kantong infeksi serta disfungsional sel. Sel NK menanggapi IL-12 yang diproduksi oleh makrofag dan mensekresi IFN-γ, yang mengaktifkan makrofag untuk membunuh mikroba fagositosit
  24. E. SEL MAST Sel mast adalah sentinel cell yang ada di kulit, epitel mukosa, dan jaringan ikat yang dengan cepat mengeluarkan sitokin proinflamasi dan mediator lipid sebagai respons terhadap infeksi dan rangsangan lainnya. bertahan melawan infeksi parasit, mengendalikan infeksi bakteri, atau menyebabkan gejala penyakit alergi. mengandung banyak butiran yang terikat membran, diisi dengan mediator inflamasi yang terbentuk sebelumnya, seperti (histamin, dan proteoglikan asam) Vasoaktif amin (histamin) menyebabkan vasodilatasi dan peningkatan permeabilitas kapiler enzim proteolitik : membunuh bakteri atau menonaktifkan toxin mikroba Histamin yang dilepaskan dan mediator lainnya mendorong perubahan pada pembuluh darah yang menyebabkan inflamasi mengekspresikan reseptor membran plasma berafinitas tinggi untuk jenis antibodi yang disebut IgE ================ SEL MAST Pada epitel kulit dan mukosa Sel mast akan melepaskan granul yang mengandung antara lain amin vasoaktif (histamin) → Vasodilatasi dan permeabilitas kapiler ↗ Sel mast menghasilkan lipid mediator (prostaglandin), sitokin inflamasi (TNFα).
  25. - Protein dalam darah dan cairan ekstraseluler yang mengenal PAMPs - Mengikat mikroba, mereka bertindak sebagai opsonin dan meningkatkan kemampuan makrofag dan neutrofil untuk fagositosis mikroba
  26. KOMPLEMEN Dibentuk dalam sel hati dan sel-sel sistem retikuloendotelial (limfosit, monosit) Fungsi komplemen : rekruitmen sel radang, membunuh agen pathogen (sitolisis) Aktivasi melalui 3 jalur Jalur klasik Bergantung pada inisiasi antibody Komplemen C1 menjadi aktif  C3 mengaktifkan C2 (membelah menjadi C2a dan c2b) dan C4 (membelah menjadi C4a dan c4b) . C2b dan C4b melekat pada permukaan antigen. C2a dan C4a melarut C3b adalah opsonin. Opsonin adalah molekul yg melekat pada bakteri dan sel makrofage. Opsinasasi meningkatkan fagositosis 1000x C3a  meningkatkan respon inflamasi dan menyebabkan pembebasan histamin Bila C3b mengikat C2b dan C4b >> terbentuk C5 kompleks C5a : melekat pada sel mast untuk meningkatkan daya proses inflamasi, meningkatkan kemotaktik C5b : pada perm sel melekat pada C6 C6 pada c5b >> C7 + C8 >> C9 Semua ikatan kompleks membentuk lubang lingkaran pada dinding sel bakteri prosesnya dinamakan MAC (membrane attack complex) MAC :cairan sitoplasma sel bakteri keluar dan air masuk ke dalam sel  sel lisis dan mati 2. JALUR ALTERNATIF Ada kompleks ag-ab  biasanya pada autoimun Mengaktivasi C1-C4-C3, jika c3 dan C4 kurang artinya sedang teraktivasi di perifer >> biasa pada autoimun dd infeksi protein komplemen yang disebut C3 secara langsung mengenali struktur permukaan mikroba tertentu, seperti LPS bakteri Perlekatan pada permukaan antigen (non spesifik)  tidak perlu ab untuk inisiasinya Berjalan lambat drpd jalur klasik 3. Jalur leptin ============== a. SISTEM KOMPLEMEN Terdiri dari beberapa protein plasma yang bekerja sama untuk mengopsonisasi mikroba Mempromosikan perekrutan fagosit ke tempat infeksi, dan dalam beberapa kasus, untuk membunuh mikroba secara langsung Aktivasi : Jalur klasik : menggunakan C1q untuk mendeteksi antibodi yang terikat pada permukaan mikroba atau struktur lainnya Jalur alternatif : protein komplemen yang disebut C3 secara langsung mengenali struktur permukaan mikroba tertentu, seperti LPS bakteri Jalur lektin : mannose-binding lectin (MBL), yang mengenali residu manos terminal pada glikoprotein dan glikolipid mikroba Pengenalan mikroba menghasilkan perekrutan berurutan dan perakitan protein komplemen tambahan menjadi kompleks protease C3 C3a & C3b, C5 C5a & C5b C3b berfungsi sebagai opsonin untuk mempromosikan fagositosis mikroba C3a, dilepaskan dan merangsang inflamasi dengan bertindak sebagai kemoatraktan untuk neutrophil C5a memberikan efek proinflamasi yang sama seperti C3a C5b memulai pembentukan kompleks protein komplemen C6, C7, C8, dan C9, yang dirakit menjadi pori membran yang disebut kompleks serangan membran (MAC) yang menyebabkan lisis sel ==================
  27. B. Pentraxyn Pentraxin family adalah protein plasma yang mengenali struktur mikroba dan berpartisipasi dalam innate immune Short pentraksin, protein C-reaktif (CRP) dan serum amiloid P (SAP) Long pentraxin PTX3 CRP dan SAP : berikatan dengan beberapa spesies bakteri dan jamur yang berbeda. CRP, SAP, dan PTX3 semuanya mengaktifkan komplemen dengan mengikat C1q dan memulai jalur klasik. Infeksi/inflamasi : Peningkatan CRP hingga 1000 kali lipat, SAP, protein lain (diinduksi oleh sitokin IL-6 dan IL-1)  reaktan fase akut
  28. c. KOLEKTIN dan FICOLIN 3 member collectin MBL Lectin pathway dari aktivasi komplemen sebagai opsonin dengan mengikat dan meningkatkan fagositosis mikroba. protein surfaktan paru SP-A dan SP-D Ditemukan di alveoli paru-paru Mengikat berbagai mikroorganisme dan bertindak sebagai opsonin, memfasilitasi konsumsi oleh makrofag alveolar. Ficolin mengikat beberapa spesies bakteri, mengopsonisasi mereka dan mengaktifkan komplemen
  29. sifat umum dan berbagai komponen sistem kekebalan tubuh bawaan sel, reseptor pengenalan patogen seluler, molekul efektor larut, TIGA MEKANISME UTAMA menginduksi Peradangan, menginduksi pertahanan antivirus, merangsang imunitas adaptif Melindungi patogen
  30. 4. RESPON INFLAMASI Cara utama innate immune menangani infeksi  merangsang inflamasi akut Akumulasi leukosit, protein plasma, dan cairan yang berasal dari darah pada jaringan ekstravaskular tempat infeksi atau cedera. leukosit : neutrofil (direkrut terlebih dahulu), monosit (akan menjadi makrofag) protein plasma penting  komplemen, antibodi, dan reaktan fase akut. Delivery sel dan protein tergantung pada perubahan reversibel pada pembuluh darah  peningkatan aliran darah ke jaringan (pelebaran pembuluh darah)  peningkatan adhesi leukosit yang bersirkulasi  peningkatan permeabilitas kapiler perubahan ini diinduksi oleh sitokin yang awalnya berasal dari sel sentinel (sel mast, makrofag, DC, dan sel endotel)
  31. TNF mediator respon inflamasi akut terhadap bakteri dan mikroba menular lainnya. Diproduksi terutama oleh makrofag dan DC, Sejumlah besar sitokin ini dapat diproduksi selama infeksi (dengan bakteri gram negatif dan gram positif), juga merupakan kontributor utama peradangan pada beberapa penyakit radang manusia b. IL-1 mediator respon inflamasi akut dan memiliki banyak tindakan yang mirip dengan TNF sumber seluler utama: fagosit mononuklear teraktivasi. dua bentuk IL-1, disebut IL-1α dan IL-1β, c. IL6 menginduksi sintesis reaktan fase akut oleh hati, merangsang produksi neutrofil di sumsum tulang, dan mendorong diferensiasi sel T pembantu penghasil IL-17 disintesis oleh fagosit mononuklear, DC, sel endotel vaskular, fibroblas penyumbang utama penyakit radang : RA
  32. 2. Recruitment Leukosit ke Tempat site Infeksi TNF dan IL-1 merangsang berbagai sel untuk mengeluarkan kemokin, (CXCL8 dan CCL2), yang masing-masing berikatan dengan reseptor pada neutrofil dan monosit. Peningkatan Afinitas integrin leukosit untuk ligannya  meningkatkan adhesi neutrophil dan monosit ke sel endotel dan transmigrasi melalui dinding pembuluh darah. Leukosit menumpuk di jaringan infiltrasi inflamasi TNF, IL-1, dan IL-6  bone marrow Meningkatkan produksi neutrofil dari progenitor bone marrow
  33. MAKROFAG (FAGOSIT MONONUKLEAR) Berada dalam jaringan Prekursornya adalah monosit Pada jaringan tertentu : Hati (sel kuffer), SSP (sel mikroglia), tulang (osteoklas), paru (makrofag alveolar) Mikroba dihancurkan dengan enzim lisozim, ROS dan nitrit oxide
  34. 4. RESPON ANTIVIRAL Cara utama: menginduksi ekspresi interferon tipe I  menghambat replikasi virus TLR, NLR, RLR, dan CDS, menghasilkan sinyal yang merangsang IFN-α dan IFN-β Interferon tipe I, memberi sinyal melalui reseptor interferon tipe I, mengaktifkan transkripsi beberapa gen yang memberi sel resistensi terhadap infeksi virus yang disebut keadaan antivirus. Interferon tipe I  meningkatkan sitotoksisitas sel NK dan CTL CD8+  membunuh sel yang terinfeksi virus dan memberantas infeksi virus. Interferon tipe I mempromosikan diferensiasi sel T naif menjadi sel T helper (Th1)
  35. 5. STIMULASI KEKEBALAN ADAPTIF Respon innate immune memberikan sinyal yang berfungsi bersama dengan antigen untuk merangsang proliferasi dan diferensiasi limfosit T dan B spesifik antigen. Hipotesis dua sinyal untuk aktivasi limfosit : membutuhkan dua sinyal berbeda  1. antigen; 2. molekul yang diproduksi selama respon innate immune [termasuk kostimulator (untuk sel T), sitokin (untuk sel T dan B), dan produk penguraian komplemen (untuk sel B)] IL-12 menstimulasi diferensiasi sel T CD4+ naif ke subset Th1 sel efektor IL-1, IL-6, dan IL-23 menstimulasi diferensiasi sel T CD4+ naif menjadi Th17 IL-25, IL-33, dan TSLP menstimulasi diferensiasi sel T CD4+ naif menjadi Th2 IL-15 mempromosikan kelangsungan hidup sel CD8 + T memori. IL-6 mendorong produksi antibodi oleh sel B yang teraktivasi Sinyal kedua juga mempengaruhi sifat respon adaptif
  36. MEKANISME YANG MEMBATASI RESPONS IMUN bawaan Besarnya dan durasi respon imun bawaan diatur oleh berbagai mekanisme penghambatan yang membatasi potensi kerusakan jaringan Respon peradangan: penting untuk perlindungan terhadap mikroba, ia berpotensi menyebabkan cedera jaringan dan penyakit. IL-10 : menghambat aktivasi makrofag dan DC Ada banyak jalur pensinyalan pengaturan negatif yang memblokir sinyal pengaktifan yang dihasilkan oleh reseptor pengenalan pola dan sitokin inflamasi. Penekan pensinyalan sitokin (SOCS) SHP-1
  37. KESIMPULAN Innate immune system merupakan first line pertahanan inang melawan mikroba, sebelum respons imun adaptif memiliki waktu yang cukup untuk berkembang. Komponen seluler dari sistem innate : epitel barrier dan leukosit (neutrofil, makrofag, sel NK, limfosit dan sel mast). Innate PRR (…), yang terdapat pada plasma dan membran endosom dan di sitosol, untuk mengenali struktur yang disebut PAMP, yang digunakan bersama oleh mikroba (TLR, NLR, dan RLR). Soluble pattern dan molekul efektor ditemukan dalam plasma, termasuk sistem komplemen, pentraksin (misalnya CRP), kolektin (misalnya MBL), dan ficolin. Dua fungsi efektor utama dari innate immune: menginduksi inflamasi dan memblokir infeksi virus pada sel dengan aksi oleh antivirus interferon tipe 1 Molekul yang diproduksi selama respon innate immune merangsang imunitas adaptif dan mempengaruhi sifat respon imun adaptif.