**2021 창업 트렌드
1. 경제 산업
1-1. K자형 경기추세
2. 소비트렌드
2-1. 언택트
2-2. 홈코노미
2-3. MZ세대
3. 솔루션
3-1. 피보팅
3-2. 정부정책변화
코로나19 이후 창업 트렌드에도 많은 변화가 생기고 있습니다. 이러한 트렌드에 빠르게 적응할 수 있도록 자료를 정리하였습니다. 트렌드 변화에 따른 기업의 생존솔루션도 제공합니다.
- page : 38P
- 강의대상 : 예비창업자, 스타트업 창업자,유관기관 담당자 등
- 강의시간 : 2시간
고명환의 스타트업 생존경영 Blog http://blog.naver.com/maru7091
고명환의 스타트업 생존경영 브런치 https://brunch.co.kr/@maru7091
스테이쿨 생존경영 Podcast http://www.podbbang.com/ch/17003
HP : 010-7900-7091
E-mail : maru7091@gmali.com
Here, the roots of complex mathematics Holomorphic Functions are compared with a physical example of complex mathematical problem of minimal surface Soap Bubble. Holomorphic function is nothing but a type of complex valued function which is differentiable in a neighborhood of every point of its domain and a soap bubble is an extremely thin film of soapy water surrounded by air. Comparison between holomorphic function and soap bubble is revealed by the following mathematical study. If a holomorphic function is defined on a closed disk and on the boundary of disk, function is known then by using Cauchy integral formula, we can determine the function in the interior of disk. In the same way, if we have a soap bubble formed on a closed wire and shape of wire (
1) The document discusses the role of colleges in developing social values among students. It defines society and discusses socialism in India and the characteristics of a socialistic society as conceived for India.
2) A key characteristic of a socialistic Indian society is decentralization of economic and political power through promotion of cottage industries and gram panchayats. All individuals should have equal opportunities and wealth should be distributed based on needs.
3) Education can help establish such a society by increasing national income, providing employment, promoting self-reliance, decentralization, equality, and enabling a peaceful democratic revolution. Education gives priority to the lowest and most backward in society.
Mulk Raj Anand was one of the greatest Indian writers in English who brought political commitment to his realistic portrayals of India's poor. His novel Untouchable, published in the 1930s, was groundbreaking for having a latrine cleaner as its central character and depicting the lives and struggles of the untouchables. The novel experiments linguistically by including many transliterated Hindi words and phrases into English. It also contains literal translations of Hindi idioms, swear words, and even full sentences. These experiments allowed Anand to authentically capture the language and experiences of his characters but made the novel difficult for non-Indian readers. The linguistic variations in Untouchable were bold and helped Anand communicate the realities of
**2021 창업 트렌드
1. 경제 산업
1-1. K자형 경기추세
2. 소비트렌드
2-1. 언택트
2-2. 홈코노미
2-3. MZ세대
3. 솔루션
3-1. 피보팅
3-2. 정부정책변화
코로나19 이후 창업 트렌드에도 많은 변화가 생기고 있습니다. 이러한 트렌드에 빠르게 적응할 수 있도록 자료를 정리하였습니다. 트렌드 변화에 따른 기업의 생존솔루션도 제공합니다.
- page : 38P
- 강의대상 : 예비창업자, 스타트업 창업자,유관기관 담당자 등
- 강의시간 : 2시간
고명환의 스타트업 생존경영 Blog http://blog.naver.com/maru7091
고명환의 스타트업 생존경영 브런치 https://brunch.co.kr/@maru7091
스테이쿨 생존경영 Podcast http://www.podbbang.com/ch/17003
HP : 010-7900-7091
E-mail : maru7091@gmali.com
Here, the roots of complex mathematics Holomorphic Functions are compared with a physical example of complex mathematical problem of minimal surface Soap Bubble. Holomorphic function is nothing but a type of complex valued function which is differentiable in a neighborhood of every point of its domain and a soap bubble is an extremely thin film of soapy water surrounded by air. Comparison between holomorphic function and soap bubble is revealed by the following mathematical study. If a holomorphic function is defined on a closed disk and on the boundary of disk, function is known then by using Cauchy integral formula, we can determine the function in the interior of disk. In the same way, if we have a soap bubble formed on a closed wire and shape of wire (
1) The document discusses the role of colleges in developing social values among students. It defines society and discusses socialism in India and the characteristics of a socialistic society as conceived for India.
2) A key characteristic of a socialistic Indian society is decentralization of economic and political power through promotion of cottage industries and gram panchayats. All individuals should have equal opportunities and wealth should be distributed based on needs.
3) Education can help establish such a society by increasing national income, providing employment, promoting self-reliance, decentralization, equality, and enabling a peaceful democratic revolution. Education gives priority to the lowest and most backward in society.
Mulk Raj Anand was one of the greatest Indian writers in English who brought political commitment to his realistic portrayals of India's poor. His novel Untouchable, published in the 1930s, was groundbreaking for having a latrine cleaner as its central character and depicting the lives and struggles of the untouchables. The novel experiments linguistically by including many transliterated Hindi words and phrases into English. It also contains literal translations of Hindi idioms, swear words, and even full sentences. These experiments allowed Anand to authentically capture the language and experiences of his characters but made the novel difficult for non-Indian readers. The linguistic variations in Untouchable were bold and helped Anand communicate the realities of
1) A series of novel N-(1-alkyl-2,6-dimethylpyridin-4(1H)-ylidene)areneamines were synthesized by condensing aromatic amines with substituted N-(1-alkyl-2,6-dimethylpyridin-4(1H)-one.
2) The structures of the synthesized compounds were confirmed using spectral data from IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and mass spectrometry.
3) The compounds were characterized based on their melting points and spectral data. Their proposed structures were supported by analytical techniques.
This document summarizes a research study on perceptions of female foeticide among Muslim doctors in Jammu, India. The study found that:
1) Female foeticide in the Muslim community is perceived as being due to son preference, lack of religious knowledge, and family/social values.
2) All doctors surveyed said lack of religious knowledge was a cause, and most (90%) also cited son preference and lack of awareness about women's status in Islam.
3) When asked about factors responsible for sex determination, most doctors cited parents (90%) and family/social values (80%), while 70% cited son preference and 60% cited technology availability and higher education.
The document summarizes a study on the zooplankton community of the Kalamnuri minor irrigation dam in India from August 2004 to July 2005. A total of 30 zooplankton species were found, dominated by 10 species of cladocera. The populations of zooplankton varied seasonally and between sampling sites, influenced by factors like water temperature and food availability. The study found the dam maintains a well-balanced ecosystem and has potential for fish cultivation due to the abundant zooplankton populations.
The document discusses the present scenario and need for foreign direct investment in higher education in India. It notes that while India has a long history of higher education, modern universities were only established in 1857 and there were just 20 universities and 500 colleges at independence in 1947. Currently there are over 600 universities but the gross enrollment ratio remains low at 18.8%, below many other countries. The government aims to increase this to 30% by 2020 but lacks the resources, creating a need for private investment. Allowing foreign investment could help meet targets by improving infrastructure, technology, and quality of education, but it may also risk commercializing education and benefitting foreign countries more than India.
1) The document discusses several challenges facing higher education in India, including a lack of trained faculty and quality research.
2) While technology has the potential to enhance education, many students and faculty do not fully understand how to utilize software like Microsoft Excel, limiting its benefits.
3) Other issues include low research quality and output, as measured by citations; a high rate of plagiarism; and underfunding of research and development relative to countries like China.
This document summarizes the status of scheduled tribes in Chhattisgarh state after its formation. Some key points:
- Tribals make up 31.76% of Chhattisgarh's population, which is significantly higher than the national average. There are 31 scheduled tribes living in the state.
- 9 districts are completely tribal-dominated and 9 others are partially tribal. 65.12% of the state's land area is included in tribal development projects.
- Over 1/3 of the state's parliamentary and legislative seats are reserved for scheduled tribes. Chhattisgarh has the 8th largest tribal population of any Indian state.
- 5 of India's 6 originally identified
This study compared the emotional intelligence of male and female senior secondary school students in Ajmer, India. A sample of 100 students (50 male and 50 female) completed an emotional intelligence inventory. The findings showed no significant difference in overall emotional intelligence between males and females. Additionally, when comparing the four areas of emotional intelligence (intrapersonal awareness, interpersonal awareness, intrapersonal management, interpersonal management), there were no significant differences found between males and females in any of the four areas. Therefore, the researcher concluded that sex is not a factor that impacts students' level of emotional intelligence.
This document advertises opportunities to publish research papers, books, theses, and other works through an organization called International University Publication. It provides contact information including a website and phone numbers and encourages recipients to visit the website or call for more details on publishing their work. It is written in both English and Hindi.
1) The study analyzes the relationship between health status and economic development in Uttar Dinajpur district of West Bengal.
2) Health and economic development indices were created using principal component analysis of relevant indicators. Islampur had the highest health index while Chopra had the highest economic development index.
3) A strong positive relationship was found between health status and economic indicators, with economic factors explaining 96% of health status variation.
4) Goalpokhar-I, Goalpokhar-II, Hemtabad, and Itahar blocks had low levels of both health and economic development, indicating the need to improve their economic conditions to enhance health.
1. The International Solid Waste Association (ISWA) is a global non-governmental organization concerned with professional waste management. ISWA promotes sustainable waste management practices and technologies.
2. The document compares the solid waste management approaches of the United States and India. In the US, waste management is well-organized industry, while in India waste management remains focused on collection and disposal with an emerging informal recycling sector.
3. Both countries face challenges in reducing waste sent to landfills and increasing recovery and recycling rates. The US aims to shift from a "throw away culture" while India works to improve waste infrastructure and management in rapidly growing urban areas.
The document discusses the role of information and communication technologies (ICT) in teaching and learning. It begins by outlining how ICT can complement and strengthen instruction by making vast amounts of educational material and tools available. ICT also facilitates participation, exploration, and collaborative learning. However, the status of ICT infrastructure in most Indian schools is inadequate, with few computers available on average per school. Teachers also lack training in effectively integrating ICT into their pedagogy. While ICT has great potential to improve education, more investment is needed to develop ICT capabilities in Indian schools.
Investigations were carried out to see the effect of pesticide 'companion' on the proximal composition and enzyme namely amylase, GOT and GPT of whole green gram in the early stages of germination. The findings revealed that the pesticides increase the enzyme activity in the early stages of germination and thus increase the metabolic rate. The Vitamin-C content was also enhanced with the use of pesticide, but there was a decrease in the proximal composition of the gram when treated with pesticide.
Afghanistan as a landlocked country occupies crucial geo-strategic
location connecting East & west Asia. This work is also the sincere effort to highlight the
factors which can bring sustainable development and peace in Afghanistan & also those
negative factors which are encouraging extremism of Taliban, terrorism and undue interference
by some countries. Generally it has been seen that the regional powers are also vary in action.
I also highlight the role of regional and trans- regional actors which are creating obstacles
in the construction of peaceful Afghanistan. I have also try to highlights the suggestions and
recommendation for the establishment of sustainable development & peace in afghanistan
through the collective support of major powers.
Key words : Afghanistan, Taliban, Great Game, Durand line,Russia ,Caspian sea,WTC
The research paper focuses on the Indian immigrant's experiences of immigration, nostalgia, language,
tradition, and acculturation in the host land with reference to Uma Parameswaran's literary fiction, "What Was
Always Hers". As a diasporic writer, she has seen and experienced immigrant life in the host country, Canada
and in her diasporic works; she has highlighted Indian immigrants' cultural displacement in the adopted country,
Canada. In the present book, she has explored the immigrant life of Indians especially immigrated women in their
adopted country. Her characters are always live in confusion to accept the culture of the native country or host
country and express their socio-cultural ties towards their homeland.
This 4 page document contains unfiled notes across multiple pages but no other identifiable information. The notes are brief and cover an unknown topic over the course of the 4 pages.
1. The document discusses the concept of friendship according to different political theories. It focuses on how friendship is seen as an important factor in maintaining peace and harmony in society.
2. Different theories view friendship differently, with some seeing it as a means for individuals to fulfill their self-interests while others see it as a bond based on mutual care, respect and trust between individuals.
3. The author argues that true friendship is based on sincerity and caring for others' well-being without any ulterior motives of benefit. It plays a significant role in bringing people together and reducing conflicts in society.
1. 81RESEARCH ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION
International Indexed & Refereed Research Journal, ISSN 0975-3486, (Print) E-ISSN-2320-5482, July,2013 VOL-IV *ISSUE- 46
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"The Term 'Banjara' does not indicate any particular
Caste or role. It denotes a profession of transporting
Foodgrains."2
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main group popularly address each other through out
the Country as "GOR". The Term 'GOR' is not used
either by any historin or the general public any where
in India."4
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¾ÖÖÓ—Ö-¾ÖÖÓ—ÖÖê™üß-¾ÖÖÓ•ÖÆêü¿Ö²¤ü´Ö¸üÖšüߟִÖã»Ö²ÖÖôÖÆüÖêÖÖ·µÖÖÄÖß²Ö§»Ö¾ÖÖ¯Ö¸üÖŸÖ
†ÖÆêü, µÖÖ“ÖÖ †£ÖÔ×Ö±úô †ÃÖÖ †ÖÆêü. ŸÖê¾ÆüÖ''²ÖÓ•ÖÖ¸ü •Ö×´ÖÖß¿Öß —ÖÖ›æüÖ,
´ÖêÆüÖŸÖú¸üÖÖ¸üÖ,ŸµÖÖ•Ö×´ÖÖß¿Öß¿Ö¡ÖãÃÖ´ÖÖÖ»ÖœüÖÖ¸üÖ,—ÖÖ›æüÖן֓Öê´Öãô
þֹý¯Ö²Ö¤ü»ÖåÖןֻÖÖׯÖúÖÃÖµÖÖêµÖú¸üÖÖ¸üÖ,†ÃÖÖ•ÖÖêŸÖÖê²ÖÓ•ÖÖ¸ü+†×¸ü
´ÆüÖ•Öê ²ÖÓ•ÖÖ¸üß ¾ÖÖ ²ÖÓ•ÖÖ¸üÖ ÆüÖêµÖ.'' 9 ²ÖÓ•ÖÖ¸üß »ÖÖêúÖÓ“ÖÖ ²ÖÓ•Ö¸ü •Ö×´ÖÖß¿Öß
×Öú™ü“ÖÖÃÖÓ²ÖÓ¬Ö†Ö×ÖÃÖÓ¯ÖÔúÆüÖêŸÖÖ.¬ÖÖµÖÖ“µÖÖ¾µÖÖ¯ÖÖ¸üÖ×Ö×´Ö¢ÖÖÖê²ÖÖôÖ»Ö껵ÖÖ
Æü•ÖÖ¸üÖê, »ÖÖÖÖê ÖÖµÖà“Öß - ²Öî»ÖÖÓ“Öß “ÖÖ·µÖÖ“Öß, ¤üÖÖÖ ¾Öî¸üÖÖ“Öß ¾µÖ¾ÖãÖÖ
¯ÖÖÆüµÖÖÃÖÖšüß ŸÖÃÖê“ÖÃÖîµÖÖÃÖÖê²ÖŸÖ“µÖÖ ¯ÖÎÖµÖÖ“Öß ´ÆüÖ•Öê Æü¢Öß,‘ÖÖê›êü, ˆÓ™ü
µÖÖÓ“µÖÖ“ÖÖ·µÖÖÓ“Öß¾µÖ¾ÖãÖÖ¯ÖÖÆüµÖÖÃÖÖšüß,¸üÃÖ¤ü¯Öã¸ü×¾ÖµÖÖÃÖÖšüß²ÖÓ•ÖÖ¸ü•Ö´ÖßÖ
ŸÖÖ²µÖÖŸÖ †ÃÖÖê Ö¸ü•Öê“Öê †ÃÖê, †¿ÖÖ ²ÖÓ•ÖÖ¸ü •Ö´ÖßÖß¾Ö¸ü ¾ÖÖß־µÖ ú¸üߟÖ
¸üÖ×Æü»µÖÖÖê ¤êüÖᯙ ²ÖÓ•ÖÖ¸üÖ ÖÖ¾Ö ¹ýœü ÆüÖêŸÖ Öê»Öê †ÃÖÖ¾Öê.
»Ö´ÖÖÖ :- ²ÖÓ•ÖÖ¸üÖ »ÖÖêúÖÓÖÖ“Ö »Ö´ÖÖÖ, »Ö³ÖÖÖ, »ÖÓ²ÖÖ›üß, µÖÖ ÖÖ¾ÖÖÖêÆüß
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2. 82 RESEARCH ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION
International Indexed & Refereed Research Journal, ISSN 0975-3486, (Print) E-ISSN-2320-5482, July,2013 VOL-IV *ISSUE- 46
ÃÖÓÃéúŸÖÖ꟯ֳ֮ÖÖÂÖÖÓ´Ö¬µÖêÆüÖêŸÖÖê.´Ö¸üÖšüߟÖÃÖ㬤üÖÆüÖêŸÖÖê.'»Ö¾ÖÖ'µÖÖ¿Ö²¤üÖÃÖ
'úÖ¸ü' ´ÆüÖ•Öê úŸÖÖÔ-ú¸üÖÖ¸üÖ ÆüÖ ¯ÖΟµÖµÖ »ÖÖÖæÖ ¿Ö²¤ü ŸÖµÖÖ¸ü ÆüÖêŸÖÖê, ŸÖÖê
»Ö¾ÖÖú¸ ''ŸµÖÖ“ÖÖ †£ÖÔ ÆüÖêŸÖÖê ´ÖßšüÖ¿Ößü ÃÖÓ²ÖÓ¬ÖßŸÖ Øú¾ÖÖ ´Ößšü ú¸üÖÖ¸üÖ.
¾ÖÖ×Ö•µÖ+ú¸üÖ+úÖÃÖ µÖÖ“ÖÖ †£ÖÔ ÆüÖêŸÖÖê. ¾µÖÖ¯ÖÖ¸ü ú¸üÖÖ¸üÖ, ŸµÖÖ †Ö¬ÖÖ¸êü
»Ö¾ÖÖ+úÖ¸ü´ÆüÖ•Öê´ÖßšüÖ“ÖÖ¾µÖÖ¯ÖÖ¸ü+úÖ¸ü´ÆüÖ•Öêú¸üÖÖ¸üÖ,»Ö¾ÖÖúÖ¸ü
²Öî»ÖÖ“Öê ¯ÖÖšüß¾Ö¹ýÖ ‡ÓÖ륅 ÃÖã¬ÖÖ¸üÖÖ ¯Öã¾ÖÔ úÖôÖŸÖ ÃÖ´Ö㦠×úÖÖ·µÖÖú›æüÖ
¤êü¿ÖÖÓŸÖÖÔŸÖ³ÖÖÖÖŸÖ¾µÖÖ¯ÖÖ¸üú¸üߟִÆüÖæÖŸµÖÖÓÖÖ»Ö¾ÖÖúÖ¸ü†ÃÖê´ÆüÖŸÖ.
¸üßÖê-¸êü»¾Öê¯Öã¾ÖÔúÖôÖŸÖ×´ÖšüÖ“ÖÖ¯ÖãÖÔ ¾µÖÖ¯ÖÖ¸üµÖÖ“ÖÃÖ´ÖãÆüÖŸÖÆüÖêŸÖÖ,ŸµÖÖÓÖÖ
ÃÖ´Ö㦠×úÖÖ·µÖÖ¿Öß ÃÖÓ²ÖÓ¬ÖßŸÖ ¯ÖΤêü¿ÖÖŸÖ »Ö´ÖÖÖ Æêü ÖÖ¾Ö ¹ýœü —ÖÖ»Öê.''10
»Ö´ÖÖÖß :- »ÖãÖÖ Ö¤üߟÖãÖ ´Ößšü †ÖÖæÖ ŸµÖÖÓ“ÖÖ ¾ÖÖ¯Ö¸ü ú¸üÖÖ¸êü ŸÖê »Ö´ÖÖÖß
¾µÖ㟯֢ÖßúÖÆüß²ÖÓ•ÖÖ¸üÖ»ÖÖêú†µÖÖ×µÖúÖ´ÆüÖæÖÃÖÖÓÖŸÖÖŸÖ.ŸµÖÖÃÖÓ¤ü³ÖÖÔŸÖ
''Æêü »ÖÖêú,»Ö¾ÖÖ´ÆüÖ•Öê´Ößšü¾ÖÖÆæüÖÖêŸÖ†ÃÖŸÖ´ÆüÖæÖŸµÖÖÓÖÖ '»Ö´ÖÖÖß'
†ÃÖê Æüß ÖÖ¾Ö ¯Ö›ü»Öê †ÖÆüê.''11 †ÃÖÖ ˆ»»ÖêÖ ³ÖÖ¸üŸÖßµÖ ÃÖÓÃéúŸÖß úÖêÂÖÖŸÖ
†ÖœüôŸÖÖê.
"In Goathe Laman are littleknown communitymainly
engaged in various construction works as daily wage
labourers."12
»Ö²ÖÖÖÖ/»Ö³ÖÖÖÖ:- "ThetermLabanaappearstobederived
fromlun(salt)andbana(trade)andtheLubana,Lobana
or Libana was doubtless the great salt-trading Caste,
as the Banjara was the general carrier, informer times,
Indeed the Labana is occasionally called a Banjara.
They are almost wholly confined to the sub-inohtane
districts and Kangara but are munerous in Lahore and
alsofoundinGujranwalaandFerozepur.Muzaffargath
and Bahawalpur also contain Labana colonies."13
“ÖÖ¸üÖ:- ''“Ö¸ü“Ö׻֟ևן֓ÖÖ¸üÖ:†ÃÖê´ÖÖÖŸÖÖŸÖ.ÃÖŸÖŸÖ“ÖÖ»ÖÖê×±ú¸üÖê
úÖêšêüÆüßÖÛãָüÖ¾ÖÖêµÖÖ†£ÖÖÔÖê²ÖÓ•ÖÖ¸üÖÓÖÖ“ÖÖ¸üÖ²ÖÓ•ÖÖ¸üÖ''14†ÃÖê´Æü™ü»Öê
•ÖÖŸÖê.
»ÖÓ²ÖÖ›üß :-''²ÖÓ•ÖÖ¸üÖ Øú¾ÖÖ ²Ö•ÖÖ¸üßÆüß »Ö´ÖÖÖ Øú¾ÖÖ »ÖÓ²ÖÖ›üß µÖÖ ÖÖ¾ÖÖÖêÆüß
†ÖêôÖ»Öê•ÖÖŸÖÖŸÖ.³ÖÖ¸üŸÖÖŸÖŸµÖÖÓ“Öê¾ÖÖß־µÖ×¾ÖÖã¸ü»Ö껵ÖÖþֹý¯ÖÖŸÖÖã•Ö¸üÖŸÖ,
´ÖÆüÖ¸üÖ¹]Åõü, úÖÖÔ™üú, †ÖÓ¬ÖÎ ‡. ¯ÖΤêü¿ÖÖŸÖ †ÖœüôŸÖê. ŸµÖÖÓ“ÖÖ ¾µÖ¾ÖÃÖÖµÖ ÆüÖ
¬ÖÖµÖ, ´Ößšü, ÖÖ¸üô ¾Ö ‡ŸÖ¸ü ÃÖÖ×ÆüŸµÖ ¯Öã¸ü×¾ÖµÖÖ“ÖÖ ÆüÖêŸÖÖ''15
ÃÖãÖ»Öß-ÃÖãÖÖ»Öß:-''¤ü×ÖÖ³ÖÖ¸üŸÖÖŸÖÃÖã¯ÖÖ¸üß»ÖÖÃÖãÖ»Öß,ÃÖãúÖ»Öß´ÆüÖŸÖÖŸÖ.
ŸµÖÖ †£ÖÖÔÖê ¬ÖÖµÖ, ÃÖã¯ÖÖ¸üß, ŸÖÖÓ¤ãüô, ´Ößšü ‡. ¾µÖÖ¯ÖÖ¸ü ú¸üÖÖ¸êü ²ÖÖ•ÖÖ¸üß
ÃÖ´ÖÖ•ÖÖÃÖÃÖãÖ»Öß,ÃÖãúÖô,ÃÖúô߸üµÖÖÖÖ¾Öê¤ü×ÖÖú›êü†ÖêôÖ»Öê•ÖÖ‡.''16
ŸÖê»ÖÖã ³ÖÖÂÖêŸÖ 'ÃÖãÖÖ»Öß' ´ÆüÖ•Öê '“ÖÖÓÖ»µÖÖ ÖÖµÖß“µÖÖ úô¯Ö' µÖÖ †£ÖÖÔÖêÆüß
†ÖÓ¬ÖÎ,ŸÖÖ´ÖßôÖÖ›ãü,úÖÖÔ™üú,ê¸üô‡.¤ü×ÖÖ¯ÖÎÖÓŸÖÖŸÖÖÖê¬ÖÖ²ÖÖôÖÖÖ·µÖÖ
²ÖÓ•ÖÖ·µÖÖÓÖÖ 'ÃÖãÖÖ»Öß' ´ÆüÖæÖ †ÖêôÖ»Öê •ÖÖŸÖê. ÃÖÓ¯ÖãÖÔ ³ÖÖ¸üŸÖÖŸÖ ²ÖÓ•ÖÖ¸üÖ
•ÖÖŸÖß»ÖÖ²ÖÓ•ÖÖ¸üÖ,»Ö´ÖÖÖ,»Ö´ÖÖÖß,»ÖÓ²ÖÖ›üÖ,ÃÖãÖ»Ö߇.ÖÖ¾ÖÖÖê†ÖêôÖ»Öê
•ÖÖŸÖê.²ÖÓ•ÖÖ¸üÖ•ÖÖŸÖß“ÖÖ´ÖãµÖ¾µÖ¾ÖÃÖÖµÖÆüÖ¾ÖÖÆüŸÖãú¾µÖÖ¯ÖÖ¸üÆüÖêŸÖÖ.ØÆü¤üß-
´Ö¸üÖšüß¿Ö²¤üúÖêÂÖÖŸÖÆß ''²ÖÓ•ÖÖ¸üÖ´ÆüÖ•Öê“ÖÖ»ÖŸÖê ×±ú¸üŸÖê¾µÖÖ¯ÖÖ¸üß''17
²ÖÓ•ÖÖ¸üÖ »ÖÖêú ‡ŸÖ¸ü ÃÖ´ÖÖ•ÖÖ¯ÖÖÃÖæÖ †Ö¯Ö»Öß ¾ÖêÖôß †ÖêôÖ
¤ü¿ÖÔ×¾ÖµÖÖÃÖÖšüß Ã¾ÖŸÖ:»ÖÖ 'ÖÖê¸ü' ²ÖÓ•ÖÖ¸üÖ ´ÆüÖ¾ÖãÖ ‘ÖêŸÖÖŸÖ, ŸÖ¸ü •Öê ²ÖÓ•ÖÖ¸üÖ
ÖÖÆüßŸÖ ŸµÖÖÓ“ÖÖ ˆ»»ÖêÖ ŸÖê 'úÖê¸ü' µÖÖ ÖÖ¾ÖÖÖê ú¸üŸÖÖŸÖ.18
''²ÖÓ•ÖÖ¸üÖ •ÖÖŸÖ Æüß ´ÖÆüÖ³ÖÖ¸üŸÖ úÖôÖŸÖÆüß †Ûß֟¾ÖÖŸÖ ÆüÖêŸÖß.
²ÖÓ•ÖÖ¸üÖ•ÖÖŸÖß“ÖևןÖÆüÖÃÖÆüÖ3000¾ÖÂÖÖÔ¯Öæ¾Öá“ÖÖ†ÖÆêü.¸üÖ¬ÖÖ†Ö×Ö´ÖÖê»ÖÖ
(´Öú¸Óü¤ü) µÖÖÓ“µÖÖ ¯ÖÖÃÖæÖ ²ÖÓ•ÖÖ¸üÖ •ÖÖŸÖß“Öß ‡ŸÖ¸ü ¿ÖÖÖÖÓ´Ö¬µÖê ¾ÖÖœü ÆüÖêŸÖ
Ö껵ÖÖ“Öß †ÖµÖÖ×µÖúÖ †ÖÆêü.'' 19 ²Ö㬤ü úÖôÖŸÖÆüß ²ÖÓ•ÖÖ¸üÖ •ÖÖŸÖß“µÖÖ
†Ûß֟¾ÖÖÃÖÓ²ÖÓ¬Öß,''ÖÖîŸÖ´Ö ²Ö㬤üÖ»ÖÖ–ÖÖÖ ¯ÖÎÖ¯ŸÖ—ÖÖ»µÖÖÖÓŸÖ¸ü ŸµÖÖÓÖÖ¯ÖΣִÖ
פüÃÖ»ÖÖŸÖÖê²ÖÓ•ÖÖ¸üÖ»ÖÖêúÖÓ“ÖÖŸÖÖÓ›üÖ,ŸµÖÖÓ“ÖÖÖÖµÖú³Ö••Öæ, µÖÖÖê†Ö¯Ö»µÖÖ
•Ö¾Öô߻ֱú»ÖÆüÖ¸üÖÖîŸÖ´ÖÖ»ÖÖפü»ÖÖ†Ö×ÖµÖÖ“Ö¾Öêôß•ÖÓÖ»ÖÖŸÖ߻ֵÖÖ³Ö••Öæ»ÖÖ
ÖÖîŸÖ´Ö ²Ö㬤üÖÖê ¬Ö´ÖÖÕ“Öß ×¤üÖÖ ×¤ü»Öß.''20, †ÃÖê ¾ÖÖÔÖ ê »Öê»Öê †ÖœüôŸÖê.
†¿ÖÖ¯ÖÎúÖ¸êü'²ÖÓ•ÖÖ¸üÖ'ÆüÖ¿Ö²¤ü¾µÖ㟯֢ÖߟµÖÖÓ“µÖÖ¾µÖ¾ÖÃÖÖµÖØú¾ÖÖ³ÖδÖÓŸÖ߆¿ÖÖ
×¾Ö×¾Ö¬ÖúÖ¸üÖÖÓÖß—ÖÖ»Öê»Ö߆֜üôŸÖê.´ÖÖ¡ÖµÖÖŸÖ'²ÖÓ•ÖÖ¸üÖ'ÆüÖ¿Ö²¤ü³ÖÖ¸üŸÖÖŸÖ
•ÖÖß֯ÖΓÖ×»ÖŸÖ†ÃÖ»µÖÖ“Öê†ÖœüôŸÖê.
²ÖÓ•ÖÖ¸üÖ ×•Ö¯ÃÖß †ÖµÖÔ / †ÖÖµÖÔ ÃÖÖ´µÖ ¾Ö ¯Ö¸üïָü ÃÖÓ²ÖÓ¬Ö :-
ו֯ÃÖß :-
"The world Nomad does not exclusively refer to the
pastoral nomads only, but also to all those persons,
who constantlywanderneitheranddonotleadasettied
life.Theyneitherpossesonlyandoftheirownnorhave
any home."21
'¸üÖê´ÖÖÖß ×•Ö¯ÃÖß', µÖÖ †´Öê׸üúÖ, ¸ü׿ֵÖÖ, †Öòº]Åäõ×»ÖµÖÖ
†Ö×ÖµÖã¸üÖê¯Ö³Ö¸ü¯ÖÃÖ¸ü»Ö껵ÖÖ³Ö™üŒµÖÖ•Ö´ÖÖŸÖß¿Ö߆ÃÖ»Öê»ÖÖ†Ö¯Ö»ÖÖ¯Öã¾ÖÖÔÖã²ÖÓ¬Ö
†Ö•ÖÆüß ²ÖÓ•ÖÖ¸üÖ »ÖÖêú ´ÖÖÖŸÖÖŸÖ.
''ו֯ÃÖß Æêü ´Öæ»ÖŸÖ: ³ÖÖ¸üŸÖÖŸÖæÖ“Ö †Ö»Öê †ÃÖÖ¾ÖêŸÖ. ³ÖÖ¸üŸÖÖŸÖæÖ
¤üÖêÖ Æü•ÖÖ¸ü ¾ÖÂÖÖÔ¯Öæ¾Öá ŸµÖÖÓÖß µÖã¸üÖê¯Ö, †´Öê׸üê ú›üᯙ ¤êü¿ÖÖŸÖ Ã£Ö»ÖÖÓŸÖ¸ü
ê »Öê †ÃÖê ´Æü™ü»Öê •ÖÖŸÖê. •Öã»Ö´Öß †ÖÎú´ÖÖÖ»ÖÖ ¿Ö¸üÖ Ö •ÖÖŸÖÖ, †Ö¯Ö»Öê
†Ûß֟¾Ö×™üú×¾ÖµÖÖÃÖÖšü߆Ö×ÖþÖÖ׳ִÖÖÖÖ»ÖÖˆÖê¯ÖÖÖµÖê‰úÖµÖêµÖÖÃÖÖšüß,
ו֯ÃÖàÖÖãֻÖÖÓŸÖ¸üú¸üÖ¾Öê»ÖÖÖ»Öê.''22¯ÖÎ×ÃÖ¬¤ü³ÖÖÂÖ×¾Ö¤ü†Ö×Ö¸üÖê´ÖÖÖß
×¾Ö¿ÖêÂÖ–Ö µÖÖÖ úÖê¸ü¾ÖÖÖ ¯ÖÖî¾Ãúß“µÖÖ ´ÖŸÖê'' µÖã¸üÖê¯Ö ו֯ÃÖß ¾Öê ¸üÖ•Ö¯ÖæŸÖ µÖÖ
Ö×¡ÖµÖ µÖÖꬤüÖ Æîü, וÖÆüÖêÖê ÃÖÖ 1912´Öê ŸÖ¸üÖ‡Ô ú µÖ㬤ü´Öê ´ÖãÆü´´Ö¤ü ‘ÖÖê¸üß
«Ö¸üÖ ¯Ö飾Ö߸üÖ•Ö “ÖÖîÆüÖÖ úß ¯Ö¸üÖ•ÖµÖ ¯Ö¸ü ¤êü¿Ö ŸµÖÖÖ ×¤üµÖÖ £ÖÖ''23
"The world Book -VolumeVIII" µÖÖŸÖÆüßו֯ÃÖß
ÃÖÓ¤ü³ÖÖÔŸÖ ŸÖê ´Öæô“Öê ³ÖÖ¸üŸÖÖŸÖᯙ †ÖÆêüŸÖ †ÃÖÖ ˆ»»ÖêÖ †ÖœüôŸÖÖê. "Gyp-
sies-are a group of wandering people whose ancestors
originally lived in India, Today Gypsies live in almost
every part of the world, some have settled down, but
manyGypsies are still nomads......"24 The NewEncy-
clopediaBritannica-VolumeIV
µÖÖ´Ö¬µÖê Æüß ×•Ö¯ÃÖß Æüß ³ÖÖ¸üŸÖÖŸÖᯙ •Ö´ÖÖŸÖ †ÖÆêü. "In fact, their
history and spoken language can be traced back to
India, wherein allprobability, theyoriginated when or
why they left India is unknown, but it is probably that
they left on several occasions and for different rea-
sons..."25TheEncyclopediaAmericana-Volume-XIII
µÖÖ´Ö¬µÖê Æüß ×•Ö¯ÃÖß Æüß ³ÖÖ¸üŸÖÖŸÖæÖ †Ö»Öê»Öß ³Ö™üúß •Ö´ÖÖŸÖ †ÃÖ»µÖÖ“ÖÖ
ˆ»»ÖêÖ †ÖœüôŸÖÖê, ŸÖÖê µÖÖ¯ÖδÖÖÖê "The Gypsies are a nomadic
peoplewhobaganmigratingintoEuropefromtheEast
inthe 14th
centurycomingfromIndia."26
Newstandard
Encyclopedia - Volume six µÖÖŸÖ ¤êüÖß»Ö ×•Ö¯ÃÖß †Ö×Ö ³ÖÖ¸üŸÖ
µÖÖÓ“ÖÖ ÃÖÓ²ÖÓ¬Ö Ã¯Ö™ü ê»Öê»ÖÖ †ÖÆêü, ŸµÖÖÖãÃÖÖ¸ü "Gypsies or Gipsies
both jipsize a dark skinned people living mainly in
EuropeandtheAmericans.Theyaretraditionallywan-
derersandmanyclingtothiswayoflifeStatestraikers.
Those who have settled down still observe many of
3. 83RESEARCH ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION
International Indexed & Refereed Research Journal, ISSN 0975-3486, (Print) E-ISSN-2320-5482, July,2013 VOL-IV *ISSUE- 46
their traditional customs they call themselves Roma-
niestheirlanguageisrelatedtolanguageofIndiawhere
the Gypsies are thought to have originated."27
²ÖÓ•ÖÖ¸üÖ
†³µÖÖÃÖúÖÓ“µÖÖ ´ÖŸÖê ''ˆ¢Ö¸ü ³ÖÖ¸üŸÖÖŸÖᯙ ¯ÖÓ•ÖÖ²Ö, Æü׸üµÖÖÖÖ, ¸üÖ•ÖãÖÖÖ
µÖê£Öᯙ ¯ÖΤêü¿ÖÖŸÖ ŸµÖÖÓ“Öê ´Öæô ãÖÖÖ †ÖÆêü. ‡.ÃÖ. 1112 ´Ö¬µÖê ¯Ö飾Ö߸üÖ•Ö
“Ö¾ÆüÖÖ†Ö×Ö´ÖÆÓü´Ö¤ü‘ÖÖê¸üßµÖÖÓ“µÖÖŸÖ—ÖÖ»Ö껵ÖÖ¤ãüÃÖ·µÖÖµÖ㬤üÖŸÖ¯Ö飾Ö߸üÖ•Ö
“Ö¾ÆüÖÖ†Ö¯Ö†Ö¯ÖÃÖÖŸÖ߻ֳÖÖÓ›üÖÖ´Öãôê¯Ö¸üÖ³ÖæŸÖ—ÖÖ»ÖÖ.ŸµÖÖÓ“ÖêÃÖîµÖÖŸÖß»Ö,
ˆ¢Ö¸êüú›ü߻֯ÖΤêü¿ÖÖŸÖß»ÖÃÖîµÖ,´ÖÆÓü´Ö¤ü‘ÖÖî¸üßÖêפü»»Öß“Öê(‡Ó¦¯ÖÎãÖ)ŸÖŸÖ,
úÖ²Öß•Ö ê »µÖÖÖÓŸÖ¸ü ×Æü´ÖÖ»ÖµÖÖ“Öê ¯Ö¾ÖÔŸÖ ¸üÖÓÖÖ´Ö¬µÖê ×¾ÖÖã¸ü»Öê Öê»Öê, ŸÖê ‹ú
¤ü»ÖÆüÖêŸÖê.µÖÖ“Ö¤ü»ÖÖÖêŸÖ¸üÖ‡Ô¯ÖΤêü¿ÖÖŸÖ•Ö´Ö²ÖÃÖ×¾Ö»ÖÖŸÖê‡ÓÖΕÖÖÓ“Öê²Ö¸üÖê²Ö¸ü“µÖÖ
»ÖœüÖ‡Ô¯ÖÖ¾ÖêŸÖÖêŸÖêŸÖê£Öê²ÖßÖßú¹ýÖ¸üÖ×Æü»Öê.µÖÖ¤ü»ÖÖ“ÖÖ¯ÖÆüÖ›ü߯ÖΤêü¿ÖÖŸÖß»Ö
•Ö´ÖÖŸÖß¿Öß ÃÖÓµÖÖêÖ ÆüÖê‰úÖ '²ÖÖ•ÖÖ¸üß' Æüß •Ö´ÖÖŸÖ †Ûß֟¾ÖÖŸÖ †Ö»Öß.....
µÖÖ“ÖµÖ㬤üÖŸÖ߻֋ú¤ü»Ö'¸üÖê´ÖÖÖê”ûÖ¾Öê'†±úÖ×ÖßÖÖÖ“µÖÖ¸üßµÖÖÖê¤êü¿ÖÖÓŸÖ¸üߟÖ
—ÖÖ»Öê ŸÖê“Ö ¯Öãœêü '¸üÖê´ÖÖ' µÖÖ ÖÖ¾Öê †Ö•Ö×´ÖŸÖßÃÖ †ÖêôÖ»Öê •ÖÖŸÖÖŸÖ.''28
†³µÖÖÃÖúÖÓÖ߸üÖê´ÖÖו֯ÃÖß²ÖÖ²ÖŸÖ´Æü™ü»Öê†ÖÆêü×ú,''³ÖÖ¸üŸÖßµÖ
ÃÖÓÃéúŸÖß •Ö¯Ö»Öê»Öê 'ו֯ÃÖß' Æêü ´Öæô“Öê ˆ¢Ö¸ü ³ÖÖ¸üŸÖßµÖ †ÃÖæÖ ŸÖê †ÖµÖÔ.....
¸üÖ•Ö¯ÖæŸÖ¾Ö•ÖÖ™ÖÓ“Öê¾ÖÓ¿Ö•Ö†ÖÆêêüŸÖ.¾ÖÖ¸Óü¾ÖÖ¸üÆüÖêÖÖ·µÖÖ´ÖãÃÖ»Ö´ÖÖÖ¸üÖ•ÖÖÓ“µÖÖ
þÖÖ·µÖÖÓ´Öãôê³ÖÖ¸üŸÖÖ“µÖÖˆ¢Ö¸êüú›üß»ÖÃÖß´ÖÖ¾ÖŸÖá¸üÖ•µÖÖÓ´Ö¬ÖæÖµÖÖ•Ö´ÖÖŸÖßÃÖ
‡.ÃÖ. 6 ¾µÖÖ ¿ÖŸÖúÖŸÖ ²ÖÖÆêü¸ü ¯Ö›üÖ¾Öê »ÖÖÖ»Öê. ŸÖê ¯Öæ¾ÖᓵÖÖ ¯ÖÓ•ÖÖ²Ö ¯ÖÎÖÓŸÖÖ“Öê,
×Æü´ÖÖ“Ö»Ö ¯ÖΤêü¿Ö µÖÖ ¸üÖ•µÖÖ“Öê ¾Ö ú¦¿ÖÖÃÖßŸÖ ×¤ü»»Öß, “ÖÓפüÖ›ü ŸÖÃÖê“Ö
¸üÖ•ÖãÖÖÖ“µÖÖ ÃÖß´Öêú›üᯙ ¸ü×Æü¾ÖÖÃÖß ÆüÖêŸÖ. ŸÖê ´Öæô“Öê '»Ö´ÖÖÖß' »ÖÓ²ÖÖ›üß
Øú¾ÖÖ²ÖÓ•ÖÖ¸üÖØú¾ÖÖ¾ÖÓ•ÖÖ¸üßÆüÖêŸÖ.ŸµÖÖÓ“Öê´ÖæôãÖÖÖ³ÖÖ¸üŸÖÖ“µÖÖ¾ÖÖµÖ¾µÖêú›üß»Ö
ØÆü¤ú¿Ö¯Ö¾ÖÔŸÖÖ“ÖÖ¯ÖÖµÖ£ÖÖ†ÃÖÖ¾ÖÖ†ÃÖêÆüß´ÖÖÖ»Öê•ÖÖŸÖê.''29
¸üÖê´ÖÖו֯ÃÖß †³µÖÖÃÖúÆüßµÖÖŸÖ ¯Öã™üߤêüŸÖÖÓÖÖ ÃÖÖÓÖŸÖÖŸÖ ×ú,
"MostoftheRomaofEuropeandAmericanowbelieve
thattheyareRajputorJatsfromwhohadmigratedfrom
their Fathers to the foreign countries.... Numbers of
groups of Roma belong to Banjara."30 †³µÖÖÃÖúÖÓ“µÖÖ ´ÖŸÖê
ו֯ÃÖß´ÆüÖ•Öê²ÖÓ•ÖÖ¸üÖ,ו֯ÃÖß“µÖÖ¸üÖê´ÖÖÖß³ÖÖÂÖê“ÖêÃÖÖ´µÖ³ÖÖ¸üŸÖßµÖ³ÖÖÂÖê¿Öß
†ÖœüôŸÖê. ''¸üÖê´ÖÖÖß ³ÖÖÂÖÖ Æüß ÃÖÓÃéúŸÖ ŸÖÃÖê“Ö ØÆü¤üß¿Öß ÃÖÖ´µÖ ¤ü¿ÖÔ×¾ÖŸÖê.
µÖÖ¾Ö¹ýÖŸÖê‡Ó›üÖê-†ÖµÖÔÖ†ÃÖ»µÖÖ“Öê•ÖÖÖ¾ÖŸÖê.µÖÖ†Ö¬ÖÖ¸êüŸÖÃÖê“ÖµÖÖÃÖÓ²ÖÓ¬Öß
†Öêú¯ÖÎúÖ¸êü¿ÖÖê¬Ö‘ÖêŸÖ»µÖÖ¾Ö¸üÆêü•ÖÖÖ¾ÖŸÖêúß,³ÖÖ¸üŸÖÆêü“ÖŸµÖÖÓ“Öê´ÖæôãÖÖÖ
†ÖÆêü.''31†×Ö»Ö³ÖÖ¸üŸÖßµÖ²ÖÓ•ÖÖ¸üÖÃÖê¾ÖÖÃÖÓ‘ÖÖ“µÖÖ†Æü¾ÖÖ»ÖÖŸÖÆüß²ÖÓ•ÖÖ¸üÖ-
ו֯ÃÖß²ÖÖ²ÖŸÖ
"Our forgotten brothers and sisters who have
gone all over the world about 800 to 1000 years back
popularly knowas Roma (Gypsies) have becomeAm-
bassadors ofIndia and have preserved Indian tradition
culture, social life and folk arts and Indianness intact
eventoday."32
†ÃÖê´Æü™ü»Öê»Öê†ÖœüôŸÖê.ו֯ÃÖà“µÖÖ•ÖÖÖןÖú¯Ö׸üÂÖ¤üÖ
Æüß ‡.ÃÖ. 1971 ¯ÖÖÃÖæÖ ‘ÖêµÖÖŸÖ µÖêŸÖ †ÖÆêüŸÖ. »ÖÓ›üÖ µÖê£Öê 1971 ´Ö¬µÖê,
ŸµÖÖÖÓŸÖ¸ü 1978 ´Ö¬µÖê וÖ×Ö¾ÆüÖ, 1981 ´Ö¬µÖê ÖÖòØ™ü•ÖÖ (¯Ö.•Ö´ÖÔÖß) ¾Ö
1990´Ö¬µÖê¾ÖÖÃÖÖÔ(¯ÖÖê»ÖÓ›ü)µÖê£ÖêµÖÖ¯Ö׸üÂÖ¤üÖ—ÖÖ»µÖÖ.³ÖÖ¸üŸÖÖŸÖ“ÖÓפüÖ›üµÖê£Öê
1976´Ö¬µÖê†Ö×Ö29,20,31†ÖòŒ™üÖê.1983´Ö¬µÖê†ÖÓŸÖ¸ü¸üÖê´ÖÖ-²ÖÓ•ÖÖ¸üÖ
´ÖÆüÖêŸÃÖ¾Ö‘ÖêµÖÖŸÖ†Ö»Öê†ÖÆêüŸÖ.ÊÖ¾ÖŸÖÔ´ÖÖÖúÖôÖŸÖ߻֑֙üÖÖ†Ö×ÖÃÖÓ¤ü³ÖÔ
»ÖÖÖŸÖ‘ÖêŸÖ»µÖÖÃÖ²ÖÓ•ÖÖ¸üÖ¾Öו֯ÃÖßµÖÖÓ“ÖÖ³ÖæŸÖúÖôÖŸÖ߻ָ֯üïָüÖÓ“ÖÖÃÖÓ²ÖÓ¬Ö
ïÖ™ü ÆüÖêŸÖÖê. †³µÖÖÃÖúÖÓ“µÖÖ ´ÖŸÖê "The Indian Gipsy a purely
Aryan Origion"33
´ÖÖ¡ÖúÖÆüß²ÖÓ•ÖÖ¸üÖ†³µÖÖÃÖúÖÓ“µÖÖ´ÖŸÖê²ÖÓ•ÖÖ¸üÖÆêü
ו֯ÃÖß¿Öß †Ö×Ö †ÖµÖÖÕ¿Öß ÃÖÓ²ÖÓ×¬ÖŸÖ ÖÃÖæÖ ŸÖß ‹ú þ֟ÖÓ¡Ö •Ö´ÖÖŸÖ †ÖÆêü.
²ÖÓ•ÖÖ¸üÖ :- †ÖµÖÔ /†ÖÖµÖÔ :- ²ÖÓ•ÖÖ¸üÖ Æêü †ÖµÖÔ †ÖÆêüŸÖ ×ú †ÖÖµÖÔ µÖÖ²Ö§»ÖÆüß
¾ÖêÖ¾ÖêÖôê´ÖŸÖ¯ÖξÖÖÆü†ÖœüôŸÖÖŸÖ.''†ÖµÖÖÔ“µÖÖŠú“ÖÖÓ´Ö¬ÖæÖ,†ÖµÖÖÕÖ߆ֻ֯µÖÖ
¿Ö¡Öã“ÖÖ úÃÖÖ ÖÖ¿Ö ê »ÖÖ, ŸµÖÖÓ“Öß ¬ÖÖµÖÖ“Öß úÖêšüÖ¸êü ú¿Öß »Öã™ü»Öß µÖÖ“Öê
¾ÖÖÔÖ †ÖÆêü. ŸµÖÖ“Ö²Ö¸üÖê²Ö¸ü †ÖµÖÖÕÖß ŸµÖÖÓ“µÖÖ ¿Ö¡ÖæÓÖÖ '†Æüß' †ÃÖê ÃÖÓ²ÖÖê¬Ö»Öê
†ÖÆêü.34²ÖÓ•ÖÖ¸üÖÃÖ´ÖÖ•ÖÖŸÖ߻֛üÖꌵÖÖ»ÖÖØ¿ÖÖ»ÖÖ¾ÖµÖÖ“µÖÖ¯ÖΣÖê“ÖÖŠú¾Öê¤ü
úÖ»ÖßÖ¯Ö×Ö»ÖÖêúÖÓ´Ö¬Ö߻֓ÖÖ»Öß׸üŸÖà¿ÖßÃÖÓ²ÖÓ¬Ö†ÃÖ»µÖÖ“Öê,ŸÖÃÖê“Ö''†¿Öß
Æüß ›üÖꌵÖÖ¾Ö¸ü Ø¿ÖÖê ¬ÖÖ¸üÖ ú¸üÖÖ¸üß •Ö´ÖÖŸÖ ´ÆüÖ•Öê Šú“ÖÖÓ´Ö¬µÖê ¾ÖÖÔÖ
êú»Öê»Öß, †ÖµÖÖÕ“Öê ¿Ö¡Öã †ÃÖ»Öê»Öß '†Æüß' Æüß •Ö´ÖÖŸÖ ÆüÖêµÖ.''ê35 †Æüß ×úÓ¾ÖÖ
¯Ö×Ö »ÖÖêú ›üÖꌵÖÖ¾Ö¸ü ׿ÖÓÖê ¬ÖÖ¸üÖ ú¸üߟÖ. ''†ÖµÖÔ¯Öæ¾ÖÔ úÖôÖŸÖᯙ »ÖÖêú
¾ÖéÂÖ³ÖÖ“Öß ¯Öã•ÖÖ ú¸üߟÖ, µÖÖ ¯Öã•ÖÖ ú¸üµÖÖ“µÖÖ ¯Ö¬¤üŸÖß¾Ö¹ýÖ“Ö ›üÖꌵÖÖ¾Ö¸ü
úÖ›üß²ÖÖÓ¬ÖµÖÖ“Öß (Ø¿ÖÖ»ÖÖ¾ÖµÖÖ“Öß)²ÖÓ•ÖÖ¸üÖ•ÖÖŸÖߟ֯֬¤üŸÖÃÖã¹ý—ÖÖ»Öß
†ÃÖÖ¾Öß Æüê†Ö´Æüß ×•Ö³Öê¾Ö¸ü דָüÖ ´ÖÖ¸üߟÖ.†Ö•Ö¤êüÖ߻ֲÖÓ•ÖÖ¸üÖ •ÖÖŸÖߟÖß»Ö
úÖÆüß´Ö£Öå¸üÖ²ÖÓ•ÖÖ¸üÖ´Ö¬µÖê•Öß³Öê»ÖÖדָüÖ´ÖÖ¸üŸÖÖŸÖ.µÖÖ¾Ö¹ýÖ²ÖÓ•ÖÖ¸üÖ•Ö´ÖÖŸÖ
†ŸÖ߯ÖÏÖ“ÖßÖúÖôûÖ¯ÖÖÃÖæÖ³ÖÖ¸üŸÖßµÖ†ÖÆüêïÖ™üÆüÖêŸÖê.²ÖÓ•ÖÖ¸üÖ†³µÖÖÃÖúÖÓÖß
¤êüÖᯙ ²ÖÓ•ÖÖ¸üÖ Æêü †ÖÖµÖÔ †ÃÖ»µÖÖ“Öê ïÖ™ü êú»Öê †ÖÆêü.''
36²ÖÓ•ÖÖ¸üÖÆêü¸üÖ•Ö¯ÖæŸÖ†ÖÆêüŸÖØú¾ÖÖÖÖÆüßµÖÖ²Öª»Ö“Öß×¾Ö×¾Ö¬Ö
×¾Ö¾ÖÖ¤ü†ÖÆêüŸÖ.²ÖÓ•ÖÖ¸üÖÃÖ´ÖÖ•ÖÖ“Öê´Öæôû¾ÖÖß־ÖãÖÖÖ¸üÖ•ÖãÖÖÖÖŸÖ߻ֆÃÖ»µÖÖÖê
ÆüÖÃÖ´ÖÖ•Ö†Ö¯ÖÖÖÓÃÖ¿Ö㬤ü¸üÖ•Ö¯ÖæŸÖÃÖ´Ö•ÖŸÖ†ÃÖê.¯Ö¸ÓüŸÖã´Öæôû¸üÖ•Ö¯ÖæŸÖÖÓ¿Öß
µÖÖÓ“ÖÖ úÖêÖŸÖÖÆüß ÃÖÓ²ÖÓ¬ÖÖÖÆüß.
ÖÓŸÖ¸üÖÖêî¸üÖÖÖÓÖÖ¸üÖšüÖê›ü,“Ö¾ÆüÖÖ,¯Ö¾ÖÖ¸ü,•ÖÖ¬Ö¾Ö,ŸÖÓ¾Ö¸üÆêü¸üÖ•Ö¯ÖæŸÖ
µÖê‰úÖ×´ÖôûÖ»Öê,´ÆüÖæÖŸµÖÖÓ“µÖÖ†Ö›üÖÖ¾ÖÖÓ¯ÖÖÃÖæÖ²ÖÓ•ÖÖ¸üÖÃÖ´ÖÖ•ÖÆü߸üÖ•Ö¯ÖæŸÖ
²ÖÓ•ÖÖ¸üÖÃÖÓ²ÖÖê¬Öæ•ÖÖ‰ú»ÖÖÖ»ÖÖ.´ÖÖêÖ»ÖÃÖÖ´ÖÏÖ•µÖÖ»ÖÖ´ÖÖêÖ»ÖÖÓ“µÖÖ¾Ö“ÖÔþÖÖÖê
‘ÖÖ²Ö¹ýÖ ‡ŸÖ¸ü ÃÖ´ÖÖ•ÖÆüß ÃÖÓú™üúÖôûß ²ÖÓ•ÖÖ¸üÖ ÃÖ´ÖÖ•ÖÖŸÖ µÖê‰úÖ ×´ÖôûÖ»Öê
ŸµÖÖ“Ö²Ö¸üÖê²Ö¸üúÖÆü߸üÖ•Ö¯ÖæŸÖÆüßµÖê‰úÖ×´ÖôûÖ»ÖꟵÖÖÓÖßÃÖÓú™üúÖôûß²ÖÓ•ÖÖ¸üÖ
¾Öê¿Ö³ÖæÂÖÖú¹ýÖ²ÖÓ•ÖÖ¸üÖÃÖ´ÖÖ•ÖÖ²Ö¸üÖê²Ö¸ü»Ö¤êüÖß“ÖÖ¾µÖ¾ÖÃÖÖµÖú¹ý»ÖÖÖ»µÖÖÖê
ŸÖê¾ÆüÖ¯ÖÖÃÖæÖŸÖê²ÖÓ•ÖÖ¸üÖ´ÆüÖæÖ†ÖêôûÖ»Öê•ÖÖ‰ú»ÖÖÖ»Öê.37úÖÆüß²ÖÓ•ÖÖ¸üÖ
†³µÖÖÃÖúÖÓ“µÖÖ´ÖŸÖê ''²ÖÓ•ÖÖ¸üÖÆêü¸üÖ•Ö¯ÖæŸÖÖÖÆüߟָüÖסֵ־ÖÓ¿Ö߸üÖ•Ö¾ÖÓ¿ÖßµÖ
†ÖÆêüŸÖ.''38²ÖÓ•ÖÖ¸üÖÆüÖ¸üÖ•Ö¯ÖæŸÖÖŸÖæÖ†Ö»ÖÖ†ÃÖŸÖÖŸÖ¸ü¸üÖ•Ö¯ÖæŸÖÖÓ¿ÖߟµÖÖÓ“ÖÖ
¸üÖê™üß²Öê™üß¾µÖ¾ÖÆüÖ¸ü¾ÖïÖ鿵ÖÃÖ´ÖÖ•ÖÖŸÖ߻֟µÖÖÓ“ÖêïÖ鿵ÖãÖÖÖÆêü†²ÖÖ׬֟Ö
¸üÖÆü¾ÖµÖÖÃÖƾÖêÆêüÖŸÖê¯ÖÖŸÖÃÖê—ÖÖ»Öê»ÖêÖÖÆü߆Ö×Öêú¾Öôû³ÖÖ™üÖÓÖßפü»Öê»Öß
"²ÖÖ•ÖÖ¸üÖ ´Öã×ÖµÖÖêú ÖÖµÖú, µÖÖÖê ÃÖ¸ü¤üÖ¸ü úÆüŸÖê Æêüî
•ÖÖê¬Ö¯Öæ¸ü êú פü¾ÖÖÖ ´ÖãÖÖêŸÖ •ÖÖŸÖß êú ´ÖëÖÃÖß Æêüî
µÖÆüÖ êú ¸üÖ¾Ö ÃÖÖÆêü²Ö ¸üÖ´ÖÖ¾ÖŸÖ ¿ÖÖÖÖêú ¸üÖšüÖê›ü Æîü"
†¿Öß úÖ¾µÖ¯ÖΓÖæ¸ü ´ÖÖ×ÆüŸÖß µÖÖÓ“µÖÖ ×ÖÂúÂÖÖ¾ÖÔ¸ü ÃÖÓ¯ÖæÖÔ '²ÖÓ•ÖÖ¸üÖ' ÖÖ ÆüÖ
¸üÖ•Ö¯ÖæŸÖšü¸ü×¾ÖÖê×úŸÖ¯ÖŸÖ‡Â™üÆüÖê‡Ô»Ö? êú¾Öôú»ÖÖÖ´ÖÖŸÖß»ÖÃÖÖ´µÖÖ´Öãôê
‹ÖÖ¤üß•Ö´ÖÖŸÖ,¤ãüÃÖ·µÖÖ•Ö´ÖÖŸÖߟÖ߻ֆÖÆêü†ÃÖê´ÆüÖŸÖÖµÖêÖÖ¸üÖÖÆüß.Ö¾Æêü
¸üÖ•Ö¯ÖæŸÖ,´Ö¸üÖšüÖ,¾ÖÓ•ÖÖ¸üß¾Ö¯ÖγÖæµÖÖÃÖ´ÖÖ•ÖÖ¿ÖßÆüß²ÖÓ•ÖÖ¸üÖÃÖ´ÖÖ•ÖÖ“ÖÖ´Öãôß“Ö
ÃÖÓ²ÖÓ¬ÖÖÖÆüß.''39
Findings :
1)²ÖÓ•ÖÖ¸üÖÆêü¸üÖê´ÖÖו֯ÃÖß¿ÖßÃÖÓ²Ö׬֟ֆÖÆêüµÖÖ²ÖÖ²ÖŸÖ†Öêú´ÖŸÖê´ÖŸÖÖÓŸÖ¸êü
†ÖÆêüŸÖ, µÖÖ´Ö¬µÖê †•ÖãÖÆüß ÃÖÓ¿ÖÖê¬ÖÖÖ»ÖÖ ¾ÖÖ¾Ö †ÖÆêü. ´ÖÖ¡Ö ²ÖÓ•ÖÖ¸üÖ ¾Ö ¸üÖê´ÖÖ
ו֯ÃÖß µÖÖÓ“Öß ´Öãô ¯ÖξÖé¢Öß '³Ö™üŒµÖÖ' •Ö´ÖÖŸÖß“Öß †ÖÆêü Æêü ×ÖÛ¿“ÖŸÖ.
2)²ÖÓ•ÖÖ¸üÖ†Ö×Ö¸üÖ•Ö¯ÖæŸÖÆêü‹ú“Ö†ÖÆêüŸÖµÖÖ²Ö§»Ö±úÖ¸üÃÖê¯Öã¸üÖ¾ÖêÖÖÆüߟÖ.
ŸÖÃÖê“Ö†Ö•Ö¯ÖµÖÕŸÖ²ÖÓ•ÖÖ¸üÖ†Ö×Ö¸üÖ•Ö¯ÖæŸÖµÖÖÓ“µÖÖŸÖ'²Öê™üß¾µÖ¾ÖÆüÖ¸ü'´ÆüÖ•Öê